Santiago de Chile
Table of Contents
Preface 23 Sascha Roesler Coping with Urban Climates An Introduction Sascha Roesler
I
25
Urban Climates
Geneva (Switzerland): 43 The Architecturalization of Water Ecologies On the Integration of Energy Transition and Climate Adaptation Lorenzo Stieger Santiago de Chile: 71 The Standardization of Indoor–Outdoor Transitions On the Dynamics between Public Spaces and Climate Control Lionel Epiney Chongqing (People’s Republic of China): 97 The Electrification of the Urban Fabric On Governing the Built Environment’s Seasonality Madlen Kobi Cairo (Egypt): 119 The Domestication of Urban Heat On the Everyday Production of Microclimates Dalila Ghodbane
II
Thermal Governance
Architecture and Thermal Governance 147 Six Components Sascha Roesler, Madlen Kobi, Lorenzo Stieger Urban Climate Protocols 161 Visualizing Socio-climatic Differences Sascha Roesler, Madlen Kobi, Lorenzo Stieger, Chandrasekhar Ramakrishnan, Adrian Ehrat ; with the support of Lionel Epiney and Dalila Ghodbane
Appendices Endnotes 211 References 219 Index 227 About the Authors 230 Acknowledgments 233 Illustration Credits 234
21 General expansion plan for the city of Geneva on both banks of the Rhône from the year 1858.
22 Panorama showing people strolling along the Quai du MontBlanc promenade on a sunny summer day in the 1890s. Urban Climates
60
23 Crowded men’s section of Les Bains des Pâquis and many recreational activities at the lake in July 1932.
24 Genève-Plage and its “do your business in the lake” type of toilets, around 1932. 25 The mushroom-shaped showers embody the architectural identity of Genève-Plage in August 1933.
Geneva
61
35 The industrial building of the former Feldschlösschen brewery was converted to mixed use and now also has partly residential space.
36 The adaptable element of the folding door serves as architectural tool of thermal control. View of the kitchen area with its sky window. 37 The two fireplaces in the common and the private area are fired with wood bought at the local wholesale Landi store.
38 The insulation curtains—together with the adaptable green folding wall—permit the design of distinct thermal environments in an otherwise continuous indoor space. 39 Thermal diversity in the studio apartment thanks to curtains and a folding wall.
40 The common room with the fireplace, plants, and a meeting table is used for various occasions in both the summer and winter months. Geneva
69
42 Aerial view of Santiago de Chile, taken in October 1973 a few weeks after the coup d’état, when the sky was still clear (in contrast to nowadays) and the Moneda presidential palace was still smoking due to its bombing (in the bottom-right corner).
77
70 “The Mountain and Water City Chongqing. / 山水重庆.” Chinese stamp depicting Chongqing at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jialing Rivers. China Post, 2014.
71 Washing clothes in Yangtze River near Wanxian (neighbouring town of Chongqing), 1980s.
72 Drying clothes outside of windows, 1988. These buildings with single- glazed windows are characteristic of the socialist period. Urban Climates
98
73 Chongqing Nanshan Thermal Springs in the 1980s.
74 The Three Gorges Dam started to operate in 2012 as the largest hydroelectric power station in the world.
86 Jinyu Tianyi residential compound, cooled entrance hall of a high-rise building.
88 Qiushui Changtian residential compound located on the shore of the Jialing River.
89 Jinyu Tianyi residential compound, compound greening seen from Wang Tong’s apartment.
87 Jinyu Tianyi residential compound, ventilation shaft where split air-conditioning units emit hot air to the urban atmosphere.
110
90 Jinyu Tianyi residential compound, the mostly unused swimming pool in the communal area.
105 Insulating the rooftop of Umm Rania’s apartment. Urban Climates
132
Cairo
133
106–107 Maryam’s apartment. The openings are carefully controlled and shutters are closed.
108 The only source of natural light in Maryam’s apartment is the blurred glass of the bow window in the main living room. Urban Climates
136
110 The built-in fan (shaffāt) in Magda’s kitchen. 111 The “greenhouse” in Magda’s apartment. The sun hitting the steel roof heats the room in the background nicely in winter, but is more constraining in summer.
109 Dr. Hisham’s living room. Considering to its surface area, the apartment has few windows.
Cairo
137
119 Surface Temperature
10 km
Cairo* Chongqing*
middle 40 %
lower 11 % lowest 4% highest 7%
higher 38 %
10km lower 25 %
middle 24 %
lowest 28 %
highest 13 % higher 11 %
10 km
Geneva Santiago de Chile
Thermal Governance
168
10 km middle 40 %
lower 8% lowest 12 %
10km
highest 7% higher 32 %
middle 46 %
lower 20 %
lowest 6% highest 3%
10 km
* incomplete data set
higher 24 %
10km New Urban Climate Protocols
169
141 Santiago de Chile
lowest
lower
lowest
lower
Surface Temperature
Income Distribution
Real-estate Prices
10 km
Topography
Thermal Governance
196
middle
middle
higher
higher New Urban Climate Protocols
highest
10km
10km
10km
10km
10km
10km
highest 10km
197
10km
145 Map of the integrated Water Ecologies of Geneva, highlighting the amalgamation of water-related infrastructures for both the production and conservation of energy and urban microclimates.
Integrated Water Ecologies of Geneva Lake Geneva
Fountain
Other water body
Waterfront iconic architecture
Water protected zone
Waterfront promenade
Permanent acquifer
Main river or stream National border Ferry terminal or jetty Ferry connection
Blue and green landscape corridors
Public beach or park
Groundwater well
Sport field
Hydrodam or hydropower station
Promenade Sentier du Rhône
Main electricity network
Agriculture Forest
Potential hydrothermal zones, GeniLac projects: 1) Genève Lac Nations, 2) Versoix Lac, 3) Genève Lac Aéroport, 4) Pâquis, 5) City Center, 6) Gare Chêne + Rolex, 7) University Hospital Geneva, 8) Jonction, 9) La Praille Acacias Vernets, 10) ZIPLO, 11) Meyrin Les Vergers, 12) Zimeysa GeniLac hydrothermal network GeniLac planned hydrothermal network
Thermal Governance