Infra-Waterscape: Cross-Scale Researches and Waterscape Strategies for Xiong'An New Area

Cross-Scale Researches and Waterscape Strategies for Xiong'An New Area

system balance scale ecological urbanism anthropocene anthro-ecology anthro-cenosis urban biotope

Bingyu Zeng

InfraWATERscape

INFRA-WATERSCAPE

Tutor: Fei Wang

Cross-Scale Researches and Waterscape Strategies for Xiong'An New Area based on anthropological perspective and urban renovation

Author: Bingyu Zeng

Contents

5 0.1 Abstract 6 0.2 Narrative Logic 8 0.3 Why Anthro-Ecology? What is Infra-Waterscape? And How to Achieve?

Ecological urbanism, anthropocene, anthro-ecology, anthrocenosis, urban biotope

RESEARCHES 15 1.1 3 Research Questions 16 1.2 The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan" A General Introduction of the Background of Baiyangdian Area and the Establishment of Xiong'An New Area

Answer to Q1

24 1.3 Time and Space A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetlands 24 1.3.1

Timeline, A Chronological Research

Answer to Q1

40 1.3.2

Cross-Scale Research and Analysis

Answer to Q1

40 50 68

2

National Scale River System Scale Regional Scale

56 1.4 "Kidney of the Earth" A comparison between the human body and the biosphere 57 1.4.1

Wetlands Operation Mechanism

Answer to Q2

58 1.4.2

Climates and Organisms

Answer to Q2

59 59 62

Temperature Precipitation, Evaporation and Infiltration Plants and Animals

66 1.5 Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem 66 1.5.1

Landscape Patterns

67 1.5.2

Living (ingestion) and Polluting (excretion) Patterns

Answer to Q1 & Q2

STRATEGIES 71 2.1 Instruction Book

Answer to Q3 Answer to Q3

APPENDIX 73 3.1 Acknowledgments 74 3.2 Bibliography

3

0. PREFACE

Acknowledgments Abstract Narrative Logic Why Anthro-Ecology? What is Infra-Wetscape? And How to Achieve?

Ecological urbanism, anthropocene, anthro-ecology, anthroceonosis, urban biotope

PREFACE 4

Abstract

Simultaneously, human activities have begun to have a large global impact on climate and ecosystems since the 18th century (Iindustrial Rrevolution).

However, our existing urban ecosystem is not a balanced system: it needs to ingest a lot from the outside and excrete to the outside world. Therefore, in the Anthropocene, an enhanced ecosystem with human beings as the main body should be developed, which can be self-sustained and has the ability of selfrecovery.

Currently, there are many studies based on ecological urbanism and landscape urbanism. However, most of them are focusing on the development of landscape science into a discipline that is not limited to gardening and can be organically integrated with urbanism. On this basis, this paper is focusing on the study of possible models of the “anthro-ecology” at different scales from the perspectives of “balance”, “system” and “cross-scale”. This thesis mostly focuses on the possibility of the most basic scale (unit) due to time, personnel, and funding constraints. They should all be able to operate independently (which means they can be relatively stable systems) and should be able to be assembled into larger, higher-level of ecological units or systems.

This thesis starts China’s water system chronologically and spatially. The main research object is the Baiyangdian Wwetland and its macro and micro context.

By studying the living (ingestion) pattern and polluting (excretion) pattern of the human ecosystem which while superimposed upon the existing wetland ecosystem, the thesis develops a collection of ecological units (biotopes) suitable for different functional districts, as infrastructures, to satisfy the needs of living (ingestion) and polluting (excretion). They can be assembled into larger, higherlevel ecological units in which the city's pressure on the Baiyangdian Wwetland is alleviated; and simultaneously, this model should be duplicable and could be applied in other urban areas.

5

0. PREFACE

With the rapid development of urbanization on a global scale, urban space has carried most of the human activities. On April 1, 2017, the Chinese government announced the establishment of the Xiong'An New Area in Hebei Province. While its main function is to serve as a development hub for the “JingJinJi (BeijingTianjin-Hebei)” economic triangle, it is expected to offload the “non-capital” functions of Beijing and explore new urban development patterns. However, the establishment of the Xiong'An New Area means to build a city upon a heavilycontaminated natural wetland; therefore, from the perspective of urban designers and architects, we need to explore the intersections of cities, urban renewal, and wetland ecosystems (or other natural ecosystems).

0. PREFACE

Narrative Logic

The picture on the right represents the narrative logic of this booklet.

Starting from the existing facts (branches) and phenomena (leaves), tracing back to the sources and causes (roots); then find possible countermeasures.

Simultaneously, as we are tracing the source and explore along the "taproot", we could also find some " lateral roots " pointing in other directions.

This booklet is a relatively complete demonstration of my thinking process of pursuing the source and seeking answers. The results of some studies ("lateral roots") do not necessarily point to the answers to this research; but I hope that the work I have done during this time could also bring some convenience and inspiration to others researches.

6

0. PREFACE

7

0. PREFACE

Why Anthro-Ecology?

What is Infra-Waterscape?

How to Achieve?

1. Why anthro-ecology?

Anthropocene: The Anthropocene defines Earth's most recent geologic time period as being human-influenced, or anthropogenic, based on overwhelming global evidence that atmospheric, geologic, hydrologic, biospheric and other earth system processes are now altered by humans.

- anthropocene.info

1.1. There are three important nodes in the history of humanity that great changes in the level of productivity occurred. One is the agricultural revolution, the other is the industrial revolution, and the third is the technological revolution. These three historical events have raised the productivity of human society to several times or even hundreds of times as the previous level. While advancing the progress of human civilization, the improvement of the level of productivity has also improved the ability of mankind to transform nature. In 2000, the 1995 Nobel Prize winner, Dutch atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen proposed the concept of Anthropocene. He believes that the impact of human activities on the earth at that time is enough to set up a new geological era.[1]

Dr. Paul Jozef Crutzen

Dr. William F. Ruddiman

8

[1] Pearce, Fred. With Speed and Violence. 2007: 21. ISBN 978-0-8070-8576-9.

1.3. Whether it is the agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution or the technological revolution, the emergence of new technologies has helped humans to greatly change the ecological environment and the surface habitat.

0. PREFACE

1.2. After the concept of Anthropocene was presented, people also had different opinions about the time of its start. William Ruddiman believes that it should be traced back to the beginning of human farming in 8000 years ago; the Anthropocene Working Group recommended that the first time humans to conduct atomic bomb testing on July 16, 1945 be the beginning of the anthropocene[2].

Although there are many different viewpoints, there are three main points, they are, the agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution and the scientific and technological revolution.

Agricultural tools made from animal bones in the primitive agricultural civilazation period, excavated in the Yellow River Basin @agri-history.ihns.ac.cn

1.4. The increase in urbanization rate and the population density have led to an increasing need for space and resources from the environment. However, our existing urban ecosystem is not a balanced system: it needs to ingest a lot from the outside and excrete to the outside world. An unbalanced system either goes to equilibrium or goes to disintegration.

1.5. Human activities have dramatically changed the Earth. We push the geological time to the anthropocene, therefore, an enhanced ecosystem with human beings as the main body should be developed, which can be selfsustained and has the ability of self-recovery.

Watt's steam engine model @ihns.cas.cn

Mushroom cloud rising from the Nagasaki explosion [2] Zalasiewicz, Jan; Waters, Colin N.; Williams, Mark; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cearreta, Alejandro; Crutzen, Paul; Ellis, Erle; Ellis, Michael A.; Fairchild, Ian J.; Grinevald, Jacques; Haff, Peter K.; Hajdas, Irka; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, John; Odada, Eric O.; Poirier, ClĂŠment; Richter, Daniel; Steffen, Will; Summerhayes, Colin; Syvitski, James P.M.; Vidas, Davor; Wagreich, Michael; Wing, Scott L.; Wolfe, Alexander P.; An, Zhisheng; Oreskes, Naomi. When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International. 2015-01. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.045

@wikipedia

9

2. What is infra-waterscape?

0. PREFACE

Increasingly, landscape is emerging as a model for urbanism.

-Stan Allen

Upland

Infra-waterscape: Waterscape as infrastructure. These waterscapes are capable of providing some production of the landscape unit for the corresponding function of the infrastructure or digesting the excrement produced of the infrastructure.

Wetland Marsh

Swamp Forest

Shrub

Wet Meadow

Upstream

Emergent

Submerged and Floating

Emergent

Contaminants and Sediments are Filtered

Downstream Contaminants and Sediments are Broken Down

Contaminants and Sediments are Broken Down Underground Water Flow

Underground Water Flow Infiltration

natural eco-system Eco-Purification & Water Level Balance Nymphaea ietragona Plant Height: 0.4-1.8m Ideal Water Depth: 0.3-1.2m

Phragmites australis

Removes: Cu; Pb; Cd; Zn; Mn, etc.

Plant Height: 1.0-3.0 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.5-1.5 m

Ceratophyllum demersun Plant Height: 0.05-0.2 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.1-0.3 m Removes: Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N); Phosphorus, etc.

Removes: Nutrient: Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N); Phosphorus, etc.

Heavy Mental: Cu; Zn; Cd; Pb; Cr; Mn, etc.

Phragmites australis

Nelumbo nucifera Porous Rock

Plant Height: 1.0-2.0m Ideal Water Depth: 0.5-2.0m

Typha angustifolia Lemna paucicostata & Spirodela polyhiza

Removes: Phosphorus; Nitrate Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N), etc.

Plant Height: 1.5-3.0 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.3-1.0 m Removes: Cu; Zn; Cd; Pb; Cr; Mn, etc.

Plant Height: Floating Plant

Plant Height: 1.0-3.0 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.5-1.5 m

Porous Rock

Removes: Nutrient: Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N); Phosphorus, etc.

Heavy Mental: Cu; Zn; Cd; Pb; Cr; Mn, etc.

Removes: Cu; Pb; Zn; Mn, etc.

Irragation 10.5 m Flood Level 8.8 m Maximum Sotrage Level Ideal Water Level Range

8.0 m Ideal Level 7.3 m Lowest Level for Eco-Balance 7.0 m Warning Level for Drought 6.5 m Dry lake Level

Highest canal’s bottom

5.5 m Lowest canal’s bottom 6.0 m Average canal’s bottom Terraces for Aerotion and Biological Purification

Sediment Degradation, Water Quality Stabilization and Control Kashu

Deep Water

Canal

Shallow Water

Porous Rock

Subsurface Filtration

Terraces for Aerotion and Biological Purification

Heavy Mental Removal

Slow Traffic Belt

Pavement

artificial eco-system

Nutrient Removal

Sediment Degradation

Terraces for Aerotion and Biological Purification

Heavy Mental Removal

Amenity Belt

Nutrient Removal

Sediment Degradation

Reserved Terraces for Aerotion and Biological Purification

Heavy Mental Removal

Water Impoundment

Block & Park

Nutrient Removal & Heavy Mental Removal

In natural ecosystems, biotope is like a container, providing habitat for living things, creating products and digesting waste. The city also provides habitats for humans; and its production capacity is extremely high; simultaneously, it also creates waste that exceeds its ability to digest. Instead of providing beautiful sceneries in urban area, landscape can be an infrastructure to improve the city's self-sustainability.

3. How to Achieve? a. In the second chapter, I attached my design proposal, which might help to achieve the anthro-ecology; b. Further development needs the interdisciplinary cooperation.

10

0. PREFACE

11

12

0. PREFACE

0. PREFACE Aowei Avenue in the Evening Aowei Building was the temporary office of the government of Xiong'An New Area before the completion of the civic center. Currently it is occupied by a large number of central enterprises and state-owned enterprises, and it is called "Guoqi Yi Tiao Jie (an avenue that is mostly occupied by state-owned enterprises)" now.

Photo via Bingyu Zeng Aug 6 2018

13

3 Research Questions The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan" A General Introduction of the Background of Baiyangdian Area and the Establishment of Xiong'An New Area

Time and Space (Atlas) A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetlands

1. RESEARCHES

Timeline, Chronological Research Cross-Scale Research and Analysis World Scale National Scale River System Scale Regional Scale

"Kidney of the Earth" A comparison between the human body and the biosphere Wetlands Operation Mechanism Climates and Organisms Temperature Precipitation, Evaporation and Infiltration Plants and Animals

Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem Typological Analysis of Topographic Texture Typological Analysis of Living (uptaking) and Polluting (emitting)

RESEARCHES 14

3 Research Questions

What are the problems with the water in Baiyangdian Wetlands?

2

How do these problems occur? And which of them could be resolved or alleviated through architectural way?

3

How can we resolve or alleviate the problem(s)?

15

1. RESEARCHES

1

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

1. RESEARCHES

A General Introduction of the Background of Baiyangdian Area and the Establishment of Xiong'An New Area

16

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

UAV aerial photography of Baiyangdian Scenic Area Wharf @People's Vision

1

Baiyangdian Wetland: The largest freshwater wetland in northern China plain

Hectares (10.05m deep in Dagu) the largest freshwater wetland on the North China Plain.

60

Villages (in Anxin and Rongcheng) in the Initial Phase Development

1.0471

Millions Population by the End of June 2017

106.24

km2 Initial Phase Development Area

2-2.5

Millions Future Planned Population

2,000

km2 Future Planned Area

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

17

1. RESEARCHES

36,600

1. RESEARCHES

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

18

105 km

115.9° East

m

105 k

1. RESEARCHES

38.9° North

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

19

Purposes of the Establishment of Xiong'An New Area

Each era has its own signature. In the march towards great national rejuvenation, China has never stopped to rest in pursuing reform and opening-up.

1. RESEARCHES

In the 1980s, Shenzhen of Guangdong Province grows into a modern city.

In the 1990s, Pudong of Shanghai transformed into a shining pearl in the east.

Entering the 21st century, Xiong’An New Area of Hebei Province is thriving with strength and bigger never seen before.

We should aim to build a demonstration area that practices the new concept for development.

This is a seamless combination a traditional Chinese culture and a modern vision for cities in the new era.

Xiong’An is designed to relieve Beijing of functions nonessential to its role as the capital and provide a Chinese solution to urban problems.

Adapted from CGTN video, "Promo for China’s new economic zone Xiongan New Area released"

Purposes of the Establishment of Xiong'An New Area 1 Release Beijing’s non-capital function 2 Discover a new pattern of development of densely populated area 3 Adjust and advance the urban layout and spatial structure of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area.

4 Cultivate innovation and develop a new engine (for growing)

Seven Points for Development of Xiong'An New Area 1) Develop a green, intelligent city; 2) let the water and the city growing prosperous together; 3) Discover new industries, technologies, and motive forces of development; 4) Develop communal facilities and infrastructure at a high level; and discover a new sample of city management; 5) Develop a fast, efficient and environmental-friendly transportation system; 6) Stimulate market vitality; 7) Be open and easily-cooperate.

Abstracted and Concluded from CCTV News Broadcasting and Official Documents

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

20

1. RESEARCHES

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

21

On February 23, 2017, Xi Jinping inspected the Plan work of Xiong'an New Area in Hebei Province

STRATEGIES

1. RESEARCHES

On February 23, 2017, Xi Jinping inspected the ecological environment protection work of Xiong'an New Area in Baiyangdian, Hebei Province.

2017 Xinwen Lianbo, "Decision to set up Xiong'an New Area of Hebei Province"

2014

2015

2016

POLICIES

Feb. 26

Feb. 10

Feb. 29

After listening to the reports of the three provinces and cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, Xi Jinping, the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, officially adopted the "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development" as an important national strategy.

At the 9th meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Leading Group, General Secretary Xi Jinping deliberated and put forward the idea of “multiple points, one city, and old city reorganization” when deliberating on the “Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development plan”. One of the concerns of "one city" is to study and think about the construction of a new city outside Beijing.

Li Keqiang, the premier of the State Council, presided over the special meeting of the State Council and put forward specific requirements for the Beijing city sub-center and centralized carrying areas.

Mar. 26 On March 26, the “New Urbanization Plan of Hebei Province” was released.

Although the regulation does not mention the “sub-center”, it is sure that it will resolve the capital function of Beijing (for example, to undertake some administrative units that dispel Beijing) and position Baoding as “the important city of supporting the capital”.

April.2, 10 Xi Jinping presided over the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee to study and review the "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Development Plan", and proposed to "deeply study and demonstrate the problem of the new city" "considering the appropriateness in Hebei The place to plan and build a modern new city led by the new development concept." Since then, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development leading group has taken the lead in organizing research and demonstration to establish a centralized carrying area.

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

22

Mar. 24 Xi Jinping presided over the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and agreed to be named "Xiong New District".

May. 27 The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee reviewed the "Report on the Planning and Construction of the Beijing City Sub-center and the Research and Establishment of the Xiong'an New District of Hebei Province". This is the first time that the "Xiong New District" appeared in the title of the report. The meeting adopted the "Implementation Plan for the Establishment of Hebei Xiong'an New District" in principle, and the specific preparation work of the Xiong'an New District was immediately carried out under the condition of "high confidentiality".

May. 23 April. 3 ECONOMY: After the central government announced the establishment of the Xiong'an New District in Baoding City, Hebei Province, and set it as a key development zone, the local property prices soared more than double in one day. The government immediately took urgent measures to stabilize property prices, including closing the sale.

April. 23

May. 11

2017

July. 6 TRANSPORTATION: Beijing South Railway Station will operate two pairs of EMU trains in the direction of Baoding Station, stopping at Bazhou West, Baigou, Baiyangdian and Xushui. After the train started, it strengthened the convenience of railway transportation between Xiong'an New District and Beijing.

1. RESEARCHES

ENVIRONMENT: Wang Jinnan, deputy director and chief engineer of the Environmental Planning Institute of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, talked about the serious status quo of the water shortage and pollution in the new area. He believes that environmental issues are the biggest challenge facing the development of Xiong'an New District.

ECONOMY: The Central Government Organs Housing Fund Management Center issued the "Notice on Implementing the "Let's Carrying Out" Reform Spirit to Do a Good Job in the Payment of Housing Provident Funds", and announced the announcement of eight new measures for housing provident fund deposit services. Provided a series of supporting services for the central government in the areas of coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, integration of urban and rural development, employment and entrepreneurship, innovation and creation, and state-owned assets management.

EDUCATION: On the afternoon of May 11, 2017, Hao Ping, secretary of the Party Committee of Peking University, led a delegation to visit Hebei.

Zhao Kezhi, secretary of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee and director of the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress, Xu Qin, deputy secretary of the provincial party committee and governor, met with Hao Ping and his entourage.

The two sides fully exchanged views on strengthening the strategic cooperation between the province and the province and reached a five-point consensus.

August

Feb. 23

June. 21

April. 14

General Secretary Xi Jinping went to Anxin County, Hebei Province to investigate and hosted a symposium on the planning and construction of the Xiong'an New District in Hebei Province.

At the meeting on the planning and construction of the Xiong'an New District in Hebei Province, Xu Qin, the governor of Hebei Province, read the "Reply from the Central Authorities on the Establishment of the Administrative Organization of Hebei Xiong'an New District". The Office of the Central Organizing Committee decided to set up the CPC Hebei The Anxin District Working Committee and the Hebei Xiong'an New District Management Committee are the agencies of the provincial party committee and the provincial government. They are responsible for organizing and coordinating the new district, comprehensively developing and constructing management, and carrying out custody of Xiongxian, Rongcheng and Anxin counties and surrounding areas. The New District Management Committee is also guided by the State Council and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Development Leading Group Office.

Chen Gang is the secretary of the Party Working Committee of the Xiong'an New District and the director of the Management Committee. Liu Baoling is the deputy secretary of the Party Working Committee of Renxiong New District and the executive deputy director of the Administrative Committee of Xiong'an New District.

The "Planning Outline of Hebei Xiong'an New District" was approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.

April.1 On April 1, 2017, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a notice and decided to establish the Xiong'an New District in Hebei. In the notice, the new district will be positioned as “a millennium plan and a national event”, “another new district with national significance after the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Shanghai Pudong New Area”. The main task of the new district is to become "the city of the non-capital functions of Beijing."

April.2 On April 2, 2017, at the meeting of leading cadres held in Rongcheng County, Party Xiaolong, deputy secretary of the Provisional Party Committee of the New District, said that he would “take control and control work as a top priority”, especially “land violations”. The meeting also announced that, according to the entrustment of the provincial government, the temporary party committee will take over the work of the cadres and freeze the personnel changes on April 2. On April 3, the temporary party committee of Xiong'an New District began to work in Rongcheng County.

ENVIRONMENT: Tsinghua University Xiong'an New Area Planning and Construction Development Summit Forum

November. 16

Feb. 28

ENVIRONMENT: The fifth Yellow River – Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project started to operate. It lasted for about 83 days, and the water replenishment was about 100 million cubic meters. The water level of Baiyangdian rised by about 80 centimeters.

TRANSPORTATION: The Jingxiong Intercity Railway started, and it is expected to be put into use at the end of 2020.

2018

The Past and the Present of the "Millennial Plan"

23

Time and Space (Atlas) A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetlands PREHISTORIC PERIOD

QUATERNARY PERIOD Pleistocene

Paleolithic Age

The Formation of the Ancient Baiyangdian The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an.

Homo erectus, Homo sapiens appeared.

Neolithic Age

Holocene

Since 11700 years ago

The History of the Ancient Baiyangdian and the Formation of the Modern Baiyangdian The river system originating from Taihang Mountain formed an alluvial fan in the east side of Taihang Mountains. With the change of climate and sea water infiltration, the waters of the ancient Baiyangdian Lake expanded and sometimes shrunk.

The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an

Xushui Nanzhuang Heritage Site The discovery of early pottery was of great significance for studying the way of human life in the early Neolithic Age, the origin of pottery and the ecological environment at that time.

8000 BC Early Neolithic

8000 - 5500 BC

The Re-emergency of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the early Holocene period from 10,000 to 7500 years ago, the dried ancient Baiyangdian re-emerged.

Anthropocene [1]

Since 12000-15000 years ago

Landscape Patterns

Athropocene [1] Agriculture Revolution

In the previous part, we mentioned the three possible starting points of Anthropocene. In this part, I made a timeline of Baiyangdian area, of over 13,000 years.

6500-5000 BC Early Neolithic North Fudi Phase I Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Lower Layer, North Rongcheng Hertiagge Site Typical cultural relics include pottery pots, pottery support arms, and different kinds of containers. This kind of remains is earlier than the Hougang Phase I culture, slightly later than the North Fudi Phase II culture, and belongs to a cultural relic of the Pre-Yangshao era, which can be called the second phase of North Fudi culture.

5000-4700 BC Neolithic North Fudi Phase II Culture Pre-Yangshao Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Upper Layer Typical pottery has terracotta pots, different forms of containers, tripods, etc. The cultural nature belongs to the first post culture.

4700-4000 BC Neolithic, Early Yangshao Era Culture Hougang Phase I Culture

Renqiu Sangezhuang Heritage Site The typical cultural relics are painted pottery pots, basin, etc., decorated with red and brown colors, and the patterns have curved triangles, dots, etc..

4000-3500 BC Neolothic, Mid-Yangshao Era Culture

Rongcheng Wufang Heritage Site The typical pottery is cylindrical cans and potteries, mainly red, with patterns such as strips, triangles, nets and diagonal stripes. The painted pottery is somewhat similar to the Big Sikong culture, and the age is roughly the same.

3500-3000 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture

5500 - 500 BC

Bronze Age

The Origin of Agriculture in the Yellow River Basin Relatively mature farming civilization appeared in the Yellow River watershed.

The Peak of the Ancient Baiyangdian During the Middle Holocene from 7500 to 2500 years ago, marine transgression occurred in the eastern part of the Hebei Plain. The sea level rose, and the river flow was obstructed. Simultaneously, the climate is humid and rainy; thus the river water was increasing.

The water area of Baiyangdian was expanding to the peak of the whole Holocene.

Since 3100-2700 BC

The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site.

Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site II, Xushui Baohe Heritage Site, etc.

Typical cultural relics include red-brown pottery pots, basins and muddy brown pottery figurines, and a small number of painted pottery. It belongs to the cultural heritage of the transition to the Longshan Era at the end of the Yangshao Era. The cultural nature basically belongs to the Xueshan Phase I Culture

3000-2600 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture Xueshan Phase I Culture

PRE-QIN PERIOD

2852-222 BC

The Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Age

2852-2070 BC The Three Sovereigns: Fuxi, Nvwa, Shennong; The Five Emperors: Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun

The Three Sovereigns, were said to be god-kings, demigods or god emperors who used their abilities to improve the lives of their people and impart to them essential skills and knowledge. The Five Emperors are portrayed as exemplary sages who possessed great moral character and lived to a great age and ruled over a period of great peace.These kings are said to have helped introduce the use of fire, taught people how to build houses and invented farming. The Yellow Emperor's wife is credited with the invention of silk culture. The discovery of medicine, the invention of the calendar and Chinese script are also credited to the kings. After their era, Yu the Great founded the Xia Dynasty.

Rongcheng Hexi Heritage Site, Anxin Shenming Temple Heritage Site, Laicheng Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site, etc.

Typical culture relics includes gray pottery and black pottery.

The popular decorative patterns includes string, basket and square pattern. There are many similarities with the remains of the Longshan Era in the southern part of Hebei Province.

We can learn from this timeline the process of the development of the this area from every aspects.

1. RESEARCHES

Early Anthropocene Model - Agricultural Revolution While much of the environmental change occurring on Earth is suspected to be a direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution, William Ruddiman has argued that the proposed Anthropocene began approximately 8,000 years ago with the development of farming and sedentary cultures. At this point, humans were dispersed across all of the continents (except Antarctica), and the Neolithic Revolution was ongoing. During this period, humans developed agriculture and animal husbandry to supplement or replace hunter-gatherer subsistence. Such innovations were followed by a wave of extinctions, beginning with large mammals and land birds. This wave was driven by both the direct activity of humans (e.g. hunting) and the indirect consequences of land-use change for agriculture.

7000 - 5000 BC Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site I, Anxin Liangzhuang Heritage Site Lower Layer etc.

Typical cultural relics include millstone, pottery decorated with geometric patterns, and support arms. This kind of remains belongs to the Northern Fudi Phase I cultural system; and also has some similarities with the Cishan culture. The times should be roughly equal.

2600-2000 BC Late Neolothic, Longshan Era Culture Hougang Phase II Culture

Xia-Shang-Zhou Period

2050±150 BC

Yellow River Diversion According to geological studies, the Yellow River had a major change in 2050±150 BC, from east (Shandong into the sea) to north (Hebei and Tianjin) into the sea. Longshan culture in the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi was continued in the Erlitou culture; while the Longshan culture in Shandong, which flourished before the flood, declined at this time, and even began to retrogress.

2070-771 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

It was about 4000-2770 year ago when the three dynasties were flourished in the hinterland of the Central Plains of Ancient China; their splendid culture influenced the surrounding area.

The Baiyangdian area, which located in the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River, is between the Central Plains of China and the northern part of Didi while it belonged to the Central Plains dynasties. Therefore, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties actively expanded northward, focusing on the vigorous operation of the Baiyangdian area, making this area gradually become the enclosure barrier of the northern frontier. As the dynasty changed, the Baiyangdian area in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was, on the one hand the bridge between Yan State and Zhao State plus Qi State, and on the other hand was the front line of the defense between the two sides.

Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site I, Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site III, Bailong Heritage Site, Wufang Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site II, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains dynasty was actively advancing northward and was close to the southern margin of the Baiyangdian area. Typical culture relics includes gray potteries, beans and other forms of containers. This is a special culture in the junction between the north and the south culture systems, which is called "Xia Yuegezhuang Culture", while it still has its own characteristics. This is the unique local culture of the Baiyangdian area, though it allied to the Central Plains culture circle, and is the alliance culture of the Central Plains dynasty expanding toward the north.

We can also use this thumbnail to see what happens after each "starting point".

Emperor Yao Great Yu Controls the Water & Emperor Earlier than 2000BC when it was Emperor Yao Age, there was a great flood Shun Age in the Yellow River Basin, continued for several generations. Gun, Yu’s Father, was appointed by Emperor Yao to control the flood, but was failed.

He was punished and his son, Yu, was appointed to take Gun’s place. Yu used a different approach to abate the great flood, which in the end having achieved the success. Yu's approach seems to have involved an approach more oriented toward drainage and less towards containment with dams and dikes; and this thought (of dredging) has a profound effect in China’s future theories and practice of river harnessing. After his work, Yu was respected and supported by the public, and inaugurating dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia Dynasty.

2070-1600 BC Xia Dynasty, Xia Yuegezhuang Culture

Central Plains Shang Culture: Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site IV, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritageg Site III; Northern Culture System: Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site II The northern border of the Central Plains Dynasty has been pushed to the Baiyangdian area, and the northern culture has gradually been pushed out of this area. The cultural relics of the Shang Dynasty were more complicated than before, including at least two cultural systems: the Shang Culture system and the northern culture system. Typical culture relics of the former is similar to the remains of the Yinxu; and this culture belongs to the same culture system as the Yinxu culture, though it remains some characteristics that belong to the northern cultures.

1600-1406 BC Shang Dynasty, Central Plains Shang Culture, Northern Culture System

Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site IV, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics include the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

1406-771 BC Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Period Central Plains Western Zhou Culture

Iron Age

Since 9th century BC

The development of iron metallurgy was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled Shĭ Zhoù Piān (c. 800 BC)

The Spring and Autumn Period & Warning States Period

770-221 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

Marquis of Yan moved the capital to Linyi in the early Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, Wuyang City, which is now famous as the Yanxiadu Heritage site, was built on the north bank of Yishui.

For most time of the Warring States period, the southern part of the Yan State was boarded by Yishui, and the Baiyangdian area happened to be in the southern part of the Yan State. At the same time, it was also the near-capital area.

Another famous symbol of the southern part of the Yan State during the Warring States Period was the Southern Great Wall of Yan built along Yishui. The northern Great Wall of Yan State mainly defends the northern tribes such as Donghu and Shant, while the South Great Wall is mainly facing Zhao and Qi. The archaeological discovery of the Yannan Great Wall remains in the west from the Taihang Mountain in Yi County. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao. It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng, Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui, etc.

The relics of the Yan State in the Spring and Autumn Period were found to be less, mainly including the Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng and the Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui. Typical pottery such as columns, cans and different form of containers and sacrificial wares.

770-256 BC Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Period Yan Culture of Eastern Zhou

Lower Capital of Yan The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics includes the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

Around 400 BC Mid-Warning States Period, Yan Culture

The Southern Great Wall of Yan The Southern Great Wall of Yan, or the Yishui Great Wall, was built to defend Yan from the attack of Zhao and Qi. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao.

It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

323-222 BC Late-Warning States Period, Yan State (Separated), Yan Culture

602 BC

The Great Diversion of the Yu River Yu River was the ancient name of the Yellow River In the 5th year of the King Ding of Zhou Dynasty, the Yellow River retraced in Suxukou, Liyang (now southwest of Jun County, Henan Province), deviated from the old river channel of the Yellow River (Yu River), and enter the sea in Zhangwu (now northeast of Jixian County, Hebei Province). It was the first diversion after the flood abated by Yu the Great. The original old channel sometimes went water, and it was completely stopped in the middle of the Warring States period.

500 BC

The Desintegration of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the late Holocene, the climate turned to drought, and the precipitation became smaller. The Baiyangdian became shallower, and the water area became smaller, including partial drought. The ancient Baiyangdian gradually disintegrated.

Yishui and Baiyangdian Yishui is consisted with 3 branches, the north Yishui, the middle Yishui, and the south Yishui, which is the one that went into Baiyangdian.

QIN-HAN PERIOD

227 BC

Jing Ke Assassinates the Emperor of Qin Crown Prince Dan ordered Jing Ke to assassinate the emperor of Qin. Jing Ke bade his friend Jianli farewell in the south Yishui and set up his journey to Emperor Qin. Jing Ke failed.

221 BC-220 AD Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

From the Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, although the number of archaeological remains discovered in the Baiyangdian area is limited, the traditional features of cultural continuity remain. They have the distinct commonalities of the unified culture of the Central Plains dynasty, and more or less contain some regional culture, especially the factors of northern culture.

Qin Dynasty

221-206 BC

Qin unified the Central Plains, set prefectures and counties.

Baiyangdian area is located in Yi County, Guangyang Prefecture.

West-Han Dynasty

206 BC - 25 AD

The You prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was divided into both Rongcheng County and Yi County.

East-Han Dynasty

25-220 AD

The Ji prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was located here.

THE PERIOD OF THE THREE KINGDOMS, JIN DYNASTY, AND THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTIES

195-220 AD

Cao Cao develops the canals system In order to unify the north, Cao Cao has developed a number of canals for the purpose of military transportation, forming the current Haihe system, which has a certain impact on the changes of Baiyangdian waters.

250-305 AD

Juelidian, the old name of Baiyangdian Zuo Si, Wei Capital Ode Zuo Si, was a Chinese writer and poet who lived in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Baiyangdian was recorded as Juelidian in Wei Capital Ode, one of his famous works, the Three Capitals Odes, which caused a phenomenal sale in Luoyang.

466 AD

Baiyangdian Area in the Northern Wei Dynasty Li Daoyuan recorded the Dawodian and Xiaowodian in the south of Rongcheng County in the Yishui Chapter of the Commentary on the Water Classic*. According to researches, it is currently Dawangdian and Xiaowangdian in the Baiyangdian area

220-589 AD

It is a period of chaos in the history of China for four hundred years. The dynasty is changing rapidly, and there are situations in which multiple regimes coexist. For a long time, it is a confrontation between the North and the South.

The Three Kingdoms

220-280 AD

The Three Kingdoms was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei(Cao), Shu(Liu), and Wu(Sun). It started with the end of the Han Dynasty and was followed by the Jin Dynasty. Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

220-265 AD Wei State; King: Cao Pi

Jin Dynasty

265-420 AD

There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The Western Jin was established as a successor state to Cao Wei, and had its capital at Luoyang and Chang'an. Western Jin reunited China in 280, but fairly shortly thereafter fell into a succession crisis, civil war, and invasion by the "Five Barbarians". The rebels and invaders began to establish new self-proclaimed states in the Yellow River valley in 304, inaugurating the "Sixteen Kingdoms" era. These states immediately began fighting each other and the Jin Empire, leading to the second division of the dynasty, the Eastern Jin when Sima Rui moved the capital to Jiankang (modern Nanjing); and Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime.

The Northern and Southern Dynasties

4.Feb.265-11.Dec.316 AD

The Western Jin Dynasty The Western Jin Dynasty was the only period of great unification in the period of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty; The Period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms; Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a continuation of the Sima regime, most of its ruling areas are in Jiangdong, also known as Jiang Zuo. At that time, the regimes established by many nomadic peoples in the north fought for years, and the history was called the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

The South Regime: The Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420 AD

The North Regime: The Five Barbarians and The Sixteen Kingdoms 304-439 AD

Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime in the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

420-589 AD The South Regime:

The North Regime: the Northern Wei 386-534 AD

Song 420-479

534 AD Renqiu Huanglei Xing’s Family Graveyard This family graveyard is currently located in Zanhuang County, Hebei Province, which is to the southwest of Xiong’an New Area. It migrated to the current location in 534 AD, the last year of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The Southern and Northern Dynasties began with the establishment of Liu Song in Liu Jinyu's Eastern Jin in 420, and the annihilation of the South Chen in 589. They are called the Northern and Southern Dynasties since the two forces are facing each other for a long time. The Southern Dynasties (Southern Regime) included the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen; the Northern Dynasties (Northern Regime) included the Five Dynasties which are the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Qi 479-502 Liang 502-557

*The Commentary on the Water Classic The Commentary on the Water Classic is a work on the ancient geography of China, describing the traditional understanding of its waterways and ancient canals, compiled by Li Daoyuan during the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The book is divided into sections by river, each described with its source, course, and major tributaries, including cultural and historical notes.

the Eastern Wei 534-550 the Western Wei 535-557 the Northern Qi 550-577 the Northern Zhou 557-581

Chen 557-589

SUI-TANG PERIOD

581-907 AD

The Sui Dynasty

581-619 AD

The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the two great unified dynasties after a long period of chaos. This period is the second great reunification of China after the Qin-Han period.

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is located in eastern China. It has a total length of 1,794 kilometers. It runs from Beijing to Hangzhou, flowing through the four provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, communicating with the five major river systems of Hai River, Yellow River, Huai River, Yangtze River, and Qiantang River. The Sui government formed the canal waterway on the basis of the Han Trench, which is initially built in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Baiyangdian area belongs to the system of Hai River.

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the Zhuo Prefecture, Shanggu Prefecture and Hejian Prefecture.

The Tang Dynasty

However, the excavation of the Yongji Canal (now the South Canal) has blocked the flood discharge from the rivers that originated in the Taihang Mountains, causing the flood in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and the water in the low-lying area formed lakes. New Book of Tang, Geography Treaties records that "there are ninety-nine lakes" which refers to the current Baiyangdian.

618-907 AD

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the You Prefecture and Yi Prefecture, Hebei Dao.

FIVE DYNASTIES AND TEN KINGDOMS PERIOD, AND THE LIAO, SONG, JIN, AND WESTERN XIA

907-1279 AD The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun 924 AD Post-Tang

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan in the northeast became stronger and repeatedly committed to the south. By the time of the Five Dynasties Period, the Khitan continued to expand its territory, thus, wars happened in the area of the Three Passes (Waqiao Pass, Yijin Pass, and Yukou Pass). In 924 AD, the Khitan invaded and occupied Waqiao Pass.

938 AD Post-Jin

Later, Shi Jingtang borrowed troops from Khitan, destroyed the Post-Tang and established the Post-Jin. Therefore, according to the agreement, Shi Jingtang ceded the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan.

From then on, the Three Passes belonged to the Khitan.

959 AD Post-Zhou

The King of the Post-Zhou led the army to crusade the Liao and recovered the Yan Prefecture, Mo Prefecture, Ning Prefecture and the Three Passes in the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures. Since then, the Three Passes have become the northern frontier of the Central Plains regime.

This is the last political upheaval period during the Chinese feudal society, which has last for nearly 400 years.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century Imperial China.

916-1125 AD Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were The Five Dynasties established elsewhere, mainly and Ten Kingdoms in South China. It was the last period was an era of prolonged period of multiple political upheaval in political division in Chinese 10th-century Imperial imperial history.

China. Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in South China.

It was the last prolonged period of multiple political division in Chinese imperial history.

907-979 AD

Liao Dynasty

1038-1227 AD

Western Xia Dynasty

Jin 1115-1234 AD Dynasty

Nothern Song Dynasty

960-1127 AD

Southern Song Dynasty

1127-1279 AD

YUAN DYNASTY, MING DYNASTY, AND QING DYNASTY

The Great Wall of Water In the early years of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Three Passes became the northern border of the Song. The Northern Song Dynasty gathered heavy troops here to prevent the invasion of the Khitan and Liao. The Three Passes was surrounded by plains. With no favorable terrain to help the defense, the Song government reconstructed the rivers to form a large number of lakes. The lakes were all connected with each other, forming a Great Wall of Water, with a twist of 800 miles and a width of 60 miles. The Great Wall of Water has played an important role in preventing the south invasion of Liao.

907-1279 AD

Building Palaces Leads to Environmental Degradation The capital cities of Yuan and Ming are both in Beijing. The emperor cut down the forests on Taihang mountain for the construction of the palaces, destroying the vegetation, causing soil erosion in the mountains. The river originated in the Taihang Mountains was silted up, and the sediments were deposited and retreated, resulting in decadence.

In the 13th century, the Yuan Dynasty was established, ending the split of more than 400 years since the end of the Tang Dynasty. The three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming and Qing were basically in a unified state, and Beijing was the capital for most of the time, so historians often called them together.

Lengend

Environmental Degradation

The Yuan Dynasty

1271-1368 AD

The Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 AD

The Qing Dynasty

Dynasties or Geological Time Description

Literary or History Records

1517 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became Lakes Again According to the Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Zhulong River bursted its bank and flowed to the Baiyangdian area, making the Baiyangdian area into lakes again.

1532 AD

Floods Began to Occur Frequently According to the History of the Ming Dynasty, after the Baiyangdian area became a lake again, floods began to occur frequently. In 1532, Xu Yuanzhang, the Ministry of Industry, was ordered to relieve the disaster.

1540 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Has Beautiful Scenery and is Rich in Aquatic Plant, yet there were many floods at that time.

According to the revised Hejian Fuzhi, Baiyangdian has a circumference of 30 kilometers and is rich in aquatic plants and looks very large. There were many poems comparing Baiyangdian with West Lake, Dongting Lake, and Taihu Lake to praise its beauty. However, the dam of Baiyangdian was short and low and there were many floods at that time.

1725 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became a Transportation Hub The Baiyangdian dam is very short and not strong enough, so it often breaks, and the flood is serious. In 1725, the Zhulong River burst its bank, and the Baiyangdian dam broke. According to the Annals of Renqiu County, the Qing government built a new dam in 1725, and 11 bridges and a pavilion were built as a hub to connect the north-south land routes and the east-west water routes.

1726 AD

Farm Lands In 1726, the Qing government established relevant departments here to opened up farm lands in Anzhou and Renqiu.

1744 AD

Shipping Route From Baoding to Tianjin Was Built In 1744, the Qing government rebuilt the existing ancient river channel, introduced the Tanghe water into the Fu River, and opened the shipping route from Baoding to Tianjin (through Baiyangdian).

Anthropocene [2]

*Crutzen, P. J. (2002). “Geology of Mankind”. Nature.

Industrial Revolution

1760-1840

Second Industrial Revolution

1870-1914

REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Renqiu Six Sceneries In the middle of Qianlong, Liu Tong, the magistrate of the Renqiu County, rebuilt the Dam. The economy of Baiyangdian Area has developed and the natural scenery is more beautiful after those constructions. The emperors built a number of Palaces along Baiyangdian to see the beautiful natural scenery.

1912-1949 AD

World War I

1914-1918

Anti-Japanese War

1937-1945 AD

19371945 AD

In 1937 AD, the Anti-Japanese War broke out. The Baiyangdian, because of its complicated territory, became an anti-Japanese base. The Yanling Team, led by the Communist Party of China, attacked the 1939-1945 Japanese motorboat and smashed the enemy. In May 1940, during the extremely difficult period of the anti-Japanese War, the Renqiu County Party Committee and the county government transferred to Liu Lizhuang and Hao Zhuang (formerly Renqiu, now belonging to Anxin County, Xiong’An New Area) on the edge of Baiyangdian. In 1945, the Japanese aggressors surrendered, and Baiyangdian returned to the hands of the people.

Since July 16, 1945

Anthropocene [3] Atomic Age

Since 1947 AD

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

1949 AD

1954.8 AD 1955 AD 1956.8 AD

1962 AD

Project: Zaolinzhuang Hub Project The Zaolinzhuang Hub Project was completed, which increased the flood discharge capacity of Baiyangdian, and to a certain extent, the artificial regulation of the Baiyangdian stagnation flood has been realized.

Project: Daqing River New Building Hub The Daqing River New Building Hub was built in Rongcheng County, which increased the water source of Baiyangdian; However, it also increased the burden of Baiyangdian's flood levitation.

1970 AD

1st Water Transfer Project From 1981 to June 1984, Baiyangdian successively transferred 293 million cubic meters of water from the upstream reservoir. However, due to various consumptions on the way, Baiyangdian only received 0.87 billion cubic meters.

19811984 AD

Yuecheng-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project From February to June 2004, the Ministry of Water Resources and Hebei Province implemented the Yuecheng-Baiyangdian water transfer project, transferring water from the Yuecheng Reservoir, which is more than 400 kilometers away from Baiyangdian. This will help making Baiyangdian increase by 159 million cubic meters.

Important Events

Time and Space (Atlas)

Yellow River-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project The fifth Yellow River – Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project started to operate. It lasted for about 83 days, and the water replenishment was about 100 million cubic meters. The water level of Baiyangdian rised by about 80 centimeters.

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 14,000 acre Production: 350,000,000 Kg Floods Water Level: 11.31m / 37.106 ft Amount of Fishing and Catching 8.85 million Kg Floods Water Level: 11.30m / 37.073 ft

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 20,900 acre Production: 700,000,000 Kg Floods Water Level: 11.58m / 38 ft

1964 AD

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 12,850 acre

1965 AD

The Rivers were Silted up and the Transportation Stopped The water ways from Baoding to Baiyangdian and from Baiyangdain to Tianjin stopped.

1965 AD

1970 AD

1982 AD

1983.71988.8 AD 2003 AD

Historic Sites

Digital Revolution

Since 1949 AD

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and the government control Baiyangdian comprehensively. The ecology of the Baiyangdian area is getting better, but still faced some problems.

1966.1-8 AD

Anthropocene

World War I

Anthropocene [3] Atomic Age The Anthropological Working Group recommended that the first time humans conduct atomic bomb testing on July 16, 1945 be the beginning of the Anthropocene.

1963.8 AD

Periods

24

The Rivers Were Silted Up And The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Baiyangdian, located in the lower reaches of the Tanghe River and the Shahe River which originated in the Taihang Mountains, has been silted up into flat by 1488. According to the Region's annals of Xin’an County, the center of this area has become the horse-racing field.

Industrial Revolution Crutzen* proposed the Industrial Revolution as the start of Anthropocene.

Lovelock proposes that the Anthropocene began with the first application of the Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change takes the pre-industrial era (chosen as the year 1750) as the baseline related to changes in long-lived, well mixed greenhouse gases. Although it is apparent that the Industrial Revolution ushered in an unprecedented global human impact on the planet, much of Earth's landscape already had been profoundly modified by human activities. The human impact on Earth has grown progressively, with few substantial slowdowns.

Anthropocene [2] Industrial Revolution

Project: Zaolinzhuang Flood Relief Channel

Description

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

1488 AD

Since 1712

Agriculture The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun

1367 AD

1636-1912 AD

Geological change Water Projects

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun, comprise a historical region in northern China along the Great Wall in present-day Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and northern Hebei and Shanxi Province, that were ceded by the Shatuo Turk Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin to the Khitan Liao dynasty in 938. The subsequent Later Zhou and Song Dynasties sought to recover the ceded northern territories. In 1123, the Jurchens ceded most of the territories except Yunzhou to the Song, but retook them in 1125. The loss of the Sixteen Prefectures exposed the plains of central China to further incursions by the Jurchens (the ancestor of Manchus) and the Mongols.

In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

2004.2-6 AD 2005 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft Amount of Fishing and Catching 2.7 million Kg Artificial fish farming developed gradually since 1970s

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 19,110 acre Production: 44,500,000 Kg The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried out for Five Consecutive Years Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

2017.4.1 The Foundation of Xiong’An New Area 2017.11.16 AD Ecological Water Transfer Projects So far, the government has carried out 24 ecological water supplements in Baiyangdian area, including upstream reservoir water transfer and inter-basin water transfer.

PREHISTORIC PERIOD

QUATERNARY PERIOD Pleistocene

Paleolithic Age

The Formation of the Ancient Baiyangdian The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an.

Homo erectus, Homo sapiens appeared.

Neolithic Age

Since 11700 years ago

Xushui Nanzhuang Heritage Site The discovery of early pottery was of great significance for studying the way of human life in the early Neolithic Age, the origin of pottery and the ecological environment at that time.

Holocene

The History of the Ancient Baiyangdian and the Formation of the Modern Baiyangdian The river system originating from Taihang Mountain formed an alluvial fan in the east side of Taihang Mountains. With the change of climate and sea water infiltration, the waters of the ancient Baiyangdian Lake expanded and sometimes shrunk.

The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an

8000 BC Early Neolithic

8000 - 5500 BC

The Re-emergency of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the early Holocene period from 10,000 to 7500 years ago, the dried ancient Baiyangdian re-emerged.

Anthropocene [1]

Early Anthropocene Model - Agricultural Revolution While much of the environmental change occurring on Earth is suspected to be a direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution, William Ruddiman has argued that the proposed Anthropocene began approximately 8,000 years ago with the development of farming and sedentary cultures. At this point, humans were dispersed across all of the continents (except Antarctica), and the Neolithic Revolution was ongoing. During this period, humans developed agriculture and animal husbandry to supplement or replace hunter-gatherer subsistence. Such innovations were followed by a wave of extinctions, beginning with large mammals and land birds. This wave was driven by both the direct activity of humans (e.g. hunting) and the indirect consequences of land-use change for agriculture.

7000 - 5000 BC Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site I, Anxin Liangzhuang Heritage Site Lower Layer etc.

Typical cultural relics include millstone, pottery decorated with geometric patterns, and support arms. This kind of remains belongs to the Northern Fudi Phase I cultural system; and also has some similarities with the Cishan culture. The times should be roughly equal.

6500-5000 BC Early Neolithic North Fudi Phase I Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Lower Layer, North Rongcheng Hertiagge Site Typical cultural relics include pottery pots, pottery support arms, and different kinds of containers. This kind of remains is earlier than the Hougang Phase I culture, slightly later than the North Fudi Phase II culture, and belongs to a cultural relic of the Pre-Yangshao era, which can be called the second phase of North Fudi culture.

5000-4700 BC Neolithic North Fudi Phase II Culture Pre-Yangshao Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Upper Layer Typical pottery has terracotta pots, different forms of containers, tripods, etc. The cultural nature belongs to the first post culture.

4700-4000 BC Neolithic, Early Yangshao Era Culture Hougang Phase I Culture

Renqiu Sangezhuang Heritage Site The typical cultural relics are painted pottery pots, basin, etc., decorated with red and brown colors, and the patterns have curved triangles, dots, etc..

4000-3500 BC Neolothic, Mid-Yangshao Era Culture

Rongcheng Wufang Heritage Site The typical pottery is cylindrical cans and potteries, mainly red, with patterns such as strips, triangles, nets and diagonal stripes. The painted pottery is somewhat similar to the Big Sikong culture, and the age is roughly the same.

3500-3000 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture

Bronze Age

5500 - 500 BC

The Origin of Agriculture in the Yellow River Basin Relatively mature farming civilization appeared in the Yellow River watershed.

The Peak of the Ancient Baiyangdian During the Middle Holocene from 7500 to 2500 years ago, marine transgression occurred in the eastern part of the Hebei Plain. The sea level rose, and the river flow was obstructed. Simultaneously, the climate is humid and rainy; thus the river water was increasing.

The water area of Baiyangdian was expanding to the peak of the whole Holocene.

Since 3100-2700 BC

The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site.

Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site II, Xushui Baohe Heritage Site, etc.

Typical cultural relics include red-brown pottery pots, basins and muddy brown pottery figurines, and a small number of painted pottery. It belongs to the cultural heritage of the transition to the Longshan Era at the end of the Yangshao Era. The cultural nature basically belongs to the Xueshan Phase I Culture

PRE-QIN PERIOD The Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Age

3000-2600 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture Xueshan Phase I Culture

2852-222 BC

Time and Space (Atlas) 2852-2070 BC The Three Sovereigns: Fuxi, Nvwa, Shennong; The Five Emperors:

Emperor Yao Great Yu Controls the Water & Emperor Earlier than 2000BC when it was Emperor Yao Age, there was a great flood Shun Age in the Yellow River Basin, continued for several generations. Gun, Yuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

25

1. RESEARCHES

Since 12000-15000 years ago

painted pottery. It belongs to the cultural heritage of the transition to the Longshan Era at the end of the Yangshao Era. The cultural nature basically belongs to the Xueshan Phase I Culture

PRE-QIN PERIOD

2852-222 BC

The Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Age The Three Sovereigns, were said to be god-kings, demigods or god emperors who used their abilities to improve the lives of their people and impart to them essential skills and knowledge. The Five Emperors are portrayed as exemplary sages who possessed great moral character and lived to a great age and ruled over a period of great peace.These kings are said to have helped introduce the use of fire, taught people how to build houses and invented farming. The Yellow Emperor's wife is credited with the invention of silk culture. The discovery of medicine, the invention of the calendar and Chinese script are also credited to the kings. After their era, Yu the Great founded the Xia Dynasty.

1. RESEARCHES

Aral Sea

Rongcheng Hexi Heritage Site, Anxin Shenming Temple Heritage Site, Laicheng Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site, etc.

Typical culture relics includes gray pottery and black pottery.

The popular decorative patterns includes string, basket and square pattern. There are many similarities with the remains of the Longshan Era in the southern part of Hebei Province.

Xia-Shang-Zhou Period It was about 4000-2770 year ago when the three dynasties were flourished in the hinterland of the Central Plains of Ancient China; their splendid culture influenced the surrounding area.

The Baiyangdian area, which located in the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River, is between the Central Plains of China and the northern part of Didi while it belonged to the Central Plains dynasties. Therefore, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties actively expanded northward, focusing on the vigorous operation of the Baiyangdian area, making this area gradually become the enclosure barrier of the northern frontier. As the dynasty changed, the Baiyangdian area in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was, on the one hand the bridge between Yan State and Zhao State plus Qi State, and on the other hand was the front line of the defense between the two sides.

Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site I, Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site III, Bailong Heritage Site, Wufang Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site II, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains dynasty was actively advancing northward and was close to the southern margin of the Baiyangdian area. Typical culture relics includes gray potteries, beans and other forms of containers. This is a special culture in the junction between the north and the south culture systems, which is called "Xia Yuegezhuang Culture", while it still has its own characteristics. This is the unique local culture of the Baiyangdian area, though it allied to the Central Plains culture circle, and is the alliance culture of the Central Plains dynasty expanding toward the north.

Central Plains Shang Culture: Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site IV, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritageg Site III; Northern Culture System: Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site II The northern border of the Central Plains Dynasty has been pushed to the Baiyangdian area, and the northern culture has gradually been pushed out of this area. The cultural relics of the Shang Dynasty were more complicated than before, including at least two cultural systems: the Shang Culture system and the northern culture system. Typical culture relics of the former is similar to the remains of the Yinxu; and this culture belongs to the same culture system as the Yinxu culture, though it remains some characteristics that belong to the northern cultures.

Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site IV, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics include the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

Iron Age The development of iron metallurgy was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled Shĭ Zhoù Piān (c. 800 BC)

26

2852-2070 BC The Three Sovereigns: Fuxi, Nvwa, Shennong; The Five Emperors: Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun

Emperor Yao Great Yu Controls the Water & Emperor Earlier than 2000BC when it was Emperor Yao Age, there was a great flood Shun Age in the Yellow River Basin, continued for several generations. Gun, Yu’s Father, was appointed by Emperor Yao to control the flood, but was failed.

He was punished and his son, Yu, was appointed to take Gun’s place. Yu used a different approach to abate the great flood, which in the end having achieved the success. Yu's approach seems to have involved an approach more oriented toward drainage and less towards containment with dams and dikes; and this thought (of dredging) has a profound effect in China’s future theories and practice of river harnessing. After his work, Yu was respected and supported by the public, and inaugurating dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia Dynasty.

Balkhash Lake

2600-2000 BC Late Neolothic, Longshan Era Culture Hougang Phase II Culture

2050±150 BC

Yellow River Diversion According to geological studies, the Yellow River had a major change in 2050±150 BC, from east (Shandong into the sea) to north (Hebei and Tianjin) into the sea. Longshan culture in the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi was continued in the Erlitou culture; while the Longshan culture in Shandong, which flourished before the flood, declined at this time, and even began to retrogress.

2070-771 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

2070-1600 BC Xia Dynasty, Xia Yuegezhuang Culture

The Origin of Yellow River

1600-1406 BC Shang Dynasty, Central Plains Shang Culture, Northern Culture System

1406-771 BC Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Period Central Plains Western Zhou Culture

Since 9th century BC

Time and Space (Atlas)

Ancient Route of Yellow River in 23C BC (Yu River)

Baikal Lake

Hohhot

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Qingtongxia

1. RESEARCHES

Baotou

Yulin

Xining

Jinan Lanzhou Linxia

Yan’an

Dongying Taishan

Hancheng

Zhengzhou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Ruicheng Luoyang Songshan

Time and Space (Atlas)

27

Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics include the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

Iron Age

Since 9th century BC

The development of iron metallurgy was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled Shĭ Zhoù Piān (c. 800 BC)

1. RESEARCHES

The Spring and Autumn Period & Warning States Period Marquis of Yan moved the capital to LinyiAral in the early Spring and Autumn Sea Period. During the Warring States Period, Wuyang City, which is now famous as the Yanxiadu Heritage site, was built on the north bank of Yishui.

For most time of the Warring States period, the southern part of the Yan State was boarded by Yishui, and the Baiyangdian area happened to be in the southern part of the Yan State. At the same time, it was also the near-capital area.

Another famous symbol of the southern part of the Yan State during the Warring States Period was the Southern Great Wall of Yan built along Yishui. The northern Great Wall of Yan State mainly defends the northern tribes such as Donghu and Shant, while the South Great Wall is mainly facing Zhao and Qi. The archaeological discovery of the Yannan Great Wall remains in the west from the Taihang Mountain in Yi County. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao. It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

770-221 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

Balkhash Lake

Dayuan

Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng, Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui, etc.

The relics of the Yan State in the Spring and Autumn Period were found to be less, mainly including the Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng and the Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui. Typical pottery such as columns, cans and different form of containers and sacrificial wares.

770-256 BC Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Period Yan Culture of Eastern Zhou

Lower Capital of Yan The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics includes the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

Around 400 BC Mid-Warning States Period, Yan Culture

The Southern Great Wall of Yan The Southern Great Wall of Yan, or the Yishui Great Wall, was built to defend Yan from the attack of Zhao and Qi. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao.

It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

323-222 BC Late-Warning States Period, Yan State (Separated), Yan Culture

Bactria

BC Western602Regions

The Great Diversion of the Yu River Yu River was the ancient name of the Yellow River In the 5th year of the King Ding of Zhou Dynasty, the Yellow River retraced in Suxukou, Liyang (now southwest of Jun County, Henan Province), deviated from the old river channel of the Yellow River (Yu River), and enter the sea in Zhangwu (now northeast of Jixian County, Hebei Province). It was the first diversion after the flood abated by Yu the Great. The original old channel sometimes went water, and it was completely stopped in the middle of the Warring States period.

500 BC

Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Desintegration of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the late Holocene, the climate turned to drought, and the precipitation became smaller. The Baiyangdian became shallower, and the water area became smaller, including partial drought. The ancient Baiyangdian gradually disintegrated.

Yishui and Baiyangdian Yishui is consisted with 3 branches, the north Yishui, the middle Yishui, and the south Yishui, which is the one that went into The Baiyangdian.

Origin of Yellow River

QIN-HAN PERIOD

227 BC

Western Qiang Nationalities

Jing Ke Assassinates the Emperor of Qin Crown Prince Dan ordered Jing Ke to assassinate the emperor of Qin. Jing Ke bade his friend Jianli farewell in the south Yishui and set up his journey to Emperor Qin. Jing Ke failed.

221 BC-220 AD

Xia-Shang-Zhou Period Shunga Empire refers to Xia Dynasty, From the Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, although the number of archaeological remains discovered in the Baiyangdian area is limited, the traditional features of cultural continuity remain. They have the distinct commonalities of the unified culture of the Central Plains dynasty, and more or less contain some regional culture, especially the factors of northern culture.

Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

Yela

Qin Dynasty

221-206 BC

Qin unified the Central Plains, set prefectures and counties.

Baiyangdian area is located in Yi County, Guangyang Prefecture.

West-Han Dynasty

206 BC - 25 AD

The You prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was divided into both Rongcheng County and Yi County.

East-Han Dynasty

25-220 AD 195-220 AD

The Ji prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was located here.

Time and Space (Atlas)

THE28PERIOD OF THE THREE KINGDOMS, JIN DYNASTY, AND THE NORTHERN

220-589 AD

Cao Cao develops the canals system In order to unify the north, Cao Cao has developed a number of canals for the purpose of military transportation, forming the current Haihe system, which has a certain impact on the changes of Baiyangdian waters.

Ancient Route of Yellow River in 2C BC (West Han Dynasty)

Baikal Lake

Huns

Baotou

Hohhot

Korea

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Yulin

Qingtongxia Xining

Dongying

Jinan Yan’an

Lanzhou Linxia

1. RESEARCHES

Sushen

Emishi

Jin

Taishan

Hancheng

Zhengzhou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Luoyang Songshan

Ruicheng

Western Han Dynasty

Yelang

ang

Minyue Nanyue

Time and Space (Atlas)

29

Baiyangdian area was located here.

the purpose of military transportation, forming the current Haihe system, which has a certain impact on the changes of Baiyangdian waters.

THE PERIOD OF THE THREE KINGDOMS, JIN DYNASTY, AND THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTIES

220-589 AD

It is a period of chaos in the history of China for four hundred years. The dynasty is changing rapidly, and there are situations in which multiple regimes coexist. For a long time, it is a confrontation between the North and the South.

Aral Sea The Three Kingdoms

220-280 AD

The Three Kingdoms was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei(Cao), Shu(Liu), and Wu(Sun). It started with the end of the Han Dynasty and was followed by the Jin Dynasty. Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

Balkhash Lake

Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

220-265 AD Wei State; King: Cao Pi 265-420 AD Wusun

1. RESEARCHES

Jin Dynasty There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The Western Jin was established as a successor state to Cao Wei, and had its capital at Luoyang and Chang'an. Western Jin reunited China in 280, but fairly shortly thereafter fell into a succession crisis, civil war, and invasion by the "Five Barbarians". The rebels and invaders began to establish new self-proclaimed states in the Yellow River valley in 304, inaugurating the "Sixteen Kingdoms" era. These states immediately began fighting each other and the Jin Empire, leading to the second division of the dynasty, the Eastern Jin when Sima Rui moved the capital to Jiankang (modern Nanjing); and Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime.

The Northern and Southern Dynasties The Southern and Northern Dynasties began with the establishment of Liu Song in Liu Jinyu's Eastern Jin in 420, and the annihilation of the South Chen in 589. They are called the Northern and Southern Dynasties since the two forces are facing each other for a long time. The Southern Dynasties (Southern Regime) included the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen; the Northern Dynasties (Northern Regime) included the Five Dynasties which are the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

4.Feb.265-11.Dec.316 AD

The Western Jin Dynasty The Western Jin Dynasty was the only period of great unification in the period of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

250-305 AD

The Eastern Jin Dynasty; The Period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms; Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a continuation of the Sima regime, most of its ruling areas are in Jiangdong, also known as Jiang Zuo. At that time, the regimes established by many nomadic peoples in the north fought for years, and the history was called the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

The South Regime: The Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420 AD

Juelidian, the old name of Baiyangdian Zuo Si, Wei Capital Ode Zuo Si, was a Chinese writer and poet who lived in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Baiyangdian was recorded as Juelidian in Wei Capital Ode, one of his famous works, the Three Capitals Odes, which caused a phenomenal sale in Luoyang.

Protectorate of the Western Regions

Yumen Pass

The North Regime: The Five Barbarians and The Sixteen Kingdoms 304-439 AD

Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime in the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

420-589 AD The South Regime:

The North Regime: the Northern Wei 386-534 AD

Song 420-479

534 AD Renqiu Huanglei Xingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Family Graveyard This family graveyard is currently located in Zanhuang County, Hebei Province, which is to the southwest of Xiongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an New Area. It migrated to the current location in 534 AD, the last year of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Qi 479-502 Liang 502-557 Chen 557-589

SUI-TANG PERIOD

466 AD

the Eastern Wei 534-550 the Western Wei 535-557 the Northern Qi 550-577 the Northern Zhou 557-581

581-619 AD

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the Zhuo Prefecture, Shanggu Prefecture and Hejian Prefecture.

The Tang Dynasty

Faqiang

*The Commentary on the Water Classic The Commentary on the Water Classic is a work on the ancient geography of China, describing the traditional understanding of its waterways and ancient canals, compiled by Li Daoyuan during the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The book is divided into sections by river, each described with its source, course, and major tributaries, including cultural and historical notes.

581-907 AD

The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the two great unified dynasties after a long period of chaos. This period is the second great reunification of China after the Qin-Han period.

The Sui Dynasty

Baiyangdian Area in the Northern Wei Dynasty Li Daoyuan recorded the Dawodian and Xiaowodian inThe the Origin south of YellowonRiver Rongcheng County in the Yishui Chapter of the Commentary the Water Classic*. According to researches, it is currently Dawangdian and Xiaowangdian in the Baiyangdian area

618-907 AD

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the You Prefecture and Yi Prefecture, Hebei Dao.

Time and Space (Atlas)

30 907-1279 AD

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is located in eastern China. It has a total length of 1,794 kilometers. It runs from Beijing to Hangzhou, flowing through the four provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, communicating with the five major river systems of Hai River, Yellow River, Huai River, Yangtze River, and Qiantang River. The Sui government formed the canal waterway on the basis of the Han Trench, which is initially built in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Baiyangdian area belongs to the system of Hai River.

However, the excavation of the Yongji Canal (now the South Canal) has blocked the flood discharge from the rivers that originated in the Taihang Mountains, causing the flood in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and the water in the low-lying area formed lakes. New Book of Tang, Geography Treaties records that "there are ninety-nine lakes" which refers to the current Baiyangdian.

Ancient Route of Yellow River in 1C AD (East Han Dynasty)

Baikal Lake

1. RESEARCHES

Northern Hsiung-nu

Goguryeo Baotou

Emishi

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Qingtongxia

Hohhot

Yulin

Xining

Jinan Lanzhou Linxia

Yan’an

Dongying

Samhan

Taishan

Hancheng

Zhengzhou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Ruicheng Luoyang Songshan

Eastern Han Dynasty

Time and Space (Atlas)

31

FIVE DYNASTIES AND TEN KINGDOMS PERIOD, AND THE LIAO, SONG, JIN, AND WESTERN XIA

907-1279 AD The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun 924 AD Post-Tang

This is the last political upheaval period during the Chinese feudal society, which has last for nearly 400 years.

907-979 AD Aral Sea Five Dynasties and Ten King938 AD Post-Jin doms Period Balkhash Lake

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century Imperial China.

916-1125 AD Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were The Five Dynasties established elsewhere, mainly and Ten Kingdoms in South China. It was the last period was an era of prolonged period of multiple political upheaval in political division in Chinese 10th-century Imperial imperial history.

China. Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in South China.

It was the last prolonged period of multiple political division in Chinese imperial history.

1. RESEARCHES

Liao Dynasty

Nothern Song Dynasty

1038-1227 AD

AD Ghaznavids Dynasty Jin 1115-1234 Southern

Dynasty

Later, Shi Jingtang borrowed troops from Khitan, destroyed the Post-Tang and established the Post-Jin. Therefore, according to the agreement, Shi Jingtang ceded the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan.

From then on, the Three Passes belonged to the Khitan.

959 AD The King of the Post-Zhou led the East Kara-Khanid Post-Zhou army to crusade the Liao and recovered the Yan Prefecture, Mo Prefecture, Ning Prefecture and Khanate the Three Passes in the Yanyun

Seljuk Empire

Western Xia Dynasty

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan in the northeast became stronger and repeatedly committed to the south. By the time of the Five Dynasties Period, the Khitan continued to expand its territory, thus, wars happened in the area of the Three Passes (Waqiao Pass, Yijin Pass, and Yukou Pass). In 924 AD, the Khitan invaded and occupied Waqiao Pass.

Sixteen Prefectures. Since then, the Three Passes have become the northern frontier of the Central Plains regime.

960-1127 AD

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun, comprise a historical region in northern China along the Great Wall in present-day Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and northern Hebei and Shanxi Province, that were ceded by the Shatuo Turk Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin to the Khitan Liao dynasty in 938. The subsequent Later Zhou and Song Dynasties sought to recover the ceded northern territories. In 1123, the Jurchens ceded most of the territories except Yunzhou to the Song, but retook them in 1125. The loss of the Sixteen Prefectures exposed the plains of central China to further incursions by the Jurchens (the ancestor of Manchus) and the Mongols.

In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

Gaochang

1127-1279 AD

Song Dynasty

The Great Wall of Water In the early years of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Three Passes became the northern border of the Song. The Northern Song Dynasty gathered heavy troops here to prevent the invasion of the Khitan and Liao. The Three Passes was surrounded by plains. With no favorable terrain to help the defense, the Song government reconstructed the rivers to form a large number of lakes. The lakes were all connected with each other, forming a Great Wall of Water, with a twist of 800 miles and a width of 60 miles. The Great Wall of Water has played an important role in preventing the south invasion of Liao.

West

Uyghur

The Origin of Yellow River

YUAN DYNASTY, MING DYNASTY, AND QING DYNASTY

907-1279 AD

The Tibetan Nationalities

Building Palaces Leads to Environmental Degradation The capital cities of Yuan and Ming are both in Beijing. The emperor cut down the forests on Taihang mountain for the construction of the palaces, destroying the vegetation, causing soil erosion in the mountains. The river originated in the Taihang Mountains was silted up, and the sediments were deposited and retreated, resulting in decadence.

In the 13th century, the Yuan Dynasty was established, ending the split of more than 400 years since the end of the Tang Dynasty. The three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming and Qing were basically in a unified state, and Beijing was the capital for most of the time, so historians often called them together.

The Yuan Dynasty

1271-1368 AD

The Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 AD

1367 AD

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

Kamarupa

1488 AD

Dablit

The Rivers Were Silted Up And The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Baiyangdian, located in the lower reaches of the Tanghe River and the Shahe River which originated in the Taihang Mountains, has been silted up into flat by 1488. According to the Region's annals of Xinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an County, the center of this area has become the horse-racing field.

Bagan

1517 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became Lakes Again According to the Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Zhulong River bursted its bank and flowed to the Baiyangdian area, making the Baiyangdian area into lakes again.

1532 AD

Floods Began to Occur Frequently According to the History of the Ming Dynasty, after the Baiyangdian area became a lake again, floods began to occur frequently. In 1532, Xu Yuanzhang, the Ministry of Industry, was ordered to relieve the disaster.

Time and Space (Atlas)

32 1540 AD

Khmer E

The Baiyangdian Lakes Has Beautiful Scenery and is Rich in Aquatic Plant, yet there were many floods at that time.

Ancient Route of Yellow River in 11C AD (North Song Dynasty)

Baikal Lake

Baotou

1. RESEARCHES

Khitan State

Hohhot

tern Xia Qingtongxia

Japan

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Yulin

Xining

Dongying

Jinan Lanzhou Linxia

Yan’an

Taishan

Hancheng

Zhengzhou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Ruicheng Luoyang Songshan

North Song Dynasty

t

Great Viet

Empire

Time and Space (Atlas)

33

907-1279 AD FIVE DYNASTIES AND TEN KINGDOMS Kievan Rus' PERIOD, AND THE LIAO, SONG, JIN, AND WESTERN XIA

The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun 924 AD Post-Tang

This is the last political upheaval period during the Chinese feudal society, which has last for nearly 400 years.

907-979 AD Aral Sea Five Dynasties and Ten King938 AD Post-Jin doms Period Balkhash Lake

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century Imperial China.

916-1125 AD Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were The Five Dynasties established elsewhere, mainly and Ten Kingdoms in South China. It was the last period was an era of prolonged period of multiple political upheaval in political division in Chinese 10th-century Imperial imperial history.

China. Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in South China.

It was the last prolonged period of multiple political division in Chinese imperial history.

1. RESEARCHES

Liao Dynasty

Nothern Song Dynasty

1038-1227 AD

Western Xia Dynasty

Jin

1115-1234 AD

Southern

Ghurid Dynasty Song Dynasty Dynasty

959 AD Post-Zhou

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan in the northeast became stronger and repeatedly committed to the south. By the time of the Five Dynasties Period, the Khitan continued to expand its territory, thus, wars happened in the area of the Three Passes (Waqiao Pass, Yijin Pass, and Yukou Pass). In 924 AD, the Khitan invaded and occupied Waqiao Pass.

Later, Shi Jingtang borrowed troops from Khitan, destroyed the Post-Tang and established the Post-Jin. Therefore, according to the agreement, Shi Jingtang ceded the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan.

From then on, the Three Passes belonged to the Khitan.

The King of the Post-Zhou led the army to crusade the Liao and recovered the Yan Prefecture, Mo Prefecture, Ning Prefecture and the Three Passes in the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures. Since then, the Three Passes have become the northern frontier of the Central Plains regime.

Qara Khitai

960-1127 AD

1127-1279 AD

The Great Wall of Water In the early years of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Three Passes became the northern border of the Song. The Northern Song Dynasty gathered heavy troops here to prevent the invasion of the Khitan and Liao. The Three Passes was surrounded by plains. With no favorable terrain to help the defense, the Song government reconstructed the rivers to form a large number of lakes. The lakes were all connected with each other, forming a Great Wall of Water, with a twist of 800 miles and a width of 60 miles. The Great Wall of Water has played an important role in preventing the south invasion of Liao.

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun, comprise a historical region in northern China along the Great Wall in present-day Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and northern Hebei and Shanxi Province, that were ceded by the Shatuo Turk Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin to the Khitan Liao dynasty in 938. The subsequent Later Zhou and Song Dynasties sought to recover the ceded northern territories. In 1123, the Jurchens ceded most of the territories except Yunzhou to the Song, but retook them in 1125. The loss of the Sixteen Prefectures exposed the plains of central China to further incursions by the Jurchens (the ancestor of Manchus) and the Mongols.

In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

M

West

The Origin of Yellow River

YUAN DYNASTY, MING DYNASTY, AND QING DYNASTY

907-1279 AD

The Tibetan Nationalities

Building Palaces Leads to Environmental Degradation The capital cities of Yuan and Ming are both in Beijing. The emperor cut down the forests on Taihang mountain for the construction of the palaces, destroying the vegetation, causing soil erosion in the mountains. The river originated in the Taihang Mountains was silted up, and the sediments were deposited and retreated, resulting in decadence.

In the 13th century, the Yuan Dynasty was established, ending the split of more than 400 years since the end of the Tang Dynasty. The three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming and Qing were basically in a unified state, and Beijing was the capital for most of the time, so historians often called them together.

The Yuan Dynasty

1271-1368 AD

The Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 AD

1367 AD

1488 AD

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

Dablit

The Rivers Were Silted Up And The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Baiyangdian, located in the lower reaches of the Tanghe River and the Shahe River which originated in the Taihang Mountains, has been silted up into flat by 1488. According to the Region's annals of Xinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an County, the center of this area has become the horse-racing field.

Bagan

1517 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became Lakes Again According to the Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Zhulong River bursted its bank and flowed to the Baiyangdian area, making the Baiyangdian area into lakes again.

1532 AD

Floods Began to Occur Frequently According to the History of the Ming Dynasty, after the Baiyangdian area became a lake again, floods began to occur frequently. In 1532, Xu Yuanzhang, the Ministry of Industry, was ordered to relieve the disaster.

Time and Space (Atlas)

34 1540 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Has Beautiful Scenery and is Rich in Aquatic Plant, yet there were many floods at that time.

Che

Ancient Route of Yellow River in 12C AD (South Song Dynasty)

Baikal Lake

Mongolia Nationalities

1. RESEARCHES

Jin Dynasty

Baotou

Hohhot

tern Xia Qingtongxia

Japan

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Yulin

Xining

Jinan Lanzhou Linxia

Yan’an

Dongying Taishan

Hancheng

Zhengzhou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Ruicheng Luoyang Songshan

South Song Dynasty

t

enla

Great Viet

Time and Space (Atlas)

35

The Baiyangdian Area Became Lakes Again According to the Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Zhulong River bursted its bank and flowed to the Baiyangdian area, making the Baiyangdian area into lakes again.

1517 AD

Grand Duchy of1532 AD Moscow 1540 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Has Beautiful Scenery and is Rich in Aquatic Plant, yet there were many floods at that time.

According to the revised Hejian Fuzhi, Baiyangdian has a circumference of 30 kilometers and is rich in aquatic plants and looks very large. There were many poems comparing Baiyangdian with West Lake, Dongting Lake, and Taihu Lake to praise its beauty. However, the dam of Baiyangdian was short and low and there were many floods at that time.

1725 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became a Transportation Hub The Baiyangdian dam is very short and not strong enough, so it often breaks, and the flood is serious. In 1725, the Zhulong River burst its bank, and the Baiyangdian dam broke. According to the Annals of Renqiu County, the Qing government built a new dam in 1725, and 11 bridges and a pavilion were built as a hub to connect the north-south land routes and the east-west water routes.

1726 AD

Farm Lands In 1726, the Qing government established relevant departments here to opened up farm lands in Anzhou and Renqiu.

1744 AD

Shipping Route From Baoding to Tianjin Was Built In 1744, the Qing government rebuilt the existing ancient river channel, introduced the Tanghe water into the Fu River, and opened the shipping route from Baoding to Tianjin (through Baiyangdian).

Aral Sea

1. RESEARCHES

The Qing Dynasty

Golden Horde

Floods Began to Occur Frequently According to the History of the Ming Dynasty, after the Baiyangdian area became a lake again, floods began to occur frequently. In 1532, Xu Yuanzhang, the Ministry of Industry, was ordered to relieve the disaster.

Oirats

1636-1912 AD

Balkhash Lake

Timurid Empire

Moghulistan

Anthropocene [2]

Since 1712

Industrial Revolution Crutzen* proposed the Industrial Revolution as the start of Anthropocene.

Lovelock proposes that the Anthropocene began with the first application of the Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change takes the pre-industrial era (chosen as the year 1750) as the baseline related to changes in long-lived, well mixed greenhouse gases. Although it is apparent that the Industrial Revolution ushered in an unprecedented global human impact on the planet, much of Earth's landscape already had been profoundly modified by human activities. The human impact on Earth has grown progressively, with few substantial slowdowns. *Crutzen, P. J. (2002). “Geology of Mankind”. Nature.

1760-1840

Industrial Revolution

1870-1914

Yellow River Second Industrial Revolution

The Origin of

Renqiu Six Sceneries In the middle of Qianlong, Liu Tong, the magistrate of the Renqiu County,

REPUBLIC OF CHINA

1912-1949 AD

rebuilt the Dam. The economy of Grand Duchy ofBaiyangdian Area has developed and the natural scenery is more beautiful after those constructions. The emperors built a number of Palaces along natural Moscow Baiyangdian to see the beautifulscenery.

World War I

1914-1918

Anti-Japanese War

1937-1945 AD

19371945 AD

In 1937 AD, the Anti-Japanese War broke out. The Baiyangdian, because of its complicated territory, became an anti-Japanese base. The Yanling Team, led by the Communist Party of China, attacked the 1939-1945 Japanese motorboat and smashed the enemy. In May 1940, during the extremely difficult period of the anti-Japanese War, the Renqiu County Party Committee and the county government transferred to Liu Lizhuang and Hao Zhuang (formerly Renqiu, now belonging to Anxin County, Xiong’An New Area) on the edge of Baiyangdian. In 1945, the Japanese aggressors surrendered, and Baiyangdian returned to the hands of the people.

Since July 16, 1945

World War I

Anthropocene [3] Atomic Age The Anthropological Working Group recommended that the first time humans conduct atomic bomb testing on July 16, 1945 be the beginning of the Anthropocene.

Since 1947 AD

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Bago

Since 1949 AD 1949 AD

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and the government control Baiyangdian comprehensively. The ecology of the Baiyangdian area is getting better, but still faced some problems.

Time and Space (Atlas)

36

Digital Revolution

1954.8 AD

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 14,000 acre Production: 350,000,000 Kg Floods Water Level: 11.31m / 37.106 ft

Lan

Ancient Route of Yellow River in 15C AD (Ming & Qing Dynasty)

Baikal Lake

Emishi

1. RESEARCHES

Tatars

Baotou

Japan

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Qingtongxia

Hohhot

Yulin

Xining

Jinan Lanzhou Linxia

Yan’an

Dongying Taishan

Hancheng

Zhengzhou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Ruicheng Luoyang Songshan

Ming Dynasty

Xang Time and Space (Atlas)

37

of the Anthropocene.

Since 1947 AD

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Since 1949 AD 1949 AD

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and the government control Baiyangdian comprehensively. The ecology of the Baiyangdian area is getting better, but still faced some problems.

1954.8 AD 1955 AD 1956.8 AD

1962 AD

1. RESEARCHES

1963.8 AD

Project: Zaolinzhuang Flood Relief Channel

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 14,000 acre Production: 350,000,000 Kg Floods Water Level: 11.31m / 37.106 ft Amount of Fishing and Catching 8.85 million Kg Floods Water Level: 11.30m / 37.073 ft

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 20,900 acre Production: 700,000,000 Kg Floods Water Level: 11.58m / 38 ft

1964 AD

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 12,850 acre

1965 AD

The Rivers were Silted up and the Transportation Stopped The water ways from Baoding to Baiyangdian and from Baiyangdain to Tianjin stopped.

1965 AD

1966.1-8 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

Project: Zaolinzhuang Hub Project The Zaolinzhuang Hub Project was completed, which increased the flood discharge capacity of Baiyangdian, and to a certain extent, the artificial regulation of the Baiyangdian stagnation flood has been realized.

Project: Daqing River New Building Hub The Daqing River New Building Hub was built in Rongcheng County, which increased the water source of Baiyangdian; However, it also increased the burden of Baiyangdian's flood levitation.

1970 AD

1970 AD

Amount of Fishing and Catching 2.7 million Kg Artificial fish farming developed gradually since 1970s

1st Water Transfer Project From 1981 to June 1984, Baiyangdian successively transferred 293 million cubic meters of water from the upstream reservoir. However, due to various consumptions on the way, Baiyangdian only received 0.87 billion cubic meters.

19811984 AD

1982 AD

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 19,110 acre Production: 44,500,000 Kg

Yuecheng-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project From February to June 2004, the Ministry of Water Resources and Hebei Province implemented the Yuecheng-Baiyangdian water transfer project, transferring water from the Yuecheng Reservoir, which is more than 400 kilometers away from Baiyangdian. This will help making Baiyangdian increase by 159 million cubic meters.

Yellow River-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project The fifth Yellow River – Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project started to operate. It lasted for about 83 days, and the water replenishment was about 100 million cubic meters. The water level of Baiyangdian rised by about 80 centimeters.

1983.71988.8 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried out for Five Consecutive Years Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

2003 AD

The Baiyangdian LakesThe Dried OriginOut of Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft Yellow River

2005 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

2004.2-6 AD

2017.4.1 The Foundation of Xiong’An New Area 2017.11.16 AD

Time and Space (Atlas)

38

Digital Revolution

Ecological Water Transfer Projects So far, the government has carried out 24 ecological water supplements in Baiyangdian area, including upstream reservoir water transfer and inter-basin water transfer.

Modern Yellow River in 20C AD (Modern CHina)

Hohhot

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Qingtongxia

1. RESEARCHES

Baotou

Yulin

Xining

Jinan Lanzhou Linxia

Yan’an

Dongying Taishan

Hancheng

Zhengzhou Sanmenxia Kaifeng Ruicheng Luoyang Songshan

Time and Space (Atlas)

39

1. RESEARCHES

Jing-Jin-Heibei Location Map

Time and Space (Atlas)

40

Central Plains River System Map

1. RESEARCHES

Time and Space (Atlas)

41

1. RESEARCHES

Haihe River System Map

Time and Space (Atlas)

42

Yellow River System Map

1. RESEARCHES

Time and Space (Atlas)

43

1. RESEARCHES

Huaihe River System Map

Time and Space (Atlas)

44

Yangtze River System Map

1. RESEARCHES

Time and Space (Atlas)

45

1. RESEARCHES

Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Water System Map

Time and Space (Atlas)

46

North China Plain, Water System Map (Shaded Area)

1. RESEARCHES

Time and Space (Atlas)

47

1. RESEARCHES

Modern Yellow River Basin

Time and Space (Atlas)

48

Modern Haihe River Basin

1. RESEARCHES

Time and Space (Atlas)

49

Seven Major River Systems of Haihe River Basin

Luan River System

1. RESEARCHES

Hohhot

Yongding River System

Daqing River System

Ziya River System

Beisan River System BEIJING

Haihe River Main Stream System TIANJIN

XIONGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AN

Bohai Sea

East Heilong Harbor System Dongying

Jinan

Zhangwei River System

Taishan

Zhengzhou Kaifeng

nxia

Luoyang

Songshan

Hongze Lake

Time and Space (Atlas)

50

Distribution of Water Conservancy Project in Haihe River Basin

Luan River System Hohhot

Daqing River System

Ziya River System

1. RESEARCHES

Yongding River System

Beisan River System BEIJING

Haihe River Main Stream System TIANJIN

XIONGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AN

Bohai Sea

East Heilong Harbor System Dongying

Jinan

Zhangwei River System

Taishan

Zhengzhou Kaifeng

anmenxia

Luoyang

Songshan

Hongze Lake

Time and Space (Atlas)

51

Distribution of Water Conservancy Project (Important Water Locks) in Haihe River Basin

Luan River System

1. RESEARCHES

Hohhot

Yongding River System

Daqing River System

Ziya River System

Beisan River System BEIJING

Haihe River Main Stream System TIANJIN

XIONGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AN

Bohai Sea

East Heilong Harbor System Dongying

Jinan

Zhangwei River System

Taishan

Zhengzhou Kaifeng

nxia

Luoyang

Songshan

Hongze Lake

Time and Space (Atlas)

52

Distribution of Water Conservancy Project (Important Reservoir and Dam) in Haihe River Basin

Hohhot

1. RESEARCHES

Friendship Reservoir Guanting Reservoir

BEIJING

North Juma River

Mid-Yi River Angezhuang Reservoir Longmen Reservoir

Daqing River System Jie River

Sha River

Ancient Lake

XIONG’AN Baiyangdian Wetlands

West Dayang Reservoir

Yongding River

Haihe River Main Stream System TIANJIN

Daqing River

Haihe River

Wen’An Ancient Lake

Bohai Sea

Koutou Reservoir

Hengshanling Reservoir

Da Sha River Gangnan Reservoir

Huangbizhuang Reservoir

Ancient Lake

Guouzhuang Reservoir

Dongying

Jinan

Taishan

Zhengzhou Kaifeng

anmenxia

Luoyang

Songshan

Hongze Lake

Time and Space (Atlas)

53

Reservoir

1. RESEARCHES

Distribution of Water Conservancy Project (Important Reservoir and Dam) in Haihe River Basin

Sha River

Hengshanling Reservoir

Gangnan Reservoir

Time and Space (Atlas)

54

Guouzhuang Reservoir

Koutou Reservoir

Huangbizhuang Reservoir

Guanting Reservoir

BEIJING

Mid-Yi River Angezhuang Reservoir Longmen Reservoir

Ancient Lake

XIONG’AN

Jie River

1. RESEARCHES

North Juma River

Yongding River

TIANJIN Daqing River

Haihe River

Baiyangdian Wetlands

Wen’An Ancient Lake

West Dayang Reservoir

Da Sha River Ancient Lake

Time and Space (Atlas)

55

Kidney of the Earth A comparison between the human body and the biosphere

Our organs are vital to our body, with every organ playing an important role.

口 头 水 库

The kidney is an important organ of the human body, filtering our blood to remove waste, maintaining the body's acid-base balance, electrolyte concentration, and osmotic pressure. The kidney acts as a "filter" and a "purifier" for the human body.

West Dayang Reservoir

The Daqing River System

西 大 洋 水 库

Wangkuai Reservoir

王 快 水 库

大 清 河 水 系

Simultaneously, wetland is an important part of the earth's ecosystem. It has functions such as regulating floods, purifying water, and providing habitats and foods for animals. It is the "filter" and "purifier" of the earth. Therefore, the wetland is called "the kidney of the earth."

Koutou Reservoir

横 山 岭 水 库

Hengshanling Reservoir

1. RESEARCHES

Daqinghe River Source

大 清 河 源 头

Taihang Mountains

太 行 山

The Mainstream of Haihe River

干海 流河

Baiyangdian Wetlands

白 洋 淀

Wetland ecosystems link terrestrial ecosystems with water ecosystems through material cycles, energy flows, and information transfer. They are the product of balance between land, water, and atmosphere.

The unique habitat of the wetland makes it rich in terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna resources, and is the world's most abundant natural ecosystem with the highest unit productivity. Wetlands can prevent seawater intrusion and prevent salt salinization; wetlands infiltrate water into aquifers, which can be part of a shallow groundwater system thus can be preserved and replenished; wetlands are like natural filters that help to precipitate and eliminate toxic and impurities (pesticide, domestic sewage and industrial emissions); the emergent, floating and submerged plants in wetlands can gather metals and some harmful substances in their tissues, and participate in detoxification processes; they (the plants) absorb, metabolize, decompose, accumulate and purify pollutants, and play a role in degrading environmental pollution. Like the kidneys, wetlands can help the body excrete waste and function as a “detoxification” and “detoxification” to maintain metabolism.

The kidney is the foundation of human beings, and the wetland is the "kidney of the earth". It can regulate floods, purify water, and habitats of living things. Above all, the wetland is "the kidney of the earth."

Kidney of the Earth

56

Kidney of the Earth Wetlands Operation Mechanism Major non-animal components of wetland ecosystems

terrestrial plant

weland soil floating plant water body

submergent plant Major non-animal components of wetland ecosystems and how they works Upland

Wetland Marsh

Swamp Forest

Shrub

Wet Meadow

Upstream

Emergent

Submerged and Floating

Emergent

Contaminants and Sediments are Filtered

Downstream Contaminants and Sediments are Broken Down

Contaminants and Sediments are Broken Down Underground Water Flow

Underground Water Flow Infiltration

Kidney of the Earth

57

1. RESEARCHES

emergent plant

Kidney of the Earth Climates General Information of the Climates in Baiyangdian Area

1. RESEARCHES

Spring

@bydsd.com

Summer

Baiyangdian area belongs to the temperate semi-arid region of the eastern monsoon region (dryness 1.40), and It has significant continental climate characteristics (continental degree 64.3). The four seasons are distinct: the spring is dry and windy; the summer is hot and rainy; the autumn is clear and refreshing; and the winter is cold but less snow. The average temperature is 12.2 °C; the sunshine is 2638.3 hours; the frostfree period is 203 days; and the average precipitation is 357.37 mm.

Spring (March-May) As the sun moves directly northward, the ground rapidly warms up, from 25.5 °C in March to 5.5 °C in May. However, affected by the Mongolian continental air mass, cold air activities are frequent, and the phenomenon of cold springs occurs. Generally, the climate in spring is dry and windy, precipitation is scarce.

@bydsd.com

Summer (June-August) Affected by the marine air mass, the hot and humid summer wind that is blown from the ocean to the mainland is prevalent. The temperature changes little, and the average is 25.5 °C. Generally, the weather is hot and humid, and the precipitation is concentrated; however, severely drought also happens.

Fall

Fall (September-November) @bydsd.com

Winter

As the sun moves southward, the ground radiation cooling is strengthened, the Pacific high pressure moves southeastward, and the cold and dry Mongolian high voltage reoccupies the upper area. The temperature dropped by 0.26 °C per day from 20.4 °C in September to 4.7 °C in November. The amount of precipitation is significantly reduced.

Winter (December - February)

@bydsd.com

Under the control of the dry air-cooled mass of the mainland, the winter wind blowing from the northwest to the ocean prevailed, with an average monthly temperature of -2.8 °C. The extreme minimum temperature in the year is mostly in January. Generally, it is cold and dry, and snowfall is rare.

Kidney of the Earth

58

Temperature The following charts are based on data from 11 weather stations in the Baiyangdian area from 1960 to 2013.* Temperature Change and Comparison in Baiyangdian Area Wetlands area(℉) Surrounding Area (℉)

Wetlands area(℉)Annual Surrounding Average Area (℉) 53.9 Spring 54.1 56.2 Summer 56.5 77.9 78.3 Fall 54.5 Winter 54.7 26.9 27.3

Annual Average Spring Summer Fall Winter

In conclusion:

Wetland area(℃ 12.2 13.4 25.5 12.5 -2.8

Surrounding Area (℃) 54.1 12.3 56.5 13.6 78.3 25.7 54.7 12.6 27.3 -2.6

-2.8

Temperature Changeand andComparison Comparisonin Temperature Change Temperature Change and Comparison in in Baiyangdian Area Baiyangdian Area Baiyangdian Area

1. This area is cold in winter and hot78.3 in summer.

Winter temperatures drops below freezing.

75 However, according to other reliable datas, 77.9 the 65 in winter here; waters rarely freeze 56.5

78.3

Temeperature

75 65

54.7

1. RESEARCHES

Temeperature

53.9Wetland area(℃) 12.2 56.2 13.4 77.9 25.5 54.5 12.5 26.9

77.9 56.5

54.7

55 2. The temperature in the 56.2 wetland area is 54.5 56.2 54.5 slightly lower than45it in the surrounding area.

45 So the wetland has a certain while limited 35 35 regulation effect on the ambient temperature.

27.3 27.3 26.9 However, since most 25 of the 11 meteorological 26.9 25 Fall Winter stations are less than 100Spring miles awaySummer from Spring Summer Fall Winter the wetland area, two possible conclusions Seasons are Seasons area(℉) speculated: the wetland hasWetlands a large area for theSurrounding Area (℉) Wetlands area(℉) Surrounding Area (℉) regulation of the environment; or, due to local environmental problems after the 1960s, the original regulatory role of the wetland has not been substantially played.

55

Precipitation, Evaporation and Infiltration Monthly Precipitation in Baiyangdian Area Relugar Year (mm) Extrem Dry Year (mm)

Jan.

0.3 9.83

Feb

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Jan. 57.26 Feb 57.26 Mar 132.04 Apr 27.93 May 10.61 Jun 10.61 Jul 12.71 Aug 357.37 Sep Oct 2 2.6 28.83 15.22 Relugar 2 2.6 27.93 10.61 0.4 Year 1.81 (mm) 16.55 18.25 0.3 26.48 55.07 111.3428.83 30.1915.2231.757.267.4257.26 132.04 0 309.04 Extrem Dry Year (mm) 9.83 0.4 1.81 16.55 18.25 26.48 55.07 111.34 30.19 31.7

Monthly in Baiyangdian Area The following charts are basedPrecipitation on data Monthly PrecipitationininBaiyangdian Baiyangdian Area Monthly Precipitation Area 140 132.04 from the meteorological department.

140 132.04

120

Precipitation (mm)

Precipitation (mm)

in conclusion: 100

80 1. In Baiyangdian area, the summer is 60 the flood season, and the winter and 57.26 spring are the 40 dry seasons; 28.83

20

111.34

120

18.25

9.83 precipitation 2. While the overall in the 16.55 2 2.6 15.22 0 0.3 0.4 it1.81 extreme dry year is small, is much Jan. Feb Mar Apr less than usual in the flood season, May but is often compensated in the dry Relugar Year (mm) season.

111.34

100 80 57.26 60 40 26.48 20

Jun 0

55.07 30.19 31.7 28.83 27.93

57.26

57.26 55.07

10.61 18.25 12.71 26.48 10.61 16.557.4215.22 2 2.6 0 0.3 Aug0.4 Sep1.81 Oct Jul Nov Dec Jan. Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 9.83

Months

Extrem Dry Year (mm) Relugar Year (mm)

30.19

31.7

27.93

10.61 10.61

Aug

Sep

7.42 Oct Nov

12.71 0 Dec

Months Extrem Dry Year (mm)

Kidney of the Earth

59

The following charts are based on data from the meteorological department.

Monthly Precipitation and Evaporation in Baiyangdian Area in Regular Year

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct N Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Precipitation （mm） 0.3 2 2.6 28.83 15.22 57.26 Nov 57.26 Dec 132.04Total 27.93 10.61 Precipitation （mm） 0.3 2 2.6 28.83 15.22 57.26 57.26 132.04 27.93 10.61 10.61 12.71 357.37 Evaporation 15.8 142.8 33141.885.8 88.2 937.6 72.5 58.7 Evaporation (mm) 15.8 (mm) 33 85.8 135.7 104.9135.7 88.2 142.8 72.5 141.8 58.7 104.9 40.2 18.2

in conclusion:

Monthly Precipitation and Evaporation in Precipitation and Evaporation in Baiyangdian Monthly PrecipitationMonthly and Evaporation in Baiyangdian Baiyangdian Area in Regular Year Area in Regular Year Area in Regular Year

1. RESEARCHES

1. The trend 160 of precipitation and evaporation in this region 140 is roughly similar, but the 120 curve of precipitation slightly 85.8 100 lags behind the 80 curve of evaporation; 60 40

135.7 132.04

57.26

80 60 28.83 40

15.22

Apr

May

72.5

132.04

58.7

57.26

57.2640.2 57.26 18.2

27.93

33

28.83

15.8

20

Mar

141.8 104.9

85.8 88.2

100

2.6

142.8

104.9

120

15.8

2. In total, the20evapotation 2 is greatly larger0 than 0.3 the Jan Feb precipitation.

141.8

140

33

Jun 2

0 Smallest 0.3 Amount Month Jan（mm） Jan 117 Feb Precipitation Feb 242 Mar 724 Apr 911 May 1082 Jun 1014 Jul -556 Aug -535 Sep 446 Oct 423 Nov 233 Dec 151 Annual Evaporation 4252 Annual Infiltration 2368 Annual Demand of 6620 Water

2.6

Jul

Aug

10.61 15.22 Sep

Oct

Nov

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Evaporation Annual Infiltration Annual Demand of Water

27.93 10.61

Dec

Jul

Aug图表标题 Sep

338 1190 1475 1735 1522 -768 -794 734 687 374 233 6890 3218

6620

6620

1475

1500 Annual

1190 Evaporation 911 Annual Infiltration 1000 724 Annual Demand of 338 500 153 Water 242 0

-500

117 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Smallest 1522 Amount 4252 1014 2368

1082

May

Jun Jul -556

Aug

-768

-794

-1000 Smallest Amount

8

图表标题

60 10000 12000

8000

374 10108 446 Sep -535

423 Oct

10108

Evaporation 1522(mm) 1475 1190 911

724

1082

1014 734

687 374

446 May

Jun Jul -556

Aug

-768

423

Sep -535

Oct

233

233

151

Nov

Dec

-794 Ideal Amount

10108

图表标题

10000 8000

6890

6000 2000 4000

6620

4252

1500 2000 0

1000

1190

153

0

117 Jan

338

14753218 2368

1735

1082 911 724 Annual Infiltration

Annual Evaporation

500

-500

Smallest Amount

1522 1014 734

Annual Demand of Water

Ideal Amount

242

Feb Mar in conclusion:

446 Apr

May

Jun Jul -556

Aug

Sep -535

233 151

Nov

Dec

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000

-768 -794 to the charts and other relevant information, due to the over-exploitation of Smallest Amount groundwater in the Baiyangdian area, the Ideal Amount annual amount of infiltration in this area is extremely large; 图表标题 2. Combined with the previous charts, we can know that the annual precipitation in the Baiyangdian area is far from meeting the water demand6890 of the area.

6

4

O

-1000 1. According

233

4252 2368

662

3218

2000 0

Ideal Amount

Kidney of the Earth 10108

6890

Dec

图表标题

Ideal Amount 6890 3218 734 687

6620

Nov

12000

10108

1735

Oct

Annual Evaporation and Infiltration in Baiyangdian Area (104 m3)

图表标题 2000

18.2 10.61 12.71

1735

Smallest Amount

10108

Smallest Amount Ideal Amount Ideal Amount 4252 6890 2368 153 3218

Smallest Amount Annual Evaporation Annual Infiltration 117 Annual Demand of 242 Water 724 911 1082 1014 -556 -535 446 423 233 151 4252 2368

58.7 40.2

10.61 12.71

Ideal Amount MarEvaporation May Jun 153 Apr (mm) 338 2000 1190Precipitation （mm） 1475 1500 1735 1522 1000 -768 338 -794 500 153 734 242 0 687 117 Jan Feb 374 -500 233 6890 -1000 3218

Monthly and Annual Demand of Water in Baiyangdian Area (104 m3)

72.5

88.2

Mar Apr The following charts are based on data from the meteorological department.

ount

ount

142.8 160 135.7

Annual Evaporation

Annual Infiltration Smallest Amount

Ideal Amount

Annual D

Guanting Reservoir

Reservoir Map of the Upstrea Area of Baiyangdian Wetlands BEIJING

North Juma River

Mid-Yi River Angezhuang Reservoir Longmen Reservoir

Yongding River

Ancient Lake

Jie River Sha River

Baiyangdian Wetlands

Daqing River

1. RESEARCHES

XIONGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AN

TIAN

Wenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;An Ancient Lake

West Dayang Reservoir Hengshanling Reservoir

Koutou Reservoir Da Sha River

Gangnan Reservoir

Ancient Lake

Huangbizhuang Reservoir

Guouzhuang Reservoir

This map shows the distribution of Reservoirs in the upstream area of Baiyangdian Wetlands.

Owing to the rocketing of the population in 60s-80s, people built dozens of reservoirs here to satisfy the demand of water for daily life. Therefore, most of the rivers are dried now, the main water resources of Baiyangdian wetlands were cut off.

Jinan Before the operation of the Yellow River-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project on 16 Nov. 2017, there is almost no water supply except for the precipitation and some provisional discharges of water of those reservoirs.

In summary, the reasons for the lack of water in Baiyangdian Area are: 1. Limited precipitation; 2. Large amount of evaporation; 3. Excessive infiltration owing to the over-exploitation of groundwater; 4. Limited amount of water supplied from the rivers.

Among them, the amount of evaporation may be reduced by architectural and landscape approaches.

Kidney of the Earth

61

Kidney of the Earth Organisms General Information of the Organism in Baiyangdian Area

1. RESEARCHES

The Baiyangdian Wetland is rich in species resources, including 406 species of phytoplankton, 26 species of zooplankton, and 47 species of large aquatic plants. There are 38 species of zoobenthos, 54 species of fishes, 14 species of mammals, There are 192 species of bird resources.

There are 47 species of large aquatic plants commonly found in Baiyangdian Lake, mainly reeds, cattails and lotuses. These plants consisted of 21 species of emerged plants, 7 floating-leaved macrophyte, 4 floating plants, and 15 submerged plants. Reed is one of the most important economic plants in Baiyangdian Lake. The waters of the lake area are vast, forming aquatic flora with large economic value such as lotus, reed, Euryale ferox Salisb and water chestnut.

Terrestrial plants are mainly dominated by broadleaved tree species. Common woody plants include asben, willow, Black locust, apple, etc. Herb plants are mainly compositae and leguminosae, crops include wheat, corn, paddy, sorghum, soybean, etc. Wheat and corn planting area accounts for more than 90% of total planting area.

There are 14 species of mammals in the protected area, including 5 species of national protected animals. All 14 species belong to 5 orders, 8 families and 12 genera, and they are terrestrial wildlife with beneficial or important economic and scientific research value protected by the state.

There are 192 species of birds in the reserve, including 78 species of summer residents (40.625%), 19 species of resident birds (9.895%), 88 species of traveling birds (45.833%), 7 species of winter residents (3.646%). Among them, 4 species belong to the first class national protected birds, including Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis), Siberian White Crane (Grus leucogeranus), Great Bustard (Otis tarda), Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana), and 26 species belong to the second class national protected birds, such as Platalea Leucordia, white fronted goose, demoiselle crane, common crane, whooper swan, pied harrier, long-eared owl, etc. There are 158 species of birds that are beneficial or have important economic and scientific value, and 52 species that are beneficial or have important economic and scientific research value in Hebei Province.

Representative Species of Plants Lemna paucicostata & Spirodela polyhiza (duck weed) Plant Height: Floating Plant Ideal Water Depth: Removes Heavy Mental: Cu; Pb; Zn; Mn, etc.

@baike.baidu.com

Kidney of the Earth

62

Ceratophyllum demersun (hornwort) Plant Height: 0.05-0.2 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.1-0.3 m Removes Nutrient: Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N); Phosphorus, etc.

@baike.baidu.com

Phragmites communis (Reeds)

1. RESEARCHES

Plant Height: 1.0-3.0 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.5-1.5 m Removes Nutrient: Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N); Phosphorus, etc.

Heavy Mental: Cu; Zn; Cd; Pb; Cr; Mn, etc. @baike.baidu.com

Typha angustifolia (calamus) Plant Height: 1.5-3.0 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.3-1.0 m Removes Heavy Mental: Cu; Zn; Cd; Pb; Cr; Mn, etc.

@baike.baidu.com

Nymphaea ietragona (water lily) Plant Height: 0.4-1.8m Ideal Water Depth: 0.3-1.2m Removes Heavy Mental: Cu; Pb; Cd; Zn; Mn, etc.

@baike.baidu.com

Kidney of the Earth

63

Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) Plant Height: 1.0-2.0m Ideal Water Depth: 0.5-2.0m Removes Nutrients: Phosphorus; Nitrate Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N), etc.

@baike.baidu.com

1. RESEARCHES

Representative Species of Animals Grus leucogeranus (white crane) Ave, Neornithes, Gruiformes, Gruidae, Grus It is a large wader, slightly smaller than a red-crowned crane, with a body length of 130-140 cm.

@baike.baidu.com

It inhabits open plain swamp grasslands, tundra swamps and large lake rock edges and shallow water marshes. Often separate, paired, and family activities, the migration season and the winter season often integrate dozens or even hundreds of large groups, especially in the middle of the migration stop and overwintering often integrated large groups. It mainly feeds on the stems and roots of plants such as bitter grass, kohlrabi, sedge, and sorghum. It also eats leaves, shoots and a small number of animal foods such as snails, snails, mollusks, insects, and crustaceans. Distributed in China, India, Iran, Afghanistan and Japan.

Parus palustris (marsh tit)

@baike.baidu.com

Ave, Passeriformes, Paridae, Parus This species belongs to the genus Titmouse, also known as the small bird, the red, the red, the small bean, the scorpion, and the mud. It is a bird mainly distributed in the Balkans, Russia, Mongolia, Japan, China, India, and Myanmar. The shape is slightly smaller than the big tit. The top of the head is black, the head side is white; the upper body is grayish brown; the ventral surface is grayish white, and there is no black longitudinal band in the center. The swamp tits mainly inhabit the forest zone, often in the canopy of coniferous forest, needle and broad-leaved mixed forest, or cling to the branches to feed on insects, and often go to the bushes for food. The food of swamp tits is mainly insects, especially many pests that are harmful to agriculture, forestry and human health. It is obviously a beneficial bird and should be protected to make full use of its role in biological control of pests.

Kidney of the Earth

64

Baiyangdian wetland species list Incomplete statistics by September 2018 PLANT Terrestrial Plant Woody plants Populus L. (Aspen) Salix sp. (Willow) Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.

Malus domestica (Apple) Herbaceous plant Compositae Leguminosae

Aquatic Plant Emergent Plant Phragmites communis (Reed) Typha orientalis Presl (Cattail) Typha angustifolia (calamus) Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Lotus) Floating-leaved macrophyte (7 species) Floating plant (4 species) Submerged plant (15 species)

ANIMAL Zooplankton (26 species) Cladocera Leptodora lilljeborg D. brachyurum D.cucullata D. pulex D. hyalina Ceriodaphnia laticaudata Somocephalus vetulus Bosmina longirostris B. coregoni B. longirostris Moina micrura M. macroopa Pleuroxus laevis Chiyorus sphaericus C. ovalis Alona costata A. rectangula A. guttata A. rectangula A. quadrangularis Copepods Sinodiaptomus sarsi S, dorrii Thermocyclops taihokuensis T. kawamarai T. mongolicus

Rotifers K. cochlearis Keratella valga Brachionus angularis Colurella uncinata Fish (54 species) Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Erythroculter Culterinae Carassius Aristichthys Ctenopharyngodon Cyprinus Hypophthalmichthys Pseudorasbora Megalobrama Opsarius Abbottina Rhodeus Acheilognathus Cobitidae Misgurnus Paramisgurnus Bagridae Pelteibagrus Siluridae Silurus Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Monopterus Perciformes Eleotridae Hypseleotris Osphronemidae Macropodus Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus

Gobiidae Ctenogobius Cyprinodontiformes Cyprinodontidae Oryzias Amphibians and reptiles 3 species Birds 192 species Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae national first-grade attentive protected species: Ciconia boyciana (Oriental White Stork) Ardeidae Anseriformes Anatidae rare species: Anas phoecilorhyncha Falconiformes Falconidae Galliformes Phasianidae Gruiformes Gruidae national first-grade attentive protected species: Grus leucogeranus (Siberian White Crane) national first-grade attentive protected species: Grus japonensis (Red-crowned Crane) Otididae national first-grade attentive protected species: Otis tarda (Great Bustard) Rallidae rare species: Amaurornis phoenicurus Charadriiformes Recurvirostridae rare species: Himantopus himantopus Scolopacidae Sternidae ETC.

Kidney of the Earth

65

1. RESEARCHES

Crop Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat) Zea mays Linn. (Corn) Oryza sativa (Paddy) Sorghum Glycine max (Soybean)

Sinodiaptomus sarsi S, dorrii Thermocyclops taihokuensis T. kawamarai T. mongolicus Macrocyclops albidus M. leuckarti Cyclops strenuus C. vicinus Eucyclops serrulatus E. macruroides E. speratus Cyclops vicinus lobosus Onychocamptsc sp.

Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem It seems to be an oxymoron to build a modern city upon a natural wetlands area. In universal values, based on historical lessons, cities represent development and pollution. However, the establishment of the Xiong'An New Area is trying to challenge this contradiction, by using the anti-driving mechanism, to save this heavily contaminated natural wetlands area with a new type of urban .

So, what exactly does this “contradictory” mean?

1. The products of the wetlands do not provide the “daily intake” of the city;

1. RESEARCHES

2. The “excretion” of the city is greater than the “purification load” of the wetland.

Landscape Patterns 1984

1994

2000

2014

Water body

Submerged Plant

Emergent Plant

Farmland

Forest

Residential Area

The Landscape Patterns of Baiyangdian Wetland in 1984,1994, 2000, and 2014 Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem

66

Bare Land

Living (ingestion) and Polluting (excretion) Patterns Aerial map of Xiong'an New District @VCG

39 In-wetlands villages

84 By- wetlands villages

thousand Wetlands population

2000+ Tourists motor boats

Data by 2008

There are more than one hundred villages on the Baiyangdian wetlands.

By 2008, there are 39 in-wetlands villages, surrounded by 84 by-wetlands villages with a total population of 268,800. Currently, a human ecosystem (village) with small production and pollution loads are superimposed in this natural wetland. However, the domestic sewage, excrement and rainwashed waste of the residential area around are directly or indirectly discharged into Baiyangdian wetlands; simultaneously, the large-scale use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the wetlands area also increases the pollution level of the local water body; additionally, a largescale fish farming also causes pollution; besides, owing to the rise of tourism industry, tourism motorized boat (currently there are over 2,000 ships) are not regulated in management, waste gas and waste water are discharged disorderly, and wastes discarded by tourists are not properly handled, lead to a new type of pollution.

On the one hand, the Baiyangdian area has different types of settlement and living production modes; on the other hand, these different modes also cause different types and degrees of pollution.

Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem

67

1. RESEARCHES

268

Farming Main Cash Crop: Corn (more than 90% of the total planted area); Wheat; Soy bean, etc..

Pesticides and chemical fertilizers (massive use)

Main Victims:

Water body; Soil, etc..

Famous Event:

Large number of fish death in 2006

Main Fishing Method:

Osprey fish; Net fish; Basket fish, etc..

Main Polluting Way:

Over Fishing, etc..

Main Victims:

Wild fish; Water body, etc..

Famous Event:

Large number of fish death in 2006

1. RESEARCHES

Main Pollutant:

Fishing

Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem

68

light Industry Clothing industry; Paper industry; Daily chemical industry, etc..

Main Polluting Way:

Factory discharge: Sewage, waste gas, solid waste, etc..

Main Victims:

Water body; Soil; Air, etc..

Famous Event:

Annual haze since 2011

1. RESEARCHES

Main Industries:

Handicraft Industry Main Products:

Reed weaving products; Lotus seed bracelet; Reed Painting, etc..

Main Polluting Way:

None

Main Victims:

None

Reed weaving ceiling

Reed weaving Zafu

Famous Event:

Large number of fish death in 2006

Reed Painting

Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem

69

Instructions

2. STRATEGIES

Tool Kit

STRATEGIES 70

Instructions A design proposal for future urban Waterscapes 1, A cross-scale water-scape system.

Develop a cross-scale urban waterscape system. Avoid singlescale landscapes, avoid weak penetration of over-scale landscapes, and ensure good interaction between landscapes and citizens at all scales. A complete and perfect cross-scale waterscape system should have a healthy network from the smallest scale of landscape units, such as tree pools, parking units, to large-scale landscape units, such as urban wetland parks. A minimum-scale landscape unit should be like a building block that can be assembled into larger-scale landscape units.

Therefore, Elements of the landscape units (e.g. animals, plants, microbes, soil, etc.) - Alphabets Basic scale landscape units (e.g. tree pool, parking space) vocabulary Small-scale landscape units - phrases Large-scale landscape units - sentences Larger-scale landscape units - paragraphs City-scale landscape - article

Avoid unnecessary manual intervention in the later maintenance process; avoid wastes of biological and non-biological resources; improve the natural attributes of the waterscape units. Design and develop a basic-scale landscape unit that can ecologically selfsustain. Therefore, larger-scale landscape units assembled from the smallest-scale landscape units can have greater self-sustaining capabilities.

3, The organic combination of landscape and infrastructure Develop infra-waterscape. These waterscapes are capable of providing some production of the landscape unit for the corresponding function of the infrastructure or digesting the excrement produced of the infrastructure.

Instructions

71

2. STRATEGIES

2, The water-scape as a self-sustaining balance system

Species Bank (Alphabet)

Basic-Scale Linear (Vocabulary) Parks

Phrases

Gene Bank

Sentences Waterscape

2. STRATEGIES

Paragraphs

Articles Research

Education & Science

Development

A

B A can be assembled into B Coorperation Belong

Instructions

72

Citizen Fitness

Country Run & Walking Trails

Bike Routes & Parking

Car Parking & Charging

Walking System

Transportation

Infrastructure

Cycling System

E-Transportation System

Energy Supply

Solar-Energy

2. STRATEGIES

Bio-Electric

Bio-Energy

Microbial degradation

Waste-to Energy

Bio-Gas

Economy

Instructions

73

Acknowledgments

3. APPENDIX

Bibliography

APPENDIX 74

Acknowledgments

Working with this thesis for 3 months, I feel so emotional to finish it now. During this period, I had fever once, cried once, had bad cold for two times, got stomachache several times, suffered from migraine for countless times, and I experienced a big frustration in my life. I thank myself for persisting to the present.

I sincerely thank Professor Fei Wang, for helping me to make great progress, both in the professional field and in many other related aspects.

Great thanks to Professor Julia Czerniak for helping me participate in the designing water symposium at the longwood gardens in October 2018.

Great thanks to Dean Micheal Speaks, who always smiles and encouraged us every time when we met.

Thanks to the other 10 students in MS program, class of 2018. I appreciate the time we spent together.

I also thank the 6 students of MS program, class of 2019.

We spent three days together when we went to the designing water symposium.

This thesis may be the end of my Master's degree, but I think it will be the beginning of my research career.

3. APPENDIX 75

Bibliography

Books Belanger, P. (2017). Landscape as Infrastructure: A Base Primer. New York, United States: Routledge Corner, J. & Hirsch, A. (2014). The Landscape Imagination: Collected Essays of James Corner 1990-2010. New York, United States: Princeton Architectural Press Girot, C. (2016). The Course of Landscape Architecture: A history of our Designs on the Natural World, from prehistory to the present. New York, United States: Thames & Hudson Inc. Haas, T. (2012). Sustainable Urbanism and Beyond: Rethinking Cities for the Future. New York, United States: Rizzoli International Publication, Inc. Knechtel, J. Water: Alphabet City Magazine 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: The MIT Press Katz, P. (1994). The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community. New York, United States: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Mostafavi, M. & Doherty, G. (2016). Ecological Urbanism (2nd ed.). Zurich, Switzerland: Lars Muller Publishers (Original work published 2010) Orff, K. (2016). Toward an Urban Ecology. New York, United States: The Monacelli Press Thun G. & Velikov, K. (2015, September 15). Infra Eco Logi Urbanism: A project for the Great Lakes Megaregion.

Los Angeles, United States: Park Books Waldheim, C. (2016). Landscape as urbanism: A General Theory. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press Wang, L., Tosi, M., Zordan, M., Villani, C., Maroso, S., Pellizer, A., Aymonino, A. & Talamini, G. (2018, March 30).

Walkable Cities in High Density China. Shanghai, China: Tongji University Press

3. APPENDIX

Articles Aalto, H., Marcus, L. & Torsvall, J. (2018). Towards a Social-Ecological Urbansim: Co-Producing Knowledge through Design in the Albano Resilient Campus Project in Stockholm. Sustainability: 10, 717 Bai, J., Fang, J., Huang, L., Deng, W., Li, A. & Kong, B. (2013, March). Landscape Pattern evolution and its driving factors of Baiyangdian Lake-marsh wetland system. Geographical Research: 32-9, 1634-1644 Dong, W., Cao, X. & Hu, L. (2011, June) Calculation of ecological water demand in Baiyangdian wetland. China Science and Technology Information: 10.3969, 23-24 Gandy, M. (2015). From urban ecology to ecological urbanism: an ambiguous trajectory. Area: 47.2, 150-154

76

Hodson, M. & Marvin, S. (2010). Urbanism in the Anthropocene: Ecological urbanism or premium ecological enclaves. City: 14:3, 298-313 Liu, Y., Cheng, W., Yin, J. & Wang, X. (2010, March). Ecological Water Level and Supplementing Water Plan in Baiyangdian Wetland. Journal of Agriculture University of Hebei: 33-2, 107-109, 118 Li, J., Li, G., Cui, H. & Wang, D. (2004) Degradation of Reed Wetland and Protection Study in Baiyangdian. X171.4: 03-0035-04, 1672-1683 Lin, Z. (2018). Ecological urbanism in East Asia: A comparative assessment of two eco-cities in Japan and China.

Landscape and Urban Planning: 179, 90-102 Steiner, F. (2011). Landscape ecological urbanism: Origins and trajectories. Landscape and Urban Planning: 100, 333-337 Wang, B., Liu, J., Zhang, T. & Chen, Q. (2010) Spatial and Temporal Changes of Lankscape Patches in Baiyangdian Wetlands, China. Journal of Agro-Environment Science: 29(10), 1857-1867 Wang, S. & Niu, M. (2009). The Ecological Funtions of Wetland System and the Wetland Ecological Restoration.

Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences: 37(7), 55-57 Wu, T., Wu, M. & Xiao, J. (2008). Dynamics of community succession and species diversity of vegetations in beach wetlands of Hangzhou Bay. Chinese Journal of Ecology: 27(8): 1284-1289 Zhong, P., Yang, Z., Cui, B. & Liu, J. (2005). Studies on water resource requirement for eco-environmental use of the Baiyangdian Wetland. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae: 25(8), 1119-1126

3. APPENDIX 77