INDEX

A

Abscission 44 Absolute dating 253 Acheulean tools 232 Activity patterns 41-43 Activity patterns, types 38 Actograms 41-43 Adaptation 114 Adaptations - for bipedalism 216-217 - NZ parrots 114 Adaptive behaviour 3 Adaptive radiation 150-151, 185 - Darwin's finches 180 - Hebe 164 - ratites 152 - wrens 162-163 Aggressive behaviour 78 Agonistic behaviour 78 Agriculture, and human evolution 241 Agriculture, development of 231 Allelopathy 22 Allopatric speciation 132, 135 Allopolyploidy 136, 138-140 Altruistic behaviour 71-72 Analogous structures 146 Animal behaviour record 68 Animal communication 65-67 Annual rhythms 33 Archaea, domain 169 Archaeopteryx 175 Ardipithecus 220-221 - Ar. kadabba 206 - Ar. ramidus 206-207, 213-214, 219 Art, and human evolution 237-238 Astronomical cycles 33 Attack behaviour, cooperative 76 Australopithecus 204, 220-221 - A. afarensis 204, 206-207, 209, 212, 218, 220 - A. africanus 206-207, 221 - A. anamensis 206 - A. bahrelghazali 206 - A. garhi 206 - A. sediba 206-207 Autopolyploidy 136 Auxin 24-25

B

Bacteria, domain 168 Balanced polymorphism 107 Behaviour 3, 68-78 Behaviour, record 68 Behavioural isolation 129 Beneficial mutation 104-105 Biogeography 178 Biological clocks 34-35 Biological rhythms 36-40 - human 39-40 Biological species 125 Bipedalism, in hominins 215-217 Brain, human 239 Brain, volume of hominins 210-211 Breeding behaviour 90-91 Breeding territories 95 Broca's area, in human speech 239 Brood parasites 92

C

Carrying angle 216 Cave painting 237-238 Chloroplasts, origin 168 Circadian rhythms 36, 38 Circadian rhythms, NZ birds 38 Circalunar rhythm 36 Circannual rhythm 36 Circatidal rhythm 36 Classification, primates 200 Clothing, and human evolution 236 Coevolution 148 Colonisers, oceanic island 179-180 Common ancestor 145 Communication methods 66 Communication 65-67 - bees 18 - evolution of 239 - pheromones 9 Competition 52, 59-60 - intraspecific 80 Conflict behaviour 78 Conserved protein 187 Continental drift, and evolution 181 Convergent evolution 146-147 Cooperative behaviour 71-77 Core area 86 Courtship 90-91 Crepuscular activity 38 Cultural evolution 230-242 Cytochrome c 189

D

Daily rhythms, humans 39 Daily rhythms, plants 45 Darwin's finches - adaptive radiation 180 - natural selection 118-119 Dating methods 253-254 Dating, relative 173 Day length, plant responses to 47 Defensive behaviour, cooperative 75 Denisova cave 250 Denisovan hominin 206, 225, 250 Dentition, trends in human 212 Developmental biology 191 Diastema 202 Directional selection 115, 117-118 Dispersal 11 Dispersal patterns, human 248-249 Disruptive selection 115, 119 Diurnal activity 38 Divergent evolution 145 Divergent evolution, ratites 152 DNA hybridisation 190 DNA, and human evolution 250-251 Dominance hierarchies 78, 82, 84, 85 Dormancy, plants 44

E

Ecological isolation 128 Embryological evidence, for evolution 191 Endogenous rhythm 34-35 Endogenous rhythm 36, 39 Entrainment 35, 43 Environmental cue 34 Ethogram 67 Eukarya, domain 169 Eusocial 70 Evo-devo 192 Evolution 111 - and continental drift 181 - and gene duplication 109-110 - convergent 146-147 - cultural 230-242 - Darwin's finches 118-119, 180 - divergent 145 - evidence for 170 - Hebe 164 - horses 176 - human trends 204-205 - New Zealand invertebrates 157-159 - New Zealand parrots 160-161 - novel forms 192 - rate of change 154 - whales 177, 186 Evolutionary processes 111 Exogenous rhythm 36 Exploitation 52, 58 External cue 36

F

Facultative mutualism 55 Fire, use of 235 Fitness 90, 103, 114 Fixed action pattern 65 Food gathering, cooperative 77 Foraging, ants 18 Foraging, cooperative 77 Foramen magnum 208 Fossil 171-172 Fossil record 173 Fossil, transitional 175-177 Fossils, role in dating 173, 253-255 Founder effect 113 Free-running period 41, 43 Fruit fall 44

G

Galápagos islands 179-180 Gamete isolation 129 Gause's competitive exclusion principle 59 Gene duplication 109-110 Gene flow 111 Genetic bottleneck 113 Genetic code 168 Genetic drift 111, 113 Genetic switches 192 Genetic variation 111 Genotype 103 Geographical barriers 128,132 Geographical isolation 128, 132 - and New Zealand speciation 157-161 Geological history, New Zealand 155-156 Gondwana 155 Gradualism 154 Gravitropism 23, 25-26

H

Habitat isolation 128 Haemoglobin mutation 106-107 Harmful mutation 104, 106-107 Hebe evolution 164 Herbivory 52 Heterozygous advantage 107 Hierarchies 78, 80, 82, 84, 85 Home range 86-88 Homing behaviour 20-21 Hominidae 200 Hominin definition 200 Hominin features 219-226 Hominini 200 Hominoid definition 200 Hominoidea 200 Homo 204-205, 222-226, 251-252, 255 - H. antecessor 206, 225 - H. erectus 204, 206-207, 209, 212, 224 - H. ergaster 206-207, 223 - H. floresiensis 206-207, 224, 252 - H. georgicus 206, 223 - H. habilis 204, 206-207, 209, 212, 222 - H. heidelbergensis 206-207, 225 - H. naledi 206, 255 - H. neanderthalensis 205-207, 209, 226, 251 - H. rudolfensis 206 - H. sapiens 205-207, 209, 212, 226 Homologous proteins 187-188 Homologous structure 185 Homology, anatomical 185 Homology, DNA 190 Homology, protein 187-188 Horse evolution 176 Human biological clock 34

Human birth weight, stabilising selection 116 Human brain 239 Human dispersal, evidence 247 Human evolution 204-207 - agriculture 241 - bipedalism 215-217 - competing models 246-247 - nakedness 216 - permanent settlement 242 Human skull 203 Hybrid breakdown 131 Hybrid inviability 131 Hybrid sterility 131 Hybridisation, Melicytus 139 Hybridisation, wheat 136, 140-141 Hylobatidae 200

I

Index fossil, use in dating 172 Innate response 3 Instant speciation 138-140 Interspecific competition 59-60 Intraspecific competition 80 Isolating mechanisms 128-132

JK

Jet lag 35 Kaka - adaptation 114 - origin 160 Kea - adaptation 114 - origin 160 Kenyanthropus platyops 206 Kin selection 71-73 Kineses 3, 5-6 Klinokinesis 5 Klinotaxis 7

L

Lek system 95 Long-day plant 47 Lucy, skeleton 218

M

Magnetic compass navigation 15 Malaria, and heterozygous advantage 107 Mammals, adaptive radiation in 150-151 Mating systems 94 Mechanical isolation 129 Meiosis, non-disjunction 137 Melatonin, role in sleep 34 Melicytus , evolution in 139 Mesolithic culture 240 Migration 10-17, 111 - birds 14-17 Mitochondria, origin 168 Mobbing behaviour 71 Models of human evolution 246-247 Modern human 205-207, 209, 212, 226 - dispersal patterns 248-249 Modularity, and evolution of body forms 192 Molecular clock hypothesis 189 Molecular phylogenetics 168 Monogamy 94 Mousterian tools 232 Multiregional model, human evolution 246 Mutation 104-108 Mutation 111 Mutualism 52, 54-57

N

Nakedness, human evolution 216 Nastic response 3, 22, 27-28 Natural selection 107, 111, 115-120 Navigation 3 - in ants 18 - in bees 18 - in salmon 21 - mechanisms 15 - migratory birds 14-17 Neanderthal burial 237 Neanderthal interbreeding 251 Neanderthals 205-207, 209, 226, 251 Neolithic culture 241-242 New Zealand birds - adaptation 114 - competition 59 - migration 14, 17 - speciation 145, 160, 162 New Zealand plants - polyploidy 139 - speciation 139, 164 New Zealand, geological history 155-156 New Zealand, speciation 157-161 Niche differentiation 59, 138 Nocturnal activity 38 Non-disjunction 137 Novel forms, evolution of 192

O

Obligatory mutualism 55 Occupation horizon 253 Oceanic island colonisers 179-180 Oldowan tools 232 Orientation behaviour 3-5, 7, 22-26 - round dance 77 Orrorin tugenensis 206-207 Orthokinesis 5 Out of Africa hypothesis, human evolution 247

PQ

Palaeolithic tools 232-234 Paranthropus aethiopicus 206 Paranthropus boisei 206-207, 212, 221 Paranthropus robustus 206-207, 222 Parasitism 52, 54 Parental care 92, 94 Parrots, New Zealand 114, 160 Pentadactyl limb 185 Peppered moths, directional selection 117 Phase shift 41 Phenotype 103 Pheromones 7, 9 Photoperiodism, in plants 46-47 Phototropism 23-24 Phyletic gradualism 154 Phylogenetics 168 Phylogeny, human evolution 206-207 Phytochrome 46 Plant hormones 24-25 - in timing responses 44 Plant responses 22 Plant rhythms 22, 44-45 Polyandry 94 Polygny 94 Polygynandry 94 Polyploidy 136, 138 - in Melicytus 139 - in speciation 136, 138, 140-141 Population change 111 Postzygotic isolating mechanisms 131 Predation 52, 58 Presocial species 70 Prezygotic isolating mechanism 128-129 Primate characteristics 198, 201-202 Primate classification 200 Primate hand 201 Primate, skull features 202-203 Protein homology 187-188 Protein, conserved 189 Pukeko communication 67 Punctuated equilibrium 154

R

Ratites, adaptive radiation 152 Relative dating 173, 254 Replacement model, human evolution 247 Reproductive effort 92-93 Reproductive isolating mechanisms 128-131 Reproductive isolation 132, 138 Reproductive strategies 92 Rhythms, plant 44-45 Ring species 126-127 Rising Star Cave 255 Round dance, bee navigation 18 Seed germination 44 Selection pressure 103 Shelters, human use 236 Short-day plants 47 Sickle cell disease 106-107 Silent mutation 104 Skeleton, adaptations for bipedalism 216-218 Skin colour, humans 120 Skull, human 203 - primate features 202-203 - trends 208-209 Sleep movements, plants 28, 45 Social behaviour and survival 73-74 Social groups, types 69 Social organisation 70 Speciation, defined 132 - allopatric 132-135 - by polyploidy 136, 140-141 - in New Zealand 145, 157-164 - sympatric 138-140 Species formation, stages in 135 Species interactions 3, 52-61 Species, definition 125 Species, Canis 125 Spirituality, and human evolution 237-238 Stabilising selection 115-116, 120 Star compass navigation 15 Stasis 154 Stimuli 4 Stone age tools 232-234 Strata, rock 173 Stratification 44 Sun compass navigation 15 Symbiosis 52 Sympatric speciation 138-140

T

Taxes 3, 7 Temporal isolation 128 Territories 80, 86, 89, 95 Timing behaviour 3 Tools, in human evolution 232-234 Transitional fossil 175-177 Transitional fossil, horse 176 Transitional fossil, whale 177 Trilobite, as index fossils 172 Tropism 3, 22-26

U

Upper Palaeolithic tools 232

V

Valgus angle 216 Variation, defined 103 Vernalisation 44 Vestigial structure 186

W

Waggle dance, bee navigation 18 Wernicke's area 239 Whale evolution 177, 186 Wheat, speciation 136, 140-141 Woodlouse behaviour 5 Wren, adaptive radiation 162-163

XYZ

Zeitgeber 35, 43