SEVENTH EDITION
THE BOAT
D ATA BOOK IAN NICOLSON CEng FRINA HonMIIMS RICHARD NICOLSON IACH CIPS
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 1
30/04/2014 17:41
Contents INTRODUCTION
viii
Acknowledgements viii
1 BOAT EQUIPMENT Delta anchors – sizes and shapes Danforth anchors – proportions and sizes CQR anchors – sizes and shapes Fisherman anchors – proportions and sizes Anchor ropes and mooring warps – sizes Anchor sizes relative to boat length and type Sheet winches – power ratio Winch sizes Cleat sizes Tools for small craft Safety equipment – craft under 5.5 m (18 ft) LOA Safety equipment – craft between 5.5 m (18 ft) and 13.7 m (45 ft) LOA Lights and shapes Lights and shapes needed on small craft Laying up boats
2 MATERIALS Brass and steel rod (metric measure) – weight in kg/m and lb/ft Brass and steel rod – standard hexagons for bolts, screws and nuts Brass and steel rod (Imperial measure) – weight in lb/ft Brass and steel rod (decimals of an in) – weight in lb/ft Aluminium rod (Imperial measure) – weight in lb/ft Brass and steel rectangular bars (Imperial measure) – weight in lb/ft Brass and steel rod (BA sizes) – weight in lb/ft Brass and steel wire (in swg) – weight in lb/100 ft Steel and wood pillars – simple approximate formulae Circular hollow sections (mild steel) – dimensions and strength in tension and compression Rectangular hollow sections (mild steel) – dimensions and strength in tension and compression Square hollow sections (mild steel) – dimensions and strength in tension and compression Pitch pine pillars – safe working loads Abrasive papers Paint – container sizes and covering properties Paint – efficiency in preventing moisture absorption Antifouling paint requirements Galvanic corrosion
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 3
1 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 18 22 26 30 34
36 36 39 40 44 45 46 48 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 57 59
30/04/2014 17:41
Stock timber sizes Mechanical properties of wood Bending marine plywood Moisture content of timber Natural seasoning of timber Lightweight materials – mechanical properties Typical marine laminates (glassfibre) – physical properties Reinforced plastic laminates – thickness (average figures) Mechanical properties of laminates – compared with other materials Fresh water – allowance and measurements Sailcloth weights – comparative figures Tank materials Modulus of elasticity and density
60 60 62 62 64 64 66 68 68 68 69 70 70
3 FASTENINGS
71
Standard available bolt lengths for given diameters Hexagonal bolts, nuts and screws – ISO metric sizes ISO and metric thread equivalents Screw threads per in Bolts in wood – failing loads Breaking loads of bolts Wood screws – weight in lb/1000 Barbed ring nails Pilot hole sizes – wood screws Pilot hole sizes – nails and copper clenches Pipe clips or clamps
71 72 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 79
4 SPARS AND RIGGING Aluminium alloy masts – general guide Aluminium alloy masts – size selection graph Aluminium alloy – boom dimensions Aluminium alloy – spinnaker boom dimensions Standing rigging sizes Rigging screw pins, forks and standard ends Nitronic 50 rod rigging Gamma rod rigging Cobalt rod rigging Carbon rod rigging Soft Kevlar rigging Pultruded Kevlar rod rigging Turnbuckles for rod rigging Turnbuckles for half lenticular rod rigging Turnbuckles for wire Tip turnbuckles Fork toggles High-fatigue jaws White Kevlar 49 cable iv
80 80 80 82 83 84 85 86 86 87 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Contents
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 4
30/04/2014 17:41
Kevlar 49 standard lightweight sockets Kevlar 49 standard lightweight sockets with eyes Kevlar 49 standard lightweight sockets with bails Kevlar 49 standard lightweight sockets with high-fatigue jaws Kevlar 49 standard lightweight sockets with high-fatigue eyes Kevlar 49 standard lightweight sockets with T terminals Marine eyes for Kevlar 49 High-fatigue eyes for Kevlar 49 High-fatigue jaws for Kevlar 49 Shackles – safe working loads Titanium shackles U-bolts – typical dimensions and strengths Stainless steel flexible wire – breaking load and weight of running rigging Stainless steel wire rope – breaking load and weight of standing rigging Galvanised steel flexible wire – breaking load and weight of running rigging Galvanised steel wire rope – breaking load and weight of standing rigging Qualities of man-made fibre ropes Rope damage Ropes of man-made fibres – diameter, circumference, breaking load, weight Polyester ropes – recommended sizes for running rigging Dinghy running rigging – lengths, diameters, types of rope for Pico and Laser Running rigging – typical lengths for a variety of small craft Sheave sizes – for rope cordage Loads on sheets and blocks
95 96 96 97 98 98 99 100 101 102 102 103
110 111 111 112
5 ENGINES, POWER AND ELECTRICS
113
Keel coolers Fuel tank design Engine room exhaust system Fuel – consumption, weight, tankage Fuel and gas piping Electric cables – current capacity Fuse wire – current capacity Electrical symbols 12 volt battery sizes and weights Lead/acid batteries Colour coding for marine engine wiring Power/speed ratios hp (horsepower) required for a given speed Outboard engine weights Speed – power – weight graphs
113 114 115 116 116 117 117 118 119 119 120 121 122 123 124
104 104 105 105 106 106 107 109
Contents
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 5
v
30/04/2014 17:41
Speed hp (horsepower) – launches and workboats Speed hp (horsepower) – auxiliary yachts Outboard engines – for small power craft Outboard engines – for inflatable boats Outboard engines – for 10 kph (6 mph) craft Outboard engines – speed-v-weight in runabouts Propeller graphs – medium and slow speed craft Propeller weights Propeller graphs – 6 knots water velocity past propeller Propeller graphs – 8 knots water velocity past propeller Propeller graphs – 10 knots water velocity past propeller Propeller graphs – 12 knots water velocity past propeller Propeller graphs – 14 knots water velocity past propeller Stern gear – propeller shafts, glands, stern tubes etc Rubber shaft bearings Propeller shafts – sizes-v-bhp and rpm Propeller shaft bearings – spacing
6 DESIGN Beam-v-waterline length Draft-v-waterline length Displacement-v-waterline length Ballast-v-waterline length Engine power-v-waterline length Sail area-v-waterline length Camber and sheer – how to calculate Dinghy sizes, weights and sail areas Sports boat sizes, weights and sail areas Open boats – average dimensions Open boats – typical sail areas Strip plank wood construction Beams/bearers under a ply deck, cockpit and cabin sole The human figure – space required Clothing and boots – space required Bunk sizes Chair and chart table – recommended sizes Desk, dressing table, stool – sizes Upholstery and bookcase – sizes Tables and seats – minimum area Galley – recommended dimensions Ice boxes and fridges Toilet dimensions Gas cylinders – size and weight Gas consumption per hour Domestic equipment, bottles etc Ventilation Small power boat seats vi
125 128 130 131 132 133 134 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145
146 146 147 148 150 151 152 154 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 171 172 174 175
Contents
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 6
30/04/2014 17:41
Seacock sizes 175 Hatch size, cockpit locker lid size and sail locker bin size 176 Sail covers – measurement plan 178 Unshaped mainsail cover 179 Steering – rudder, wheel etc 180 Liferaft container sizes 181 Anchor chains 182 Stanchions and guardrails 183 Chain plates 184 Jackstays 186 ‘Standard’ bollards/fairleads 187 Davit strengths and sizes 190 Common welding symbols 191 Air velocity in a pipe 192 Colour coding of pipes, cables, conduits, notices etc 192 Current colour coding for fire extinguishers 194 Previous types of fire extinguisher – use and colour coding 194
7 TABLES AND FORMULAE
195
Conversion factors Thames tonnage Temperatures – Fahrenheit/Centigrade Standard wire gauge – metric and Imperial equivalents Metal gauges – metric and Imperial equivalents Millimetres in decimals of an inch Inches to decimal parts of a foot Millimetres to inches and inches to millimetres Inches and eighths of an inch to millimetres Feet and inches to metres and millimetres Feet and inches to metres Inches and thirty-seconds of an inch to millimetres Cubic feet to cubic metres Square feet to square metres Pounds to kilogrammes Pounds force per square foot to kilonewtons per square metre Kilogrammes to pounds Volume conversions – Imperial gallons, litres, US gallons Speed conversions – knots, mph, kph Tons per square inch to kilogrammes per square millimetre – and vice versa Weights of materials Wind speeds and pressures
195 197 198 199 200 200 201 202 204 206 207 208 208 209 210 210 211 211 212
INDEX
215
213 214 214
Contents
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 7
vii
30/04/2014 17:41
Introduction Now in its seventh edition, this book is for owners, crew, boat buyers, charterers, chandlers, builders, repairers, designers, draughtsmen and students. In fact, for anyone concerned with boats and ships. One of its most valuable uses is saving time and trouble when specifying anything. By simply quoting a page anyone can order equipment without having to look up the correct size and write out lengthy details. An owner can phone a marina or chandler and simply say: ‘Put a new anchor on my boat. Size as specified in The Boat Data Book’. Designers can reduce long lists of rigging to: ‘As detailed in The Boat Data Book, page 109, column for yachts between 9 m and 11 m’. Anyone buying a boat can check the standard of its equipment by referring to the lists in this book. There is a widespread practice of fitting boats with totally inadequate anchors, chains, winches and so on. Many second-hand boats offered for sale are found to have inadequate safety gear, and much of what is on board is often out of date. Reference to pages 18 to 27 will show what is needed. When designing or acquiring a boat it is important to check dimensions of berths, galley top heights and so on. There is a tendency also to save on building costs by fitting furniture which is under-size and as a result inconvenient, besides being uncomfortable to use. Chapter 6 on Design gives many basic dimensions, standards, recommended minimum sizes and so on. Dimensions are given in m (or mm) as well as ft and in. Speed is in knots because this is still the universal unit at sea, but there are conversion tables from knots to km per hour and miles per hour on page 212.
n ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks are due to the people, often unknown, who devised many of the formulae in this book, and to McKechnie Metals of Walsall for permitting me to use many of their tables. Thanks are also due to those who have kindly given permission to use data, graphs and lists including the British Standards Institute, Calor Gas, Camping Gaz, Caterpillar, Copper Development Association, Harken, Seldon Masts, International Paints Ltd, Lee Sanitation Ltd, Lewmar, Marlow Ropes, Norseman Ropes, Ormiston, RNU, J Thompson Timber, Yachting World, Yachts and Yachting, and Bernard Hayman’s executors. Apologies are offered for inadvertently omitting any company or person whose data has been used.
viii
Introduction
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 8
30/04/2014 17:41
1 Boat Equipment n DELTA ANCHORS – SIZES AND SHAPES The advantages of the Delta anchor include excellent holding power, no moving parts, and the ability to self-stow and self-launch on and off a steamhead roller. The two bends in the shank are the secret of its self-stowing ability. Dimensions are shown below for metric units and overleaf for imperial units.
Delta anchors: dimensions and weights (metric units)
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 1
1
06/05/2014 13:06
Delta anchors: dimensions and weights (Imperial units)
n DANFORTH ANCHORS – PROPORTIONS AND SIZES
These figures are based on the standard Danforth anchor which has been developed and tested extensively. Wide variations from these proportions should be treated with caution.
Danforth anchor – top view
Danforth anchor – side elevation
2
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 2
06/05/2014 13:06
Danforth anchors: dimensions and weights (metric units)
Danforth anchors: dimensions and weights (Imperial units)
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 3
3
06/05/2014 13:06
n CQR ANCHORS – SIZES AND SHAPES A CQR anchor is sometimes left hanging over a bow roller when a vessel goes to sea. It is important that there are at least three strong lashings on it: two on the shank and one to prevent the plough end from moving in severe conditions. These lashings are usually needed even if the anchor chain has been hauled in very tight by the anchor windlass. It may be necessary to fit a pad between the sharp point of the plough and the hull, or have stainless steel plates on the stemhead to deal with wear caused by the anchor when stowed on the stemhead roller.
CQR anchor – side view
CQR anchor – top view
4
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 4
30/04/2014 17:41
CQR anchors: dimensions in millimetres
CQR anchors: dimensions in inches
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 5
5
30/04/2014 17:41
n FISHERMAN ANCHORS – PROPORTIONS AND SIZES
A folding Fisherman anchor has the virtue of being effective in all types of holding ground. Where the seabed is covered with layers of kelp it is one of the few types of anchor that may penetrate the weed and obtain a firm grip on the bottom. In practice, anchoring in kelp is always risky. This graph shows the proportions which have in practice been found to give an effective anchor. It is important that the palms are sharp and there must be good fillets where the shank meets the arms to ensure adequate strength.
6
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 6
06/05/2014 13:06
n ANCHOR ROPES AND MOORING WARPS – SIZES • Anchor ropes – polyamide (nylon) or polyester (Terylene/Dacron). • Polyamide is best as it stretches a lot and absorbs shocks. • Never use a floating rope (such as polypropylene) on an anchor. • Warps should all be of the same material or polypropylene (Courlene etc). • All ropes and chains are detailed by diameter. • Protect against chafing at the bow fairlead. • A short length of plastic tube over a warp protects it at the bow fairlead. Light lines are needed, tied through holes at each end of the tube and close by onto the warp. These lines secure the tube and prevent it sliding along the warp. Rag wrapped round a warp can be used in an emergency. See also page 182.
*See page 197 for the formula which gives Thames tonnage
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 7
7
30/04/2014 17:41
n ANCHOR SIZES RELATIVE TO BOAT LENGTH AND TYPE
• Recommended sizes of ‘patent’ anchors such as Delta, Danforth, Bruce, CQR, Plough etc. For Fisherman types increase the weight by 20 per cent. • Tested anchors are recommended. • A light kedging anchor is likely to prove inadequate for inshore racing if the yacht has to anchor in severe weather in an unprotected anchorage. • On long-range cruises, a yacht may have to ride out a hurricane – in these conditions a modest increase in weight and size of anchor may save the boat.
Anchor sizes: dimensions and weights (metric units)
Anchor sizes: dimensions and weights (Imperial units)
8
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 8
30/04/2014 17:41
n SHEET WINCHES – POWER RATIO There is a good deal of controversy about the correct size of sheet winch to fit on a boat. This is because crew strengths vary, different yachts are used for different purposes, and some are much harder driven than others. Dominating all is the high cost of powerful winches, which is the reason why so many standard boats are marketed with winches of inadequate power. The graph shows upper and lower limits for winches to suit the sail area of the largest genoa to be set, which should be taken as the basis. If the crew is weak or if the boat is to be raced hard in all weathers, go for the larger size of winch. If in doubt use the right-hand side of the graph curve. For multihulls increase the power ratio by 20 per cent. Power ratio = gear ratio
Ă—
radius of handle radius of drum + rope
sq m sq ft
sq m sq ft
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 9
9
30/04/2014 17:41
n WINCH SIZES See data on pages 12 and 13. Winches are catalogued by their size number. This number is an indication of the winch’s power or mechanical advantage. Thus a size 42 winch gives a power ratio of about 42:1. This ratio will be obtained when the winch is being used in its highest gearing. The table of winch sizes overleaf is based on the standard sail plan dimensions, namely: I1 = Distance from the deck to the top of the foretriangle, that is the point where the forestay meets the fore side of the mast. I2 = Distance from deck to top of inner forestay, where it meets the fore side of the mast. This is roughly at the staysail halyard block. J1 = The distance from the front of the mast at deck level to the bottom of the outer forestay. J2 = The distance from the front of the mast at deck level to the bottom of the inner forestay. P = Length of mainsail luff. E = Length of mainsail foot. In each case two figures are given for the Max (maximum) sail area, or Max ‘I’, or Max ‘P’ etc. The upper figure of each pair on pages 12 and 13 is in sq ft, or ft; the lower one is sq m or m. The winch sizes given in the tables on pages 12 and 13 should be taken as the minimum because:
• Winches wear and become less efficient in time. • Anyone who is tired, seasick, working in an awkward position or
inexperienced needs an extra-powerful winch, and therefore one larger than the basic minimum.
• In severe conditions the efficiency of the crew is decreased at a time when the winch power may be of particular importance.
• Whereas many craft have been under-equipped with winches, few have been over-equipped.
• Some winchmakers give their products numbers which do not exactly correspond to the winch power.
10
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 10
30/04/2014 17:42
I1 P I2
E
J2 J1
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 11
11
30/04/2014 17:42
Winch sizes
This table is based on information supplied courtesy of Peter Fairley, formerly of Harken UK Ltd.
12
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 12
30/04/2014 17:42
Boat Equipment
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 13
13
30/04/2014 17:42
A treasure trove of valuable information for designers, surveyors, builders, chandlers, and anyone maintaining their own boat. This needition contains a vast range of data on lengths, widths, strengths, anchors, cleat sizes and much more.
Buy Now www.bloomsbury.com
To Jeremy and Claire Lines
Ian Nicolson has written over 20 books, among them:
Build Your Own Boat Improve Your Own Boat Nicolson on Sails
Published by Adlard Coles Nautical an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP www.adlardcoles.com Bloomsbury is a trademark of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Illustrations and text copyright © Ian Nicolson 1978, 1985, 1994, 1999, 2003, 2009, 2014 Text copyright © Richard Nicolson 2014 First edition Nautical Books 1978 Second edition 1985 Third edition Adlard Coles Nautical 1994 Fourth edition 1999 Fifth edition 2003 Sixth edition 2009 Seventh edition 2014 ISBN 978-1-4729-07974 ePDF 978-1-4729-08964 ePub 978-1-4729-08957 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems – without the prior permission in writing of the publishers. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
9781472907974_txt_app.indd 2
This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed, sustainable forests. It is natural, renewable and recyclable. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Franklin Gothic Printed and bound in China by Toppan Leefung Printing Design by Susan McIntyre Errors and omissions Great care has been taken to ensure that the data in this book is accurate. However, the information has to pass through many processes: typesetting, printing, correcting, and so on, resulting in alterations which may inadvertently introduce errors. As a result no guarantee is given or implied that the information in this book is accurate; no responsibility can be accepted for the use, or consequence of the use, of this data. In some instances deliberate approximations have been used. Readers are invited to contribute suggestions for future editions of this book. New data is welcomed, also any corrections and updates for existing information. Ideas should be sent to: Adlard Coles Nautical, 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP. The author and publishers are grateful for past contributions by readers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
30/04/2014 17:41