NURIA CASAIS
2010 / 2011 BARCELONA INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO
0.1. prologue
ARCHITECTURE AND PRODUCTION
1.
architecture and production scenario
It is already widely seen and written that the factual economic downturn has brought crisis to the current architectural production. It is easy to survey that the atrocious condition for the profession is that of recession and mass unemployment, and not for a short period. If it is true that the economic crisis and its frugality is affecting architecture in its construction, its discursive core has been in a more vital ‘crisis’ for a longer period when following the opposite factor: excess. The market became architecture’s raison d’être: the more incomprehensible and careless the financial strategies, the more excessive architecture became. This dramatic ideological impasse developed and grew within the last decades, vis-à-vis the different cycles of economic crisis. Named in well-known architectural mottos, those years can be summarized as an accelerated process of ‘trial and error’, celebrating the city trapped within the complexity and variability of the global market. Since the late 1960s, most forms of production –including architecture- have been changed, distorting the system of values where the major industries focused mainly on technology and information. Mass production was replaced by a Post-Fordist flexible specialization, where the production of trends occurs as fast as fashion. Over excitement about the every-Monday morning discovery and disillusion about its almost immediate inapplicability has and
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ARCHITECTURE
PRODUCTIVE CYCLE
Productive cycle contemporary situation needs
dominates the production of ideas and buildings. Architects aimed for kitsch multiplicities, hybridization, ‘hypers’, and whatever was necessary to match the continuous economic ups and downs. With the excuse of ‘multi-cultural pluralism’, architecture strictly followed neoliberalism, becoming increasingly superfluous where the blurrier the confusion the higher the admiration. When producing the very architecture though, and opposed to the actual seriousness of the initial dialectical ateliers, the sincerity was very much wrapped by irony, nonsense, and ‘romantic’ eurekas, lacking recognition of any rule or grammar. Architecture theory has become a recording apparatus, rather than a reflection arena. The result, a critical paradox in which the search of constant newness resulted in architectural languages and types that are outdated, before even being built. Instead of seeing the coming years as a total recession, it would be vital to push for an actual evolution by rethinking the relationship between economy and architecture, where architects can ultimately engage and consciously project the city, rather than retroactively continue accepting its incomprehensibility. Balance, economy of means and thinking, inventiveness, historical awareness, knowledge, dialogue and consensus, a grammar for the city, can undoubtedly redeem the language of architecture.*
*Evolution in the Age of Crisis by Fernando Donis. Conditions Magazine. January 15, 2009. 4
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Diagrams Powerhouse Company
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Colophon
This reader w Rien ne va P NAiM / Burea 12 January, 2 and curated b by A10 and N
Concept: Po Editor-in-ch Editors & res Hans Ibelings Proofreadin Translations
Graphic des Printer: Leno
More inform www.powerh www.bureau
Skyscraper Index* relation between skyscrapers and Dow Jones and Nikkei *Rien ne va plus. Powerhouse Company in collaboration with Hans Ibelings/A10 and NaiM/Bureau Europa.
Productive From the Latin productivus relating to extension of time, creative, generative. Having the quality of producing something, typically through effort or work; that produces, esp. some significant amount or result; creative, generative. That produces or increases wealth or value; that creates profit, as productive labour , productive labourer , productive classes, etc. Also (chiefly in Marxist theory): that contributes to production; esp. in productive forces: the sources and determinants of productivity, as labour power, supply of raw materials, industrial technology, the skills of the individual worker, etc. Crisis From the Greek. krísis meaning decision (to decide, separate, judge). A stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of all future events, esp. for better or for worse, is determined; turning point; a condition of instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs, leading to a decisive change. Evolution From the Latin ēvolūtiōn meaning an unrolling, opening. Any process of formation or growth; development, unfolding, change, progression, metamorphosis.
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Diagrams Powerhouse Company
Bubbles* mapping crisis *Rien ne va plus. Powerhouse Company in collaboration with Hans Ibelings/A10 and NaiM/Bureau Europa.
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1.1. theory / design studio
THE NEW URBAN TURN urban mass as strategy of production
Winter/Spring Term 2010/11 tutor Josep Acebillo
1.
Alexanderplatz
study framework The definition of urban cluster comes from a neotertiary reinterpretation of the productive industrial cluster defined by A. Marshall in 1890. An urban cluster is an aggregation of enterprises and actors ultimately relating to the same set of productive processes and characterized being situated in the same urban area. An urban cluster is driven by: - Reduction of productive costs - Better access to specialized knowledge and innovation - Better access to business opportunities and capitals. - Better access to global competitivity. A precise set off actors defines the urban cluster typology in system terms: - The dimensional scale - The degree of concentration (or urban intensity) - The degree of productive specialization. - The degree of urban integration - The degree of complexity - The strategic relevance*
*New Urban Turn theory course. Josep Acebillo. **Ref. Matteo Casoli. I Cluster Urbani, 2004
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15,000 m Berlin: Alexanderplatz territory
2.
Alexanderplatz
archipelago model The archipelago model is in relation with concepts such as polycentrism, hierarchic and differentiated identities. In an identifiable territory, formed by an aggregate of urban systems with diffused urbanization and/or mature cities, the model proposes insertion of urban clusters, with independent programmatic and morphological identity, strategically situated in order to interact. In a polycentrism system, a geography of centralities is essential for its functionality. - Centralities hierarchy. - Centralities markets dimension. - Centralities distance and geographic distribution. This differentiation and hierarchy of centralities constitutes the source of their unitary an sustainable polycentrism archipelago. Alexanderplatz is a cluster developed in 1990, after the Fall of the Berlin Wall. It is located in the center of Berlin in relation to existing parts of the city. In the same period, the city of Berlin developed different areas with the same cluster strategy, and with specific identities.
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Wasserstadt Berlin-Oberhavel Wasserstadt Berlin-Oberhavel housing, commercial housing, commercial Tegel Tegel airport airport Alexanderplatz urban cluster
Alexanderplatz urban cluster
Alter Schlachthof housing, commercial
Alter Schlachthof housing, commercial Biesdorf-S체d housing, commercial
Biesdorf-S체 housing, com
Technische Universit채t Berlin Technische Universit채t Berlin university university Rummelsburger Bucht housing, commercial
Freie Universitat Berlin university
Johannisthal/Adlershof Johannisthal/Adler University, housing, University, housing, commercial
Freie Universitat Berlin university
Tempelhof airport
015,000 m
Rummelsburger Bucht housing, commercial
Tempelhof airport
15,000 m
BERLIN: Urban Development rban Development Areas since 1990Areas since 1990 Berlin: Urban Development Areas since 1990 archipelago model and infrastructural relation
1/6
3.
Alexanderplatz
programmatic hybridity In the contemporary urban culture it is necessary to increase the programs complexity too, overlapping different functional programs in the same building, or in this case, in the same cluster. Functional hybridity is therefore one of the key elements of the urbanistic culture of the globalization era.
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411,000 sqm, surface area 411,000 area area 156,553 sqm, sqm, surface built surface 00 sqm, surface area 156,553 sqm, built surface area 53 sqm, built surface area -38% urban cluster occupation 38% urban cluster occupation urban cluster occupation
Gruner & Jahr Publishing house
Park inn-Hotel Hotel and retail Galeria Kaufhof Department Store Berolinahaus retailing and office space Cinema Cubix Leisure and Retail
0 0
500 m
Gruner & Jahr Gruner &house Jahr Publishing Publishing house Park inn-Hotel Park Hotelinn-Hotel and retail Hotel and retail Galeria Kaufhof Galeria Kaufhof Department Store Department Store Berolinahaus Berolinahaus retailing and office space retailing and office space Cinema Cubix Cinema Leisure andCubix Retail Leisure and Retail
500 m 500 m
Alexanderplatz mass plan program
Residential buildings
Police Headquarters
House of traveling Clubs
Residential buildings Residential buildings Police Headquarters Police Headquarters House of traveling House Clubs of traveling Clubs
Alexanderhaus Alexanderhaus Landesbank Berlin and Berliner S Alexanderhaus Landesbank Berlin and Berliner S Landesbank Berlin and Berliner Sparkasse ALEXA ALEXA Shopping and leisure center ALEXA Shopping and leisure center Shopping and leisure center
4.
Alexanderplatz
development The architectural project gives the possibility of a blockwise realization depending on the temporary fluctuations of interest and need of the real state market. Process of development: 1994: Senate of Berlin concluded the binding land-use plan I-b4. 1995: Senate Department for Urban Development takes the responsibility for B-Plan I-B4 Alexanderplatz. 1997: Senate Department of Urban Development decided for the division of B-Plan I-B4 into three parts in order to not disturb the dynamism of the main projects investors
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Architects Hans Kollhoff and Helga Timmermann
ise realisation depending on the temporary fluctuations of interest and need of the market of real Berlin: Alexanderplatz, First Prize Competition (1993) Architects Hans Kollhoff and Helga Timmermann
platz, First Prize Competition (1993).
5.
Alexanderplatz
public space “The urban public space is the operative umbrella that manages diversity. It acts as the knowledge space based on the technological part by the ITs and on the ideological part by the multicultural effects. Furthermore, the public urban space is also the platform where the fluxes set the urban metabolism. In any case, the plural public space needs to be the platform where contradictions stemming from the diversity are dissolved, and where the slogan “think global, act local” is reinterpreted.”*
*Josep Acebillo. BIArch. The Urban Turn II.
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Berlin: Alexanderplatz, production of public space public space and icons
1.
urban mega cluster
project framework The depletion of socio-economic models of transition towards the Tertiary especially acute after the 2008 economic crisis, requires to rethink our urban model and generate new alternatives to the urban transformation that is taking place in this new world-wide context, socioeconomic, environmental and governance that the current process of globalization encompasses.* The conceptualization of the Urban Mega Cluster highlights the theoretical concepts discussed previously. The project check the possibilities of a new Urban Cluster, radical in its dimensional, programmatic and environmental conditions. There are specific dimensional parameters required to the project. The main ones are : - 2.000.000 sqm - number of residents: 20.000 - labor force: 53% of residents - 5 sqm of public space per resident - facilities: soccer field, baths, tennis courts... - 100.000sqm of shopping mall The project starts by understanding what 2.000.000sqm means in relation with the volume and the different possibilities and their spacial, functional and energetic consequences.
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500x500x32m
HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION
400x400x50m
300x300x90m
250x250x130m
200x200x200m
3-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION
2 000 000 SQ.M. VOLUMES
2.000.000sqm volume and spatial configuration study
150x150x350m
100x100x800m
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
2.
urban mega cluster
compactness In order to objectively understand the morphological reality of an urban fabric, we have therefore to complete the density parameter with the concept of compactness. This permits to establish a qualitative relationship between the degree of activity and the surface in which such activity takes place. The study of compactness will, in urbanistic terms, permit the control of distance as well as the sponge-ness of a territory. The project starts with a cube with a side of 200m. It is developed in order to be able to introduce light inside the volume. The final dimension is 384 x 384m with a height of 24 floors. These distances establish a pedestrian relation along the cluster that help to optimize the efficiency of energetic issues.
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50 fl.
200m
200m
monolith equivalent
A. MONOLITH EQUIVALENT
24 fl.
384m
24 fl.
384m 384m
allow for subtraction boundary established
B. ALLOW FOR SUBTRACTION BOUNDARY ESTABLISHMENT
384m
grid 8x8m C. GRID OF ACTION: 8x8m
Compactness modification of the volume in order to reach the needs for life
3.
urban mega cluster
archipelago model In a polycentrism system, positional revenue must be equalized by different compounds of urban qualities. The main drivers are: - Agglomeration - Accessibility - Spatial interaction An intervention in peripheral areas can profit from the notion of urban clusters, in order to optimize intervention. Some variations and partial actualization can be envisioned: -Construction of Compact Urban Clusters Urban built complexes (mega-structures) characterized by a high urban intensity (compact and hybrid) and by the connection with enough urban infrastructures to be autonomous. -Structuring of Urban Corridors Enactment of synergies among clusters, as well as tunnel effects and operative affinities.
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sports museum
airport
sports cultural
administration hospital sports
ARCHIPIELAGO MODEL
Archipelago model relation between different centralities and creation of urban corridors
4.
urban mega cluster
programmatic hybridity/intermodality Programmatic hybridity implies important morphological consequences and therefore also ecological and social consequences too (i.e. reduction of the un-necessary transport systems, general upgrade of accessibility, increase of the synergies between different social groups). The intermodal centre is a place where different modalities encounter, intersecting each other and eventually exchanging their flows. An urban space, where such confluence of flows is given, is obviously frequented by a huge number of people and therefore implies a higher urban activity. The consequent identification of intermodality and intense urban activity permits to project and establish new urban centralities. Exploiting therefore intermodality as the base for a new urban project, such as a generation of urban centralities offers its condition and an effective way to re-map the territory.
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residents:
NEOTERTIARY
=20 000 [labor force = 10 600]
outsiders:
=2 650
HOUSING
[total labor force = 13 250]
residential 2 [689 000m ]
=12 300 8 200
45m2 apartments:
2
=7 680 3 200
100m apartments:
34.5%
CULTURAL
[369 000m2]
HOUSING 2
[320 000m ]
=11 400
20.0%
11.5%
parking [240 000m2 / 2 = 120 000m2] 2
mall (shopping, cinema, entertainment) [100 000m ]
7.5%
infrastructure 2 [150 000m ]
9.0%
NEOTERTIARY MALL
=3 975
5.0%
12.5%
INTERMODAL SPORTS
neo-tertiary [397 500m2]
NEOTERTIARY
public services + activities (sports, recreational, cultural) [250 000m2] public open space [180 000m2]
ZING OF BUILT AREAS
PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM
Programmatic hybridity hierarchy, intermodality, interstitiality
HOUSING
5.
urban mega cluster
cluster location The Urban Mega Cluster is located in a neutral suburban context, with no relevant landscape, or topography, probably occupied by a certain fabric of low density, sprawl, of no special relevance. Answering to the archipelago model, the cluster establishes a relation with the main mobility structures, as well as public transport. The orientation north-south of the cluster, takes the direction of the diagonal, in order to reach more sunlight in the faรงades.
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secondary axis
access loop
primary axis
trainline
highway
CLUSTER LOCATION - NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure connection accessibility, mobility and connection
6.
urban mega cluster
program The organization of the program responds to different parameters such as orientation, accessibility or publicness. The cluster is organized around a main square located in the center that works as catalyser of the cluster. It is connected with the Intermodal point in order to bring the program to the void and establish a corridor between the two poles. In the groundfloor we find the intermodal center and the main services and facilities. We find here also the access to the parkings, which means one of doors to access to the residential area. Housing is located on the top of the cluster along fourteen floors. It is organized in a grid in two directions, in order to improve the necessary conditions in terms of natural light and ventilation. Between the public program of the groundfloor, and the more private one of housing on the top, we find the spaces for neotertiary activity. In this organization appears a change between housing and office, moving the housing to the offices space with south faรงade and vice versa.
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soccer field
housing
housing, retail
neotertiary, parking
intermodal center, public services, facilities
Program configuration stratification and organization of the program
7.
urban mega cluster
public space The public space is organized following the concept of interstitiality and hierarchy. The public space acts as well as space for mobility since the distances of the cluster are pedestrian distances. The interstitiality of the network of public spaces increases the accessibility in order to reach more itineraries. Since nowadays the movements are more and more random, this capillarity of the public space introduces attractiveness in mobility. The public space is organized according to a hierarchy that organizes them in relation to dimension as well as publicness.
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XL void: territorial scale
S void: unit scale
M void: neighborhood scale
L void: (sub) cluster scale
XL void: territorial scale
Public space hierarchy and interstitiality
8.
urban mega cluster
metabolic efficiency The main energetic issues of the cluster are concentrated in a metabolic center of about 10.000sqm. It works horizontally with a double ring system that connects the metabolic center as a cycle, and vertically using the specifically designed spaces for the communications and shafts.
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WATER COLLECTION AND RECYCLING
HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION: RINGS IN GROUND FLOOR VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION: THROUGH CIRCULATION SHAFTS
METABOLIC CENTER 10 000 sq.m.
METABOLIC CENTER
Metabolic efficiency double ring system
9.
urban mega cluster
plan The cluster has 20.000 inhabitants.
The apartments are divided in two typologies, one of 100 sqm and other of 45 sqm. The housing is organized in the last part of the cluster in two levels of 24 m of height each one. In this part the grid system it can be read as a oriented bars system. Each bar is height 24 m and large 16m, taken 2 modules of the main grid. In each level the orientation of the bars change 90 degrees in order to let the natural light and the air arrive to the apartments. Each bar is separated from the other 24m, the same distance as the height of each volume, so the shadows in the spaces in between are controlled. The intersection of the volumes of the two levels resolves all the vertical communication, circulation and shafts.
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TENTH FLOOR PLAN__LEVE 1:1000
Housing organization ventilation, natural light and public space
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Barcelona Institute of Architecture Portfolio: Nuria Casais 2010/2011
1.2 design studio
VERTICALSCAPE the object as strategy of production
Spring Term 2011 tutor Iñaki Ábalos
1.
clime-scape
project framework What is a VERTICALSCAPE? An hybrid entity, which, due to inertia, we momentarily continue to call vertical construction or “architecture�. [...] It not only generates a different spatial modality that can be manipulated to construct hybrid architecture programmes for culture, leisure and production, it also generates selfsufficient entities, energy parks that use wind, water, light or the earth as active materials in construction, capable of generating and storing energy, and at the same time serving as public and economic resources. In the urban context, the verticalscape aims to be a catalyst that renders the historic or modern fabric contemporary, in both the formal and the social or cultural realms. 1. Meeting point betweern architecture, landscape and environment. 2. New concept of combined programming and materiality. 3. Verticality as a resource for optimizing energy. 4. New proportion and arrangement. 5. New public dimension 6. New design techniques 7. The spatial protagonism of the verticalscape.
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CONTEMPORARY CONDITION LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL INTERACTION HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Tourist experience
[ MORE PRODUCTION ] [ LESS CONSUMPTION ]
VERTICALSCAPE
PRODUCTION OF
ENERGY PRODUCTION
KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION
Production meeting point between architecture, landscape and environment
2.
clime-scape
meeting point The project exaggerates the microclimatic conditions consequent to the concentration of high�rises in cities. The verticalscape is understood as an entity which by its presence in the site has a local microclimatic effect. Thus, taking this as an initial point, the project responds to it by explicitly amplifying these effects in the verticalscape itself, giving a new public dimension through this new multi�climatic situation. In thermodynamic terms, it takes advantage of all different states of energy by actively distributing a wide range of temperature and humidity. The building becomes a publicly accessible geography, compact in space and time. It is an artificial landscape which accommodates a research centre studying the public interaction within these generated climates.
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CITY
RESEARCH LAB INFORMATION TO KNOWLEDGE extrem climate condition
VERTICALSCAPE SOCIAL INTERACTION
light altitude
wind humidity temperature
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Tourist experience
PUBLIC ACTIVITY
SERVER FARM INFRASTRUCTURE OF INFORMATION “Energy savings”
Interaction Verticalscape-City social interaction, research lab, server farm
3.
clime-scape
building thermodynamic The project explores the thermodynamic consequences that the location and the building itself bring. The mechanisms: - thermodynamic field: the field vs. the object. - thermodynamic attributes: wind, humidity and temperature works thermodynamically through convection, conduction and radiation. - thermodynamic control skin: it works as an active skin profitting from the orientation of the verticalscape and the energy of the sun. - microclimate: it define two polarities, hot and cold, and it defines spatial arrangement.
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hot zone
comfort zone
sun energy
cold zone extra hot
hot sink
hot
cold
cold
extra hot
heat discharge
extra cold
electricity
heat
extra cold
Building thermodynamic microclimate
lake michigan
4.
clime-scape
body thermodynamics The public space is designed for people. The human body has a mechanism to react to the exterior conditions. Daylight, temperature, social interaction, sleeping and eating are inputs for the human body that passing through the retine arrive to the suprachiasmatic nucleus that process the information. It sends this information to the peripheral oscilators (pireal gland, lungs, liver, kidneys...) that transform it into outputs as melatonin, cortisol, stimulus or the core temperature.
*Inputs and outputs of the clock. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 6, 965-971 (December 2005) Circadian clocks — the fall and rise of physiology. Till Roenneberg & Martha Merrow. http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v6/n12/fig_tab/ nrm1766_F3.html
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Retina (Circadian Photoreceptor) Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Daylight Temperature Social Interaction Sleeping Eating
Peripheral oscilators Pireal gland
Input (Zeitgebers)
Lungs
Liver
CIRCULAT
Physical Input
Kidneys...
High
Highest testosterone secret Bowel movement like Melatonin secretion stops Sharpest rise in blood pressure
0
06.0
Output Melatonin Cortisol Stimulus Core temperature...
Lowest body temperature 0
Dee Inputs and outputs of the clock. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 6, 965-971 (December 2005) Body thermodynamics Circadian clocks — the fall and rise of physiology. Till Roenneberg & Martha Merrow. human body* http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v6/n12/ďŹ g_tab/nrm1766_F3.html
5.
clime-scape
body thermodynamics The human body works in relation with the circadian clock. It is specific for each human and shows how certain moments of the day are better for different activities. The human body will experience the building through different atmospheric conditions, therefore with different reactions.
*Human circadian biological clock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm http://www.bmedreport.com/archives/19397 52
Barcelona Institute of Architecture Portfolio: Nuria Casais 2010/2011
or)
SCN) or)
SCN) ipheral cilators
eal gland
ipheral cilators
eal gland
Lungs Lungs Liver Liver
CIRCULATION THROUGH CLIMATES
_F3.html
Neuroendocrine Signal Neuroendocrine Signal
Sensory Neural Stimulus Processing Sensory Neural Stimulus Processing
Physical Input Physical Input
Kidneys...
Kidneys...
circulation through climates
CIRCULATION THROUGH CLIMATES
Noon 12.00
High alertness
10.00
Highest testosterone secretion 09.00 Bowel movement likely 08.30 10.00 High alertness
Noon
14.30
12.00
14.30
Highest testosterone secretion 09.00 07.30 Melatonin secretion stopslikely Bowel movement 08.30
Best coordination
15.30 Fastest reaction time 17.00 Greatest cardiovascular
Sharpest rise in blood pressure 06.45 Melatonin secretion stops 07.30 Sharpest rise in blood pressure
Best coordination 15.30 Fastest reaction time
eďŹƒciency and muscle strength
06.00 06.45
17.00 18.00Greatest cardiovascular
06.00
19.00 18.00Highest body temperature
eďŹƒciency and muscle strength
18.30 Highest blood pressure
Lowest body temperature 04.30
18.30 Highest blood pressure 19.00
Lowest body temperature 04.30
Highest body temperature
21.00 Melatonin secretion starts
Deepest sleep 02.00 00.00
Deepest sleep 02.00
22.30
Bowel movements suppressed 21.00 Melatonin secretion starts
22.30
Bowel movements suppressed Human circadian biological clock
Midnight 00.00
Midnight
_F3.html
Body thermodynamics human circadian rithm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm http://www.bmedreport.com/archives/193 Human circadian biological clock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm http://www.bmedreport.com/archives/193
6.
clime-scape
sythesis The building defines two poles with the extreme climatic conditions. The hot pole is orientated to south and the cold one to the north. Each of the poles relates storage of cold and hot water working as storage of energy and energetic resource for the building. In between the two poles is the comfort condition as a research center.
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.5 °C
6 °C
12 °C
biotemperature
3 °C
CLIMATES
24 °C
RESEARCH CENTER
CLIMATES
cold water
hot water
lake michigan
Clime-scape synthesis building diagram
7.
clime-scape
scenario The project is located is Chicago. The location contributes to the project with its climatic conditions that are relevant for the program of the verticalscape. Chicago has humid continental climate, with extreme conditions in each season, hot summers and cold winters. The plot is located in the coast of the Lake Michigan, in the specific plot in which the Spiral of the architect Calatrava should be built. This position is in between the two main touristic points in the city, in one side the Navy Pier and in the other the Millenium Park. Navy Pier is considered the 11th most visited tourist place in U.S.A. with 8.6 million tourist each year. The project reconsiders the tourist in a thermodynamic sense. It transforms the already relative destination in something extreme, as well as the recreation of the experience in short time and short distance.
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North Pier Apts. 177m
Lake Point Tower 197m
Milton Olive Park
Military area
Restricted access
Lake Shore Drive Bridge Highway 41
Navy Pier Park
Millenium Park Navy Pier
Chicago touristic attraction
Grant Park Lake Shore Drive Highway 41
2010, Chicago (U.S.A.) in between touristic polarities
8.
clime-scape
location The clima-scape establishes a relation with the existing conditions.
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2010, Chicago (U.S.A.) Clime-scape in relation with the surroundings
9.
clime-scape
verticalscape/object The idea of production in architectural meaning. The project uses as formal mechanism the concept of aggregation of the same element. This helps to control the specific situations that happen inside. A simple form can be the container of the different attributes of the climates and the different programs.
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Clime-scape aggregation as formal mechanism
10.
clime-scape
circulation The building has three kinds of circulation. - direct and fast through the comfort zone. - slow and promenade circulation. The central public ramp in the comfort zone and the diagonal ramp that goes from one extreme to the other. - off-ramp of public circulation.
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Clime-scape circulation
11.
clime-scape
plans The project uses as formal mechanism that is the concept of aggregation of the same element. This helps to control the specific situations that happen inside. These formal elements change height in relation to the questions that they answer in their interior and exterior.
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Clime scape plans
12.
clime-scape
section In the plot exists the foundations of the previous project, the clime scape incorporates to the building.
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Barcelona Institute of Architecture Portfolio: Nuria Casais 2010/2011
Clime-scape section
13.
clime-scape
energy system The energy system works with the seasonal cycle, more related to the passive control system, and daily cycle with the active control system. The sun is the main energy resource.
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Clime-scape energy system
Barcelona Institute of Architecture Portfolio: Nuria Casais 2010/2011
1.3 design studio
MONTCADA volumetric line as strategy of production
Spring Term 2011 tutor Stan Allen
1.
active wall
project framework Landscape between architecture and urbanism. “Architects can still control the void, what still is not built.” “Urban infrastructure sows the seeds of future possibility, staging the ground for both uncertainty and promise. The preparation of surfaces for future appropriation differs from merely formal interest in single surface construction. It is more strategic, emphasizing means over ends, and operational logic over compositional design.”* The project is focuses in Montcada, in the regional area of Barcelona and a traditionally industrial enclave located in one of the densest infrastructural corridors. The project needs to deal with conditions and contradictions generated between a complex infrastructural network at metropolitan scale and the remnants of the agricultural fields within a disrupted ecosystem. The point of departure is the cemetery wall itself, that it will evolve enhancing its topographic and programmatic potential. The cemetery uses the wall as formal mechanism, understanding the wall as an element that connects and separates at the same time. *James Corner
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public space
cemetery
“active wall� +
infrastructure
architecture
exterior
interior
urbanism
landscape
connecting wall taking benefit of the site reference point
Montcada, Active wall from infrastructure to architecture from urbanism to landscape
2.
active wall
infrastructure The wall works in a metropolitan scale, since the place where it is located is one of the most important infrastructure corridors of Barcelona. The main access to the area, even if the surroundings, are made of highways, is through the Ecoparc 2 located in the area. Taking this point as one of the starting ones to arrive to the cemetery, the project establishes a relation with the Ecoparc. How to deal with the Ecoparc? How to take profit from it? These are questions that the cemetery tries to give and answer to.
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barcelona metropolitan
waste
recyclable organic compost
waste
landfill incinerator
cemetery
Infrastructure exiting infrastructure: Ecoparc02
3.
active wall
site The mapping of the main elements of the site, as well as the study of the topography and existing paths give some keys to locate the wall.
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ecoparc02 green cluster
quarry quarry quarry
ecoparc02
ecoparc02
Active Wall relation with the main elements of the site: access, Ecoparc02, quarries, green clusters, paths and topography
4.
active wall
values The proposal enhances and promotes, through landscape urbanism techniques, the maintenance of the values of the current landscape and its ecology. The project finds special conditions in the site, in order to highlight them, and introduce them in the new scale.
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Montcada, natural elements realtion of the wall with existing elements
6.
active wall
location The wall connects the two sides of the site, and uses them as the two main accesses to the cemetery. The wall uses one existing path from the agriculture fields as structure for its development. The cemetery, therefore the wall, is understood as an element that will evolve during the time. The internal organization of the wall is driven by a pattern as a sub-mechanism. It will appear since the beginning, giving the rules for the evolution of the wall.
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Cemetery, location evolution
7.
active wall
cemetery/territory The wall crosses the site establishing different relations with the territory and the topography. Through the monumentality that we can find in the entrance until the ground level of the mausoleum, we pass through different atmospheres.
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Wall and territory different relations along the wall
8.
active wall
volumetric line The pattern works as cuts that break the wall and establish connections between the interior and the exterior space. The pattern, and element mainly used as a system that creates a surface, in this case it works through a linear structure.
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Volumetric line linear pattern
N
Cemetery plan
Cemetery section
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1.4. research / design studio
PRODUCTIVE LAND PROGRAM territorial stain as strategy of production
January 2011 tutor Joan Roig
1.
datascapes
Priorat Priorat is a region in Catalonia and it produces the famous and prestigious wine of the Qualified Designation of Origin Priorat and Designation of Origin of Montsant. The region is mostly hilly, and in the extreme north there is the region is the Montsant mountain range, rising to over 1000 m.
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VOLUME VOLUME
2018
2013 2008 CRISIS 2018 2013
2008 CRISIS 2003
2003 1998
1998
10 Ha. 10 Ha. 75.000-85.000 75.000-85.000 plants plants
SURFACE: SURFACE: 300 300 Ha. Ha.
Priorat re-order
INVESTIMENTS INVESTIMENTS PROFIT PROFIT
2.
datascape
Monz贸n Monzon is a city located in the river Ebro depression in Arag贸n where a poplar culture exists. According to official data, in 1996 Aragon dedicated around 15.000ha to poplar cultivation. That is approximately the 15% of the area of Spanish poplar culture. Poplar culture reaches 80 to 100,000m3 per year. The wood consummation in Aragon is very low, just from 5 to 10.000m3 /year.
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Monz贸n long term economy
3.
datascape
Lleida Lleida is a city in the west of Catalonia. It is the capital city of the province with the same name, as well as the largest city in that province and it had 137,387 inhabitants as of 2010. Lleida is served by the Spanish state railway’s Madrid-Barcelona high-speed rail line, serving also Barcelona, Zaragoza, Calatayud, Guadalajara, and Madrid. Lleida has a new airport that opened in January 2010, and a minor airfield located in Alfès. The design project of the studio will take place in this city.
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Lleida system
1.
productive line
project framework The social framework within which we are going to operate is determined by the actual financial and political crisis, -i.e. economic deflation, breakdown of public protectionism, the revision of the concept of private engagement, and the urge to find economies for subsistence. As a response to the current economic and political context, we will avoid design strategies that take into account activities supported, promoted or directed by governmental policies. To successfully fulfill the target, the work will be in places where the land still keeps a potential for production. Therefore, we will skip both highly urbanized as well as rural areas, and we will concentrate in mildly dense sites capable of accommodating urban leisure. The project should find the pertinent resources to produce self-sufficient sustainable energy on site, and to disregard design interventions that consider the use of external power sources. The method to face the entanglement between land profits and public use will combine scientific analytical rigor and empirical knowledge, and will promote the insightful negotiation among the manifold agents involved in the definition of territory.*
*PLP brief.
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area
city
potential for new system
a
a1=%a b1=%b
b
Strategy relation between the area and the surroundings
2.
productive line
productive cycle The project defines a cycle of production organized around 3 layers: advanced agricultural and energy production, use of the existing resources and leisure. The project works with the resources of Lleida as inputs in the cycle of production: - inputs of the location - regional and local condition of the market and products - social conditions and maintenance of the place: territory - social conditions and maintenance of the place: university, tourism and industry. As outputs the project defines three strategies: S1: strategy of land management S2: strategy of advanced energy production S3: strategy of landscape content disposition
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Lleida system
3.
productive line
plot The plot is the entity that acts as unit into the system. To define the number and organization of potential entities that can create conditions necessary to study the pattern that organizes the agriculture fields, since the new system is dependent on this existing pattern.
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Plot one plot as constitutive element of the system
4.
productive line
time Impact of the time on development of the productive line. Evolution from the line to the “potential wave�. Dependence from involment of entities: private properties.
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Time impact of time in the productive line
5.
productive line
entities The productive line is sensitive on involvement of entities with rural division of the territory. The area of each entity that enters inside the system is studied case by case relative to each plots condition.
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a
a1=%a b1=%b
b
Productive line entities inside the system
6.
productive line
economic strategy The economic strategy is developed under the concepts of Risk and Diversification. Agreement between the government and the owners of the productive parcels. Incentives from the government or local community to alter the production. Introduction of the knowledge/faculty with reputation and experimental knowledge. Development of the entities.
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PRINCIPLE:
PRINCIPLE:
CH AR SE RE $$$
Y LIT ABI FIT O R P
FIELD
C AR SE RE $$$
PROFIT
UNIVERSITY RISK AND DIVERSIFICATION
FIELD
RESEARCH
PROFIT
COMPANY
UNIVERSITY RISK AND DIVERSIFICATION
RESEARCH
COMPANY
Productive line risk and diversification
7.
productive line
cases Division of the cases of production in relation with the three strategies, the location of the plot and the possibilities of each entity. Activation of the fringes to reach a better productiveness.
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Productive line division in cases of production
8.
productive line
products Each product and each plot establish a specific relation studying the geometry of the entity and the surface necessary for each case to be productive.
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lab
indicators
algae
Productive line products
9.
productive line
entities Plots inside the systems and its defined surface inside the productive line. The disposition of the content is through the landscape depending of the developed productiveness. The productive line and its geometry and disposition establish a connection of the productive landscape with the city.
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j
3.94 ha
b
j
4.8 ha 3.94 ha 6.24 ha
0.82 ha b
b
a
j
a
j
j j
j
1.61 ha
a
s
s a
j
j
j
a
j
j
j
a
j
i
a
a
2.38 ha 2.48 ha 1.7 ha
0.7 ha
0.77 ha
1.6 ha
1.86 ha
j
i
0.65 ha
0.41 ha
2.34 ha
1.26 ha
0.44 ha j s
0.8 ha
0.98 ha
1.08 ha
b
a
j j
j
j
l
a
j
a
l
a
j
j
b
j j
b a
n=22 d. of new species n=23 d. of existing species
Productive line entities
b
b
10.
productive line
entities After the study of each plot and the qualities that it can bring to the system, it takes the decision of the type of product will be more appropriate. As conclusion the productive line has: 22 plots with development of new species 23 plots with development of existing species
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n=22 d. of new species n=23 d. of existing species
P:2.38 ha P:1.7 ha
P:2.48 ha
P:1.6 ha P:1.26 ha
P:0.77 ha
P:0.65 ha P:0.8 ha P:0.7 ha
P:0.41 ha
P:0.98 ha
P:1.08 ha l l
P:6.24 ha
P:4.8 ha
P:3.94 ha
P:2.34 ha
P:1.86 ha P:1.61 ha
P:0.82 ha P:0.44 ha a
n=23
n=5 development of existing species
green house; lab
n=2
n=13
indicator plants
Productive line clasification of entities and production
n=7 microalgae
barley
11.
productive line
section The line uses the existing path between the agriculture fields changing the relation between both spaces. The plots in the most of the cases will acquire a new three dimension.
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Productive line relation between entities and line
12.
productive line
time The line can evolve in relation to the productiveness of the system creating subsystems with the same “rules� until it creates a territorial stain.
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1
2
3
4
Productive line. Time from the line to the territorial stain
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2.1. seminar
POLITICS OF THE CITY Ildefonso Cerdà. Teoría General de la Urbanización. “Urbanización: Well-being and government”
Winter Term 2010 tutor Pier Vittorio Aureli
1. Urbanización: Well-being and government review Cerdà in front of the conditions of the city decided to act. He exposed his interest for the process of urbanización in a territorial scale, his will of defining a rule of occupation of the land that permitted to embrace and include into it the existing city. He proposed for that a rational methodology to manage his obsession of equality into the urbe. Also to achieve balance between buildings and free/public space, that permits improvement of well-being of the population. In words of Carl Schmitt: «Non esistono idee politiche senza uno spazio a cui siano riferibili, ne spazi o principi spaziali a cui non corrispondano idee politiche.» With Cerdà and his teoría we are in front of clear spatial principles, and probably, directly or not, in front of political ideas. […] In Barcelona, as in the rest of Europe, society becomes the object of science in the early nineteenth century. The hygienist theory advances hypothesis and solutions to one of the causes of the great urban mortality: the epidemic crisis. […] Cerdà wrapped in this environment and reality, had the ambition of founding a science of “urbanización” and engage “[…] al estudio de una materia completamente nueva, intacta, virgen […] palabras que he tenido que buscar e inventar”. […] The Teoría General de la Urbanización of 134
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I. Cerdà. Teoría General de la Urbanización published in 1867
Cerdà was published in 1867, but one should not overlook other of his previous studies and that sometimes he published, before the Teoría came out. Monografía Estadística de la Clase Obrera de Barcelona en 1856 is attached to the draft document of the Project of the Ensanche of Barcelona. It is in first place the revolutionary impact of a methodological approach which later the project of the Ensanche would naturally unfold. Cerdà reflected on the living conditions of the inhabitants inside the city walls. The dramatic conclusions clearly explained how the industries and the working population were concentrated in very precarious unsanitary circumstances and therefore his proposal for a new and large city, where industrialization could be developed without suffering these conditions could be understood. With this study, for the first time in the history of architecture, architectural design of a city had as one of its defining the conditions the population through statistical tools that is those techniques to study their dynamics. […] Sven-Olov Wallenstein referred himself to that revolution: “Architecture, we could say, started to withdraw from the model in the sense of a representation of order, so as to itself become a tool for the ordering, regimentation, and administering of space in his totality. [...] In Cerdà’s Teoría [...] architecture and urbanism assumed the role of a paradigm for governing and producing social space”. It is far away from looking like the main idea of Cerdà was the power to govern. Thinking 136
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I. Cerdà. Teoría General de la Urbanización Barcelona and its surroundings before Cerdà’s Ensanche
about that he was obsessively searching, innocently or not, for equality in the new industrial city. However, indirectly, the consequence of both order and organization of space, and therefore of the order of population, is the paradigm of governing. The Teoría starts from the idea that to act in the city it is necessary to have a pre-theoretical formulation to ensure that the project will be properly framed and it will answer the essential questions of the reality where it will be applicable. The theory was transforming the architecture and the place that it occupied until then, and to place it within the humanities. The Teoría can be understood as “el primer planteamiento sociológico del urbanismo” and a mechanism that confronts the problem of a population in relation to the constructed forms. Continuing with this idea of government and according to the words of Michel Foucault, “a partire dal XVIII secolo ogni trattato che consideri la política come arte di governare gli uomini dovrà contenere necessariamente uno o piú capitoli sull’urbanismo (urbanisme), sulle attrezzature collettive, sull’igiene e sull’architecttura privata”. Reading this statement of Foucault, it seems that the Theory is nothing else than a political treaty, with the objective of “governare gli uomini”, possibly with the least intention of such from the author. It is said that Cerdà did not seek direct power, but with the changes that were necessary to realize his objective with his spatial principles, he took into account the population’s possible reactions. Given this possibility he launches advice to potential leaders: 138
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I. Cerdà. Teoría General de la Urbanización Studies about the “vía” and the “intervías”
“La primera tarea es hacer comprender a esa misma humanidad que se trata de librarla de males, y de proporcionarle bienes legítimos de que al presente se ve privada […]. Una vez logrado esto, el camino se allana, y los gobiernos se ven empujados a marchar por él, y no tienen que temer ya ningún tropiezo. […] La humanidad acostumbra a ser hasta generosa con los que trabajan en su mejoramiento”. […] The methodology to carry out all these ideas is based, in order, the study of existing conditions, the regulation, the urbanization and the building construction. All these steps conclude in the management of growth. It could said that the experience of Barcelona is the materialization of his ideas and his methodology. The geometry chosen for this Ensanche is the grid. It is important to clarify that to talk about the expansion of Barcelona is not only to speak of the grid, but also numbers and statistics. It is not Cerdà who invented the city grid, but who makes that first numerical approach to the city. When thinking about the geometric realization it is appropriate to refer to possible influences that the engineer had. Firstly, we have his Teoría de la construcción de las Ciudades that is like a memory of Proyecto de Ensanche y Reforma de Barcelona in 1859. The grid is the geometry used in most Spanish colonization processes in South America, and has often been noted as an influence, as well as its policy instrument, the Leyes de Indias should be taken into account. Similarly, it seems difficult to believe that Cerdà had no influence from North 140
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I. Cerdà. Teoría General de la Urbanización Caracas plan, 1578
American grids, of which he did know. In this North America case, we can refer to Savannah, which, as Carlos Martí Arís points can be perceived some similarities between its urban model and the one of Cerdà, such as “homogeneidad, regularidad, esponjamiento o nucleridad”. In a settlement, there is the control of the government by settlers in new territory, and the idea of grid space permitted this. The same objective can be said to exist in the foundations, to build a orderly controllable community. Although at first glance Barcelona is not understood as a city of new plan, its plan of Reforma y Ensanche was not the simple expansion of a population, it was really a new urbe and a step from walled control to an extensive urbe. Cerdá decided to act with a reformist and innovative project in front of the situation that Barcelona was living. He used rational and mathematical common-sense to suggest the solution towards well-being of the population. To arrive to the point that he was looking for he saw himself forced to invent a new science. The Teoría de la urbanización was created like a treaty for this new science, based on numbers and statistics, with the obsessive objective of hygiene and equality in the city. The new science covers every aspect of the urbe, movement and communication, collective spaces and private architecture. He looks for the rules that order all the elements organizing the population with a spatial idea. Cerdà created a paradigm of governing while he was just trying to improve the well-being of the society without looking for the power. 142
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I. Cerdà. Teoría General de la Urbanización diagram of Cerdà’s Ensanche of Barcelona
CONCLUSION:
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PRODUCTION as strategy for the project
3. Addenda
3.1. design studio
RE-REC
Spring Term 2011 tutor David Adjaye
1.
re-rec
project framework The Rec is an obsolete industrial neighborhood in Igualada, a Catalan middle-size city. The exercise (RE_REC) consists in the development of an industrial facility within the selected area that will depart from the traditional and old landscape of the REC to engage in the new context of the flourishing local industries.* The project starts with an economic analysis of Igualada, and the strategies that the city uses in each moment. The analysis establishes a relation between the economic cycles and the evolution of the urban fabric.
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PASSEIG DE MOSSEN JACINT VERDAGUER
REC ANOIA
PTAS.
€
?
X ?
? ?
? ? ?
?
?
?
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRIAL BOOM
ECONOMY /INDUSTRIAL CRISIS
INDUSTRIAL ANTHROPOLOGY
POP-UP
Carlos Cabrera, Nuria Casais, Aaron Tregent, Ala’ Zreigat
Economic analysis economy evolution and its relation with the urban fabric
2.
re-rec
urban strategy RE_REC is an exercise that aims to RE-activate, RE-industrialize, and Re-program the current urban situation by engaging in the local realities and contingencies. The project finds the voids into the urban fabric that it is possible to activate in order to help the city to evolve.
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Urban fabric mapping of the voids for activation
3.
re-rec
void activation The strategy of the voids is applied to an specific spot, given the rules that can drive the whole activation of the city in similar circumstances.
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plot #6 specific activation of a void
+ COLECTIVE SPACE
+ new fabric
existing faรงade
existing structure
new porosity
new porosity
3.2. seminar
ANARCHITECTURE
Winter Term 2010 tutor Gloria Moure
1.
anarchitecture
concept Anarchitecture Notes:
Energy, margins (understood as the experience of the limit) and collectivity. Challenging the established rules beyond the architectural limits, colonizing artist and ethics and moral spheres. Dissolve boundaries. Promote mixture and ambiguity. Anarchitecture entails the creation of space without building it. Anarchitecture understands space not as a container, but as a live-generator. Anarchitecture is space detached from functionalism. Anarchitecture is an attitude against economic speculation and repressive politics of architecture. City and architecture: metaphor and reality of human condition. Get closer to the city from an interactive point of view: construction and deconstruction. City: unstable and polymorphic. It oscillates constantly between entropy and order. (Chaos is in the origin of every order. Anarchitecture underscores the intimate link between politics, criticism and art for a revisited modernity. Criteria of selection: recognizable social form.
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Anarchitecture study of the two cities
3.3. theory
BUILDING STRUCTURE
Winter Term 2010 tutor Agustí Obiol
1.
long span building
concept The configuration of the volumes took place thinking about the possibility of working with cantilevers, and the reduction that they can produce on the bending moments of the spans. Therefore, both in the big volume and in the small one, the configuration has some controlled cantilevers, that help reduce the quantity of material. On the other hand, there are elements in the structure working with compression and tension.
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Structure scheme 4 supports
Bending moment diagrams Beams in the big volume
Final structure
Strucure case of 4 supports
Tensors holding the smalls volumes
CONTENTS
p.2
08 10 20
42
0.1 Prologue Architecture and production 1.1 Theory/Design studio. Winter+Spring Term. 2009/2010 New Urban Turn tutor Josep Acebillo. Visiting professor Elia Zenghelis 1.1.1 Research. Winter Term 2010 Alexanderplatz 1.1.2 Desing studio. Spring Term 2011 Urban Mega Cluster *in collaboration with M. Aalaii and G. Kallis 1.2 Design core studio. Spring Term. 2011 Verticalscapes. Clime-scape tutor IĂąaki Ă balos *in collaboration with S. Ghasemizadeh and G. Kallis
72
1.3 Design studio. Spring Term. 2011 Montcada. Active Wall tutor Stan Allen. Visiting professor Michael Jakob *in collaboration with S. Ghasemizadeh and G. Kallis
96 98 104
1.4 Research/design studio. Jan. 2011 Productive Land Program. Productive Line tutor Joan Roig. Visiting professor Maria Buhigas and Anna Viader 1.4.1 Research Datascapes 1.4.2 Desing studio Productive Line
*in collaboration with A. Badnjar and I. Petkovic
132
2.1 Seminar. Winter Term. 2010 Politics of the City tutor Pier Vittorio Aureli
144
Conclusion
148
3 Addenda 3.1 Design studio. Spring Term. 2011 Re-Rec tutor David Adjaye *in collaboration with C. Cabrera, A. Tregent and A. Zreigat
156
3.2 Seminar. Winter Term. 2010 Anarchitecture tutor Gloria Moure *in collaboration with M. Prutschi and C. Sookaree
160
3.3 Theory. Winter Term. 2010 Long Span Buildings tutor AgustĂ Obiol
*in collaboration with M. Prutschi and A. Kapic
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