BIM Journal Issue #1 by BIM Journal

ISSUE ONE

Closed BIM Versus openBIM(TM) The Opportunities, Challenges and Implications of openBIM

EDITORIAL: Nathan Hudson nathan.hudson@thebimhub.com

ASSISTED BY: John Biscomb Ciaran Jarosz Dan Stephens Sean Marsh

DESIGN: Stacey Beardsley

CONTRIBUTORS: Tahir Sharif (CEO, The BIM Hub) Alan Muse (Global Director of Built Environment, RICS) Kevin Holmes (VP Western Europe, Hexagon SMART Build) Lukas Olbrich (Co-Founder and CEO, Sablono) Pete Mills (Commercial Technical Operations Manager, Bosch Commercial and Industrial) Colin Johnson (Company Secretary, Cadenas UK) Anthony Buckley-Thorp (Managing Partner, Flux Advanced Services + Technology) Rubina Siddiqui (Product Marketing Manager, Vectorworks) Steve Thompson (Senior BIM Consultant, PCSG) Maxim Greant (International Business Development, Cloudalize) Karl Redmond (Business and Finance Director, EnableBD) Sarah Graham (Head of Global VE Sales, IESVE) Josh Phillips (Journalist, Manufacturing & Engineering Magazine) BIM Journal is published by: BIM Journal Ltd, Upper Floor, Turnbridge Mills, Quay Street Huddersfield, HD1 6QT 01484 437318 www.bimjournal.com

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Editors FOREWORD

Welcome to Issue 1 of BIM Journal, a themed publication that will deep dive into a pertinent topic of the day from within the BIM/ Digital AEC realm. Being a very technical publication (see The BIM Hub itself for the latest gossip and news) BIM Journal consolidates and disseminates much of the debate around the topic of BIM, presenting example projects and thought leadership from leading professionals around the world. In this first edition, we look at the debate around openBIM with specific reference to buildingSMART International’s openBIM standards and approach. We discuss many of the concepts surrounding openBIM, including the benefits of an open and transparent framework for BIM, but also some of the perceived drawbacks and the evolution of the market in line with openBIM adoption. We also examine the development of a more open and competitive market for associated software platforms too. Within the greater topic of open vs closed or “normal” BIM, we speak with a number of leaders in thought and practice by highlighting their opinions, contributions and wider concerns regarding the evolution of BIM and the development of open standards in the main. It is hoped that you find this publication appealing, and indeed see it as a “mini-bible” for the topic being addressed - such that you will have substantial confidence discussing and understanding the topic going forward. Remember to subscribe to receive BIM Journal directly too. Kind regards and best wishes

Nathan Hudson BIM refers to the virtual 3D building information model or models which are then brought together “as one” at key intervals.

“

NEWCOMER HINT:

“ BIM also refers to the potentially agonising process of getting project participants to interact with the model collaboratively, when they should, in the agreed format, using the available standards, on time (aka the BIM process).

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CONTENTS

One

INTRODUCING OPEN & CLOSED BIM In an industry already full of acronyms, opinions and rumours it is important to make sure we align ourselves firmly with the definition of important key terms.

Two

openBIM AND BUILDINGSMART INTERNATIONAL BuildingSMART International provide the leading neutral forum for consensus that supports the creation, adoption and use of openBIM standards internationally.

Three

IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS WITH openBIM There is a momentum of advancement of the construction process by improving the transparency and monitoring of all stages of the process itself through more effective data management and communication.

Four

openBIM AND IMPROVING DATA ACCURACY

Despite the benefits that can be created by adopting openBIM standards the real driver and underlying key of the whole thing is the accuracy of the data itself.

Five

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CONTENTS

Six

SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION: WHAT CAN openBIM BRING? Implementation of BIM and more precisely the transparency and collaborative qualities of openBIM really can assist practitioners in operating a safer environment for the workforce.

Seven

openBIM AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY There are other areas in which openBIM can be adapted to be beneficial, and one of the ways that these effects can be projected is in the reduction of a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental impact.

Eight EDUCATING openBIM

Whilst numerous organisations have made ground when it comes to BIM adoption and standards development, there is also a lingering shortage of understanding of BIM at a base level.

Nine

FINAL THOUGHTS BIM MATURITY AND OPENNESS: A CHOICE OR NECESSITY?

With task group perspectives shifting to BIM Level 3 in the future, the potential of continued open standards development only strengthens.

Ten

INDUSTRY OPINION: OPTIMISING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIM A bespoke piece written by Tahir Sharif, the CEO of The BIM Hub. It will be of great interest to you wherever you are on your BIM journey, and will likely offer some inspiration to newcomers or those unsure of what to do next.

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One INTRODUCING OPEN & CLOSED BIM

In an industry already full of acronyms, opinions and rumours it is important to make sure we align ourselves firmly with the definition of important key terms. This article, and indeed the rest of this issue, begins our “deep dive” into the realm of openBIM (as championed by buildingSMART - the International home of openBIM) through the opinions of key industry players and what it means from one practitioner to the next - before we summarise with an overall consensus later on. History

Emergence

Since the original introduction of the very concept of BIM (some decades ago), standards and approaches have developed considerably ever since[1]. Assuredly the BIM of today is not the BIM of yesterday and as leading technology developers and industry officials increasingly find their feet, we see evolution not just in the direction of how BIM is used but also in its purpose, direction and implementation as a vehicle for effective data sharing and communication. Indeed, with the ever-increasing complexity of intelligent data - culminating in the realm of “big data” - the impact of this evolution is more pertinent than ever before.

Remembering that BIM itself contains so many approaches and methods, each of which captures a subtlety in approach or in vision as different from the last, “closed” BIM has developed a meaning and significance of its own, as a method of implementation. Indeed this is the genesis of where the terms originate and both suitably juxtapose one another. Both terms maintain a number of similarities however, but there are considerable differences that see core conflicts as to how BIM projects are implemented; not least with relevance to how intelligent data is communicated between parties and the overall transparency of workflow. Which are aspects that we will clarify.

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Closed BIM Closed BIM or “normal BIM” tends to represent a restricted design environment within which participants are required to use a singular software suite or platform that, as a consequence of this restriction, limits accessibility for those unversed in that particular tool[2]. Newbie note: If you ever see the term “tool” in a BIM context, just think “software”. That said, closed BIM is often alluded to as a dogmatic and mildly procrustean approach brought forward by specific vendors throughout the years. Indeed closed BIM’s restrictions have been seen to lead a disconnect in communication between different participants attempting to share data in a common environment. This sees leading software vendors in a position of being able to, if not establish then at least influence something of a monopoly over the digital construction field in order to maintain dominance. Whatsmore, due to widespread usage and adoption by key representatives of authority within the field, this dominance can prevail. This is the consensus anyway and it is a point that we will come back to.

openBIM Unsurprisingly, in contrast to closed BIM, openBIM (a la buildingSMART) signifies the conception of a new mode of communication or “digital language” through which compliant technologies maintain translatability with the model and the associated data itself[4], both graphical and non graphical. “OPEN BIM” (all caps) relates to a Graphisoft backed marketing campaign (based on openBIM standards) shared by several other software vendors[5]. So when it comes to standards it’s the “openBIM” variant to look out for. Indeed the spirit of which is also used when describing an open and collaborative approach or workflow. Considering the sheer amount of information involved however, in all its forms, an open design environment really is a fundamentally sound attribute to begin with[2]. However this route does see a more diverse range of project participants utilising BIM software, or at least putting more effort into BIM software choices, to collaborate in this manner and integrate with the teams more seamlessly. Indeed, within this structure leading software vendors are still able to compete for dominance, but a removal of boundaries inherent to a closed system sees an opening of the market where participants can utilise different (albeit compliant) software platforms to communicate more fluidly and transparently. We should be able to add ‘reliably’ too.

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INTRODUCING OPEN & CLOSED BIM [CONTINUED] Q: What do you feel are the benefits of a more open transparent and collaborative approach based on open standards?[3] A: My belief is that any professional should be able to do their work in the software that they feel comfortable with, in order to deliver the optimum results in the best time and the most efficient way. If these files are not compatible with other tools out there then the efficiency gain is nullified, which affects both the sender and the recipient. Therefore I strongly support openBIM, though there is still a long way to go and I see smaller players challenging the market more prominently. The bigger players might be at ease with their dominance, as they generally have less interest in pushing compatibility towards competing software, but the landscape has been changing. In fact from a purely technical point of view often the best written software is being pedalled by smaller players who have to challenge dominant players to survive, which sees greater innovation and adoption of open standards overall. But software is playing a smaller part next to the challenges of collaboration at large. It is still difficult to set up or manage a collaborative environment or platform without a high capex investment. Which is where the added value of a cloud platform like GDaaS comes in. MAXIM GREANT, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, CLOUDALIZE

Indeed it is to the notion of openBIM where we look to remove these boundaries to entry for lesser versed but equally willing participants to enter the world of BIM. In fact thanks to this very removal, openBIM allows participants to focus more wholly on the compatibility of workflow rather than that of data[7] thus seeing more participants being able to quickly reach a common ground within BIM, largely unrestricted in fact. Whilst this does indeed allow for an improved level of control of data within organisational structures, questions as to whether lesser-versed organisations are in a position to assert such control in an informed manner also come into play.

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Q: Regarding the present BIM landscape, what does closed BIM not achieve? A: It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t lend itself to the complexity of a construction project, as this includes so many different people with so many different goals to achieve. There is no tool that can serve a purpose for all of these people. You usually get a tool that only scratches the surface - and it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really help the project stakeholders to fully participate and achieve their own goals. [8] RUBINA SIDDIQUI, PRODUCT MARKETING MANAGER, VECTORWORKS

Many key players in the promotion of openBIM include names such as Vectorworks, Allplan, SCIA, Trimble, Data Design System and of course most importantly of all buildingSMART International who validate and certify the openBIM standards upon which everything else rests. Indeed it is through the hard work and diligence of these industry leaders that openBIM can be defined and detailed already to such an extent. Yet key questions can still be raised as to whether organisations should move to adopt an openBIM approach to workflows at all. Even in cases where this is true it has to be asked if the time is truly right for them to do so? A question we will look at shortly.

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openBIM AND BUILDINGSMART INTERNATIONAL Kickstarted decades ago by Autodesk as the International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) and nowadays bolstered by an ever increasing number of prominent software vendors, buildingSMART International provide the leading neutral forum for consensus that supports the creation, adoption and use of openBIM standards worldwide. As they point out, â&#x20AC;&#x153;openBIMâ&#x20AC;? is the embodiment of open standards that innately contains the open and free exchange of structured information throughout the project lifecycle[2]. In short, they create (and adopt) open international digital standards[4], with many being accepted as ISO standards worldwide.

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The Basic Standards BuildingSMART International coordinate the initiatives and goals of the industry and the companies that are pushing for open standards all over the world. Their key standards are identified below and the need for these standards is largely appreciated in most disciplines already, but a reminder of what they are now follows;

The Data Standard: IFC Industry Foundation Class By far the one you’re most likely to have heard of, the IFC “file format” is in fact the international open standard for exchanging construction (and facilities management) data across differing software applications. This standard, as of IFC4, is an official ISO standard (ISO 16739:2013) and something that software vendors need to worry about complying with more than you. That said, to subscribe to openBIM this is the file format to go with during your exports (and element classifications etc) and one that other participants can access and add their information to in any compatible software they choose. What surprises people here is that even with IFC being available as an import/export option in most software, interoperability is not in fact guaranteed. This is improving (and IFC is by far the closest we’ve got) but genuine interoperability is down to how the software has utilised the standard in the first place. This is why many (BIM authoring) software vendors have chosen to become “IFC Certified” but as always double check

what you want to achieve in trial versions first before you make your final choice. Very positively however, other initiatives for openness like this exist but take longer to gain popularity so it is genuinely refreshing to see how IFC has grown. I’m speaking mainly of the UK government adoption of the Open Document Format for editable documents instead of proprietary formats (using .odt instead of .doc) so well done again to BuildingSMART there. Industry has certainly bought in. I feel compelled to at least mention the COBie standard here however, which is said to be a subset of IFC and relates to space and equipment. What this means, very generally, is that “of all the data contained in the IFC, just show me the information that relates to Facilities Management” rather than anything to do with geometry or the like - as this is all that most clients will ever really care about.

The “Language Standard”: IFD - International Framework for Dictionaries. Using buildingSMARTs own example; think of a door and then the parameters needed to describe that door - the width, the height etc. These exact terms are described in English as you read them here and now... but software should be interactive globally and in all languages, surely? So what if these parameters were reduced to a number instead? For example “width” could be IFD#2468 and “height” could be IFD#3579. Other languages can then map their terms for these parameters to the same

IFD number and hey presto, standardisation of parameter terms the world over. Mapping of terms to numeric references in this manner relies on the use of something called a GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) which will have more significance in many fields as our technologies and overall global ‘connectedness’ evolves. Of course you would still search and go about your daily business using your native language, but think about the specification potential of this globally, especially for manufacturers to really make sure they are represented in all territories. This helps specifiers and manufacturers all over the world. Indeed a great initiative to really get behind.

The buildingSMART data dictionary (bSDD) is effectively a mapping tool for the above with support for the classification system of your choice. This is where LEXiCON comes into play also; a tool that is used to share common terminology that is mapped through open standards, again complete with industry support.

The “Coordination Standard”: BCF BIM Collaboration Format Originally developed by Tekla and Solibri certain software applications contain the ability to send instant messages, of sorts, to project participants in real time in order to gain rapid feedback. BCF encodes these messages in a certain way and,

separate to the IFC data the model contains, enables other BCF compliant software to display the same message to the end user reliably back and forth. Again something for software vendors to worry about but something that will become more prevalent over time.

The Process Standard: IDM Information Delivery Manual Set up to assist software automation and data exchange, this standard seeks to ensure that the flow of activities for a particular business process are described consistently. This then enables software vendors to understand the configuration of activities that make the process work; the

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actors involved, the information required, when it is required and when it is consumed and produced. That is my brief description anyway.

Process Translation: MVD – Model View Definition CAD/BIM software applications contain many preset views of the model that are utilised at different stages of the project lifecycle. “Coordination View” and “Structural Analysis View” spring to mind. Model View Definitions (MVDs) define the agreed items (the attributes of the IFC data model) that are necessary to support the data exchange requirements in relation to the views chosen. Again something for software vendors to consider really, but it may ultimately affect you.

Core Principles Developing many of the core principles associated with Building Information Modelling, buildingSMART seemingly argues the point that openBIM represents a further broadening of collaboration and the sharing of intelligent data within the constructs of the BIM itself. openBIM as a collection of standards and an industrial ideal establishes the foundations for collaborative design and operation within the BIM. buildingSMART therefore summarises the apparent importance of openBIM as constituting a development beyond traditional BIM, in a way in which a common language can be utilised for a wide variety of processes. This then allows for transparent commercial engagement, assured data quality and comparable service evaluation as well[10]. These principles represent an almost-enforced honesty within a field reported to have struggled with transparency in the past. In line with the very principles of BIM itself, openBIM pioneers an approach which sees a platform for data sharing and communication used in a way that fully opens up the possibilities for the sharing of information without boundary or, in converse scenarios, the hiding or delay of vital project information due to miscommunication between differing platform integrations. In supporting the notion of openBIM, buildingSMART International cites a number of benefits that go hand in hand with the openBIM process. These include improvements to performance, operational savings, waste reduction and the ability to develop improved techniques; techniques which then lead to improved margins amongst further core benefits too[12]. Improvements in these areas could also be seen to open up new markets and drive overall profitability for organisations working within openBIM systems as well. We’ll come back to this later, but thanks to the adoption of a more active role with members of the UK BIM Alliance[13], buildingSMART has since repositioned its focus to even better develop relations with the sector and maintain an active voice in the evolution of BIM within the UK context going forward. Clearly understanding the importance of communication and the integration of leading industry organisations in relation to the direction of openBIM already , buildingSMART International has brought forward its “Rooms”[14] concept as well; to facilitate the debate and discussions of standard developments more swiftly and in a manner that is open to all.

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Rooms Maintaining an assortment of specialist forums or “Rooms” (which can then subdivided into Groups) each with differing topics and directions, buildingSMART International Rooms serve to form and support working groups and dedicated projects too. These Rooms are duly split into industry topics and pursue open data research into the development of further tools and training in support of wider industry and associated concerns [15]. Although not limited in direction, the majority of Rooms brought forward by buildingSMART see discussions from different industries that are external to, but impacted by, the construction industry and the application of BIM. Unsurprisingly the standards that are relevant to those industries are hotly discussed as well. This takes a considerable step away from a “one standard fits all” approach and sees relevance being drawn from all Rooms to ensure that appropriateness and integration remain core. This includes Rooms such as the Airport Room, Infrastructure Room, and the Construction Room. Each of which sees a considerable extension of the openBIM philosophy into the development of the standards thereafter. As openBIM pioneers an open and transparent communication of information and new ways of working and interacting, the Rooms offer open methods of communication that represent core voices from the industries involved. Looking at the Construction Room, buildingSMART International has called for engagement with key industry players to gather experiences for a combined discussion of the development of a road map via the active debate of data exchange standards for openBIM. This sees an ever-increasing level of industry engagement in development and ensures proper industry communication for standards evolution in the future.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF THE AIRPORT ROOM? According to the asset management dept at Schiphol Airport who set the Room up, the benefits of the outcomes of this speciality forum are[16]: Unification of digital standards to enable more efficient working from the common supply chain. Enable Asset management decisions based on cost, risk and performance for the entire lifecycle of airport facilities to be easier to make and more robust Make innovative design and build solutions, reducing disruption at the Airport, easier to justify and re-purposing of the facilities easier to execute. Enable economies of scale with the supply chain and maintenance suppliers. Currently each airport group is developing its own BIM standards and there is not a uniform data exchange format to approach the market for airport facilities (eg. APBB, LEPC, airfield lights, scanners etc.). Link to the wider buildingSMART Industry Foundation Class (IFC) environment to allow Airport Asset Managers to use the IFC developments for Buildings and Infrastructure in their portfolio.

The overall ratified outcomes from the Room discussions will be made available for adoption by the wider industry and software vendors thereafter[16]. Clearly important work on an international scale the next meeting for all Chapters (collective name for location specific buildingSMART members) will be at the Barcelona summit; hosted by buildingSMART International between the 3rd and 6th of April, 2017.[17] Further developments have also been noted in other core Rooms too, including those of the Airport Room at Schiphol, which is reportedly developing a complete work plan for 2017 for activation at the April summit. The airport room is positioned to offer a link between the design, building and maintenance of airport assets and, as explained by Yannick Vos, Strategic Advisor, BIM and Asset Manager at Schiphol Group, it will see a commitment from Schiphol in supporting the development of a common language in processes and software for all airports to use[18]. “The Airport Room is the link between the design, building and maintenance of assets. Our goal is to develop one common language in processes and software for all assets at all airports.”[18] YANNICK VOS, STRATEGIC ADVISOR, BIM AND ASSET MANAGER, SCHIPHOL GROUP

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL ROOM THEMES? buildingSMART suggest that individuals or organisation wishing to get involved in their standards development programmes are invited to contact them for an introduction to the appropriate Room leaders. The Rooms are[17]

BUILDING PRODUCT REGULATORY TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION AIRPORT It has been noted that the commitment provided by Schiphol has brought with it a great impetus within the Airport Room. This has additionally seen a positive interlinking of ideologies between Schiphol and buildingSMART on the topic of transparency in practice while providing a strong example of how other industries can work with buildingSMART towards a common open goal within the structure of openBIM – this then bringing those benefits to all. I would love to say that this initiative is clearly taking off but I can’t bear it. “The use of open data through our standards will bring down cost and schedules, improve quality and safety and lessen the impact on airport operations and the public.[18] RICHARD KELLY, OPERATIONS DIRECTOR, BUILDINGSMART INTERNATIONAL Additionally, buildingSMART International has also been working to develop its web presence in line with the evolution of its standards to reflect and embody the transparent approach of the company through open access to its information and activities [19]. Proposed as a virtual centre of standards development - with the skillful combination of Rooms and the increasing web presence, the organisation has made great ground in pushing the concept of openBIM directly to all levels of the industry. Certainly we are at a point where leading organisations recognise the proposition of openBIM and its benefits, but this does not answer the question as to whether industry is at a level of understanding for widespread adoption quite yet. But the trajectory is a very good one.

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Three IMPROVING THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS WITH openBIM If you can call them constraints, then within the constraints of openBIM there is the momentum of advancement of the construction process by improving the transparency and monitoring of all stages of the process itself through more effective data management and communication[20]. Yet despite this being the case, there are worries as to how easily this transition can be made in the first instance[21]. In contrast to other similarly heavy industries, it is not news that construction has always been somewhat plagued by a bad reputation – both in its internal and external interactions with other parties. A simple but sad truth put forward is that the construction industry is one within which there has been a degree of intentional miscommunication, convenient delays, and sometimes outright corruption[22] the details of which are beyond the scope of this article – but a lot of positive progress has indeed been made since. However this very point has raised arguments for, and against, openBIM itself. On the one hand, openBIM offers a procedure through

which transparency and effective communication between different software packages can streamline communication and data management to a degree where the aforementioned issues should not slip by. On the other hand, transparency is not something which the construction industry as a whole has been seen to embrace too vigorously over the years, and so concerns are present as to exactly how accepting will pockets of organisations be to opening the doors to a completely transparent workflow. If at all. Indeed widespread adoption requires alignment from Tier 1’s all the way through the supply chain and on occasion far wider.

Q: How do you see the adoption of openBIM these days, is it growing in acceptance? A: I believe that as a methodology and philosophy openBIM is already being adopted. We certainly have, but sharing information is often an issue related to the current work processes however and real time collaboration also requires an ability to receive feedback from subcontractors in the field. So having a feedback loop is critical within any openBIM implementation. KEVIN HOLMES, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, HXGN SMART BUILD

With the increasing digitalisation of the industry and an increased pressure to progress through the BIM maturity levels (Level 2 alone is quite an achievement) a realisation of the importance of transparency is something that we see emerging in due course[24]. At the very least, resistance from the wider supply chain remains a seemingly short-term barrier to openBIM adoption, and more importantly we are able to move beyond this and onto the benefits which can be seen via improvements to the construction process itself.

Q: Have attitudes changed regarding open standards and transparency? A: Well we started in 2013 as a spin off from University and what we heard from the industry then was that nobody would ever want that kind of transparency. But now we are noticing that people are embracing it because - if everybody is transparent then everybody at least has the opportunity to win and to increase their margins. Someone will always lose with no transparency in the team[25]. LUKAS OLBRICH, CO-FOUNDER AND CEO, SABLONO

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As highlighted by Holmes, traditional BIM does little at the moment to bring about many of the original benefits behind its inception – looking specifically at improvements which can be made within the full process to minimise risk, reduce costs and improve overall efficiency across the lifecycle that is. That’s not to say that traditional BIM does not have the potential to do so, but that perhaps the lack of transparency which is inherent to closed BIM may very well be one of the limiting factors when it comes to achieving its full potential. Arguably, it is the management and communication of the data itself which allows for effective management overall and, as a byproduct, the creation of those benefits in the actual building project. Whilst closed BIM does indeed present a finely tuned route for the management of data for an individual participant within the organisation, a figurative “wall” can be perceived in communication between differing participants who are often external. In short, as data can be communicated in much better ways than the days of old, it is still done in a way that individual participants are forced to continually translate and integrate this data. A severe disconnect can be seen in the passing of information from one party to another in this way. Data is not so much “lost” but without a common and open standard underpinning the workflow mistakes can, and often are made - which starts to challenge the very purpose of BIM itself. Communication is the key and it pays to get it right.

Q: Where are we now and what limitations or challenges might you also see stemming from more collaborative and open workflows? A: The construction industry is in the midst of a transition for sure, moving from 2D design to virtual 3D design which is where BIM was born. In the design of a building however many companies still believe that sharing the model, by passing compatible versions of their design in the same format to each other is enough, which isn’t the case any more. Closed BIM means that only people well versed in these heavy design tools are able to make use of the information 100% and it does not improve the construction process at all where the largest amounts of money are spent and the risks still exist. Just look at the issue of tracking the original budget and actual cost of a project – can anyone track where the cost overrun began? This is generally because we don’t have the ability to link information together effectively. With an openBIM standard in place we could estimate, model and track actual costs against RFI’s and changes which would help to identify where issues occur and allow them to be addressed earlier, before they become a major disaster. Which is exactly what the HxGN SMART build platform addresses. KEVIN HOLMES, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, HXGN SMART BUILD[23]

In addition to base costings savings, Holmes also presents the argument as to how openBIM can create further benefits by looking at the communication of information between the model and the machinery itself; arguing how this level of communication could be utilised to automate systems, optimise workflows and, as a byproduct of automation, even remove many of the manual human errors which can be seen to delay schedules and increase additional costs. Indeed through the development of formal, rigid and precise standards (specifically when considering the industry-specific applications being put forward by buildingSMART), human error is the very element that can ultimately be removed from the equation with openBIM. As a transparent workflow, and with communication all but autonomised each participant is more readily able to pinpoint errors, mistakes, concerns or challenges within the BIM which may otherwise have a negative impact on the building process itself[5]. This collaboration, specifically, allows for individuals to work together in the management of the intelligent data within the BIM and, by extension, maximise the potential utilisation of that data as well as bolster its very depth and accuracy as well[9]. As one might imagine, these aspects help to reinforce many of the core principles surrounding BIM, whereby the quality of data can be translated into meaningful real-world results.

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This concept is well understood by Pete Mills, Commercial Technical Operations Manager at Bosch Commercial & Industrial where the management of a collaborative workflow is key. However, he also notes with interest a concern as to how this very same collaboration could actually create a cause for concern within the BIM as well. Namely that looking at the interactions between disciplines, openBIM (if not properly managed), also poses something of a security risk with the handling of complete design data by other participants if care is not taken.

Q: What limitations or challenges might stem from collaborative workflows in an openBIM environment? A: As with traditional BIM everybody has a different interpretation of openBIM and a different concern. My main concern would be with the security and protection of data with openBIM and Intellectual Property issues, as you are handing over control of your design data. The concept of a collaborative workflow is great but it needs to be managed thoroughly so that when a certain discipline goes in and works within a model, other disciplines can’t go in and change that around. This could result in significant costs later on in a project if an amendment was made in error[26]. PETE MILLS, COMMERCIAL TECHNICAL OPERATIONS MANAGER, BOSCH COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL

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This isn’t to say that openBIM cannot be managed effectively and securely right now. Improved checks and balances are emerging all the time, but moreso the management of interactions within the BIM may very well become an increasingly-more important area of focus for organisations wishing to maintain a degree of creative and technical control over the data itself. Indeed, the theory calls into question many of the benefits attributed to openBIM if the process is not fully managed, should the process involve parties less responsible and professional in their relative handling of the information itself. Which is a risk of closed BIM also, it should be said. Trust aside, a lack of education (which we will address later) may very well hold the key. Education relates to the proper management of openBIM between organisations which are less versed in the day-to-day world of BIM. An understanding of the data, the importance of communication and also the ownership of data within the BIM will become increasingly key. This is because education represents one of the core entities in ensuring that those participating within BIM are also fit for handling the data made available through it, in either a closed or open workflow. In this light it is on all our shoulders to ensure that our openBIM knowledge is carefully considered and shared accordingly.

“I think one of the biggest problems of BIM is that most of the companies when searching for BIM software neglect to look for software in general and focus on software which involves 3D. BIM is more than this and we should try to educate our industry in this regard.” LUKAS OLBRICH, CO-FOUNDER AND CEO, SABLONO

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Four

openBIM AND IMPROVING DATA ACCURACY

Despite the benefits that can be created by adopting openBIM standards the real driver and underlying key of the whole thing is the accuracy of the data itself. BIM is not there solely for design or aesthetic value, but for the creation of meaningful benefits from the collation of intelligent data throughout the entire life of the project. The accuracy of which is fundamental[27]. Indeed, as explained by Colin Johnson, Company Secretary at Cadenas UK, much of this value can be perceived in the later stages of the building lifecycle. Through open and transparent data management via an openBIM approach, not only are individuals working within today’s BIM communicating in a more fluid way, but improved communications support the continued development of accurate intelligent data for use far beyond any given stage.

Q: Please provide a snapshot of the significance of openBIM and what do you feel are some of the shortcomings that open standards and workflows can overcome? A: I believe that it is important to “follow the money” and that the client/owner needs to financially motivate all various parties involved with incentives geared to ensure that the project data is open, transparent and usable throughout the entire value chain. This will always tend to involve many different software tools by different software vendors as no one company is capable of being the best in class at everything. Therefore the value of doing this will ultimately benefit the owner of the asset, of which the data should be treated as being as important as the bricks and mortar. If the building asset is to be sold later on then the price of the asset will be greatly enhanced if the quality and usability of its as-designed, as-built and as- maintained data is all there as well.[28]. COLIN JOHNSON, COMPANY SECRETARY, CADENAS UK

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Indeed, of all of the stages in a building lifecycle where the value of accurate intelligent data truly comes to the fore it is surely during the asset management stage[30]. With a compendium of qualified data at the disposal of the future owner or their managing agent, the ability for planned maintenance, facilities management and future improvement is considerably enhanced and then some[31]. However, as argued by Steve Thompson, Senior BIM Consultant at PCSG another area of benefit can be found when examining the often overlooked requirements of the manufacturing cycle as well. Though an irrefutably important segment of the construction process, manufacturing is an industry which has already seen significant benefit creat-

ed through digitalisation[32]. As a result, due to all of the other distractions, one could even go so far as to argue that BIM is the construction industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response to intelligent manufacturing techniques. Indeed the focus is now on catching it up, as opposed to creating further benefits strictly within the sector. Along with the benefits of customisation at the end of the building cycle, with data used to develop new methods of property and asset management, so too can the very same archetype of benefits be created in terms of the manufacturing cycle. In these stages, where mass customisation offers ample opportunity for creating benefits from start to finish, this provides a great foundation for even more developments over time.

Q: What benefits of open standards and workflows immediately spring to mind? A: One of the challenges of BIM is to keep the information consistent and up to date, and to keep abreast of the latest regulations and best practice initiatives. With open systems the correct information is shared and if changes are to be made, they are distributed consistently[29]. STEVE THOMPSON, SENIOR BIM CONSULTANT, PCSG

Q: How does an open collaborative approach impact manufacturing concerns? A: Well we really need to consider the flow of information through the lifecycle of assets, and this is much harder to do using proprietary solutions which typically only relate to either individual disciplines or lifecycle stages. From the manufacturing side we need to be thinking of the information that can be optimised to enable mass customisation; from designers confident that their designs meet requirements and specifications, to contractors confident their products are available to asset owners who in turn reliably know they have the right information to maintain and replace their items over time. This underpins our on-going development of a circular economy; where products are re-used, recycled, and remanufactured. We need to look at the full cycle here and not just the construction/ design phase[29]. STEVE THOMPSON, SENIOR BIM CONSULTANT, PCSG

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Five

o penBIM: “BEST OF BREED” SOLUTIONS Taking a step back from the immediate benefits of openBIM with regard to the wider building process, openBIM itself constitutes a removal of boundaries for smaller software vendors to confidently make their products available on the world stage. Through the development of clear standards and modes of communication between different software packages, one can perceive an intrinsic opening of the market whereby smaller software vendors are more able to effectively compete with larger, more established vendors which may (or may not) have historically restricted interoperability to products of their own or those of their partners. Q: How do you see openBIM altering the landscape with relevance to smaller software vendors and the impact of this on the already-established brands? A: I see the competition created by open standards as being very positive. If we all start to use the same open language worldwide it becomes much easier for smaller software providers that really do provide wonderful niche applications a space in which to enter the market. It’s also critical to note that the internet plays a key role in openBIM – delivering systems via internet means ensures that these smaller players are no longer restricted by geographical boundaries which brings a healthy competition to the field[23]. KEVIN HOLMES, SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, HxGN SMART Build Not only does openBIM see boundaries of direct entry into the market reduced, but it also sees indirect benefits from the refocusing of innovation as well. Anthony Buckley-Thorp, Managing Partner of Flux Advanced Services + Technology explains a perceived increase in focus on the delivery of a platform to overcome client challenges can be expected, as opposed to the delivery of a platform designed solely to plug into pre-existing BIM processes and models. This refocusing of time and effort could very well see the values of BIM taking precedence over such formalities – something that can only benefit the industry in the long run.

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Q: How does the alteration of boundaries to entry, and potentially increased competition from smaller software vendors impact industry overall? A: openBIM should empower small to medium software vendors to focus their development efforts on solving their end userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pain points instead of focusing on integrating with the latest version of endpoint BIM packages. Standardised and backwards compatible interfaces will help them offer their valuable products and solutions to a wider audience and minimise dependency risk on a single software environment. Drawing parallels from the video game industry, development environments such as Unity3D have enabled indie game developers to offer their products cross-platform. The era of exclusive titles is rapidly diminishing and this is a good thing for innovation across the industry; for vendors, for developers and for end user choice and experience[34]. ANTHONY BUCKLEY-THORP, MANAGING PARTNER, FLUX ADVANCED SERVICES + TECHNOLOGY Of course this is far from saying that larger software vendors will be unable to stay commercially viable. Indeed, many of the leading software vendors are in their present industry position due to the excellent software packages that they offer, and openBIM processes do nothing to change this or take customers away from any given package. Quite the opposite. Yet at the same time, with an open marketplace for BIM software packages emerging, participants within the BIM are provided an opportunity and a wider choice of packages wholesale. Meanwhile vendors can continue to compete on cost, reliability and features. This very choice however is where openBIM really holds its own. As participants within modern construction projects maintain specialisms of their own, so too can the software packages utilised in order to maintain an equal degree of specialism. One shoe does not fit all and one vendor cannot (at least not yet) provide the best solution to all of the problems outright[35]. Perhaps this could be achieved in a backhanded way by acquiring other companies or by partnering, but whilever a closed BIM process presents restrictions for use, openBIM allows for architects, structural engineers, property managers, building surveyors and just about any other role of participant to select exactly the right tool for the trade. In this respect, while one software vendor may provide an astounding solution for architectural design and data management, the very same vendor may only present a mediocre offering for the structural engineer. Yet this very software package may well be forced upon structural engineers wishing to participate in a specific closed BIM operation. Again, the requirement to really open up to collaboration (and to test software compatibility beforehand) comes to the fore but the drive of openBIM clearly aspires to see no one participant penalised.

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On the flip side, through the opening of the market and the ability for seamless integration and communication between differing partners and vendors, each participant within a specific openBIM project is able to select a software package which suits their needs, preferences and specialisms exactly. This allows for architects to select the strongest offering on the market without subjecting any other participant to utilising sub-par or mediocre software by way of a trade-off because they’re worried each time they click export. Instead, each participant is able to select the “best of breed” solution simultaneously[36], with fluid communication between the different packages that does not question or interrupt the specialist expertise held by the individuals at all. In an education or at least awareness sense, with organisations now able to select software packages of their choosing,

and no doubt those of which they have a strong understanding of and experience in utilising, so too can we see a strengthening of understanding being made available as well. Indeed, in a closed BIM system, we would perceive the opposite, with smaller organisations potentially being pushed to use software packages which they are unfamiliar with and are far more prone to struggle. As a whole, we see a strong level of positive backing for increased competition for software vendors but this comes with mixed reasoning to support the arguments. Sarah Graham, Head of Global VE Sales at IESVE has as a strong voice in support of increased competition within the industry and highlights a number of key reasons to champion the cause. Nodding to the notion that competitiveness often inspires innovation and scratches the itch of a constant need to evolve.

Q: How do you see openBIM altering the landscape with relevance to small and medium enterprises as well as smaller software vendors? A: openBIM creates competition and that is healthy. Smaller firms can actually be more agile and respond more quickly to market demands which then accelerates change. Tech will move forward at a greater speed than in other walks of life. It is the people and process changes that take time.

Q: In this light, what longer term benefits will arise? A: I think the ability to connect design with operation to continuously improve later stages (or at least more intelligently answer questions based on real data from existing buildings) is extremely powerful. Operational data to shape business outcomes is also powerful too. Especially as we move forward to the BIM Level 3/ Digital Built Britain vision. It is akin to the concept of ‘wearable technology’ for buildings, cities and organizations, having the data to ask the right questions will only help to improve performance over time[37]. SARAH GRAHAM, HEAD OF GLOBAL VE SALES, IESVE

“Like choosing a meal, or even a pen, the tool itself should not matter”

Beyond the clear value of participants being able to select the software best suited for their needs this very ability takes some of the focus away from learning specific software packages brought about via closed BIM compliance, and even further away from worrying about data compatibility. Instead, participants within openBIM projects are able to focus more wholly on collaboration between specialist workflows to ensure that all aspects of the BIM project are handled in an effective and efficient manner. To some degree this sees “people” (remember those) coming back into the fold as the core consideration and the software itself being more of a personal statement. Like choosing a meal, or even a pen, the tool itself should not matter. So while openBIM does not intrinsically divert people from these solutions popularised within a closed BIM world, the ability for individuals to sample new specialist software packages does indeed provide competition that pushes leading

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software vendors to focus on specialist solutions - or ensure that each of their relevant software packages are equally “leading” in their own right. Additionally, this also addresses one of the core issues raised by Alan Muse, Global Director of the Built Environment at RICS regarding the approaches taken by software vendors in the development of their technology packages. Specifically, Muse highlights one core entity in the industry that has caused a severe disruption in terms of BIM realising its full potential for construction. He argues how, to date, the development of leading technology platforms from software vendors has perhaps been done without the direct interaction with, and communication between, leading industry organisations and governing bodies such as RICS. Speaking candidly, this lack of communication and collaboration, he highlights, has left something of a gap between what BIM “can” offer, and what BIM “does” offer as a result.

Q: What limitations or challenges stem from collaborative workflows? Does transparency restrict relationships or improve them? A: I think there is a general collaborative issue within the culture of the industry in terms of the way that the industry procures work, and in terms of the “one-off” clients in the industry too. The fact that we need education to come together into a team environment also plays a part. In terms of the technical data standards in BIM, I think that is merely one side of a two sided coin. We need open and transparent data to be exchanged between the design team, the supply chain and contractors, but we also need professional standards in terms of the work processes and these standards must now interface even more with these new technologies. We are very keen to collaborate with other professional institutions and leading technology providers to solve these problems, and to have a two-way conversation regarding what they need from us and what we need from them. We are already members of buildingSMART, but more importantly we need to engage with software vendors and technologists themselves because we feel that this has been a one-way street so far[38]. ALAN MUSE, GLOBAL DIRECTOR OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, RICS

Indeed, Muse puts forward the opinion that with the integration of input from key organisations in the industry, such as RICS, it is the case that leading software vendors could benefit from a better understanding of what the industry requires from BIM in the first place and how this can actually be catered for in the development of the software packages themselves. Vendors are already producing software that is very useful of course, but instead, with regard to specific software packages, Muse explains that many of the solutions presented to the industry are done so for one specific need only. Yet highlighting the evolving nature of the industry itself, specifically with the integration of openBIM, we then see the development of far more intricate levels of collaborative working within multidisciplinary practices which in turn, will require multidisciplinary solutions, to address.

Without collaboration, questions could be raised as to just how this can be achieved. Yet with the case of openBIM thus presented, and an argument for the opening of the market through openBIM standards, the paradigm shift can readily be perceived. Should Muse be correct in his point, relations between industry bodies and software vendors may not be at their strongest at present and this opens the market to smaller software vendors to develop solutions more in line with member ’s needs. Beyond this, opportunity may also be available for industry associations and institutions to develop their own platforms too - easily integrating them into openBIM projects and tailoring these to the needs of their members as well (the technology of which The BIM Hub can help with).

The possibilities for overcoming communication and collaboration issues perceived in a traditionally closed BIM industry can be seen as far more manageable via the correct implementation of open standards. But at the same time, Muse highlights how increased industry competitiveness may also make communication with the industry even more difficult, with the diversification it already contains. That said, he remains seemingly confident of market stability with a push towards openBIM standards, nodding to the very nature of markets which tend to go through cycles of entrepreneurial start-ups followed by consolidation and rationalisation. An interesting area of debate indeed and one that affects us all. It will be interesting to see how it evolves.

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Six

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SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION: WHAT CAN openBIM BRING? Health and safety has evolved greatly over the last few years. Implementation of BIM and more precisely the transparency and collaborative qualities of openBIM really can assist practitioners in operating a safer environment for the workforce. Indeed, BIM’s role in enhancing the practical use of structured data and sharing of information is increasingly underpinning project success.

Crucially, this is not just restricted to the moment at which the project is completed. Rather it offers longer term benefits; securing health and safety best practice while aiding its implementation down the line[40]. Indeed openBIM’s collaborative opportunities really can enhance successful health and safety practice[41]. As the awareness of a transparent approach has intensified, openBIM’s role in the integration of health and safety best practice throughout the entire supply chain will undoubtedly support safer working environments on construction sites. Indeed, the HSE is keen to push the benefits of health and safety synergy with BIM. Sooner rather than later we will see standards becoming commonplace where health and safety is enshrined in BIM specification[42]. The HSE is keen to publish a “how to” guide detailing the integration of CDM regulations and other safety issues into principle design making. It is crucial to BIM’s role in health and safety best practice that it takes into consideration the entire build process, especially incorporating initial design where risks can be identified and mitigated.

“CDM requires designers to foresee risk. One of the nice things we have seen with BIM is how it makes that come alive by using a visual language to foresee a risk. There are strong links between the optimisation of BIM across the supply chain and compliance with CDM regulations.”[43] GORDON CRICK, BIM4 HEALTH AND SAFETY WORKING GROUP CHAIR

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Authors Stefan Mordue and Roland Finch, in their book “BIM for Construction Health and Safety”[44] made the clearest case yet for openBIM’s potential to aid health and safety. Is it such a departure, they argued, to consider the implementation of health and safety within BIM given that its entire goal is to gather, use, interpret and transmit information. Health and safety best practice is fundamentally about understanding the environment, sharing procedural approaches and mitigating risk by virtue of an informed knowledge pool[45]. openBIM can enhance this further because it supports a transparent, open workflow. This promotes participation regardless of the software tools used.

Mordue and Finch note that the while the commercial advantages are fairly obvious, the potential benefits to improved health and safety by reducing risk, accidents and deaths are so great as to be almost unquantifiable. The fact that openBIM creates a common language for widely referenced processes, which could in future be used more widely for risk management, not only intensifies the focus of health and safety in BIM but underpins transparent engagement and service evaluation as well. Safety, as an integrated, prominent and recognisable part of the “digital construction” world is still in its infancy, but acknowledgement of its potential is growing. BIM encourages a good handover

between clients and occupiers, ultimately promoting the building’s best use for its lifetime. This in turn translates to a proper, compliant, professional and most importantly a safe build. Furthermore, through openBIM, safety can be a part of a building’s development legacy; informing, enhancing and defining risk management. One commentator used the phrase “BIM equals safety by design”[42]. openBIM can be beneficial twofold: eliminating hazards in the pre-construction stage and, as a result, enhancing operational safety in construction. Indeed, openBIM can be employed to examine risks, determining potential hazards and eliminating or at least better preparing operational staff

for the construction phase thereafter. Hazard and risk identification is leveraged further by technologies such as scan-to-BIM too. David Cant, a Chartered Safety and Health Practitioner has detailed a number of health and safety benefits when implementing BIM in the process. Understandably, he concurs with others that it can help mitigate risk in planning by simulating solutions earlier in the process. He noted how incorporation of health and safety regulations into BIM could streamline the design process by instantly flagging any complications to architects and engineers, saving time and money[46]. Admittedly, there is an element of human consideration in the pro-

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“Most accidents are caused by human error, the more we can plan, prepare and ultimately automate the process, the safer construction sites will be”

cess but it is estimated that around 30% of regulations could be incorporated into BIM software right now. Indeed, BIM objects, such as those in the National BIM Library, provide the opportunity to include important COSHH data and hazards, for example. Furthermore, openBIM’s potential to offer more exact searches of online products, with data delivered directly into the BIM, opens more potential advantages both prior to and during construction. Cant also argues that because most accidents are caused by human error, the more we can plan, prepare and ultimately automate the process, the safer construction sites will be. This planning will also enable better communication by

aiding toolbox talks and pre-construction safety briefings too. We’ve also seen a number of trial projects use data taken directly from BIM to display up-to-date health and safety information indicating potential hazards on LCD screens on site. This could be more readily available to contractors through openBIM. Because health and safety must be considered from the earliest design stage through to handover and beyond, the openBIM community becomes increasingly vital. That is because it welcomes all software vendors, AEC practices (designers, engineers, constructors) and building owners, meaning that risk management is integrated from cradle to grave. It

also assists by providing enduring project data for use throughout the asset’s entire life. openBIM avoids multiple input of the same data and potential errors, but brings many wider advantages for better integration of BIM within the health and safety sector. As advocate Stefan Mordue told UK Construction Media, BIM is a “really powerful weapon in the arsenal of the building owner,” and can therefore reinforce health and safety protocol and standards. “Throughout the process you are getting this digital creation as a by-product but that digital model has the power to become the basis of many things going forward. It can help inform training or simulation and, post construction, can

be used to plan or execute safe methods of operation and maintenance.”[47] In light of the recent introduction of CDM 2015, I say recent, the digital construction environment must embrace health and safety within its make-up. PAS1192:6 should also help when it comes to industry steer. Through the use of openBIM a greater spectrum of the supply chain will get increased access to safer working practices however. Ultimately promoting collaboration, cooperation and coordination, aiding forward planning, increasing efficiency, saving costs, and reducing bureaucracy and paperwork overall. Which would be warmly welcomed from us all.

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Seven openBIM AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Regardless of which side of the openBIM debate you may be on, the benefits that an open, collaborative workflow can provide is clear in terms of how it can aid innovation within the development of buildings processes as a whole. However, there are other areas in which openBIM can be adapted to be beneficial, and one of the ways that these effects can be projected is in the reduction of a building’s environmental impact.

All companies face an increasing amount of strategies that need to be implemented that focus on reducing environmental impacts caused by day to day living. But where does openBIM come into the equation and how can it be beneficial in ensuring environmental sustainability in buildings and associated construction work? As BIM can provide a clear understanding of how a building can be designed and constructed, the way a building performs can be altered and improved in order to

provide environmental sustainability too[48]. Performance gap accepted. The concepts of ‘building green’ and ‘wellness’ refer to the lifecycle of a building, including conservation of resources, protecting the environment and reducing pollution among other aspects. So if this is going to be successfully implemented on a global level then openBIM may well be the key[49]. If businesses work together and share information on sustainable construction amongst one another as part of this col-

laborative workflow, then the process of making this change more widespread will be increased. However, there is an argument that for certain people who have been working in the construction industry for many years and have been successful at what they do, there is an unwillingness to change their ways and adapt to this new go faster technology. But the sooner the industry is fully on board with openBIM the sooner sustainability can be incorporated on a much bigger scale.

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One example of where there has been considerable efforts made to implement openBIM in relation to sustainable buildings is in the Nordic region, where buildingSMART has been working closely with various organisations across Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden to promote an open and collaborative workflow[50]. Environmental sustainability has been one of the main focuses of buildingSMART’s work with openBIM in the Nordic region and positive responses towards the idea have been gleaned in the seminars that have already taken place. In fact around thirty five different organisations have participated in buildingSMART’s “openBIM for a Nordic Sustainable Building Industry” programme, including the likes of Skanska, Aalborg University and FSR to name a few[51]. There is cooperation in the UK of course, at least in the sense that there are a lot of businesses that are on the openBIM side of the debate that are willing to work with an open and collaborative workflow, but it is not the same degree of cooperation as evidenced elsewhere in the world. Whether this will change in the UK and elsewhere over the course of the next few years we will see, but the benefits are definitely there and openBIM can be a positive influence on making construction work more environmentally friendly.

There are of course associated drawbacks to the benefits of openBIM in regards to making buildings more sustainable, not least the costs associated. But it is understood that despite all of the positives that BIM brings to the construction industry, the technology is currently only being fully utilised by the larger companies who can afford the costs that come with it. Smaller busi-

nesses are aware that BIM is making a positive difference to the industry, but the money and resources are not available to implement BIM in their work just yet but it is on the horizon. Putting them at an immediate disadvantage to the larger competitors already using openBIM to its full effect however. Yet openBIM and sustainability can work per-

fectly in conjunction with one another, and in the future we may very well be seeing the two complimenting each other in the construction industry much more. This alone shows the wider reach and influence of the sector in regard to the entire built environment. It also further shows that openBIM is indeed open to all.

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Eight EDUCATING openBIM

Whilst numerous organisations have made ground when it comes to BIM adoption and standards development, there is also a lingering shortage of understanding of BIM at a base level. Not only has this restricted the industry in closed BIM adoption, but it also provides a series of major hurdles to be overcome before openBIM can truly be adopted outright. One could argue that education comes first in all things, and in the realm of BIM this is no exception. Both Muse and Karl Redmond, Commercial Finance Director of Enable by Design present noteworthy positions in support of education for the sector, albeit looking at strikingly differing reasons for its importance going forward. Muse would argue for the immediate conception of education and training to support the sector, looking specifically at guidance, training and certification to open up the understanding of BIM.

Q: Many believe that there is a lack of understanding on the potential of BIM as a whole and that education could be the solution to this. What is your opinion on education within the industry with regard to BIM? A: This is something we have spent some time considering and first of all there is an immediate market need for people to be more up to speed with BIM - and we have tried our best to provide excellent guidance, training and BIM certification schemes. The second issue is related to professional training, because a lot of people in this profession believe that BIM is just information management and therefore shouldn’t be seen as a separate subject matter as it is already part of what they do. These are the issues that we should be addressing. Universities are obviously developing BIM education and I think professionals will need to come to terms with this in the way that it affects qualification routes [38]. ALAN MUSE, GLOBAL DIRECTOR OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, RICS Redmond on the other hand hones in on the less-traditional topics of consequence and industry perception. Seemingly regarding the industry as somewhat wary of BIM as a “product of change” - elaborating that it stands to reason that a wary industry would feel vulnerable to legal troubles and mistakes within BIM of any form. This may act as a preventative boundary when it comes to fully embracing BIM itself, yet education can readily displace this fear. Redmond then puts forward the need for collaboration in learning and even support between individuals to achieve a common goal. Karl is also keen to “get rid of the deadwood, the people who are unwilling to change, and bring new people in and train them because it will not take long to get them up to speed with the more modern advancements”. Which goes a little further I would say.

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Q: What limitations or challenges could you see stemming from an open and collaborative workflow? A: Culture, communication and fear are the three challenges that we are faced with and this refers to fear of change, fear of asking the relevant questions and fear of doing the wrong thing. Sometimes fear can step in and make people do stupid things to rectify errors and mistakes. This is about getting everybody on side and making sure that all people are strong enough and knowledgeable enough. What we don’t want is lawyers coming in and getting in the way of what should be a completely open and collaborative process, therefore we need to encourage people to come forward if they don’t know how to do something and then it can be worked through as a team[58].

Regardless of the reasoning behind the importance of BIM education however, industry opinion is seemingly solidly behind the notion that education and training for BIM is somewhat lacking (but getting better). At the very same time, widespread recognition also remains present as to the importance of resolving this going forward, and developing educational and training standards as well. Indeed, one could argue that standards for processes such as openBIM would go hand in hand with appropriate training and education courses to ensure that BIM participants are able to fully draw on the complete spectrum of opportunities available. Once again we look to the importance of accurate data within the BIM as the most important product for management, communication and utilisation, but without a core foundation in the understanding of how to do so transparently the full benefits start to fade. In the meantime the better courses that are out there are listed in the new LEARN realm at The BIM Hub, which is currently in production at the moment (but if your organisation offers training or education then you really should get in touch).

Q: What are some of the shortcomings of traditional, closed BIM to date? How does a more open, transparent and collaborative approach resolve these concerns? A: There are an awful lot of people out there claiming that they can do all of what is required for transparency and collaboration within BIM, and I do believe that this is the case with some people who are higher up in the company, but this knowledge certainly isn’t being filtered down to the people making the decisions on the front line. The definition of certification is not necessarily pointing to the fact that Level 2 BIM is being delivered to the client either, it just means there is a Level 2 understanding. So in many cases people are not on the same page and Level 2 is not being delivered to the client at all. Culturally, some people just don’t know how to change and are stuck in their ways, so inevitably there are going to be problems when the clients are listening to contractors who are not engaging or understanding of the full picture and all of the changes that are required. I personally think that this BIM agenda is fantastic and exactly what was needed, but we should have started with the client first rather than the industry, because the industry is commercial and would have played catch up anyway so this is where the problems lie at the moment.” KARL REDMOND, COMMERCIAL FINANCE DIRECTOR OF ENABLE BY DESIGN

“The better courses that are out there are listed in the new LEARN realm at The BIM Hub”

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Nine FINAL THOUGHTS BIM MATURITY AND OPENNESS: A CHOICE OR NECESSITY?

Despite the UK mandate for BIM compliance still ‘only’ dictating a Level 2 maturity[52], increased digitalisation also leads to a scenario where technological revolution is always, and perhaps always will be just around the corner. Indeed, with task group perspectives shifting to BIM Level 3 in the future[53], the potential of continued open standards development only strengthens[54].

Indeed openBIM is perceived as the next natural hurdle in this marathon as outlined by the BIM Task Group. BIM Level 3 being represented by a “fully open process and data integration enabled by “web services” compliant with the emerging IFC / IFD standards, managed by a collaborative model server”. This could also be regarded as integrated BIM, they say, “potentially employing concurrent engineering processes” [55]. With Colin Johnson (Cadenas UK) concluding that everybody by now recognises that an openBIM approach will really be the only way to future proof relationships across the supply chain. Johnson sees the smaller software companies providing niche or bespoke software solutions outright but for manufacturers, he sees a software solution that enables them to aid specification by providing a bespoke product configurator, multiple file export options and international data sets being the ideal[28].

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Kevin Holmes (HxGN SMART Build) on the other hand chooses to reinforce the importance of education, stating that education is definitely key for the future development of openBIM. People know how to use the systems quite well but they don’t necessary see the bigger picture and the impact on the subcontractors, partners and other disciplines too.[23] As this is the overall trajectory then, and in view of Holmes’ comments, in the prior section we raised perhaps the most important topic surrounding BIM and openBIM overall, education. Questions have also been raised as to whether the industry is yet ready to adopt a radically transparent standard on such a widespread stage. BIM adoption is indeed at an alltime high and quite widespread[57], but the understanding of BIM and the benefits which can be created beyond aesthetic design solutions is still in degree of infancy, relatively speaking.

Q: Do you potentially feel that it is too soon to push openBIM as a standard given the level of understanding in the industry at the moment (in regard to BIM as a whole)? A: I think the industry is very much based on gradualism and that is how it has always worked. Also there is a strong argument that when advancements like this have occurred in other industries then there has been a paradigm shift towards it. Digitalisation has transformed other industries in many different areas such as product delivery & cost, and it is not going to go away so I don’t see why it cannot do the same for construction. The problem with construction is that there are many golden threads that need to come together for it to come into play, for example, off site construction needs to develop into repeatable good quality construction where people are less concerned about the bespoke and unique design solutions. That kind of thing. [38] ALAN MUSE, GLOBAL DIRECTOR OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, RICS

Although the construction industry has come a long way in the use of the digital environment to support industry operations, the industry is not yet as well versed in digitalisation as some others. The argument then changes, perhaps, as to whether the understanding is yet at a stage ready for the transition from closed to openBIM for ourselves and for all others. It is hoped that the content in this Journal will help to encourage it.

Q: What closing statements or additional points would you like to add? A: I would like to have every software vendor in the construction industry focusing on creating cloud based software with APIs. As we see in other industries, these kind of tools make it a lot easier to connect to different types of software. For example, I can connect my Google drive to any other kind of software that I use, but I cannot easily connect BIM authoring software to it at all. Why can’t I do that? Why is there no easy way to do that? If we start to open our data containers through APIs, this would enable the creation of more business and in fact more businesses as a result. There are tools out there that can connect cloud services from different vendors, and I would like to see something like this for construction software, so you can just enter the webpage and cloud service details and the two can be connected without the pressure on the vendors at all. There are obstacles down the line but I would like software vendors to open up and give a clear description of how to access this data and collaborate in earnest to complete all of our goals together. LUKAS OLBRICH, CO-FOUNDER AND CEO, SABLONO

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Ten

INDUSTRY OPINION: OPTIMISING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIM After so much focus on one topic we thought we would break free of the openBIM theme and guide you gently back to reality by including a bespoke piece written by Tahir Sharif, the CEO of The BIM Hub. It will be of great interest to you wherever you are on your BIM journey, and will likely offer some inspiration to newcomers or those unsure of what to do next.

Key Questions Many excellent definitions exist in relation to capturing what BIM really is, but when it comes to the crunch BIM also contains an unquantifiable component that places more demand on the user to investigate applications, technologies and workflows that really suit their needs (and those of the project) much more. What’s more, these benefits and limitations must be carefully and accurately evaluated in respect to one’s business model, which can be a very demanding process indeed. However, if it is well-structured it really can be managed successfully and enhanced even further by following these specific steps to make these gains even more swift. To kick things off, before you commence on your BIM journey consider the following very carefully:

What are the opportunities with BIM? (the broad ‘BIM uses’) What are the real applications needed by you? (the ‘must have’ uses). Of the two, it is critically important to focus on the must haves for your own business needs - and then set out to develop some goals and lay out your roadmap thereafter. The next questions to ask then relate to implementation within your own organisation, or more specifically;

What are my current resources and capabilities? What else do I need? Write these down… before you can finally ask:

What are the processes and infrastructure that can support me in achieving my goals? In posing this question, we must recognise that the processes will change just as much as the underlying technology. It is not a simple question of software selection. An organisation adopting BIM must be prepared to experience a disruption (and of course an improvement) to their existing processes over time. It is almost a step into the unknown, however there are extensive project references, standards and best practice items - together with numerous guides and references documents to support this transition along the way. But it is safe to say that in order to unlock its full potential, successful BIM demands a well-planned deployment of skills, experience and judgement before any real benefits can be realised. How is this achieved?

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Optimising BIM Implementation To secure the full benefits of BIM, a ‘major business programme’ approach is needed. Unlike adopting a new technology in isolation, BIM implementation has to be undertaken in stages. This requires proper planning, patience and full a commitment at all levels of the business. The first step is to understand the current status of the business, both in terms of existing systems and available skills. An effective way of achieving this is to undertake an audit that can best be described as a ‘health check’. This will determine what level of change is required, how to best achieve that change, how long will it take and how much will it cost. All essential steps in ascertaining the critical ‘return on investment’ on which sound business decisions are made. In reality, this health check has two major components – business and skills.

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Business Health Check The first step is to identify and analyse existing business systems and processes (both internal and external) and map those within a BIM framework. This is possible because BIM is still in a relatively new phase of development and can often be manipulated and customised to suit company needs. The software itself is not the solution to all of the problems. It is better to think of BIM applications merely as tools within which it is possible to increase productivity gradually, but that is all. There are many other aspects that need to be understood as part of this analysis, including: Primary business process Self performed versus sub-contracted work Types of contract worked with How data is transferred and upon which platforms Current system standards and operational manuals Existing technology tools and platforms Current document and data management Collaboration platforms Office and financial systems Size and type of existing networks Current skill levels Expectations of cost and willingness to invest Level of management commitment

Skills Health Check

Avoid Mistakes

Central to any business implementation is the training of the staff themselves. However, selecting the correct type and level of training is not always apparent. It is also important to understand that training is not just about how to use software tools - understanding of the BIM process and how it affects current working practices is as important as it is essential. Assessing and benchmarking the capabilities of staff at an early stage of the implementation process is critical. This identifies the best people for high-level involvement with training and deployment of BIM within the business. This ensures that time is not wasted in training unmotivated or unskilled staff and singles out those who will form the best team to undertake a pilot project successfully. These early champions will be pivotal in the successful ongoing deployment of the process thereafter.

The following points may be useful when considering your strategy: The key to success is to deploy the implementation process in real business terms to produce tangible bottom line results. Use real business contexts to develop the strategies and behaviours that are necessary for success. Seek out a reputable BIM consulting firm who can advise and work with you to adopt the best method of BIM implementation wholesale. Noting that; A good consultant will consider existing business processes, software selection, benchmarking, targeted user training, content development, translation of existing standards and customisation of systems, on-the-job mentoring, implementation tracking and reviews. Capture the above in a stakeholder agreed, structured implementation plan or roadmap. Identify BIM methods and implementation strategies by project phases (planning, design, construction and operations) and define potential benefits, costs, and strategies at each phase. A structured implementation plan should include detailed guidelines and best practices to achieve optimum workflow and returns on the investment. Create a BIM manual. Just as CAD required new drawing standards in the office, the BIM system will necessitate standardised modelling procedures and methodologies. Consult the relevant standards (and stick to them).

Further Considerations Indeed there is also a lot of scope for improving efficiency and quality at many stages of the project simply by taking waste out of the picture altogether. One of the key drivers when it comes to achieving this is through integrated processes and teams. But these alone need to be assembled and managed with rigour and caution. Let’s break it down further into the following sections, as this will be especially helpful if you are a newcomer.

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The BIM Process : A Timely Recap

Eliminating Waste

The BIM processes and associated technologies have been developed specifically with a view to improving efficiency, quality, safety and many other project wide issues and they have been largely successful in doing so. As BIM is a business process supported by technology, the technology itself is further optimised by deploying the process. A wonderful synergy exists here - especially when it is done right. One easy conclusion to make is that traditional methods use technology in isolation, BIM uses technology in collaboration. A difference that is as subtle as it is distinct. In this environment then, all stakeholders in the construction process including the owner/developer, project manager, consultant, contractor, subcontractor and facility manager have access to the same design, cost and scheduling information at the same time. This requires a different business and thought process completely, as disciplines are brought together earlier to share information and working practices with a different emphasis and intent to what went before. At the heart of the BIM process is the 3D Building Information Model certainly, created by advanced software tools and the like. But BIM software, expertise and collaboration adds even more value and intelligence to the design overall. As well as being described by dimensions and locations, objects also have data attached to them relating to materials and composition and the like. In simple terms, in a building information model, every object knows what it is, where it is, how big it is and what it is made from. The key outputs from the design team, namely architectural, structural, MEP teams and other specialists (not to mention the client) are integrated into a single building information model, enabling all design data to be assembled in one space rather than via the hundreds or thousands of less automated (and less coordinated) drawings. Something that used to be the norm.

Additional benefits then materialise from reducing costs by eliminating waste through:

How the BIM Process Reduces Costs

Some of the initial benefits that can be achieved when reducing costs throughout the business processes are: Rapid exchange of design information, easy “what if” scenarios can be explored allowing for more design iterations and more efficient decision-making processes overall. Time is saved in documenting decisions. Drawings are produced directly from the model rather than creating them individually. Data for design requirements are produced from the model, thus saving time in production engineering calculations and the like. All geometric and spatial data required to perform energy calculations are produced directly from the model and time is saved in demonstrating environmental compliance and optimising lifecycle costs. Accurate BOQ (Bills of Quantities) are produced directly from the model through integration of cost (5D) and scheduling (4D). Data required to control procurement is contained in the completed construction model, thus saving time and optimising the efficiency of the procurement process. The ‘as built’ model contains the data required to inform facility management (FM) decision-making and systems, thus integrating interoperability further into the BIM environment (especially through open standards or openBIM).

Design validation - early analysis of design in the 3D environment identifies minor and major errors, thus removing the risk and reduction of rework. Via openBIM by integrating specialist design work within the structural and architectural constraints to help to identify and eliminate coordination problems, thereby removing risks, reducing rework and standing time and minimising material waste even further. Construction in a ‘virtual’ environment produces accurate shop drawings – off site manufactured items ‘fit’ therefore reducing rework, material waste and standing time. Improved monitoring of site logistics and project progress, which reduces time and material waste through more accurate site/project management. Optimised quantity driven cost plans help to reduce waste through accurate procurement. Optimised quantity driven construction schedules reduce standing time and enable on time/early completion of projects. Reduced errors and rework effectively reduces conflict and claims (and boosts morale and rapport).

Improving Quality The third benefit is gained by improving quality: Early identification and elimination of risk/error through design validation and coordination, hence higher quality and ‘fit for purpose’ construction; Design quality improves as does client and stakeholder participation; Reduced FM and energy costs, and greater environmental compliance; Visual information in an openBIM environment results in more efficient communication at all project levels, increasing understanding and facilitating decision-making further; Detailed design information in an openBIM environment ensures more efficient communication of requirements to subcontractors and trades, thus improving efficiency and quality of execution; Integrated cost/ time/ procurement results in more efficient communication and easier project management/ supervision; One-site logistics and progress monitored in a BIM environment, ensuring accurate information transfer for both the quantity surveyor (QS) and project manager (PM). With the right approach and guidance these benefits (and many more) can be fully realised. I wish you well on your BIM journey.

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