Beatriz Juan Miranzo Architecture Thesis Dr. Saundra Weddle December 11th, 2014
“You may believe or not, but it is true, in this world no one can give you truly love more than your parents.� Unknown to them, to my family
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INTRODUCTION B AC K GR OU ND DESIGN APPROACH CONCLUSION TABLE OF FIGURES BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Preface The rise of childhood obesity has placed the health of an entire generation at risk
1.1 Obesity Global Challenge Over history, malnutrition and infectious diseases have been the main causes of worldwide death. In the 21st century, people’s habits have influenced public health and obesity has become the leading caue of global death.1 Obesity can be defined as an accumulation of excessive body fat associated with an increased risk of medical illness and premature death. It is measured by the Body Mass Index (BMI) in adults in, which a person over 25 kg/m2 will be considered obese. This index is the best system to determine if a person is overweight or obese, regardless of one’s gender or age.
During the last twenty years, obesity has growth exponentially worldwide (Figure 1). The proportion of adults with a BMI over 25 kg/m2 increased between 1980 and 2013 from 28.8% to 36.9% in men, and from 29.8% to 38% in women.2 Since obesity’s prevalence is increasing at alarming rate in developed and developing countries, life expectancy is decreasing aggressively which it will affect to today’s children’s future. Their entire generation is at risk. Around 3.4 million of adults die every year as a consequence of this disease.3 Moreover, “44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the ischaemic heart disease burden and between 7% and 41% of certain cancer burdens to overweight and obesity.”4 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that during 2008 more than 10% of the world’s adult population was obese and nowadays a third of the population is fat.5
Figure 2: Evolution of Obesity
Furthermore, designers have started to create immediate solutions to this issue. Designing bigger spaces or wider chairs to accommodate obese people do not help tackle the problem. Instead, it seems that people start accepting people are going to be obese and there is nothing society can do. Elements such as wider furniture or wider doors help to live today, but it does not guarantee living tomorrow (Figure 3). Society should be more aware of obesity and tackle it from the root.
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The importance of tackling this problem is high due to the diverse effects on the human body. Being overweight alters the body’s metabolism and causes several diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart attack, strokes and breast cancer. It diminishes life expectancy, not just of today’s generations, but also in the next ones (Figure 2).
Figure 1: Chart of prevalence of obesity and overweight
Figure 3: Object from the Exhibition Imperfect Health Beatriz Juan Miranzo
1.3 Student Approach
Childhood obesity predominates 21st century’s public health challenges. Government’s approaches to these single issues, which are just guidelines, have been insufficient. Car-based city’s design has influenced on the civilians’ built environment approach. The unpleasant pedestrian experience through the built environment has increased sedentary lifestyles. Work lifestyles have neglected parents’ duties to their children. A lack of communication between parents and educational institutions has caused an oversight and unhealthy upbringing. Globalization has disseminated fast food, which is cheap and poor in nutrition. Sedentary lifestyle, lack of parent’s attention, and poor nutrition contribute to Globesity. Architecture can be the catalyst to recognize and reduce Globesity. Education and encouraging children to lead active and healthy lifestyles will change society’s wellness. A non-hierarchical cooperation between parents (home, community) and educational institutions is essential in creating the foundation for successful generations. Facilities that accommodate a hybrid program for exercising , learning, commuting and active living can change children’s perspective on life and encourage healthy living for the long term. This approach can have more success than government’ approaches because it may tackle every factor that causes Globesity .
Today, people live in a society that tends to rush from one place to another, usually from home to work and vice versa. The public life has been stolen by the obligation of non-stop working. The rate of people in the United States working holidays is high because people are afraid of losing their jobs after their vacation. Instead, they keep working and neglect their personal relationships. Children are harmed the most in this situation due to the lack of attention from their parents. Parents’ abuse of children’s extracurricular activities to keep them entertain and avoid any responsibility for them does not help parents and children relationship. This excess of extracurricular activities increases the time families eat outside due to the lack of time to cook at home. For those reasons, this thesis aims to find a balance between home, school, work and the Third Place (Figure 4). For the third place to be successful, it needs to be accessible during on and off hours of the day so it accommodates people when they are off from their duties elsewhere 6. This Third Place must be a neutral ground that not only breaks with the children or adults’ routine, but also is a place where people go to gather, where there is no need to play the host, and where it feels like home 7. It will create new possibilities within community in which everyone would be able to enjoy and share their experiences without feeling graded or overwatched by someone. This Third Place will encourage healthy lifestyles and will help people to apply those to their daily lives.
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1.2 Thesis Statement
Figure 4: Diagram of harmony Hammons School of Architecture
End Notes:
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Preface
1. “Obesity and Overweight,” World Health Organization, Last modified August 2014, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ 2. Marie Ng, Tom Fleming and Margaret Robinson, “Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013,” The Lancet 384, no. 9945 (2014): 768. 3. “Obesity and Overweight,” World Health Organization, Last modified August 2014, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ray Oldenburg, The Good Place, (New York: Paragon House, 1989), 22. 7. Ibid.
2.Background
“Each and everyone of us has unknowingly played a part in the obesity problem.� Indra Nooyi
2.1 Globesity As the data shows, obesity is not just the problem of a single nation; it is worldwide. Globalization is the spark that has unfortunately started this fire of competitive obesity (Figure 5). Fast food companies have spread out around the world following a rapid global market integration. Because the economy is globally linked, unhealthy food is as well. The problem comes when there is not balance between one’s lifestyle and one’s nutrition. The excessive consumption of fat will negatively modify body’ functions and physical appearance.
to the economic ladder. However, globesity affects a more heterogeneous group. One would think that fast food companies would target the low social class due to their economic status and the fast food companies’ prices. The truth is further from the reality. Fast food companies have acted as an octopus and have reached every social class. Despite the direct connection between social class and gender in developing and developed countries on this topic due to the different male and female role in the family; for the purpose of this thesis, the research will only analyze the relationship between the social class and the countries’ economic status. This thesis aims to target to the largest group in order to be more successful.
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Background
On one hand, developed countries are characterized by a prevalence of obesity in lower and middle social classes due to easy access to purchase cheap but processed food. 1 On the other hand, a prevalence of obesity in high social classes in developing countries is more evident due to availability and affordability. The low class usually has a lack of resources to afford food daily and infrastructure‘s impediment to aliments, which both influence their daily lives and food’s scarcity. 2 But, the developed public distribution systems allow the non-poor social class to have access to a more expensive food and in some cases like India, the western food falls in this category. 3
Figure 5: The influence of globalization
Globalization is understood as a network in which every country plays a role. The developed countries use their power to take advantage of the developing countries’ labor while the latter fight and struggle on
A unique case that shows how globalization is causing obesity to the non-developed countries is the case of Nauru. Nauru is a small island located in the Pacific Ocean (Figure 6). Before the German colonization at the end of the 19th century, Nauru’s population was one 1,000 people. The colonial power lasted for more than 60 years due to the discovery of a mine. After all those years, Nauruans ended up adapting the western culture lifestyle to their daily lives. Thus, Nauru is the only country in the world where its population is overweight and has diabetes death rate of 60%. 4
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developing countries increased from 8.1% to 12.9% in 2013 for boys and from 8.4% to 13.4% in girls. 6 Today’s youth will be the first generation to die before their parents due to obesity. 7 This fact, among others, makes the issue depressing and deplorable. At the same time, it creates awareness about this epidemic problem and obligates every institution to develop solutions due to people’s realization.
Figure 6: Nauru
As a conclusion, globalization has changed the world’s food culture. Fast food companies have spread out around the world, making available cheap and poor quality food to more people and influencing what they eat. Consequently, globalization has negatively affected people lifestyles and driven society to globesity,
2.2 Childhood Globesity
The prevalence has drastically increased in children and adolescents as well; 23.8% of boys and 22.6% were overweight in developed countries in 2013, compared with 16,9% of boys and 16,2% of girls in 1980 (Figure 7). 5 On the other hand, the prevalence in children in developing Hammons School of Architecture
Figure 7: Prevalence of overweight and obesity by age
Lifestyle modification is key to keep the obesity rate low. Physical activity in adolescence is becoming less attractive as watching TV or using the computer is becoming more common. Sedentary lifestyle is one of today’s factors that influence gaining weight. Sixty to 85% of people in the world have adopted this detrimental lifestyle whereas nearly two-thirds of children are insufficiently active. 8 A non-active lifestyle, along with malnutrition, increases all causes of mortality, especially the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer.9 Physical inactivity is attributed to approximately 2 million deaths per year. 10
Background
2.3 Sedentary Lifestyle
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Societies have always been concerned about the safety of infants. For that reason, the government has implemented seat belts, child car seats and bike helmets among other safeguards. However, nutrition and physical activity have been neglected and underestimated on children’s lifestyle. As a consequence, obesity is more predominant in children than adults due to their exposure on the environment. While they are infants, children absorb everything they see and hear.
There is an important relationship between weight and the physical activity, both influencing each other. On one hand, studies show people that follow a processed food diet tend to have a sedentary lifestyle, getting more tired and lazy. 11 On the other hand, one’s physical activity is responsible for 30% of total energy consumption. 12 Since varying the base of the body’s metabolism is out of human’s control, physical activity is the only variable with which one can control and influence one’s energy consumption. 13
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Background
WHO guidelines are divided into different age groups; but for this thesis’s purpose, this research will focus on the age group of 5-17 years olds. These guidelines recommend a wide range of activities such as playing, coordination games, sports, using public transportation, recreational or physical education in a family, school or community context. 14 Also, they recommend “60 minutes of moderate – to vigorous – intensity physical activity daily”. 15 Aerobics should be interspersed with vigorous-intensity activities at least 3 times per week in order to strengthen muscle and bone. Moreover, extra activity greater than 60 minutes will provide additional health benefits.
“Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it.” Plato From the Architecture perspective elements from the built environment, such as density of development, mixed land uses, scale of streets, aesthetic place’s qualities and street networks’ connectivity often interfere with physical activities. American cities
are often designed to benefit the automobile and as a consequence does not encourage individuals to walk, run or bike. Designing more walkable cities should be a requirement for the urban planners. Some of the features for a walkable city are small block dimensions, more green spaces between buildings and spacious and well treated sidewalks (Figure 8). These features not only encourage physical activities, but they improve civilians’ lifestyles as well.
Figure 8: Integration of green spaces in the built environment
However, small interventions should be done on a neighborhood or regional scale due to an easier intervention on the individual health behaviors. 16 Hence, those interventions will more people either to visit the area or to move in; Portland is one example. 17 Cities such as Barcelona and Berlin encourage walkability due to their city blocks’ dimensions (Figure 9). Through a pedestrian’s perspective, the more blocks per square mile a city has, the more choices one person can make. These choices make the experience more interesting because they can alter people’s path to their destination, and they can find new places along that “new” path. 18 Creating dynamic interactions with the city can make people eager to find new goals and perspectives.
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the teacher learns children’s interests, observes their interactions and analyzes their movements. 20 The environment is also prepared for this specific learning (Figure 10). Montessori designed a Children’s House in which an empathetic community is created due to the family-like feel, where older children help the younger ones. 21 However, children’s freedom is defined by the physical spaces and guides them to maintain a social harmony. It encourages respect for other’s work as well as a disciplined behavior.
Figure 9: Wide sidewalks in Barcelona
2.4 The Role of the Schools
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To extend this philosophy further, Loris Malaguzzi, who was a pedagogue and psychologist, started an educational system in a tiny Italian town called Reggio Emilia. In Loris’s method, “children are encouraged to explore their environment and express themselves through multiple paths and all their ‘languages’, including the expressive, communicative, symbolic, cognitive”. 22 In this way, children develop skills in different fields and not only in the class environment. It encourages them to go outside and explore their surroundings and nature. It helps them to expand their limits beyond what a classroom offers. In other words, Reggio Emilia’s system understands children’s need to explore and extend their limits. It brings a more collaborative and active learning
Background
Figure 10: Montessori Children’s House
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Although human beings have attempted to design built environments to encourage active living, neighborhoods still show strong passive lifestyles. Adults sit at work from 9-5 with only a small percentage of them participating in running or going to the gym. The case is the same with children, where the office environment is switched to passive classroom settings. Physical education is just a mere presence in the education system but schools do not really invest on the program. School’s layout and schedules encourage a sedentary lifestyle. Hence, children are getting fatter and lazier. Even though the traditional educational method is still more common in most schools, there are other educational methods encourage and promote a more active environment. Maria Montessori was an Italian educator who believed young children should develop independence in their education. Therefore, classroom equipment provides a wide range of activities to promote that independent learning. 19 In Montessori’s environment, the child becomes the worker; and the teacher, the observer. This method not only allows the children to learn freely but also helps them to develop skills in different fields. In this setting,
“At Reggio Emilia, the purpose of organization is to enrich the teaching and learning process. Paradoxically, the greater the organization in the learning environment, the greater the children’s freedom.” Loris Malaguzzi
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Background
children’s need to explore and extend their limits. It brings a more collaborative and active learning in which there is a recognized partnership between parents, educators and children. Malaguzzi’s method encourages and challenges children to learn outside the typical and sedentary classroom’s set up. It creates a connection between the teacher, the children and the environment. 22 Children explore and analyze what the environment offers, and then, they make it theirs by reinterpreting it and making it meaningful for their own personal learning (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Reggio Emilia’ outside activities
So, in this section the reader learned not only about different educational methods but also about an active education. Montessori and Reggio Emilia’s methods propose challenging and exploratory learning. Children are encouraged to discover and develop new skills. This philosophy also supports different ideas and does not hinder any learning that can be harmful for the kids. Teachers observe their development and let them to fail and try again. There is not a wrong or correct answer, and everything is based on self-discovery and self-learning. These methods help increase self-confidence and challenge children to find their own limits.
2.5 Parents as Role Models Nowadays, societies undervalue personal relationships. Culture has been moved aside, and people give more importance to their jobs. This has caused neglected personal relationships. Thus, family relationships have been harmed from this change in society. Culture shapes the way people are raised. According to Sankofa and Johnson Taylor, culture is defined as “decisively conveyed and inherited practices that do not include socioeconomic factors and can be displayed across a variety of domains.” 24 People gain a lot from culture, such as traditions, religion, food culture, or social behaviors among others. This education influences how children will be when they grow up. Thus, parents are considered as a role model through the children’s eyes. The family role does not start when the child is born. It starts even before the mother is pregnant. It starts when the parents are young, when they are also children. Globesity is a social problem in which past decisions affect future generations. What individuals eat or how they live will stay in their genes, and it will transmit to their descendants. The reason why globesity is increasing exponentially is because it is not an individual
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2.6 Obesogenic Environment
Figure 12: Habits during pregnancy influence the child
Another factor that children are exposed to are the advertising and billboards. Besides of an excessive television’s use is harmful due to sedentary lifestyle’s habit, it also influences on one’s life. Television advertisements are a multimillion-dollar method of promoting the last food product and target children. 27 Food companies take advantage of children’s exposure to the television and use public figures such as athletes or musicians, to encourage their processed products. Since children tend to absorb everything they see or hear, they will be tempted to try those products. Advertisements on the Internet are also common
problem; it is a global problem in which each action causes consequences in the future. For that reason, parenthood is very important in children’s lifestyle. During the mother’s pregnancy, her food habits can already start to influence the future habits of the child (Figure 12). For example, the mother’s diet rich in sugar can cause the child to develop diabetes. 25 On the other hand, constant healthy food consumption can help provide healthy food habits at that early stage.
Determining home food environments, encouraging a certain amount of physical activity, or preferring personal relationships to watching TV or playing video games are crucial factors that shape the children’s lives. Parents should encourage children to improve and overcome challenges. They should be a role model for children’s future benefit. Hammons School of Architecture
due to children’s exposure. Mixing children’s favorite online game with an advertised product tends to catch children’s attention. 28 Similar situation happens in billboards advertisements and sports sponsorships. In essence, fast food companies take advantage of children’s innocence and convince them to try their products by advertising in their favorite TV shows, online games or sport events (Figure 13WWW). Public figure’s use also influences on children’s attention. Children are also targeted with visual advertisements, which convince them to purchase unhealthy products.
Background
Figure 13: TV commercials
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The family role during the childhood is very important because children learn habits that will keep in their future years. Spending time with children should be a gratifying experience and not a responsibility. Playing their favorite sports with them or being interested in their school activities makes children feel important in the adults’ world. 26 Thus, it increases their eagerness for learning.
End Notes:
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Background
1.Stig Sonne-Holm and Thorkild I.A. Sorensen, “Prospective Study of Attainment of Social Class of Severely Obese Subjects in Relation to Parental Social Class, Intelligence, and Education,” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 292, no. 6520, (1986): 587. 2. S.V. Subramanian, Ichiro Kawachi and George Dave Smith, “Income Inequality and the Double Burden of under – and over nutrition in India,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61, no. 9, (2007): 807. 3. Ibid. 4. M. Schooneveld, T. Songer, P. Zimmer and K. Thoma, “Changing Mortality Patterns in Nauruans: An Example of Epidemiological Transition,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 42, no. 1 (1988): 94. 5. Marie Ng, Tom Fleming and Margaret Robinson, “Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013: a Systematic Analysis for the global Burden of Disease Study 2013.” The Lancet 384, no. 9945 (2014): 1. 6. Ibid. 7. Beezy Marsh, “Kids ‘will die before parents’,” Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-200346/Kids-die-parents. html 8. “Physical Inactivity a Leading Cause of Disease and Disability, warns WHO,” World Health Organization Media Centre, April 4th, 2002, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/release23/en/ 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Sarah Romero, “La Comida Basura nos Vuelve Vagos,” Muy Interesante, Salud, April 7th, 2014. http://www.muyinteresante.es/ salud/articulo/la-comida-basura-nos-vuelve-vagos-531396871713 12. Francis Delpeuch, Bernard Maire, Emmanuel Monnier and Michelle Holdsworth, Globesity: A Planet Out of Control? (London; Sterling, Va: Earthscan, 2009), 96. 13. Ibid. 14. World Health Organization, Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, 2010, Page 7 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2010/9789241599979_eng.pdf?ua=1 15. Ibid. 16. Rebecca E. Lee, Reversing Obesogenic Environments, (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2011), 63. 17. Jeff Speck, Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012), 28. 18. Ibid., 165. 19. Susan Feez, Montessori and Early Childhood: A Guide for Students, (Los Angeles: SAGE, 2010), 7. 20. Ibid., 24. 21. Ibid., 40 22. Carolyn Edwards, Lella Gandini, and George Forman, ed., The Hundred Languages of Children: The Reggio Emilia Experience in Transformation, ed. (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2012), 7.
23. Teresa Strong-Wilson and Jullia Ellis, “Children and Place: Reggio Emilia’s Environment as Third Teacher,” Theory into Practice 46, no. 1 (2007): 44. 24. J. Sankofa and W.L. Johnson-Taylor, “News Coverage of Diet-related Health Disparities Experienced by Black Americans: A Steady Diet of Misinformation,” Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior 39, 2 (2007): 41. 25. Ana C. Lindsay, Katarina M. Sussner, Juhee Kim and Steven Gortmaker, “The Role of Parents in Preventing Childhood Obesity,” The Future of Children 16 no. 1 (2006): 170. 26. Rebecca E. Lee, Reversing Obesogenic Environments, (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2011), 160. 27. Ibid., 191. 28. Ibid., 197.
3.Design Approach The need of having a hybrid program that tackles every factor is crucial for being succesful.
3.1 Site Selection Obesity is a very complex topic because there are so many factors that influence one’s life, such as city walkability, climate, inactivity, education and others. The site’s selection has to consider these variables ibecause they determine what lifestyle people have. New technological developments have permitted people to scale down the amount of physical labor needed to achieve many tasks in their daily lives. Thus, human energy consumption to accomplish daily tasks has decreased. Studies show that an inactive lifestyle is widespread throughout the world, but mainly in the eastern Mediterranean countries and on the American continent.1 This thesis’s goal is not just aiming at a specific country but the highest number of people, targeting a developed country’s middle class, which it is usually the largest social class is crucial. Improving obese people’s lifestyle and encouraging fit people’s healthy habits is the main goal. Studying the gross domestic product amongst the most inactive countries will help identify a developed country that meets factors supporting the thesis argument. The United Kingdom falls under these premises. England is the 8th most inactive country in the world and is the most obese country in Europe.2
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Design Approach
Locating this thesis in the capital is the most rational idea because it will target more people in an urban scale. However, London already has a health program called Healthy Schools in London launched in April 2013, which encourages environmental and educational awareness that sets the foundation for a healthy lifestyle.3 Manchester is the second most populated and the third most visited city in England. Furthermore, its obesity rate is higher than the national average by 5%.4 Manchester’s past was known for incredible social growth, the Industrial Revolution’s impact, and the largest working class in England. During the mid-19th century, principal resource at the time.
Figure 14: Manchester cityscape in 1851. Manchester’s past was known for incredible social growth, the Industrial Revolution’s impact, and the largest working class in England. During the mid-19th century, Manchester was the most important city of England after London because its industry grew exponentially.5 Cotton fabrication was the principal resource at the time. This occasioned an enormous social growth in the city. The population went from 24,000 people in 1773 to 250,000 in 1851 and Manchester had the largest middle class, and the city was mainly divided into commercial, financial and industrial districts.6 Bridgewater canal’s construction helped the industrial growth and the city used this canal to ship outside the merchandise (Figure 14). Stratification of social classes started to be prominent with the Irish immigration. It determined the city’s layout due to the middle social class housing’s camouflage within the fabric. The city got divided in middle class housing and fabric and exclusive high social class area.7
But Manchester’s economy declined after World War II as rapidly as it increased during the Industrial Revolution. The main reasons were that the cotton industry started to fall in demand and the canal could not handle the size of the containers, so Manchester’s port ended up closing.8 After the decline, Manchester slowly grew again and now has become the second Beatriz Juan Miranzo
largest city and third most visited city in the country.
St Peter’s Square with Princess St, Manchester The ideal place for this project is in the block in St Peter’s Square with Princess St. It is a complex of four buildings called Clarendon House, Sussex House, Peterloo House and Century House (Figure 15). Currently, the city of Manchester is going to demolish this complex to build an eleven story building with a program of offices, retail and basement parking.9 The proposal for Manchester’s project is to enlarge St Peter’s Square and redefine Civic Quarter.
Figure 16: Analysis
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Design Approach
Furthermore, this site fits in this study because it is located in downtown’s heart. It cannot only attract Mancunians but also tourists who would be visting the city, The location is perfect to impact the community and create awareness about living healthy and self-sustainable lifestyles.
Figure 15: Century House
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However, this site may have bigger impact on the city by designing the Third Place that this thesis proposes. The area is very appropriate for this study because it is surrounded by many schools and cultural places, such as Manchester Central Library or Manchester Art Gallery (Figure 16). For the purpose of this thesis is crucial to create a connection between those institutions and the Third Place to encourage healthy livestyles through the culture as well. This connection could be stronger due to the availability of the Third Place to be used after school hours.
3.2 Program
3.2.1 Physical Activities Playing creates wide opportunities for children. It helps develop critical thinking abilities and helps tackle problem solving. Playgrounds are often considered children’s cities and are vital for their development. A playground is a place of encounters and communication, to develop friendships and to learn about cooperation10. Besides these social interactions and means for self-discovery, playgrounds also offer physical challenges. Creating spaces where children feel comfortable to overcome problems is important because they will increase their self-esteem and physical endurance.11
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Design Approach
This thesis aims to have the biggest effect on the largest number of people. Since globesity is a very complex issue, the need for a hybrid program that tackles every factor discussed in the previous section is crucial for being successful. Consequently the program has been organized as an answer to the problems listed in the background. Thus, a program that involves active learning, physicial activities, social interaction and healthy food is necessary for this thesis.
Figure 17: Diane Memorial playground
difficulties along these facilities (Figure 17)12. The second mentioned playground is divided into large outdoor areas, each section promotes different play experiences by addressing distinct aspects of child development, such as stimulating children’s imagination or sense of adventure, whereas City Museum increases the risk by floor level or height13. These case studies show the evolution of the playground. The usual elementary school playground is very basic which children’ actions are limited (Figure 18). Children usually tend to get bored soon due to the lack of different situations that they can imagine while playing.
Figure 18: Elementary school playground
Climbing can be one of the most rewarding activities. The experience is very gratifying when the climber reaches the top. Depending on where the activity is placed and the level of one’s effort, the experience can be overwhelming and rewarding. The surrounding can vary from a wall, a mountain or a playground. The environment determines the perspective of the exercise. Climbing a mountain would not be as challenging as it is if the process would not be risky. The adrenaline attracts people to this activity. Playgrounds have the same effect on children. The interactions, the height difference of each obstacle difference and the freestanding movements make playgrounds the perfect environment to be more ambitious.
Precedent studies such as the City Museum in St Louis or Diane Memorial Playground have gradual Beatriz Juan Miranzo
Case study: Ecological children activity and education center by 24H-Architecture, 2009. Ecological Children Activity and Education Center is located in Bangkok, Thailand. The project is completely built with local materials, such as bamboo for the structure and River Red Gum wood for the inner wall. The tectonic element relates to the sostenible activities that are programmed in the education center such as playing, eating, learning, discovering and sharing as well as an ecological awareness
of the environment14. The building also integrates a horticulture program in which children can grab organic products and cook their lunches supervised by a chef. The building’s architecture compliments students’ activitiies. Its circulation is based on climbing and crawling, mainly children focused. Hence, the stairs become the building’s central element. The design is very particular because the stairs merge with the different floor plates (Figure 19). The education center is divided in small spaces that allow privacy within the building, but, at the same time, allow involvement in the activities due to the multiple windows (Figure 20).
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Figure 19: Stairs view
3.2.2 Active Learning Avoiding sedentary life through a more active education is another quality that this thesis wants to tackle. As seen previously, most of the schools’ systems have a performance-focused approach in which there is a strict relationship between the teacher and the students. The students do not decide their education, and their only duty during class time is listening to the teacher. This sedentary lifestyle is inadequate for the children because it encourages a non-active lifestyle. As previously mentioned, there are other methods, such as Maria Montessori’s or Loris Malaguzzi’s, that encourage active learning. Their nonhierarchical program maintains true relationships, not only between children, but also with the teacher. The teacher becomes one more person in class that encourages them to keep learning and developing their critical thinking as individuals. Besides personal relationships, this active learning also strengthens explorative and artistic education. It emboldens crafting in which bodily coordination is required. From the architecture perspective, the active learning can be achieved by difficulting or obstructing the circulation inside and outside the building, and making the user to get out of their comfort zone. It is crucial to obligate the user to walk more than needed or
Design Approach
Figure 20: Private spaces
or to make an extra effort to achieve her goals.
Case study: Fuji Montessory Kindergarten by Tezuka Architects, 2007.
Design Approach
Fuji Montessori Kindergarten is located in Tachikawa., Japan This school has been designed to allow children to mix and move around at will. This project is a great case study because the design maximizes the space available for children’s development in a secure but unconstrained environment under Montessori’s guidelines15. Boundaries do not exist between classrooms. Class equipment and movable wall partitions are used to create boundaries between the outside and the inside (Figure 21). Also, large sliding screens are pushed back to open the inner wall and blur the boundaries between the outdoor courtyard and the classrooms. Inside and outside spaces, including the rooftop, merge together to create a huge playground16. The rooftop is an interesting design element because it is not only used for play and free exploration, but also for assemblies and communal gatherings (Figure 22).
Figure 22: View from the rooftop
Another feature is the direct relationship that Fuji Kindergarten has with the nature. Besides incorporating three zelkova trees to provide shade during the summer,
“What we want to teach from this building is common sense. We want to the children here to grow into people who do not exclude anything or anyone.” Tekaharu Tezuka.
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the building was designed around them as well (Figure 23). These trees give the children an opportunity to climb them and incorporate nature as part of their playground.
Figure 21: Classrooms boundaries with the courtyard
Figure 23: Section of the building showing tree design element
Beatriz Juan Miranzo
3.2.3 Community Parent-child relationships are vital for children’s development. Integrating a common ground where families can meet and share ideas and experiences can be beneficial for this research. It would create bonding within the community and would cause the creation of new events and activities. The mutual support between families is important because they would participate in different problems and situations, and they would solve them together. Having spaces to gather after school or work will also encourage them to come out from their comfort zone and have extra activities at the end of the day. The children’s perspective of getting to know more people besides their schoolmates is also gratifying. They will look forward to those meetings, and it would change their sedentary life.
well-designed, open indoor spaces that connect not just horizontally, but also in different floor levels (Figure 24). The forced insertion into the urban environment, the flexibility in the program and spaces, and the easy access and circulation, encourages pedestrian relationships as well as individual’s exploration and passive exercises17. Because the whole site is not used solely for the building, it allows integrate of a huge place, which causes a social interaction between the building, outdoor activities and the city (Figure 25). The architects thought about the design as a changeable layout that will develop in the future according to the museum’s needs18.. City life changes with time, so designing a building should allow mutability to satisfy city’s requirement along the years as well as children’s needs in the future. So, flexible spaces as well as rejecting hierarchy is an appropriate design to start and keep personal connections.
25
Design Approach
Case study: Georges Pompidou Center by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, 1977.
Figure 25: Showing connections between the building and the place
Figure 24: Analyzing indoor spaces and personal relationships
Paris’s Georges Pompidou Center was a design competition won by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers in 1977. This case study is ideal for the research because the building enhances social relationships due to the Hammons School of Architecture
3.2.4 Farming It is well-known that global warming is damaging countries’ resources; some countries even fail to meet the self-reliance’s minimum standards; and there is a similar situation agriculturally. In 2010, the world’s population was 6.8 billion. The cropland was the size of South America, which used to provide for everyone on the planet. Population experts expect to have a population of 9.5 billion of people by 2050, which will require a cropland the size of Brazil (Figure 26). As a consequence of global warming and the traditional fashion of farming, such as soil-based, people will run out of land to farm and produce crops. For that reason, vertical farming not just outside the city, but also inside the city should be encouraged.
people from choosing healthy products over processed ones. Furthermore, the industrialization of farm operations has increased farms’ size and decreased product quality19. It implies people are no longer confident about food quality referred to autochthonous products. To mitigate this situation, farming facilities need to be integrated in that third place in which a more restricted and controlled environment will improve product quality and build up people’s confidence about organic products. Incorporating farming into the thesis project will implement healthy food habits into the community. Supporting local farmers has been a boom in the last years, according to Dickson Despommier in the book Vertical Farming20. Urban landscapes are the hosts for the new agricultural frontier in which the organic products have tried to be more effective than in their traditional settlement. This new agriculture typology is called controlled indoor environment agriculture in which high-tech greenhouse spaces are stacked together on top of each other.21.
26
Design Approach
These spaces’ versatility perfectly suits the hybrid program that the third place requires due to the vertical layout. It will allow for integrating the program spaces discussed above. Also, Manchester is an ideal place to build a vertical farm so locals realize that there is no need to export products. It is possible to grow them in the city and live healthy. This program’s purpose is not only about being sustainable city wise but individuals sustainable. As the thesis’s title states, reducing globesity for life is the main goal. Figure 26: “Feeding the World: Another Brazil,”
The essence of stopping globesity is maintaining control over what people consume and enhancing healthy and local products. Globalization has damaged people’s eating habits. Due to natural products’ high dependency on the weather conditions, local crops are expensive compared with fast food. This discourages
Case study: The Green District by Rebekah Wagoner, 2012. The Green District is a thesis project designed by Rebekah Wagoner for her Masters of Architecture at Technical University of Delft. The building is located in Wibautstraat, a dense urbanized neighborhood in Amsterdam. The goal of the project was to design an Beatriz Juan Miranzo
As a conclusion, this case study is helpful because it is constrained by the site footprint, just as this thesis’s site is. Also, it shows the good communication there is between the user and the provider and how the residents can use those sustainable products.
Hammons School of Architecture
Figure 27: Program Diagram
1. Pedro C. Hallal and others, “Global Physical Activity Levels: Surveillance Progress, Pitfalls and Prospects,” Physical Activity Series, The Lancet 380 no. 9838 (2012): 249. 2. Brian Fung, “45 Countries that Are More Sedentary than the United States,” The Atlantic, July 18, 2012, sec. Health. Marie Ng, Tom Fleming and Margaret Robinson. “Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.” The Lancet 384, no. 9945 (2014): 774. 3. Greater London Authority. “Committed to Tackling Obesity in London.” 4. Manchester City Council. “Epidemiology.” Childhood Obesity. 5. Steven Marcus, Engels, Manchester & the Working Class, (New York: Random House, 1975), 3. 6. Ibid., 4. 7. Ibid., 172. 8. Ibid., 232. 9. Jonathan Schofiled, “Major New Building For City Centre Manchester,” Manchester Confidential, May 13th, 2013. 10. James A. Paterson, “Playground Equipment Height: The Real Issue?” Parks and Recreation 27, no. 4 (1992): 33. 11. Ibid. 12. Clare Cooper Marcus, “For Children Only: a London Playground Dedicated to Princess Diana’s Memory Challenges Preconception on which most American Playground Designed.” Landscape Architecture 91, no. 12 (2001): 67. 13. Susan D. Hudson and Donna Thompson, “Are Playgrounds still Viable in the 21st Century?.” Parks and Recreation 36, no. 4 (2001): 61.
Design Approach
End Notes:
27
architectural intervention that is able to act as catalyst for urban transformations22. The project is relevant for this thesis because it explores the possibility of building a vertical farm in an urbanized area, which has high pollution. Hence, it is not a traditional place to grow crops. Besides the location, this project integrates social spaces, learning, restaurants, grocery store and a research center. All those spaces have a mutual goal: encouraging healthy lifestyles. These encourage educational tours to learn about urban horticulture and promotes healthy food by being the grocery store and restaurant’s supplier (Figure 27). Wagoner’s proposal will allow people to learn how to cultivate their own vegetables and provide sustainable crops to the area’s resident.23
28
Design Approach
14. Danny Hudson, “24H Architecture: Children’s Activity and learning Center, Thailand,” Designboom, Jan 10th, 2013. 15. Kevin Rathunde and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, “Middle School Students’ Motivation and Quality of Experience: A comparison of Montessori and Traditional School Environments.” American Journal of Education 111, no. 3 (2005): 345. 16. “Best Practices in Educational Facilities Investments.” OECD Centre for Effective Learning Environments, http://edfacilitiesinvestment-db.org/facilities/9 17. Nathan Silver. The Making of Beaubourg: A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1994), 39. 18. David A. Hanser, Architecture of France, (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2006), 198. 19. Dickson Despommier, The Vertical Farm, New York: St Marting’s Press (2010): 125. 20. Ibid., 126. 21. Ibid., 129. 22. “Adapting to Change,” B Nieuws, Amsterdam: TU Delft, (2012): 2. 23. Ibid.
4.Conclusion This thesis aims to create harmony between the environments than influence children’s lifestyle.
Conclusion 30
4.1 The Problem
4.2 Proposed Solution
Obesity has become the leader of global death in the 21st century. Obesity’s prevalence is increasing at alarming rate in developed and developing countries. Thus, the life expectancy is decreasing aggressively. As a consequence today’s children are going to be the first generation that will die before their parents. Obesity is caused by different factors that affect people’s lifestyles. Globalization has changed the world food’s culture due to the fast food companies’ spreading. Elements from the built environment, such as scale of streets or development’ density, often interfere with physical activities and does not benefit active lifestyles. School’s layouts and schedules encourage sedentary lifestyles. However, Montessori and Malaguzzi’s methods explore and instill active learning as well as self-discovery and self-learning. Parenthood is very important to a child’s development since it starts before the child is born and continues as the child grows. The globesity environment has a big influence on children. Advertisements on children’s television shows, online games or sport events as well as using public figures call children’s attention and impact on their tastes.
This thesis project proposes to balance between the environments that influence children’s lifestyle, which are home, school and recreational spaces. This thesis proposes a Third Place, which not only breaks with the children or adult’s routine but also is a place where people go to gather. It would be useful to expand possibilities within the community and healthy lifestyles would be encouraged.
As a conclusion, individuals can easily shape children’s habits. Those habits can be beneficial or harmful depending on how appropriate children’s lifestyle is. It is infants’ surroundings’ responsibility to guide them in a healthy and active lifestyle.
A location in which sedentary lifestyles and high obesity rate are high was imperative for this study. As a consequence, this study proposes Manchester downtown as a site to place the thesis project. The high school’s ratio around the site as well as central location within the city would attract Mancunians as well as tourists. The site is perfect to impact on the community and create awareness about living healthy and self-sustainable lifestyles. Due to the many factors causing obesity, designing a project that has a hybrid program would be crucial to be successful. Proving spaces for playing, climbing, active learning, engaging the community and farming can be decisive on children’s development (Figure 28). By providing a Third Place that controls all the elements that children can be influenced by not only can improve healthy lifestyles but also would minimize outside’s control.
Beatriz Juan Miranzo
Conclusion 31 Figure 28: Proposed solution
Hammons School of Architecture
5.Table of Figures
Table of Figures 34
Figure 1: “Chart of prevalence of overweight and obesity.” The Lancet in the Journal Global, Regioanl, and National Prevalence of Overweifht and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013.
Figure 12: Habits during pregnancy influence the child. Obesite. http://www.meltyfood.fr/les-femmes-enceintes-ou-en-surpoids-plus-disposees-a-perdre-leur-bebegalerie-827647-2169089.html
Figure 2: Evolution of Obesity by MIchael L. Power in Evolution of Obesity.
Figure 13: TV commercials. Junk food ads and kids. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ahMQwxN9Js
Figure 3: Object from the Exhibition Imperfect Health by the Canadian Centre of Architecture. The Medicalization of Architecture.
Figure 14: Manchester Cityscape in 1850. Manchester Gazette. http://manchestergazette. co.uk/11416/volunteers-needed-to-excavate-boltons-industrial-past
Figure 4: Diagram of harmony by Beatriz Juan Miranzo Figure 5: The influence of globalization. Globalization 101. http://www.globalization101.org/theinfluence-of-us-corporations-on-local-mores/
Figure 6: Nauru. Google Earth
Figure 7: “Chart of prevalence of overweight and obesity by age.” The Lancet in the Journal Global, Regioanl, and National Prevalence of Overweifht and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013. Figure 8: Integration of the green spaces in the built environment. Planetizen. http://www.planetizen.com/ node/63833 Figure 9: Wide sidewalks in Barcelona. Travel Spain. http://andresalvador.smugmug.com/Travel-Spain/ BARCELONA-SPAIN/i-CdNMHxV Figure 10: Montessori Children’s House. The Children’s House. http://mychildrenshouse.blogspot. com/2010_09_01_archive.html Figure 11: Reggio Emilia’s outside activities. Magic Trees: Outdoor Reggio Inspired Art Project for Kids. http://mynearestanddearest.com/magic-trees/
Figure 15: Century House. City skyscraper. http:// www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1414596 Figure 16: Manchester downtown. Map from Google Earth. Diagram by Beatriz Juan Miranzo Figure 17: Diana Memorial playground. Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/ uk/london/8706371/London-outdoors-Londons-Royal-Parks.html?image=3 Figure 18: Elementary school playground. Killiam Playground Project. http://readingma.virtualtownhall.net/ Pages/ReadingMA_Recreation/KILLAM Figure 19: Stairs view. Ecological Children Activities and Education Center by 24H Architecture. http:// www.24h-architecture.com Figure 20: Private Spaces. Ecological Children Activities and Education Center by 24H Architecture. http:// www.24h-architecture.com Figure 21: Classrooms boundaries with the courtyard. Fuji Montessori Kindergarten by Tezuka Architects. http://www.tezuka-arch.com/japanese/works/fuji/01. html
Beatriz Juan Miranzo
Figure 22: View from the rooftop. Fuji Montessori Kindergarten by Tezuka Architects. http://www.tezuka-arch.com/japanese/works/fuji/01.html
Figure 24: Analyzing indoor spaces and personal relationships. George Pompidou Center by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.
Table of Figures
Figure 25: Showing connections between the building and the plaza. George Pompidou Center by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.
35
Figure 23: Section of the building showing tree design element. Fuji Montessori Kindergarten by Tezuka Architects. http://www.tezuka-arch.com/japanese/works/ fuji/01.html
Figure 26: “Feeding the World: Another Brazil,” Dickson Despommier, The Vertical Farm, New York: St Martin’s Press (2010) Figure 27: “Program Diagram,” from the project Hybrid Vertical Farm by Rebekah Adam Wagoner [RAW] Design, March 13th, 2012. http://rawagoner. com/2012/03/13/hybrid-vertical-farm/ Figure 28: Proposed Solution by Beatriz Juan Miranzo
Hammons School of Architecture
6.Bibliography
Globesity Amilien, Virginie, Derek J. Oddy and Peter J. Atkins. The Rise of Obesity in Europe: A Twentieth Century Food History. Farnham, England: Ashate, 2009.
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Brunello, Giorgio, Pierre-Carl Michaud and Anna Sanz-de- Galeadon, “The Rise of Obesity in Europe: An Economic Perspective,” Economic Policy 24 no. 59 (2009): 551-596.
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Ng, Marie, Tom Fleming and Margaret Robinson. “Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980-2013: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.” The Lancet 384, no. 9945 (2014): 766- 781. Power, Michael L. and Jay Schulkin. The Evolution of Obesity. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. Sankofa, J. and W.L. Johnson-Taylor. “News Coverage of Diet-related Health Disparities Experienced by Black Americans: A Steady Diet of Misinformation.” Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior 39, 2 (2007): 36-50. Schooneveldt, M., T. Songer, P. Zimmet and K. Thoma. “Changing Mortality Patterns in Nauruans: An Example of Epidemiological Transition.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 42, no. 1 (1988): 89-95. Subramanian, S.V. Ichiro Kawachi and George Dave Smith, “Income Inequality and the Double Burden of under – and over nutrition in India,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61, no. 9, (2007): 802-809. Tavernise, Sabrina. “Obesity Studies Tell Two Stories, Both Right.” New York Times. April 14, 2014, sec. Health, http:// www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/health/obesity- studies-tell-two-stories-both-right.html?ref=todayspaper
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Damaging Role of Subsidies.” British Medical Journal 331, no. 7528 (2005): 1333-1336.
Wallace, Barbara C., and University Columbia. Toward Equity in Health.: A New Global Approach to Health Disparities. New York: Springer, 2008.
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“Obesity and Overweight.” Last updated August, 2014. Greater London Authority. “Committed to Tackling Obesity in http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/ London.” en/ Holehouse, Matthew. “Britain makes slower progress than US in tackling obesity, says Hunt.” The Telegraph, January 7, 2014, sec. Health. Obesity and Children
Koplan, Jeffrey, Catharyn T. Liverman and Vivica I Kraak. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in Balance. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.
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Wainwright, Daniel. “Absolute epidemic: Shocking Rise in Manchester Obesity Rates as UK Dubbed Fat Man of Europe.” Mancunian Matters, March 25, 2013, sec. Health.
Tavernise, Sabrina. “Obesity Rate for Young Children Plummets 43% in a Decade.” New York Times. February 25, Obesogenic Environment 2014, sec. Health http://www.nytimes. com/2014/02/26/health/obesity-rate-for-young- Lee, Rebecca E., Kristen M. Alexander and Jorge A. Banda. children-plummets-43-in-a-decade. Reversing the Obesogenic Environment. Champaign, IL:
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Lake, Amelia C., Tim G. Townshead and Seraphim Avanides, ed. Obesogenic Environments: complexities, perceptions, and objective measures. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
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Hudson, Susan D. and Donna Thompson. “Are Playgrounds still Viable in the 21st Century?.” Parks and Recreation 36, no. 4 (2001): 55-62. Nicholson, Marie. “Designing Schools to Help Prevent Obesity.” Active Living Research. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://activelivingresearch.org/ blog/2013/04/designing-schools-help-prevent-obesity Paterson, James A. “Playground Equipment Height: The Real Issue?” Parks and Recreation 27, no. 4 (1992): 32-39. Xu, Yaoying, Jeffrey Gelfer and Peggy Perking. “Using Peer Tutoring to Increase Social Interaction in Early Schooling.” Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages Quarterly 39, no. 1 (2005): 83-106.
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School’s Role
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Schneidawid, John. “Architects Issue Report Documenting the Connection between Design and Public Health” The American Institute of Architects. December 11, 2012. http://www.aia.org/press/releases/AIAB096791 Templer, John. The Staircase: History and Theories Jaffe, Eric. “How to Keep our Buildings from Making us Fat.” (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1992) Fast Company. July 28th, 2014. http://www. fastcodesign.com/3033627/evidence/how-to-keep- Vinnitskaya, Irina. “What Can Architecture Do for Your Health?.” our-buildings-from-making-us-fat ArchDaily. <http://www.archdaily.com/?p=244063> Case Studies Lynch, Kevin The image of the city. Cambridge, Mass. 1960. Oldenburg, Ray Oldenburg. The Good Place. New York: “Adapting to Change,” B Nieuws, Amsterdam: TU Delft, (2012): 2. Paragon House, 1989.
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Beatriz Juan Miranzo
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Hammons School of Architecture
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