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Bloomsbury Natural History An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DP UK
1385 Broadway New York NY 10018 USA
www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc This electronic edition published in 2017 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2017 Copyright Š illustrations by Ralph Steadman, 2017 Copyright Š text by Ceri Levy, 2017 Ralph Steadman and Ceri Levy have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for. ISBN: HB: 978-1-4729-3671-4 ePDF: 978-1-4729-3672-1 ePub: 978-1-4729-3673-8
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We’re two gonzovationists That’s conservation with a twist And laughter has to be the key When we smile we are engaged But the stories on each page Tell the damage wreaked by humanity
The pictures give great cheer But the words are full of fear As critters fall throughout the day Progress owns an iron fist A swift flick of its wrist Destroys whatever’s in its way
Be a gonzovationist Support the critters in our midst There is a need to gonzovert the crowd To help the vast array Of wildlife every day To roam freely would make us truly proud
By Levy/Steadman
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Ralph: What are we going to do next? Ceri: I reckon we concentrate on all the endangered creatures in the world other than birds. I am busy compiling a list of the critically endangered species in the world and there are over 4,500 of them. Ralph: You know how to discourage me, with your wretched lists and numbers of critical critters in the thousands. Ceri: Critical Critters! I like it. Don’t worry, Ralph, we won’t do them all. There are three or four we can leave out. Ralph: Oh dear… Better get some more ink in. Right then, you’re the Navigator, better get the Steadmanitania where it needs to go. Ceri: Aye aye, Cap’n. Good to be back on board with you. We have many stories to relay in our roles as gonzovationists. Ralph: That is the purpose of our mission. You write it all down and I’ll draw it. Ceri: And one last thing to remember… No beaks this time round.
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How to Value a Species and Why We Should Care There is a thought that not all species are valued in the same way. It is considered that some Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs) may prioritise their agendas and work to conserve certain species and decide which ones may prove to have some intrinsic human value. Is the last of the Willow Blister fungi, found in only one Welsh location, worth saving as much as a Black Rhino? It may be that there is a conservation pecking order. But isn’t all life to be appreciated? Do we, as humans, not take ugly people into hospital to be cured? Yes, we do. There is no beauty gauge as to which particular person we decide to help, so shouldn’t we treat all species the same way? Undoubtedly there is a discussion to be had. In 2012, the ZSL (Zoological Society of London) and the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) released Priceless or Worthless, a review of the 100 most threatened species that may be allowed to die out because there are no human advantages to keeping them alive and kicking. This does suggest that it’s a case of species discrimination. I think we should protect the ‘uglies’ as much as any other creature. After all, everything has a mother and she would love her offspring – well, apart from the munching matriarchs that may occasionally eat their nearest and dearest. But that’s another matter. I have just read the Living Planet report, which has been produced by the ZSL and the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature). It is unpleasant reading as everything points to the fact that our wild creatures are facing the greatest period of mass extinction since the dinosaurs were wiped out 65 million years ago. That ancient extinction can’t be blamed on humans, but this present-day wipeout of species is pretty much all our fault and the worst of it is that we know how to stop this species decline but for one reason or another we choose not to. It’s all about our production and consumption. The way we farm, the way we eat, the way we share, the way we build, the way we energise and the way we live. We need to re-evaluate our relationship with the natural world and the environment we share with so many other species. It’s not too late but it is pretty damn close. After all, the world around us provides us with the tools to live, whether that be energy or resources, simple air and water, or the rewards of joy or contentment. Nature can be our inspirational muse, from whom we benefit physically, mentally and spiritually and we should look to support our greatest ally in our adventure of existing on this earth. The Living Planet report starkly presents the reality that our populations of birds, fish, mammals, reptiles and amphibians declined by 58 per cent between 1970 and 2012. This trend means that by 2020 we may well have lost two-thirds of our wildlife unless we alter our usage of this planet. We live in the Holocene Epoch, which is the current period of geologic time. This began approximately 12,000 years ago and replaced the Pleistocene Ice Age. Temperatures rose, glaciers retreated and forest replaced tundra. Creatures that had adapted to the extreme cold such as mammoths became extinct. Humans had to resort to hunting smaller creatures, supplementing their diet with plant materials. And as our dietary requirements changed so did our use of the planet. Agriculture took root and we began
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adapting the earth to our needs and wants. With the advent of the Holocene Epoch came a more stable climate, and most notably it is the time within which human civilisation has developed exponentially: populations have boomed, urbanisations have sprung up and consequently we have grown into the species we are today. This has been the age of man. But once more change is upon us and we are potentially moving from one epoch into another quicker than has happened before – it is our influence and actions upon this planet that has accelerated this change. New epochs are brought into existence when the world and its conditions change dramatically, and scientists seem to be in agreement that because of our treatment and alteration of this Earth, we have already created the next age. Welcome to the Anthropocene Epoch, in which the calm waters of the Holocene will give way to more turbulent seas. So what are the terms and conditions that qualify for us to be living in a brand new epoch? The key factor is the significant effect of human activities upon the world’s geology and ecosystems. Over geologic time the start of a new epoch has often been marked by climate change, dramatic changes in the life forms on Earth, or by the occurrence of mass extinctions. Looking around me, it is beginning to look a lot like a new epoch is indeed upon us. When did this happen? When did the Anthropocene Epoch begin? It has been mooted that it may have commenced with the Industrial Revolution, but now the consensus within the scientific community is that it should be considered to have started around 1950, soon after nuclear bombs were tested and then dropped as an act of war. This seems like a forceful marking point and moment in time to acknowledge change. Add to that the damage done by the recent inventions of plastic and concrete and it would appear that we have altered the planet in an enormous way. This is the age of pollution, radiation, habitat loss, extinction, bad economics and selfishness. Add other words as you see fit and realise that this period of time we exist in is like no other age. It is now so different to what we considered the Holocene Epoch that the change in epoch feels inevitable. But there is also the thought that this mountain of disastrous damage done to the planet could be a jumpingoff point for a new way of life and we could become a somewhat different entity. Perhaps science fiction will prove to be correct and we will evolve into a more advanced species, learning from the mess we have created. Perhaps we will move forward, riding the digital and technological highway to transcend the follies of humankind and travel the universe armed with the knowledge of how not to do things and find somewhere new to colonise – and ultimately, perhaps intelligently, terraform our way across the galaxies. It seems impossible now – but so did Leicester City winning the English Premier League in 2016. (For nonfootball fans, Leicester City is an English football team who had never won a major title in their history and against all odds won the greatest English football prize, the Premier League, beating illustrious teams such as Chelsea and Manchester City to the title.) Plus an aficionado would tell you that it is highly improbable to happen again for a long time. You can think of your own against-all-odds analogy and insert as you wish to replace the Leicester City story. The most pressing issue is that humans need to find a positive way out of this mess. We can’t be so stupid as to destroy everything we have in this world, can we? Let’s hope not. Time to boost up those dilithium crystals and head for warp factor eight. We may need to get out of here fast – although it would be best to fix the damage done before heading off in search of new horizons.
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We await the decision by science to accept the Anthropocene Epoch into the geological time scale and then we will all be New Agers, living in our brand new self-created epoch. Bring it on and let’s see if we can find a way to turn over a new leaf and mark this new dawn with a positive twist. Saving the critters within this book would be a pretty good start. Every time I watch animals in the wild or nature programmes on TV, I am struck at the levels of intelligence shown by so many creatures, an intelligence beyond instinct or survival, and I wonder if many species are much smarter than we give them credit for. Perhaps we refuse to accept their intelligence because we would then feel guilt for everything we have done to them. Do we call so many animals dumb or stupid because we can’t bear to accept the intelligence before us? What constitutes intelligence anyway? It surely must equate to the particular creature’s environment and place within it. All sorts of creatures utilise objects and use implements as tools to help them in their lives. Is this not intelligence? We know that crows can remember people, chimpanzees can recognise other chimpanzees and dolphins communicate with each other, yet we refuse to accept that this exchange between dolphins is a language. I remember when I was a kid I decided I wanted to learn Welsh and bought myself a Teach Yourself Welsh book. I loved it and I learnt a little. Cymru am byth (Wales for ever) has always stood me in good stead, but why can’t I get a Teach Yourself Dolphin book? Shouldn’t we be learning the languages of the animals? I believe they are there. OK, there are scientific arguments against the acceptance of language and most of it is to do with syntactic structures first described by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s. It is apparently all to do with the rules that govern the order of words. But don’t we, as humans, decide on these rules and their parameters? What if there are other rules created by other species? Is everything judged by our experience of living? Seemingly, yes. We are regularly told that there is a huge difference between language and communication and that the two are not one and the same thing. Perhaps our attempts at animal language recognition are not advanced enough to admit that we are not alone with our ability and instinct for language. Perhaps we have just been turning the wrong keys. But everything that we know about other creatures suggests that there is more intelligence within them than we are aware of and as we are changing the epoch maybe our thinking about other animals needs to change too. When do we start to admit intelligence exists within other species? When we decide to accept it, I guess. Then, just maybe, we will begin to treat them better. Life should be a way to treat an animal. God bless Kurt Vonnegut. NOTE: Ceri Levy is not a scientist, never has been a scientist, and probably never will be a scientist. He has recently completed a course in Crittology at Grossenheimer’s University, of which Dr Ralph Steadman is currently the principal, and was deemed fit enough to become a Professor of Loudmouth Chicanery. He is actively looking for further education within the world of Crittology conservation.
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Creating a Synopsis Ralph: What do you know of a Synopsis? What do you know of its appearance? Ceri: A snuffling Synopsis with a protruding proboscis? A rare treat. They have become critically endangered, perhaps even extinct, in the wild. Ralph: That’s not good. I will draw one back into existence. Ceri: I think the Synopsis is a forest dweller. Perhaps he rummages around searching for food amongst the leaves on the ground? Or maybe he’s a creature that climbs? Ralph: There are a lot of things I could do with a snuffling Synopsis. Although he could be snivelling more than snuffling. I prefer snivelling. Always moaning. Ceri: (in a nasally voice, imitating a Synopsis) Why me? Everyone wants my viewpoint of an idea and then blames me if it’s not good enough. I hate being a Synopsis. Ralph: That’s the sort of thing. We just have to make a start. Ceri: The first splat and the first words. It’s being brave enough to begin and let it evolve. Ralph: That’s what you got to do to be a gonzovationist. Be brave to start something like a Synopsis. Never be afraid, for fear is the enemy of the pen. Then we better sort out the Furry Prologue. Ceri: And never forget the Hairless Epilogue or that dangerous swine the Addendum and his sidekick the Erratum. Grammatical creatures abound. Grammati-critters, if you will. Ralph: The Unnumbered Index. Nothing worse. Looking something up in an index, discovering it exists but no idea where. Just an annoying list. Ceri: Sounds familiar. Maybe I should number my lists for you. Ralph: Yours will always be annoying. It’s what you do. Annoy.
Later that afternoon Ralph holds up a sheet of paper upon which is a tantalisingly odd creature. Ralph: So here is the Synopsis. You’re being very quiet. Ceri: I’m a serious gonzovationist and I’m studying the Synopsis and evaluating him. I think he is pointing the way forwards for us! Ever upwards. The Synopsis is searching for a general overview by climbing this tree. Once he sees where he is and what is happening, he is very good at encapsulating the scene and describing it succinctly and economically. He is the master of explaining any given situation. Ralph has been exploring his copy of Popular Encyclopaedia, or Conversations Lexicon, published in 1882 by Blackie & Sons. It is full of steel engravings by Thomas Archer – they have an other-worldly quality about them and are as detailed as anatomical drawings. These pictures have captivated Ralph, and there is a flavour of these images within the Synopsis. Ralph: I love this book. It’s a funny way to go but it’s not a bad way to go. It’s idiosyncratic. Ceri: Idiot-syncratic, perhaps? Ralph: If you want to make fun of me and treat me like a fool, then yes. Things were so much better without cameras and people had to draw to record things. Fox Talbot who invented the camera has a lot to answer for. Asshole! Ceri: You don’t mean that. After all you have taken some wonderful photos thanks to his invention. Ralph: At the moment I do mean it. But I will forgive him later. This book could be a trial for me. Ceri: We won’t put you on trial for the first drawings. I think you’re onto something. Let’s just settle into it and see where we end up.
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Ceri’s Diary: Today is the day that the Synopsis goes before the Bloomsbury board to get the yay or nay on its future existence along with all the other critical critters we intend to bring into being. I hate waiting for news and I spend half the time unable to concentrate on other things. I decide to phone Gin Martini and put myself out of my self-induced misery. ‘What news?’ ‘I was just emailing you. Good news! The Synopsis was a success and everyone is very happy to go for the third book in the trilogy. Actually, we should think of a name for the three books, an umbrella title for them like Batman’s Dark Knight trilogy. What do you and Ralph have as your trilogy moniker? Let me know what you and Ralph come up with. Toodle pip!’ Ceri: Good news! Everyone is happy for us to get going on Critical Critters. It’s official. This being the third book in our very own animal lexicon after Extinct Boids and Nextinction, Jim reckons we should come up with a title for the trilogy. Robertson Davies wrote the Deptford Trilogy, in films there’s the Godfather trilogy and the original Star Wars trilogy and musically there was Bowie’s Berlin trilogy. Good things come in threes and therefore we should name our trio. Then we could create a beautiful box set. Ralph: Buy the threee, with an extra third e, and get a trolley free! Ceri: Why a trolley? Ralph: Because that box set will be damn heavy considering the size of our books. It’s far too heavy to carry normally. You would be off your trolley not to use a trolley! Ceri: The Trolley Trilogy? Ralph: It would be a thrill to get a set in a trolley. Ceri: The Thrillogy Trollogy? Ralph: That would work. Buy three, get one less (of your choice). Ceri: Not sure that works but I like it. When we started our
book escapades did you think we would be writing a third book? Ralph: No I didn’t and it defies all of Grossenheimer’s Laws of Adiabatic Masses. Quite a feat and will surprise the world of academia. Ceri: Maybe we should call it the Grossenheimer Trilogy in the academic world and the Thrillogy Trollogy in the real world. Let’s just call it the Thrillogy Trilogy. Ralph emails: Agreed. Gonna have a look through the drawers for inspiration and see if there is anything useful in them, animal-wise. Ceri’s Diary: The first thing Ralph finds in his drawers is this picture entitled Wildlife Pie. I start thinking about it and realise we don’t ’alf eat a lot of this world. Many creatures are happy with a few target food sources, whereas we will try and eat most things and only stop if we find it could be harmful to us. I remember travelling in Cambodia, where I was amazed at the array of food that was on offer, whether it was snakes, spiders or bugs. I asked our guide if there was anything off the menu and he calmly stated ‘Mosquitoes’, because it was impossible to catch enough of them to make a worthwhile plate of food. That sums up humanity and its bottomless stomach. I bet if a restaurant were opened called Critical Critters, where all the food came from endangered animals, it would be a resounding success. That’s how ridiculous the world has become. Imagine walking into a bank and presenting this idea as a serious business plan. It would probably be taken more seriously than an idea for a clothes shop or a bookshop and would most likely get funding. Profit over ethics works for so many of the modern-day moneymen. Until we change this mind-set, the world of critters will always come a poor second to economics and ‘progress’. Tragic.
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Animal Art Safari There are a multitude of drawings in different drawers of Ralph’s studio that have never seen the light of day and today is no exception. Ralph has been on his animal art safari hunting high and low through the studio digging out picture after picture of relevance and irrelevance to our project. At first I thought it was just birds that had regularly appeared in past pictures but now I find that much of the animal kingdom has had some contact with Ralph’s pen and often he has no idea why he did some of these pictures and most have never been seen before. I think some would handsomely complement the work he will create for this book and they deserve to be seen. Just look at this creature, a baby mammoth. I would call this a transitional painting, as the mammoth’s feet look distinctly bird-like and I’m certain that they’re not the right feet. It just shows that it’s hard to give up the beak and talon. It is symbolic that Ralph has turned up this picture, as it sums up everything we are striving to avoid with our creatures today. We don’t want extinctions and the mammoth is nearly as well known as a symbol of extinction as the Dodo. Ralph doesn’t know if he painted this recently or some years ago, let alone why he did it, but this is irrelevant as it is perfect for use in the here and now of our book – and what better creature is there than the mammoth to start our roll call of endangerment? Ralph: I have no idea why I did this. Or when I did it. Why do I do these things? Ceri: I don’t know, but I think this is a wonderful portent of what we are embarking upon. Ralph: A wonderful portent? Don’t be seen with a poor tent, how’s that wonderful? Get a more expensive one, people judge you by the quality of your tent.
Woolly Mammoth Mammuthus primigenius During the Pleistocene Epoch a dozen mammoth species roamed the world, but the Woolly Mammoth is the one we all know and imagine when we think of a mammoth. It is believed it became extinct due to a mix of climate change and hunting. It certainly figured on the dinner menu for early humans and was also hunted for its pelt, which was ideal for warmth and clothing. About 10,000 years ago, at the end of the last Ice Age, the mammoths finally became extinct across the planet apart from a small population on Wrangel Island, situated off the coast of Siberia, which kept the name of the Woolly Mammoth alive until 1700 BC. No one is quite certain why this last group became extinct and for years inbreeding was blamed for their extinction, but recent DNA testing suggests this is not the case and it is more likely that climate change was the reason for their disappearance. There is not yet any evidence to suggest predation by humans was a factor in the loss of these mammoths, although the arrival of humans on the island does tie in with the last days of the mammoth. This is quite probably a coincidence and the search continues to ascertain why the last Woolly Mammoths became extinct. And now our present-day search begins, the aim being to identify the most troubled critters out there. It’s time to stoke up the Steadmanitania, and get back to the high seas and start seeking out our subjects and their particular stories.
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Ralph emails: Anyway – starting is necessary… Ceri’s Diary: But where do we start? I’m not quite sure how we are going to tackle the whole world of critters. Ralph is concerned that people will want true representations of animals, whereas I’m sure they will want Ralph’s imagination to be in play. This is not going to be a guidebook. I have nearly completed a list to work from but inspiration is needed. Where will we find it? As usual, the answer is not too far away, in fact it is a Skype call away and this changes everything. We will find a way to create as we have never done before. This is time for…
The Path of Evolution Ralph: The strangest thing happened last night. Throughout my drawing day I clean my brushes and pens in a container of water that stands by the side of my drawing board. I knocked it over and I spilt the day’s dirty inky water onto a piece of paper, which was lying on the floor for no good reason. It created a giant blotty splurge on the sheet and my first reaction was ‘Blast it! What a mess I’ve made.’ And then I watched the blot of inky water tendrils spread, weaving a pattern as they slowly swam across the paper and I was intrigued at the shapes they were forming as they went. I knew that this was a chance encounter with a mistake, one that promised something other than a dirty great mess. I thought to myself, ‘I’m not going to clean this up, I’m going to let this dry out and see
what happens’ and blow me I came across to the studio this morning and I love what I see sitting on the floor. The paper is covered with forms and contours and I want to draw onto and into them, right now. Ralph then holds up a sheet of inky light-blue stained paper. Ceri: It looks aquatic, doesn’t it? I love the shapes that have formed. I start squinting and I begin to see things in the mess. Ralph: Yes, it looks very fishy to me. Maybe we’re meant to use this sheet for a critter. Ceri: Wow, that’s an interesting thought. So you would work into the splatted chaos and draw lines through it, using it like a background or a texture or an indicator of what lurks within. If it’s a sea creature then perhaps it could be a Humphead Wrasse? That’s in big trouble. What do you think? Ralph: Send me a picture and I will have a look. But we may just have something to work on here. Mind you, it could just turn out to be rubbish. I will try to please you but you’re a hard taskmaster and I only want you to be happy with my work so that you don’t get nasty to me and abuse me. Ceri: I think you exaggerate somewhat, my dear Cap’n. Ralph: I’ve told you a zillion times that I don’t.
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The sound of Skype calls me to my screen. I answer it and there swimming before my eyes is a Humphead Wrasse. It makes sounds, ‘Blup,blup,blup.’ A Humphead Wrasse is conversing with me. Yesterday I saw an abstract painting caused by spilt dirty water on a sheet of drawing paper, which Ralph left to dry overnight. I thought the patterns and shapes that were formed by chance were quite beautiful. What was an aquatic-looking splattered watery sheet last night is now transformed and here we are today with our very first authentic and endangered real-life critter, the Humphead Wrasse. The lines that Ralph has drawn through the accidental painting are remarkable and quite take my breath away. He has captured from within the filthy water, the essence of the wrasse and has portrayed him in his inimitable style. Once Ralph bestows his Ralphness upon the fish I want to know more about it and what can be done to save it. Perhaps that is why an artist can get a message across in a different way to a photographer or scientist. It’s that coded communiqué within a picture’s painted DNA that hits the spot. My words can only back up the meaning that Ralph paints and his work makes me want to be a participant in conservation and not an observer. Hats off to you, Ralph, my fishy friend. It is the first critter to appear. The experiment has truly worked and I feel that this could be the best way to approach the subject. Maybe Ralph should splatter more pages and we can find more animals within the accidents that happen. I am just about to suggest this to Ralph when he pops up from inside the wrasse’s aquarium and interrupts my racing thoughts. ‘Blup!’ Ceri: This is incredible. I adore him. It works so well, Ralph. Maybe you should do some more accidental painting… Ralph: I’ve already got several more sheets on the studio floor drying. Maybe we should experiment with this as an idea. What do you think? Do you really think this one is any good? I quite like him as he’s got a certain look in his eye. Ceri: Doctor Watson was always one step behind. I think it’s a perfect idea to do more. I love this picture. Something magical happened with that filthy wrasse. Ralph: I think so. And dare I say it, it makes the thought of doing all these damn critters almost – and I say almost, bearable. Ceri: It’s all in the technique from what I can see, and no doubt you will develop it further. Ralph: Ha! Glad you like him. I’ll continue with the filth. Is that Jackie walking behind you? Jackie! What do you think of this fishy picture? Jackie (my wife): I love it. The fish is amazing. I think it’s quite organic. It’s like where we all came from when we crawled out of the mud.
Humphead Wrasse Cheilinus undulatus The wrasse is found swimming through the Indo-Pacific coral reefs, searching for its staple diet of molluscs, crustaceans and starfish and would be quite happy to continue to do so with nary an agitated glance left or right. But sadly, it’s a tasty critter for humans to devour and overfishing is the primary reason why the population is becoming depleted. For the moment it is considered as Endangered, but from experience we know it is not such a large step for it to become Critically Endangered. It is a giant of the reef with males growing up to two metres in length, while the female clocks in at up to one metre. If left to their own devices wrasse can live for over 30 years, and they aren’t mature enough to breed until they are eight years old. Humphead Wrasse are involved in a complex relationship with their surroundings and play an important part in ensuring the continued existence of the fragile reef. They hoover up quantities of Crown-ofThorns Starfish, which eat growing corals, thus keeping the damage to the reefs to a minimum and helping keep the reefs healthy. If the Humphead Wrasse disappears, that is one less predator in the food chain. It will upset the equilibrium of the delicate underwater environment even further and could lead to yet more damage to the reef. Everything has its place in the ecosystem, but intensive fishing is endangering the wrasse. It is extremely popular as a luxury food in the live fish trade across Southeast Asia and is one of the most expensive live reef fish, coming in at $250–300/kg in China. What is the live fish trade? That’s where you enter a restaurant and are shown to a fish tank and choose which one you want removed and cooked for your dinner. It’s akin to eating in an aquarium. I have discovered a very interesting fact about the wrasse. Some of them are born female but undergo a sex change at around nine years of age, and then continue to live their lives as males up until their death. Nature is truly extraordinary. In Malaysia, the WWF has been working on a reintroduction programme through a buyback scheme with local fishermen. Wrasse that were caught and were destined to be sold into the live fish trade have thus been reintroduced to the reef. Since 2010 over 860 wrasse have been released and swum back into their natural world. Much better than being in a restaurant’s fish tank.
Ceri: You should be writing this book. Ralph: That’s a good point, Jackie, write that down, Levy. That’s a good point indeed that we all came out of the dirty water and the slime.
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Cartoonist and national treasure Ralph Steadman's unique take on critically endangered animals.
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