Jade Bridges

Protection Materials for Increased Performance & Reliability of LED Systems

Jade Bridges

Technical Manager Electrolube

Correct product selection is imperative to ensure LED performance and lifetime. Jade Bridges, Electrolube’s Global Technical Support Manager, highlights the use of LEDs in various environments and introduce how to specify appropriate protection under such conditions.

LED applications are becoming increasingly more diverse; design requirements, location or the function of the product are all elements that prove the challenges that face LED designers are continually evolving. LEDs, like most electronic devices will perform well until external influences start to deteriorate performance. Such influences can include the electrostatic attraction of dust, humid or corrosive environments, chemical or gaseous contamination, as well as many other possibilities. It is therefore extremely important that the end use environment is considered in detail to ensure the correct products can be chosen.

The LED lighting market is expected to grow into a $70 billion industry by 2020, taking a 70% market share in just 5 years (Forbes). This growth is attributed to the advantages LEDs offer over traditional lighting forms in terms of adaptability, lifetime and efficiency. It is therefore easy to understand why LED lighting is being used in a vast array of applications including domestic lamps, industrial lighting for factories, lighting for marine environments, architectural lighting and designs, to name just a few.

Comparing the environmental conditions in a standard architectural lighting application with that of a marine environment can help us to understand the potential causes of LED deterioration. In an architectural lighting application, it is possible that the LED itself is covered due to the design of the unit, or that the orientation of the LED is such that it is only likely to be exposed to general changes in ambient temperature and humidity. In a marine environment, it is possible that an LED light may be splashed or immersed in salt water and in all cases, it will be in a salt mist environment for the majority of its operating life. Conditions with high salt can cause corrosion on PCBs and thus dramatically reduce performance much faster than general conditions of varying humidity. Typically, conformal coatings and encapsulation resins are used to offer a high level of protection in each of these environments.

Conformal coatings are thin lacquers which conform to the contours of a PCB, allowing good protection without adding any significant weight or volume to the board. They are typically applied at 25-75 microns and are easy to apply by spraying or dipping techniques. For protecting over the top of LEDs, it is crucial that the coating used has good clarity and that it remains clear throughout the lifetime of the product in the desired environment, i.e. the coating may be required to have good UV stability if the product is outdoors. Thus, the best type of conformal coatings are based on acrylic chemistry, offering both the clarity and colour stability combined with excellent humidity and salt mist protection.

Graph 1 – Comparison of conformal coating performance in a salt mist environment

Typically, acrylic conformal coatings are solvent-based products, where the solvent used is a carrier fluid to allow a thin film of resin to be deposited on the substrate. The solvents used are classified as VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds); as this solvent is only present on the LED for a few minutes during the application stage, it is not considered a long term issue for most systems. In some cases, LED manufacturers do have specific requirements regarding the use of products containing VOCs, as well as other specific chemicals, and these will be listed in the LED literature. In general, a chemical compatibility check will assist in confirming if a solvent-based

conformal coating is suitable for use with the desired LED; conformal coating manufacturers such as Electrolube can assist with such testing.

Image 1 – Typical Colour Temperature Bands for LEDs

As well as considering the effect of the coating applied on the LED, it is also important to understand the effect on colour temperature. Colour temperature shift has been an ongoing issue when considering the type of protection media to use and it is understood that no matter what material is placed directly over the LED, it will cause an interaction that leads to a colour temperature shift. This shift is typically from a warm temperature to a cooler temperature and will vary between different LED types and colour temperature bands. In addition, it will also differ depending on the protection material applied. This is another area where acrylic conformal coatings, such as Electrolube’s AFA, offer advantages over other chemistry and product types. In Graph 2, the results of colour temperature shift of a ‘warm’ light LED are provided. Different thicknesses and cure mechanisms have been utilised in order to highlight the possible changes in colour temperature. The red lines indicate the boundaries of the particular type of LED used; i.e. the colour temperature could be anywhere between these lines when the LED is purchased. Graph 2 – Colour Temperature Shift Example – Electrolube AFA The thin and thick coatings referred to above represent the typical minimum and maximum thickness that conformal coatings are applied, i.e. 25 and 75 microns. By applying such a thin film, the colour temperature shift is minimised and in turn is manageable within the same boundaries given by the LED manufacturer (as indicated by the red lines on the graph). In an ideal world, conformal coatings would be applied to all LED applications due to their ease of application, minimal effect on volume and weight of the unit, versatility in use and finally, their effect on colour temperature shift. As we all know, it is often not possible to have one solution for all applications, however. Conformal coatings offer an excellent level of protection in humid and salt mist environments, as shown above, however they do not provide the highest level of protection in environments with frequent immersion in water, chemical splashes and also corrosive gas environments. It is in such situations that we advise the consideration of an encapsulation resin to offer the increased level of protection. Encapsulation resins are also available in a number of different chemistry types, including epoxy, polyurethane and silicone options. Typically epoxy resins offer tougher protection in terms of mechanical influences but they do not offer the flexibility of the other chemistries, which can lead to problems during thermal cycling, for example. In addition, standard epoxy systems do not offer the clarity and colour stability of other systems. Silicone resins do offer excellent clarity and also perform well in temperature extremes, whereas polyurethane resins offer a combination of good flexibility, clarity and a high level of protection in harsh environments. Graph 3 shows the difference in clarity of the three resin chemistry types by examining the colour differences of the resins after 1000 hours UV exposure, thus highlighting the stability of each resin in outdoor conditions. It is evident that the silicone and polyurethane resin outperform the standard epoxy system

in this case.

Graph 3 – Comparison of standard resin chemistries after 1000 hours exposure to UV light

Comparing the performance of various products in harsh environments can also highlight preferential product choice based on the end-use conditions. For example, Graph 4 illustrates the effect of corrosive gas environments on an acrylic conformal coating, a polyurethane resin and a silicone resin by examining the % reduction in luminous flux of the LED after exposure to a mixed gas environment. These results clearly illustrate the importance of choosing the correct product for the environment. Although the conformal coating does not deteriorate in terms of its surface insulation resistance in a corrosive gas environment, it is not an adequate protection for LEDs as it allows the gas to pass through the thin coating and penetrate the LED, thus degrading its performance over time. A similar effect is also seen with the silicone resin, however in this case, despite the protection layer being considerably thicker (2mm vs. 50 microns) the gas is still able to pass through the resin and affect the LED. When you compare the result

of the silicone resin to the polyurethane material it is evident that there is a difference in performance exhibited by these two chemistry types as the silicone resin is permeable to the gas whereas the polyurethane resin at the same thickness, is not. In such cases, an optically clear polyurethane resin, such as Electrolube UR5634, would be the most suitable protection media to prevent the corrosive gases from adversely affecting the LED.

Graph 4 – Change in luminous flux after exposure to mixed corrosive gas

Polyurethane resins have been highlighted as suitable resins for the protection of LEDs in a number of different environments, In addition, they can also be adapted to offer additional benefits, such as pigmented systems used for covering the PCB up to, but not over, the LED. Such resins are used for protection of the PCB, offering an aesthetically pleasing finish whilst adding to the performance of the luminaire by reflecting the light off the PCB and increasing light output. There are also specialist resins that can be used to diffuse the light from the LED. Resins such as Electrolube UR5635 can offer two solutions in one; protection from the surrounding environment and diffusion of light, potentially eliminating the need for diffuser covers and caps.

Image 2 – L to R: Comparison of diffusing (UR5635) and clear (UR5634) polyurethane resins

Encapsulation resins clearly offer a high level of protection in a range of environments and can be tailored to suit application requirements either by choice of chemistry type or by adaption of the formulation of a particular resin. It is important to return back to the subject of colour temperature shift, however. Earlier in this article we discussed the minimal effect on colour temperature exhibited by thin film conformal coatings. When comparing the thicknesses of conformal coating to encapsulation resins it is evident that part of the increased level of protection that resins offer is due to the ability to apply a much thicker layer. Resins can be applied at 1-2mm or at much greater depths, however this depth will also have an effect on the level of colour temperature shift observed.

Graph 5 below shows the typical colour temperature shift of LEDs covered with different thicknesses of polyurethane resin. It is clear that the thickness directly correlates to the degree of colour temperature shift, thus highlighting another important consideration when choosing suitable protection media. We do know that colour temperature shift will occur but the important consideration is the repeatability of the shift for the LED used. If the shift is consistent, the change can be accounted for by re-considering the original LED colour temperature band, for example.

Graph 5 – Effect of resin thickness on colour temperature shift

This article has discussed the various considerations required when choosing protection for an LED system. Evaluating the environment is essential to successfully specifying a product, both in terms of end-use performance and suitability for production processes. Conformal coatings offer the best combination of ease of application and incorporation into the design, with an excellent level of protection in humid and salt mist environments. They also exhibit the lowest effect on colour temperature due to the low thickness applied. When conditions become more challenging, the switch to encapsulation resins is advised. In this case, the choice between chemistry types will be dictated by the end-use conditions and particular environmental influences. In addition, the thickness of resin applied should be considered to ensure sufficient protection is achieved whilst minimising the effect on colour temperature shift where possible. By ensuring efficient heat dissipation and protection from external environments, the efficiency and lifetime of LED systems can be increased. LED systems can now also be used in a wider range of environments and by offering LED designers support through considered material development, Electrolube are continually providing support for this ever evolving industry.

IoT Applications That Are Reshaping Agriculture Technology

- AERIS COMMUNICATIONS

IoT innovations for small agricultural operations can significantly increase profit margins by minimizing the need for manual labour with automation, expediting machinery commands with remote and real-time monitoring, and allowing farmers to utilize resources more efficiently with preventative maintenance and environmental prediction. Mass embracement of these technology advancements in agriculture will allow small land holding farmers to manage more acreage, provide higher potential for profit, and higher yields on the upfront investments.

Following are five areas of innovation in farming technology that demonstrate how IoT is reshaping the agricultural landscape -

1. Environment and Micro-Climate Tracking

IoT is transforming traditional semi-automated weather stations into wireless units that give core climate framework information and give exact micro-climate data. These weather monitoring units alert farmers through an application on their phone or data center when acute risks, such as damaging frosts and heat waves, arise in areas local to their farms.

2. Real-Time Asset Monitoring

With assets distributed over several acres of land, travel, labour, and time; expenses can be cut by diminishing crossproperty excursions to investigate fluid, fuel, feed tanks, ponds, and comparable resources. IoT monitoring technology does precisely that, permitting farmers to continuously track resource usage rates and improve delivery truck schedules to have the perfect measure of fuel, water, or feed available consistently. Preventative maintenance is a strong suit of IoT technology. It is accomplished by equipping machineries, such as mining pumps, generators, and wind machines, with embedded IoT sensors. The technology alerts farmers in real-time when potential failures arise, eliminating the requirement for indepth, hands-on diagnosis. Preventative maintenance for agricultural machinery can minimize unexpected costs and machine downtime due to progressive damages caused by overlooked issues leading to machine failure.

3. Remote Equipment Controls

Like monitoring assets, remote equipment can be controlled from centralized data centers, and even smartphones and wireless devices, to reduce travel time and costs. Remote power throttling can minimize electricity usage on equipment like generators, wind machines, pumps and valves located throughout the property. Equipment can be powered on or off at any time of the day from anywhere to expedite work cycles. Remote monitoring technology can also optimize refuelling schedules by measuring the exact run times for a given quantity of fuel and preventing pump issues from dry running. Technology can also help prevent expensive equipment theft with location tracking of each valuable asset, especially immobilising movable equipment such as tractors in case of a theft.

IOT4. Cattle Tracking Perhaps one of the most interesting IoT applications for agriculture is cattle tracking. Cattle movement can be tracked with network-connected collars and knowing their exact locations can prevent cattle loss or theft. Fertility tracking can ensure that each cow’s small window of fertility time can be accounted for to optimize breeding opportunities. Furthermore, eating patterns and health-related activities can be monitored with a leg- or neck-mounted sensor to identify and monitor health issues efficiently.

5. Driverless Machines

Machine automation is not a new concept, as agriculturalists consistently have found ways to automate their equipment through IoT powered driverless machines bring automation to the next level. First, there is a slice in the costs required to pay laborers to man farm machines like tractors, seed drills, cultivators, and tillers, though the benefits of driverless machines do not stop with labour reductions. Driverless machines become far more compact and lightweight when AC units, seating, and the entire cab sections are removed. Less power is required to run the smaller machines. Many farming equipment pieces started as compact devices that one person could quickly handle in their inception. To cut back on labour costs and time, these machines were engineered to become bigger to execute several iterations of a repetitive task in one fell swoop, like a tractor that can till five rows at once. In cases such as this, however, failure in one large machine results in significant downtime. Returning to larger quantities of smaller, unmanned units addresses both concerns by providing the positive impact of minimizing laborers and reducing the massive loss of production time due to outages in larger machines. Furthermore, machines, like seeding units, are superior when smaller less weight means fewer soil compaction issues that cause yield reductions.

Electric Vehicle Batteries The Leaders Are Ready!

Ratul Borah

Founder & CEO- Elecnovo

Deepak MV

CEO & Co-Founder-Etrio

Sameer Mahapatra

VP and Country Sales Head-India & SAARC- Aeris Communications

Automotive industry is growing drastically from last few years. Every year we see launches of updated cars and other vehicles. Before, where customers used to drive a normal manual car, now everyone wants to have automatic and foresees an autonomous car. Now, the time has come where we all need to move forward and promote electric vehicle, which is going to help not only economy, but also improve atmosphere and reduce the pollution. Government is planning to convert all normal vehicles into electric vehicle by 2030. In order to promote the use of electric vehicle, government has recently announced $4.6 billion in incentives for battery makers. According to a news website, think-tank has suggested $4.6 billion by 2030 for companies manufacturing advanced batteries, starting with cash and infrastructure incentives of Rs 900 crore ($122 million) in the next financial year which would then be ratcheted up annually. So, that was an example, but if you see, there are several updates for EV manufacturers which have come as a big perk. There are many companies in EV sector, which is doing their part to convert customer’s imagination into reality. While pointing out such developments and upcoming plans, Nitisha from BISinfotech talked with Sameer Mahapatra, VP and Country Sales Head-India & SAARC- Aeris Communications, Puneet Jain, Co-founder and COO- Grinntech, Swapnil Jain, Co-Founder and CTO- Ather Energy, Deepak MV, CEO & Co-founder-Etrio, Ratul Borah, Founder & CEO- Elecnovo and Srinivas Reddy, Managing Director, EVERVE Motors.

Indian Market

Although, electric vehicle battery has huge market but specifically if we talk about Indian market so, GMI Research forecasts says that the India Electric Vehicle Battery Market is estimated to touch USD 963 million by the end of 2026, growing at a CAGR of 25.3% during 2019-2026. Focusing on the same topic, Ratul shares that the Indian market has a huge potential for EV batteries. Reliable and cost effective batteries are important for success of electric vehicles in India. “The two and three-wheelers in this electric vehicle space is already been observed and the government’s ambition of 30% EV adoption by 2030 will be led by these two segments. Delhi is home to the largest electric commercial vehicle fleet, whereas Maharashtra has the highest number of electric passenger cars”, says Sameer.

Srinivas Reddy

Managing Director, EVERVE Motors

Swapnil Jain

Co-Founder and CTO- Ather Energy

Puneet Jain

Co-Founder and COO- Grinntech

Deepak agrees with Mahapatra, he says that India is at a critical juncture right now with rapid transformation in the infrastructure to support EVs. In turn the EV battery market is also at an important stage where change in EV policies will work as a catalyst in sales. It is estimated that if the policies the internal combustion engine which used in the gasoline-

are encouraged in nature then the worth of the EV battery market would be something around 300 billion dollar by 2030 in India.

As there are a lot of discussions about self-reliance India, we are expecting to get more and more products to get manufactured here only. Swapnil supporting this initiative and said, the government desires to boost lithium-ion batteries’ local manufacturing by battery chemistry associated with FAME India could save 64% of energy demand for road transport

incentives and increments on import services. The dependency on China and Taiwan is high for these cells. Whereas, Srinivas also agree with Swapnil, he says the industry is still evolving. He sees the steady growth in the segment that is only going to improve with time.

Grinntech Co- Founder Puneet while emphasizing the Indian market says that the EV vehicle market is very small at present two wheelers majority of which runs on Lithium-ion, and 90,000 odd electric three wheelers (e-Rickshaw) majority of which runs on Lead-acid battery. But this market is expected to grow steadily between 6-8% per annum.

Importance of EV Batteries

Battery is a most important part of electric vehicles. An electric vehicle uses battery as a power source, in place of powered vehicles. This was the basic definition for the readers but, if we talk about our speaker’s point of view, so they can define it in a quite broader manner. Sameer defines battery as the heart and nervous system of the EV.

The Indian automotive industry is warming up to the concept of e-mobility. According to industry reports, by 2030, electrification could lead to electric vehicles, including EV battery, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles holding a considerable share of the global automobile sector. Based on the NITI Aayog report, in India. This year it is expected to be around 1.54 Lacs electric

and 37% of carbon emissions by 2030 by pursuing a shared, electric, and connected mobility future.

Whereas Ratul says that the battery is a critical component in Electric Vehicles. Battery capacity is important in regard to number of kilometres per charge. It contributes a significant cost to total cost of the vehicles.

An EV without a battery is nothing but a paperweight, emphasizes Srinivas. On the other hand, Swapnil says, the performance of the EV is closely related to the design of the battery pack that powers the vehicle’s engine and must be able to provide enough current for the motor over an extended time.

Puneet has shared vast knowledge about batteries and its importance. He says, battery operated electric vehicles have three major parts, battery, motor and controller. All these replaced the entire engine in the ICE vehicles. Electric vehicles have generally 24 moving parts and 11 wearing parts. Out of the three major components mentioned above, the battery is the most important component as it acts as storage of energy. Lithium ion is the most popular battery type used in cars with different chemistries over the time.

Government Decision On Pre-Fitted Batteries

The Indian government has recently allowed the registration of electric vehicles without pre-fitted batteries. The reason of this announcement was to make the upfront cost of the electrical 2 wheeler (2W) and 3 wheelers (3W) to be lower than ICE 2 and 3W. The battery could be provided separately by the OEM or the energy service provider. This announcement has opened the door for big business and opportunities.

While supporting this initiative, Ratul says that this step will reduce the total cost to own an electric vehicle and it would also encourage the buyer to buy an electric vehicle. More purchase of electric vehicles would create a very good momentum for the electric vehicle industry.

Srinivas feels it’s as an important decision, which will promote the EV adaptation and it will create a competitive ecosystem thereby bringing the cost of batteries further down. It will also promote leasing batteries instead of purchasing it along with the vehicle.

Puneet has the same view like Reddy, he says, this move is going to create opportunities as people would look at electric vehicle options, as the initial acquisition cost of e-vehicles without batteries will be lower so as the total cost of ownership (TCO). Swappable battery stations are going to boost the opportunities for new business and manufacturers of battery packs can surely benefit from this change in government notification. Battery’s prices were a big challenge for consumers and this initiative has come as a big perk for everyone.

The present situation is 40% of the costs of EVs are of their batteries. This initiative will result in a rapid decrease in the costing of EVs in India and in turn the companies can focus on developing new cost efficient models, says Deepak. Sameer while explaining the loopholes of this decision says the objective of the government to bring down the entry cost is not fulfilled through this move. Unbundling in fact has more challenges for the end customers as the initial warranty is now split for the consumer a) for the EV and b) for the battery. He has to chase two suppliers in the eventuality of a breakdown. Moreover, the cost to the end consumer remains the same, the only silver lining is that he has more choices for the battery in the open market. But given the lack of bulk buying benefits which the vehicle OEM can get, the cost there could also get compromised.

Future Scope in EV Batteries

As there are numerous developments we are seeing in technology, so EV has also made its mark in the industry. Lots of research companies have clarified that upcoming time will see advance battery features and availability of multifunctional batteries.

The future for EV batteries is very large and ever expanding. Under the Make In India programme, the manufacturing of e-vehicles and their associated components is expected to increase the share of manufacturing in India’s GDP to 25% by 2022. On the economic front, large-scale adoption of electric vehicles is projected to help save $60 billion on oil imports by 2030, says Sameer.

Srinivas is quite optimistic about the future of EV batteries as he says that there are many companies coming forward in assembling battery packs today and that is a good sign. We need such ventures to come forward to fuel the need of the market.

Indian transport system is quite proactive in making EV system more powerful, but there are some loopholes also which manufacturers and consumers facing every day.

Swapnil says that, India needs to support the investment in battery assembly and manufacturing and disincentives importing battery packs. Fiscal support for the R&D and commercial production of batteries and research into cell technology will help pave the way for an indigenous industry. He also mentioned, Batteries have a limited life for electric vehicles. In their second life, these still have multiple uses like energy storage. Ather is working with partners to run pilots on projects that would give a new lease of life to batteries.

Deepak doesn’t feel or see any challenges as such in the EV batteries. He only wants to see change the mindset of end consumers as the companies will now have to convince them to buy additional batteries apart from the cost of vehicles and this will take a lot of time.

Ratul says, there is a huge opportunity for batteries in electric vehicles. Making the batteries cost effective is a challenge. Providing longer life of the battery is also a challenge.

UPCOMING PROJECTS

Grinntech:- Grinntech is setting up a new manufacturing unit in Ambattur, Chennai spread over an area of 25,000 sq feet covering all departments like R&D, manufacturing lines, prototyping and testing, administration and back end processes.

Upcoming projects:

► Shikra > e-rickshaw battery would be ready by December 2020. ► Robin-72 >72V e-2-wheeler battery should hit the market by January 2021. ► Variants of Robin (Robin-60 and Robin-48) will come on stream during early 2021. ► Two wheeler starter battery pintail is readily available. ► Its commercial vehicle battery Falcon should hit the market by December 2020

Ather Energy:- Ather Energy upcoming project is the launch and delivery of the Ather 450X across 11 markets – Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kozhikode, Coimbatore, Pune, Mumbai, Delhi NCR, Ahmedabad and Kolkata.

Elecnovo: - Elecnovo is focusing on motor and controls for high power electric vehicles.

Everve Motors: - Couple of projects going on and will be announced in 2021.

Aeris Communications:- Aeris is working on various POC’s with battery OEM’s and EV OEM’s alike on developing a connected battery-vehicle program. Amongst its range of products, asset tracking for batteries is a popular offering where customers are keen to not only track the location of the battery but also monitor the state of charge and health of batteries. It helps safeguard against battery theft and alerts users against battery vandalism. Another large space the company is working on the battery swapping industry, the entire battery swap concept relies heavily on IoT backbone and we provide exactly that.

Etrio:- The company’s new three wheeler will be launched in October 2020 under the brand name Touro and shall have two variants Touro Mini and Max across both cargo and passenger segments. The cargo variant is undergoing pilots with leading e-commerce and logistics players and has already been booked for around 500 units. Stepping into the electric bicycle segment, Etrio will also introduce the Ashva e-cycle for cargo segment and iSwitch for personal segment in the coming months.

Future of EV

There are numerous steps which have taken by our Indian government to get all-electric vehicles on the roads by 2030. Although, the growth is on hold due to pandemic, but upcoming season will be a great boost for electric vehicles. This step will cut down the pollution as well as dependency on oil. If we check the data, there are only 3,400 electric cars were sold in the world’s second-most populous nation during the last business year, compared to sales of 1.7 million conventional passenger cars.

According to a study, done by Castrol, India would consider buying an electric vehicle by 2022, but most of them also believe that it won't be until 2025 that the majority of new cars purchased are electric. Expectations are quite high for manufacturers and automotive industry, now the time has come where we need to wait watch.

In other countries, consumers are ready to pay any amount for EVs but in India it is hard to find.

As per the report, on an average consumer in India said they would consider purchasing an EV by 2022. This is two years earlier than the global average of 2024. However, two thirds (67 per cent) of consumers in India said they are adopting a "wait and see" approach. Over 40 per cent of fleet managers said they are waiting for competitors to make the switch before they do.

So, India will take time for moving towards electric vehicles. For promoting faster adoption of EVs, Delhi government has recently announced subsidies on buying electric vehicle, which will directly transfer to buyer’s account is going to start soon. As part of its ambitious EV policy, the government would provide subsidies of up to Rs 30,000 two-wheelers and up to Rs 1.5 lakh for cars.

Every state in India are taking some steps for EVs adoption. Recently, Tamil Nadu government has submitted an action plan to the National Green Tribunal (NGT), detailing the measures it plans to take up for a smooth transition to electricpowered vehicles. As per the plan which was submitted to the NGT by Principal Secretary and Transport Commissioner TS Jawahar, the government plans to give 100 per cent tax exemption and waive off permit fees for all electric vehicles (EV) attached to educational institutions till December 2022. Not only that, Tamil Nadu state is planning to attract Rs 50,000-crore investment under the favourable EV Policy - 2019 and in the next decade all autos, taxis and app-based transport aggregators in the six major cities will be converted to EVs. Besides, around 1,000 EV buses will be introduced every year and private operators will be encouraged to shift to electric-powered buses.

Government has also announced the installation of EV chargers at 69,000 gas/petrol stations across India. The considered cities are Delhi, Kolkata, Bhopal, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Vadodara.

So, these kinds of announcement and developments can become a game changer in India. As we all know that there are huge pollution problem and the main reason is vehicles. If India adopts electric vehicles and it get successful so we can see huge business opportunities also. Now, after electronic equipment, EV will also be charged at home.