Small Interventions by Birkhäuser

taBle of contentS Walter nägeli

niloufar tajeri

Preface

Photo SerIeS “lIvIng roomS”

Small InterventIonS and the houSIng queStIon

essays tom aVermaete

the SocIuS of modern archItecture Spatializing the Social and Socializing the Spatial in cIam and team 10

oWen HatHerley

“theSe homeS need PeoPle, theSe PeoPle need homeS” heritage, modernity, and utility in British housing Preservation campaigns

maren HarnacK

WaIt and See Why Some Buildings need time

ProjectS Project data

niloufar tajeri

ProjectS

In converSatIon WIth erIk StenBerg

WorkIng with the orIgInal Structure restructuring apartments in the Post-War modernist Suburb of tensta

① uPPIngegränd 17

② BjörIngePlan 20–22

In converSatIon WIth olIver clemenS, anna Heilgemeir, BernHard Hummel

the Panel remaInS vISIBle housing diversity in a former Prefabricated office Building

⑤ WIlma

③ uPPIngegränd 30

54 ④ BjörIngePlan 24–26

5 Housing Quality tHRougH oPtiMiZation and suffiCienCy a Restrained use of Resources

in ConveRsation witH anne laCaton

aPPRoaCHing buildings fRoM tHe inteRioR a new attitude to transformation

⑦ touR bois le PRêtRe

⑧ 530 dwellings in Cité du gRand PaRC

in ConveRsation witH andReas RuMPfHubeR

Housing CoMPlex as a desiRe MaCHine Rethinking living and working

in ConveRsation witH beat RotHen and biRgit RotHen ⑥ uetlibeRgstRasse / fRauentalweg

⑨ Housing bloCk C

46 MuniCiPal Housing CoMPlexes in vienna

erik StenBerg

Revisiting sweden’s Million PRogRaM eRa Contemporary design strategies for Prefabricated structural systems

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Julia gill

edited standaRds a Plea for greater individuality in standards

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kang zhao

towaRd an exPanded sPatial syntax a tool for describing and transforming architectural space

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niloufaR taJeRi

tRansfoRMed ModeRnisM, ColleCtive ModeRnisM the shift from space-oriented design to Political design Methods in dealing with existing Housing stock

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autHoRs

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bibliogRaPHy

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illustRation CRedits

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iMPRint

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Preface

W. Nägeli

to examine a number of these buildings in the seminar but also to explore in terms of design the possibilities of intervening in existing building structures without destroying them. on the basis of housing estates in berlin, we examined at three different levels whether the existing structures could be made more “flexible” to suit present-day demands and brought up to date. at the level of urban planning, the question was which new functions and uses can produce an urban quality and generate interaction with the city and its public spaces. at the level of the buildings, we looked at communal spaces as an extension of smaller apartments. and at the level of apartments, starting from the different kinds of households, we discussed how new forms of living space can be created through small interventions. from these examinations the concept of small interventions gradually emerged. these are measures derived from the specific analysis of both the residents / occupancy and of the existing structure / typologies. Here the scale played a major role: the small intervention had a different depth when considered in urban scale than on an apartment basis. but it always had to do with a flexible understanding of function and a shortage of spatial means. Small interventions can be understood as a design method that has its own history within modernism. this is clearly apparent when adolf loos’ villa karma in Montreux from 1903 is considered, in which a narrow spatial layer was built around three sides of an existing building. walter segal’s radical technical and social materializations in the english economic crisis of the 1970s are another example, as is the contemporary group of architects that follow anne lacaton and Jean-Phillipe vassal. lacaton and vassal, inspired by vernacular construction in north africa, generated an approach to housing needs freed from any form of ideology. in this way, for instance, lacaton and vassal were able to redefine the opposites “inside– outside.” Small intervention describes an ideal of careful, creative architectural design; it shows respect towards existing structures by analyzing and discerning their qualities and developing them and introduces effective changes based on a sound understanding that overcomes any inherent restrictions in the process. the small intervention opens up architectural design possibilities with its own aesthetic, an understanding of the architect as a mediator who, through his or her analysis, reveals what in fact already exists and on this basis makes design decisions that are comprehensible. this book is intended to encourage people to look at an area of architecture which is, for the most part, largely “invisible,” as the intelligent small–scale measures—whatever level they are introduced at—are more immediately and clearly apparent to the user than to the observer.

PhoTograPhy: Michel BonVin

514 Ways of Living

Built 1974–1977 NumBer of iNhaBitaNts 1,700–2,000 DwelliNg uNits 514 high-rise slab: 314 low-rise buildings: 200 DwelliNg area 36,000 m² greeN aND commoN area 16,000 m² commercial space 1,000 m²

The Pallasseum by Jürgen sawade is known above all on account of the 200-meter-long, high-rise slab with its iconic facade. at the southern end the building rests on a bunker, occasionally tales from the past about harder times when it was known colloquially as the “sozialpalast,” still resonate faintly. Erected between 1974 and 1977 on the site of the former Sportpalast (Palace of sport) this building follows strictly rationalist principles expressed, for example, by the precisely worked-out, highly optimized floor plans. This housing complex has between 1,700 and 2,000 residents—a small city in the city—and we were allowed to visit six of the apartments in order to photograph the living rooms for this series of illustrations: the uniform living room, in each case designed and filled differently with stories, meaning and significance.

Small InterventIonS

new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

niloufaR taJeRi

sMall inteRventions and tHe Housing Question

niloufar tajeri teaches as a research assistant in the area of architectural design at the institute for architectural design, art and theory (ekut) at the kit and is working on her doctorate in the field of architecture theory. she writes for ARCH+, dérive and Volume Magazine, among others.

karen beckmann, Urbanität durch Dichte? Geschichte und Gegenwart der Großwohnkomplexe der 1970er Jahre (bielefeld: transcript, 2015), 13. beckmann assumes that housing construction from the 1960s and 1970s does not represent a continuous further development of modern urban planning but is shaped by a break that occurred at the end of the 1950s. for more on this change of paradigm in architecture, see tom avermaete’s essay, “the socius of Modern architecture: spatializing the social and socializing the spatial in CiaM and team 10,” in the present volume on page 25. 2 ibid., 8–14. 3 Compare the essay by owen Hatherley, “these Homes need People, these People need Homes,” in the present volume on page 33. 1

in recent years the large housing estates and housing complexes found throughout europe that date from the 1960s and 1970s have been given considerable attention. this is due to the fact that they now require extensive renovation and refurbishment work. given the large number of such buildings and the substantial investment that they require, this process is accompanied by an important debate about financing, building conservation, social focal points and demographic change. at the time they were built the slogan “urbanity through density” was a symbol of industrial prefabrication, mass production, optimization of building processes and an understanding of planning as a science. it also represented a departure from the functionalist urban planning of modernism and, in concrete terms, from the large housing estates of the 1950s.1 Consequently efforts to develop forms of housing for a new society often took the form of housing experiments and not infrequently introduced innovative concepts and new building forms paired with the use of new production technologies such as modular building and systems building. during this period two central building typologies emerged: first the large estates and satellite towns of the 1960s—rows of buildings and high-rise structures with extensive open areas between them, and second the large housing complexes of the 1970s—inner city developments with high building and spatial density and a mix of uses.2 at the same time, astonishingly, in dealing with the existing fabric a social and typological examination of the fundamental housing concepts and the forms of housing they produced has remained the exception rather than the rule. Refurbishments include improvements to the housing surroundings, modernizations, thermal retrofits and barrier-free adaptations; in extreme cases the approach to existing buildings has been to vacate and demolish them.3 in the course of the refurbishment measures considerable attention is given to the urban scale—the external appearance, the facade and the surroundings of the housing are the focus—but the suitability of the particular form of housing for

The SociuS of Modern ArchiTecTure

part of The Functional City exhibition in amsterdam’s stedelijke Museum in 1935.10 teaM 10: sPatialiZing tHe soCial while CiaM’s ventures can be understood as attempts to socialize the spatial, the thinking and the projects undertaken by the team 10 group seem to point in the opposite direction. this group of architects—which was composed of personalities like alison and Peter smithson of the uk, aldo van eyck and Jaap bakema of the netherlands, and georges Candilis and shadrach woods working in france—developed an interest in the spatial articulation of social logic and practices. aldo van eyck made a close study of the work of american anthropologist Ruth benedict, while Candilis and woods were fascinated by the urban analyses of french sociologist Paul-Henri Chombart de lauwe. Characteristic of the team 10 architects was an attempt to integrate some of the insights and perspectives of the social sciences into the realm of architecture. one of the best examples of this approach remains aldo van eyck’s interest in the thinking of Martin buber, who in the foreword to erwin anton gutkind's Community and Environment: A Discourse on Social Ecology (1953) stated: “the architects must be given the task to build for human contact, to build an environment which invites human meetings and centers which give these meetings meaning and render them productive.” 11 aldo van eyck would take buber’s appel à l’ordre seriously, and initiate a search for ways to migrate buber’s social notions into the field of architecture. this migration between fields formed the essence of van eyck’s famous circle diagram → 3 , which he presented at the otterlo meeting in 1959. 10 However, after only one day, walter gropius urged the museum to remove the 5-meter-long presentation of panels. the explicit socialization of the spatial was not without danger, gropius argued. He believed that in the cultural climate of 1930s europe, the materialist conception of history that the panels represented was not only critical, but could also be perceived as politically dangerous. 11 Martin buber, foreword to Community and Environment: A Discourse on Social Ecology by erwin anton gutkind (london: watts, 1953), vii–ix. 12 Here, i am treating the first version of the otterlo circles that were presented in person at the otterlo meeting. for a more elaborate discussion of the different versions of van eyck’s otterlo circles, see: francis strauven, Aldo van Eyck: The Shape of Relativity (amsterdam: architectura & natura, 1998), 350–351.

13 aldo van eyck,“dogon: mand-huis-

dorp-wereld,” Forum (July 1967), 53. 14 van eyck’s primary sources for understanding these villages were the works of Marcel griaule. among other works, he cited: Marcel griaule, Dieu d’eau entretiens avec Ogotomêli (Paris: éd. du Chêne, 1948); Marcel griaule and g. dieterlin, “the dogon,” in African Worlds, ed. daryll forde (london: oxford university Press, 1954), 83–110; and the contributions made by griaule to the surrealist magazine Minotaure. another source of inspiration was the work of the american anthropologist Ruth benedict, Patterns of Culture (new york: 1934). 15 g. Calame-griaule, Ethnologie et langage: La Parole chez les Dogons (Paris: 1965), 27. 16 Forum (July 1967); english version in Via 1 (1968), 15. later republished in Meaning in Architecture, eds. Charles Jencks and georges baird (london: barrie & Rockliff, the Cresset Press, 1969).

T. Avermaete

inside the left circle, the dutch architect used three photographs to represent three different traditions in the spatial-formal realm of architecture: the temple of nike in the acropolis of athens, a contraconstruction by van doesburg, and finally a group of houses in the aoulef villages in the algerian sahara.12 inside the right circle, van eyck depicted the relational realm of human society using three images of bronze age sculptures: a sardic statuette of a sitting woman with child, an etruscan statuette of a standing man, and beneath these a Cypriot burial gift, in the form of a round dish decorated with a little community of people. the different archaic images portray the elementary social relations of man-woman-child, as well as of individual-community. van eyck combined the two circles because he believed that the spatial-formal realm of architecture should be structured analogously to the relational realm of human society. as a binding element beneath his two circles, he wrote the following sentence: “Man still breathes in and out. is architecture going to do the same?” van eyck maintained that architecture needed to learn from the ways that, in everyday existence, humans have reconciled the tension between the antipodal fields of interiority– exteriority, mind–matter, permanence–change, and individuality–collectivity. He argued that, correspondingly, architecture should reconcile the polarities it was confronted by in its own spatial–formal realm—polarities such as unity–diversity, part– whole, open–closed, and simplicity–complexity. the aoulef villages in the sahara → 4 played a key role in this perspective, because they represented the so-called “vernacular of the heart.” according to van eyck, their architecture expressed and engaged directly with the symbolic aspirations and needs of the inhabitants. this idea of a “vernacular of the heart” would be developed further in two articles written for the periodicals Forum and Via, in which van eyck cited the dogon villages—built out of dirt and mud—as an example.13 inspired by the work of anthropologists like Marcel griaule and Ruth benedict, he explained how dogon time and space are partitioned using a large variety of symbols.14 the dogon regard the world as “a gigantic human organism, and all its parts as being reproductions of the same image on a smaller or larger scale.” 15 for van eyck, the dogon way of constructing settlements served as a means of rediscovering a meaningful relationship to the built environment—a way of locating or rooting the human being within his environment. in his opinion, the dogon “made the world system graspable, they brought the universe within their measurable confines; they made the world a habitable place, they brought what was ‘outside,’ ‘inside.’” 16

Small InterventIonS

new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

5 the aoulef villages were, accor4 ding to van eyck, the expression of an architecture that engaged directly with the symbolic aspirations and needs of the inhabitants.

the â&#x20AC;&#x153;gamma gridâ&#x20AC;? presented 5 a detailed study of the dwelling practices, building practices, and collective practices of the bidonvilles.

Working with thE originAl StructurE

Erik Stenberg Arkitektkontor

③ uPPingegränD 30 the duplex arcHitects original structure: hsb’s riksförbunds tekniska avdelning project architect: ingmar benckert in collaboration with contractor ohlsson & skarne (s66 architect: jöran curman). renovation: erik stenberg arkitektkontor in collaboration with municipal housing company Familjebostäder ab (Lars björk) Location tensta, stockholm, sweden Year oF constrUction 1967–1971 renoVation 2005–2006 cLient Familjebostäder, municipal housing company organiZationaL MoDeL rental UsabLe area 45+99 m²

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gross FLoor area / totaL 144 m² bUiLDing costs about 500 euros / m²

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➊ uppingegränd 30, floor plan, upstairs. the smaller apartment can function as a separate apartment, or, in the future, be linked to the larger in order for relatives or in-laws to live nearby. a door between the apartments can then be opened up while retaining both separate entrance doors. this allows for a greater degree of independence than traditional in-law housing arrangements. ➋ floor plan, downstairs. the apartment was linked vertically with the apartment upstairs. ➌ living room with new stairs ➍ open kitchen and dining room ➎ children’s room on the top floor

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Small InterventIonS

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new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

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THe PAnel RemAins VisiBle

Arge clemens krug architekten, Bernhard Hummel

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➋ longitudinal section ➌ the ground floor with a public event space, offices, and a barrierfree apartment ➍ floor plan of a barrier-free 12-person residential community with children, 2nd floor.

➎ various insertions in the corridor—closet, vestibule, and stairs— articulate the 3rd floor. ➏ three rooms knocked together to create a generously sized living and cooking area characterizes the maisonette on the 4th floor.

➐ on the mixed story at 5th floor level, there are cluster dwelling units, which share hallway, storage space, communal kitchen, and guest apartment. ➑ on the 6th floor there are five apartment types that extend

through the depth of the building, three of which are maisonettes— this gives the impression of a “house within a house.”

Small InterventIonS

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new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

HouSIng QualIty tHrougH oPtImIzatIon and SuffIcIency

In converSatIon WItH Beat rotHen and BIrgIt rotHen

the office of Beat rothen architektur was founded in Winterthur in 1989. Since then the practice has carried out numerous projects, including many in the area of housing and housing development. following on the monograph Beat Rothen: wohnbau aus dem Jahr 2005, a book on the work of Beat rothen appeared in 2011 in the series De aedibus: Contemporary architects and their buildings. the book Noerd: Das Gewerbehaus der Kreativen was published in the Edition hochparterre in 2012.

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exterior view, uetlibergstrasse

Beat rothen architektur

HouSIng QualIty tHrougH oPtImIzatIon and SuffIcIency a restrained use of resources

⑥ UetLibergstrasse / FraUentaLWeg apartments extending through Depth of building

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Small InterventIonS

In what kind of condition was the building when you first examined it? the property did not live up to present-day ʶ standards. the decision to renovate the building was initiated by its owners, Swiss re, who wanted to improve it and adapt it to more suitable standards by undertaking a limited number of measures. Swiss re assessed the condition of the building in detail and analyzed the possible renovation scenarios, which provided the basis for the planned improvements. We were then given these documents along with other architectural offices from which a clear outline for the renovation works could be developed. We competed for the project by sketching a qualifying design that interpreted the necessary architectural improvements needed, which had been provided by Swiss re. We were selected and won the competition. the four- to seven-story apartment buildings were erected in 1968 as part of a large-scale development. the client had decided to carry out an overall renovation of the vacated properties. the buildings were found to be architecturally sound: they also showed an understanding of proportion. for example, the arrangement of windows was very carefully balanced and the floor plans of the apartments, while being simply structured, were well-thought-out. However, they were no longer up to date and the private outdoor areas were too small. In addition, a thermal retrofit was necessary. the mix of apartments no longer met current needs— the property had far too many very small apartments (1.5 room apartments) and too few larger apartments. moreover, in a number of the small apartments the orientation was not well thought out. ʹ

In your project you concentrated on carefully considered interventions and small-scale transformations of the existing building. What was your main intention in retaining the basic structures of the building? ʶ In order to improve the structure of the apartments it was not necessary to undertake any major changes to the overall structure, as the existing buildings provided a starting point with an essentially good basic structure. to spatially improve most of the apartments only minor interventions were necessary. With just a few measures such as slight changes to the kitchens and bathrooms a decisive improvement of the internal layout of most of the apartments could be achieved. on the standard floors of the existing buildings it was possible to combine two small apartments to create a larger apartment extending through the depth of the building. In this way diversification, i.e. an expansion of the range of apartments offered could be achieved, while retaining the existing structures. this realization led us to leave the basic structure essentially as it was.

new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

In this way diversification, i.e. an expansion of the range of apartments offered, could be achieved while retaining the existing structures. Were any specific strategies employed that could be used for other buildings? Which interventions offer examples for other projects? ʶ the strategy is to work in a way that is based on the notion of sufficiency, i.e. intelligent and restrained use of resources and concentration on quality rather than quantity. this means that in buildings scheduled for refurbishment the only measures employed are those needed to enable the next generation to live in them. following a detailed analysis by the clients and the architects it must be decided which measures are to be taken to ensure that the apartments can be rented out for the next decades. the new targeted rents were also defined from this viewpoint. the precise analysis of the existing apartment floor plans revealed a number of simple ways in which the apartments could be restructured. Perhaps the exemplary aspect of this project is the way in which interventions in the building structure (many of them small in scale) allowed the range of apartments in a property to be improved and the internal layout of the apartments made considerably more attractive. Here the concentration on improving the residential quality in spatial terms was more important than improvements in the fitting-out standard. Some of the surfaces and materials in the interior were retained and restored, such as, for instance, the floor slabs in the staircase area. the kitchens and bathrooms were fitted-out to the simplest standards using ordinary materials. only the most essential measures were taken in renovating the existing underground garage and it was visually upgraded somewhat through the use of color in places. the landscape architects augmented the design of the outdoor spaces throughout the development in a simple way by making modest interventions at specific places. → 81 ʹ

ApproAching BuiLDings from the interior

Lacaton & Vassal – Druot

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new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

Small InterventIonS

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➋–➍ the inhabited extension layers ➎ the regular floor plan after refurbishment ➏ the extension concept which was first implemented in the tour Bois le Prêtre

KTER

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Housing ComplEx As A DEsiRE mACHinE

Andreas Rumpfhuber, Expanded Design

46 munIcIPal HouSIng comPlexeS In vIenna a Study on Increasing functional density arcHitects andreas rumpfhuber, expanded Design, Vienna Location Vienna, austria originaLLY bUiLt 1950–1980 nUMber oF DWeLLing Units 50,000 dwellings / potentially double this figure cLient city of Vienna organiZation MoDeL a non–profit housing and work cooperative that is to be newly founded bUiLDing costs in the framework of the Viennese housing subsidy legislation: 1,590 euro / m²

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� ➊ exemplary implementation of the desire machine in the Per albin Hanson housing complex ➋ the general urban planning principle defines which part of the landscape remains in its existing state, which part can be built on, 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 where special forms are possible, STATUS QUO: VIRTUELLE WIEDERHOLUNG DEFINITION DER MENGE B MENGE ERSCHLIESSUNG ADDITION &A CVIRTUELLE VIRTUELLE WIEDE DEFINITION DER ERSCHLIESSUNG MENGE B ERSCHLIESSUNG STATUS QUO: QUO:STATUS QUO: and how the complexes are accessed. VIRTUELLE WIEDERHOLUNG DEFINITION DER MENGE B ERSCHLIESSUNG ADDITIO STATUS WIEDERHOLUNG DEFINITION DER B S WOHNBLOCK AUF ABSTRAKTER DER BEBAUUNG A WOHNBLOCK AUF ABSTRAKTER WOHNBLOCK AUF ABSTRAKTER DER BEBAUUNG A DERABEBAUUNG A ➌ In the urban plan the existWOHNBLOCK AUF ABSTRAKTER DER BEBAUUNG D A A S C A ing development is repeated A A C’ EBENE EBENE EBENE EBENE B B in B D B S the building depth, but its layout A differentiated. this makes a variB C’ A’ A’ B’ ety of layouts and B’ spatial relationships possible between the existing A’ A’ building and the buildings added to increase density. ➋

1 DEFINITION DER MENGE B

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new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

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Small InterventIonS

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MÖGLICHE WIEDERHOLUNG DER BEBAUUNG ALS DIFFERENZ BGF A = BGF A’ B

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Housing ComplEx As A DEsiRE mACHinE

the new development aims at increasing the amount of time that the architecture is used for. ʹ

What was your main intention in leaving the buildings as they are? ʶ the existing buildings have enormous potential as far as the floor plans are concerned.6 at the same time, however, precast concrete construction methods hardly allow for any structural intervention. although the proposed design takes the existing development of the urban form into account, in the future it can continue to function without the presently existing buildings. ʹ Is there a system behind the approach? ʶ the essential principle of the project is differentiation in repetition. on the one hand the principle of the Wgg is repeated, while, on the other, by adding work as an aspect of its design it is expanded. In the urban planning, the building depth of the existing development is partly repeated, but the layout is differentiated. the internal organization uses the principles of existing housing construction but detaches itself from the paradigm of the spatially continuous residential system and in this way creates a different dynamic for the way people live together. the housing of the existing complexes is integrated into the system and a new interaction develops between old and new. ʹ

In your view, through which concept can a fundamental improvement to the housing structure be achieved? Which intervention has led to a new housing typology? the project attempts to imagine the animation ʶ of existing districts through (self-organized) work. However, this animation is not a kind of occupational therapy à la Club Med or Luna Park, but has as its goal the implementation of its own economy, which has the potential to exert an influence on the city. the size and capital strength of non-profit cooperatives called for by austrian legislation is of immense importance for this conceptual experiment in order to create local, socially organized work outside major concerns. See the comparison of floor plans by maren Harnack in this book, p. 41, for examples from london, and the 6

examples from Stockholm in the contribution by erik Stenberg, p. 107.

Andreas Rumpfhuber, Expanded Design

In principle the project repeats a housing model that is found in the vast majority of the existing buildings. ninety percent of all dwellings in vienna (private, state subsidized, and municipal) are a and B apartments. With an average of 2.02 people per apartment, 45 percent of the dwellings in vienna are one-person households and 39 percent two-person. consequently in the new development there are only a and c dwellings. the areas released as a result of this are occupied by communal spaces and a new type x (currently c. 20 square meters) and by workshops as special forms. type x is a strategic “vacant space” that be rented short, medium or long-term as residential or workspace and therefore provides a resource for different forms of living and occupation. through the introduction of type x and the emphasis on communal spaces the focus shifts to living together in a community, yet the withdrawal into private space remains unquestioned. at the moment efforts are being made to simulate the model logistically in order to define strategic vacancy. moreover, in this way it is possible to estimate when such a system becomes dynamic. at the same time the communal spaces are upgraded and, through the shift in living and work rhythms, better utilized. much the same applies to the workshop that can be used by various trades but also by private individuals or by schools at different times. as I see it, it is important to establish a difference from projects that generally propose an open office landscape for ground floor zones in which the new self-employed persons can gather. designs of this kind suggest a community analogous to a factory shed, which, seen historically, was a space not only of exploitation but also of collectivization. Such solutions overlook the differences in quality between factory work and the new forms of creative work, which shift between group and individual work. and so I suggest work cells, in which concentrated individual work can be done, and communal spaces with different qualities, which serve collectivization. ʹ

can any challenges in implementing this project be foreseen? ʶ the challenge for a pilot project is how best to integrate the residents of the existing complexes. In particular the difficulty lies in the fact that the project is not primarily a “participatory” design, in which the way a building should look is negotiated, but a participatory process that asks how the complexes can be used and how people can live there together.

Small InterventIonS

New Ways of Living in Post-War Modernism

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ESSayS ErIk StEnbErg rEvISItIng SwEdEn’S MIllIon PrograM Era Contemporary design Strategies for Prefabricated Structural Systems.

JulIa GIll EDItED StaNDarDS a Plea for greater Individuality in Standards

kang ZHao toward an ExPandEd SPatIal Syntax a tool for describing and transforming architectural Space

NIlOuFar taJErI tranSforMEd ModErnISM, CollECtIvE ModErnISM the Shift from Space-oriented design to Political design Methods in dealing with Existing Housing Stock

“In fact, due to the high quality of the original structures and their high degrees of standardization, modularization, and prefabrication, buildings from the Million Program Era are some of the most perfectly suited buildings to being altered to fit contemporary society.”

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“It is possible to achieve higher residential quality, a greater sense of identification and a wider reflection of urban diversity in large housing estates— for example through the strategies described here. However, without state involvement and long-term social commitment, a socially acceptable development of the existing buildings will not be possible.”

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“Considering that space carries both physical and social attributes, there is a need within the field to establish an extended version of these analytical tools—one that can abstract spatial structure and simultaneously describe the social and qualitative characteristics of space.”

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“architects develop strategies for the adaptation of existing buildings to meet new needs and for improving social spaces together with the residents—consequently making them public. at the same time they can call upon politicians to finance specific instruments in order to implement these strategies. this would support the concept of social housing, while at the same time redefining it.”

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Toward an ExpandEd SpaTial SynTax

K. Zhao

storage living room kitchen dining room bathroom bedroom

k+d b ba wC l L l+d

3. Margret duinker, etc.: wagenaarstraat / van swindenstraat amsterdam-dapperbuurt, the netherlands, 1989

WC ba

2. le Corbusier: unité d'Habitation boulevard Michelet, Marseille, france, 1946–1947

l b

K ba

l b

1. architect unknown: flats in three-story blocks britain, 1949

d k

4. alvar aalto: Hansaviertel klopstockstrasse 30, 32, berlin-tiergarten, germany, 1956–1957

WC ba

l+d K

6. diener & diener: Hammerstrasse / bläsiring, basel, switzerland, 1978–1981

b WC ba

l ba

b l

b K

5. diener & diener: Hammerstrasse / bläsiring, basel, switzerland, 1978–1981

7. Johannes uhl, etc.: Rheinbabenallee 23-27, berlin-grunewald, germany, 1980–1982

8. gustav Peichl: schloßstraße, berlin-tegel, germany, 1984–1989

b K b ba ba

ba d

b b l

K l

9. Josep Puig torné, etc.: Villa Olimpica barcelona, spain, 1991

10. Jörg Herkommer, etc.: Boxberg, Heidelberg, germany, 1969–1971

11. Hilde léon, etc.: Schlesische Straße / taborstraße Berlin-Kreuzberg, germany, 1993

Small InterventIonS

new Ways of living in Post-War modernism

tyPe ab

1. architect unknown: flats in three-story blocks britain, 1949

2. le Corbusier: unité d'habitation boulevard Michelet, Marseille, france, 1946–1947

5. diener & diener: Hammerstrasse / bläsiring, basel, switzerland, 1978–1981

Y/N Y/N

7. Johannes uhl, etc.: Rheinbabenallee 23–27, berlin-grunewald, germany, 1980–1982

6. diener & diener: hammerstrasse / Bläsiring, basel, switzerland, 1978–1981

123

tyPe ba

3. Margret duinker, etc.: wagenaarstraat / van swindenstraat amsterdam-dapperbuurt, the netherlands, 1989

4. alvar aalto: Hansaviertel klopstockstraße 30, 32, berlin-tiergarten, germany, 1956–1957

8. gustav peichl: schloßstraße, berlin-tegel, germany, 1984–1989

Y Y/N

10. Jörg Herkommer, etc.: Boxberg, heidelberg, germany, 1969–1971

11. Hilde léon, etc.: schlesische straße / taborstraße berlin-kreuzberg, germany, 1993

9. Josep Puig torné, villa olimpica barcelona, spain, 1991

selected examples of differ7 8 ent typologies of modern residential units and their corresponding

Y Y

diagrams in the new approach to space syntax.

138

bIblIograPHy

bIblIograPHy 17

SMall IntErvEntIonS and tHE HouSIng QuEStIon niloufar tajeri

Markus ritter and Martin Schmitz, eds., Lucius Burckhardt. Der kleinstmögliche Eingriff oder die Rückführung der Planung auf das Planbare (berlin: Martin Schmitz, 2013). karen beckmann, Urbanität durch Dichte? Geschichte und Gegenwart der Großwohnkomplexe der 1970er Jahre (bielefeld: transcript, 2015).

tHE SoCIuS of ModErn arCHItECturE tom avermaete

Charlton lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary (new york: american book Company, 1890). otto wagner, Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to This Field of Art, trans. Harry f. Mallgrave (Santa Monica: getty Center for the History of art and the Humanities, 1988). Michael Hays, “Critical architecture: between Culture and form,” Perspecta 21 (1984). Eric Paul Mumford, The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928 – 1960 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIt Press, 2000). Max risselada and dirk van den Heuvel, team 10, et al., Team 10: 1953 – 81, in Search of a Utopia of the Present (rotterdam: nai, 2005). “declaration of la Sarraz,” 1928. reprinted in Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-century Architecture, ed. ulrich Conrads (Cambridge, Mass.: MIt Press, 1970). Martin Steinmann, CIAM = Internationale Kongresse Für Neues Bauen = Congrès Internationaux D’architecture Moderne: Dokumente 1928–1939 (basel: birkhäuser, 1979). Martin buber, foreword to Community and Environment: A Discourse on Social Ecology by Erwin anton gutkind (london: watts, 1953). francis Strauven, Aldo Van Eyck: The Shape of Relativity (amsterdam: architectura & natura, 1998). aldo van Eyck, “dogon: mand-huis-dorp-wereld,” Forum (July 1967). Marcel griaule, Dieu d’eau entretiens avec Ogotomêli (Paris: Éd. du Chêne, 1948). Marcel griaule and g. dieterlin, “the dogon,” in African Worlds, ed. daryll forde (london: oxford university Press, 1954).

ruth benedict, Patterns of Culture (new york: 1934). geneviève Calame-griaule, Ethnologie et langage: La Parole chez les Dogons (Paris: 1965). Forum (July 1967); English version in Via 1 (1968). Charles Jencks and georges baird, eds., Meaning in Architecture (london: barrie & rockliff, the Cresset Press, 1969). aldo van Eyck, The Child, the City and the Artist (unpublished stenciled book, 1962). bruno de rotalier, “les yaouleds (enfants des rues) de Casablanca et leur participation aux émeutes de décembre 1951,” Revue d’histoire de l’enfance irrégulière 4 (2002). E. Mauret, “Problèmes de l’équipement rural dans l’aménagement du territoire,” L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui 60 (1955). louis althusser, “Ideologie et appareils idéologiques d’État (notes pour une recherche)," La Pensée 151 (1970): 3 – 38; translated as “Ideology and Ideological State apparatuses: notes towards an Investigation” by ben brewster in Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (new york: Monthly review, 2002).

waIt and SEE Maren Harnack

Paul balchin and Maureen rhoden, Housing Policy: An Introduction (london and new york: routledge, 2002). rory Carroll, “How did this become the height of fashion?” Guardian G2 (March 11, 1999). tilman Harlander and gerd kuhn, eds., Soziale Mischung in der Stadt (Stuttgart: karl krämer, 2012). Maren Harnack, Rückkehr der Wohnmaschinen. Sozialer Wohnungsbau und Gentrifizierung in London (bielefeld: transcript, 2012). Jane lovatt, “Centre forward,” Observer Magazine (March 23, 2003). Clare Melhuish, The Life & Times of the Brunswick, Bloomsbury (london: Camden History Society, 2006). Stefan Muthesius and Miles glendinning, Tower Block: Modern Public Housing in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (new Haven and london: yale university Press, 1994). Steen Eiler rasmussen, London, the unique city (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961 (1934)). Martin richardson et al., “building Study. Housing in north kensington,” Architects’ Journal 10 (1973).

Small InterventIonS

Coming home to Trellick, “Safe neighbourhoods unit” (london: unpublished, 1987). Stuart tappin et al., The Brunswick Project: Visions of Space and Sanctuary (london: unpublished, 2003). aPProaCHIng buIldIngS froM tHE IntErIor In conversation with anne lacaton frédéric druot, Jean-Philippe vassal, and anne lacaton, PLUS. Les grands ensembles de logements—Territoires d’ exception (barcelona: gg, 2004). 82

HouSIng CoMPlEx aS a dESIrE MaCHInE In conversation with andreas rumpfhuber

Johannes göderitz, roland rainer, and Hubert Hoffmann, Die gegliederte und aufgelockerte Stadt (tübingen: Ernst wasmuth, 1957). andreas rumpfhuber, Wunschmaschine Wohnbau (vienna: Sonderzahl, 2016).

107

rEvISItIng SwEdEn’S MIllIon PrograM Era Erik Stenberg

thomas Hall and Sonja vidén, “the Million Homes Programme: a review of the great Swedish Planning Project,” Planning Perspectives 20 (2005). Sonja vidén and gunilla lundahl, eds., Miljonprogrammets bostäder: bevara—förnya—förbättra (Stockholm: Statens råd för byggnadsforskning, 1992). thomas Hall, ed., Rekordåren: en epok i svenskt bostadsbyggande (karlskrona: boverket, 1999). lisbeth Söderqvist, Rekordår och miljonprogram: flerfamiljshus i stor skala: en fallstudiebaserad undersökning av politik, planläggning och estetik (Stockholm: Stockholms universitet, 1999). birgitta Johansson, ed., Formas Fokuserar 20: Miljonprogrammet—utveckla eller avveckla? (Stockholm: formas, 2012). Evaluation of Swedish Architectural Research 1995 – 2005, formas Evaluation report 7 (Stockholm, 2006). God Bostad 1960, kungliga bostadsstyrelsens Skrifter 24 (Stockholm). Erik Stenberg, ed., Structural Systems of the Million Program Era (Stockholm: ktH, 2013).

New Ways of Living in Post-War Modernism

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gösta andersson, “flerfamiljshus med stomelement av betong,” in Byggmästaren 6 (1968). gösta andersson, Svenska elementbyggsystem för flerfamiljshus 1 & 2, byggforskningen, Informationsblad 7 & 8 (1968). tatjana Schneider and Jeremy till, Flexible Housing (oxford: architectural Press, 2007). Pedro alonso and Hugo Palmarola, Panel (london: architectural association, 2014). roger andersson, I. Molina, E. Öresjö, l. Pettersson, and C. Siwertsson, RESTATE report 2i: Large Housing Estates in Sweden (utrecht university: faculty of geosciences, 2003). Urbant utvecklingsarbete—delrapportering av regeringsuppdrag. Rapport 2013:6 (karlskrona: boverket, 2013). Hans lind and Stellan lundström, Uppsats 44 Affären Gårdsten—Har förnyelsen av Gårdsten varit lönsam? (Stockholm: ktH Institutionen för fastigheter och byggande, 2008). Catharina thörn, Irene Molina et al., Bostadsvrålet på Tensta Konsthall (2014). Sabo, Hem för miljoner: förutsättningar för upprustning av miljonprogrammet—rekordårens bostäder (Stockholm: Sabo, 2009). C. björk, P. kallstenius, and l. reppen Så byggdes husen 1880 – 1980 (Stockholm: Statens råd för byggnadsforskning, 1984). karin rutström, Miljonprogrammets förnyelse: inspiration till en helhetssyn (Stockholm: rådet för byggkvalitet [bQr], 2008). laila reppen and Sonja vidén, Att underhålla bostadsdrömmen: kvaliteter och möjligheter i flerbostadshus från åren 1961–1975 (Stockholm: formas, 2006). nilson Samuelsson, ed., Förändra varsamt: vägledning vid ombyggnader av rekordårens bebyggelse (Stockholm: riksantikvarieämbetet, 2004). boverket, Flerbostadshusens förnyelse: behov och förutsättningar, 2002 / 03 (karlskrona: boverket, 2003). ohlsson & Skarne, Typ Skarne 66—Typhus med flexibla och elastiska lägenheter konstruerad enl system S-66 (unpublished, 1972). J. Curman, u. gillberg, and a. Skarne, En elementbyggd låghusstad (A pre-fabricated low-rise housing estate) (Stockholm: ohlsson & Skarne, 1969). bertil olsson and rolf nilsson, Anpassbara bostäder i flerfamiljshus. Institutionen för Byggnadsfunktionslära (tekniska högskolan i lund, 1969). Erik Stenberg, “restructuring Swedish Modernist Housing,” in Nordic Journal of Architecture 3, vol. 2 (2012). Ivar duvhök, Lite om Abetongs medverkan: utdrag ur boken om Abetong (unpublished, 2004).