I L L U S T R AT E D BY
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M arc Mone s
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For Holly – Thank you! First published 2014 by A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury is a registered trademark of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Copyright © 2014 A & C Black Text copyright © 2014 Gill Arbuthnott Illustration copyright © 2014 Marc Mones Additional picture acknowledgements: Additional images all Shutterstock, aside from the following: p6 bottom © Wikimedia Commons, p7 top © Wikimedia Commons, p13 top © Wikimedia Commons, p13 top © Wikimedia Commons, p26 middle © Imperial War Museum/Wikimedia Commons, p44 top © Wikimedia Commons, p46 top © Wikimedia Commons, p50 bottom © Wikimedia Commons, p54 top left © Wikimedia Commons, p54 top right © Wikimedia Commons, p54 bottom © Wikimedia Commons. The rights of Gill Arbuthnott and Marc Mones to be identified as the author and illustrator of this work respectively have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ISBN 978-1-4729-0885-8 A CIP catalogue for this book is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems – without the prior permission in writing of the publishers. All Internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publishers regret any incovenience caused if addresses have changed or if websites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. Printed in China by Leo Paper Products, Heshan, Guangdong 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
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What are the Elements? An element is a substance that can’t be broken down into a simpler substance by any sort of chemical reaction. It only contains one type of atom. There are 92 different elements that occur naturally, and some more that can only be made in a laboratory. Chemists have discovered that some of these manmade elements do actually occur naturally, but only in tiny amounts. However, we’re going to stick with the original 92 in this book.
Chemists started to identify elements hundreds of years ago, and by the middle of the 1800s, 57 were known. Nobody could agree on how they should be grouped together. Someone needed to take charge and sort things out…
It was a job for Professor Mendeleev.
D m it ri M e n d e le e v
Si be ri a, w as bo rn in 18 34 in , or th e yo un ge st of 14 ild re n po ss ib ly ev en 17 ch pt m ov in g (p er ha ps th ey al l ke pa re nt s ar ou nd w he n th ei r )! W he n tr ie d to co un t th em he ta ug ht M en de le ev gr ew up er sb ur g C he m is tr y at St P et os he lo ok s U ni ve rs it y. In ph ot nt is t – like a re al m ad sc ie cu t hi s su pp os ed ly he on ly a ye ar ! ha ir an d be ar d on ce
6
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Pr o fe s s o
r M e n d e le e
v’s p e ri o d ic ta b le .
Professor Mendeleev’s chemistry class Mendeleev had a brilliant idea during his career, and that was to arrange the elements based on their weights and their properties (how they behaved). He called his arrangement The Periodic Table. Mendeleev found that when he arranged them in this way there seemed to be ‘families’ of elements that showed similarities, and gaps in the table where no known element fitted the pattern. Mendeleev predicted that new elements would be found to fill the gaps and suggested what weights and properties they would have. This helped other chemists to find them, and Mendeleev’s predictions were proved correct. 7
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How the Periodic Table Works
79 9 79 9 Non-metals Non-metals
Metals Metals
Hydrogen Hydrogen Non-metals Non-metals
Alkali Alkali metals metals Metals Metals
Hydrogen Hydrogen Non-metal Non-metal Noble Noble gases gases Non-metal Non-metal
66 66
Noble Noble gases gases Metalloids Metalloids oror Semi-metals Semi-metals Metalloids Metalloids oror Semi-metals Semi-metals
Here is the modern periodic table. Other Other metals metals Let’s take a closer look‌
l l
22 22
l
Alkali-earth Alkali-earth Alkali Alkali metals metals metals metals Alkali-earth Alkali-earth Transition Transition metals metals Transition Transition Rare Rare earths earths metals metals Radioactive Radioactive Rare Rare earths earths rare rare earths earths Radioactive Radioactive Other Other metals metals rare rare earths earths
10 10
N N 10 en10en Neo Neo 2N 02 N en180en18 Neo Neo 20A 20 18 18r ron A on colour of each box tells The Arg Arg 36 36 r r A A you onon if the element is a metal, Arg Arg K K 36 36 r r non-metal or metalloid. The KrKr ypyp to to n n K K r r 54 54 rows in the table are called KrKr ypyp to to n n Xe Xe 54 54 periods. If you read across a Xenon Xenon 8132 Xe Xe period the atomic numbers 68132 6 Xenon Xenon RR of 8132 n68132 n 6 the elements increase from RaRdaodnon left to right. The columns RRnn RaRdad onon
of the table are called groups. The elements in a group have similar properties and get heavier the further down the group they are.
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
Lithium Lithium Lithium Lithium 11 11
Na Na Na Na
11 11 Sodium Sodium 2323 Sodium Sodium 2323
44
Be Be Be Be
44 Beryllium Beryllium 9 9 Beryllium Beryllium 99 Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium Magnesium
Potassium Potassium Calcium Calcium 3737 Potassium Potassium
3838 Calcium Calcium
Rb Rb Rb Rb
Sr Sr Sr Sr
2121
2222
Sc Sc Sc Sc
Ti Ti Ti Ti
2323
VV VV
2525
2424
Cr Cr Mn Mn Cr Cr Mn Mn
2525 2121 2222 2323 2424 Scandium Scandium Titanium Titanium Vanadium Vanadium Chromium ChromiumManganese Manganese 4545 4848 51 51 5252 5555 Scandium Scandium Titanium Titanium Vanadium Vanadium Chromium Chromium Manganese Manganese 39 39 41 41 43 43 42 42 4545 4848 5151 5252 5555
Nb Nb Mo Mo Tc Tc Nb Nb Mo Mo Tc Tc
YY YY
44 44 Iron Iro
Ru Ru Ru Ru
3737 3838 4141 3939 4444 4343 4242 MolybdenumTechnetium Technetium Rutheniu Ruthen Niobium Niobium Molybdenum Yttrium Rubidium Rubidium Strontium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Zirconium 9898 102 102 9393 8989 8585 8888 9797 MolybdenumTechnetium Technetium Rutheniu Ruthen Niobium Niobium Molybdenum Yttrium Yttrium Rubidium Rubidium Strontium Strontium 5656 72 72 73 73 75 75 76 76 Zirconium Zirconium 9898 102 102 9393 8989 8585 8888 9797
Ba Ba 56 56 138 138 Ba Ba
Ta Ta 72 72 7373 Hf Hf 180 180 181 181 Ta Ta Hf Hf Hafnium Hafnium Tantalum Tantalum
57-71 57-71 57-71 57-71
Re Re 75 75 187 187 Re Re
Os Os 76 76 192 192 Os Os
Caesium Caesium
Barium Barium
Hafnium Tantalum Tantalum Lanthanides Lanthanides Hafnium Tungsten Tungsten
Rhenium Rhenium
Osmium Osmi
Caesium Caesium 8787
Barium Barium
Lanthanides Lanthanides
Rhenium Rhenium
Osmium Osmi
Francium Francium
Radium Radium
Francium Francium
Radium Radium
107 107 Bh Bh 262 262 Bh Bh
5757
5858
138 138
87 87 Fr Fr 223 223 Fr Fr 223 223
La La 57 57 139 139 La La
Ce Ce Ce Ce
5858 Cerium Cerium 140 140 Cerium Cerium 140 140
Lanthanum Lanthanum Lanthanum Lanthanum
89 89 139 139
Ac Ac 89 89 Ac Ac
104 104 180 180
Tungsten Tungsten 106 106
Dubnium Dubnium
Seaborgium Seaborgium
Bohrium Bohrium
Hassium Hassi
Dubnium Dubnium
Seaborgium Seaborgium
Bohrium Bohrium
Hassium Hassi
6262
6363
Actinides Actinides
89-103Rutherfordium 89-103 Rutherfordium Actinides Actinides
261 261
6060
262 262
61 61
Pm Pm 60 60 6161 Nd Nd 145 145 142 142 Pm Nd Nd Pm 91 91 93145 93 145 142 142 p93p NN 91 91 93 Pa Pa Uranium Uranium 237 p 231 231 N237 Np Pa Pa
Praseodymium Praseodymium
263 263
262 262
Sm Sm Eu Eu 6363 62 62 152 152 153 153 Sm Sm Eu Eu
108 108 192 192
108 108 Hs Hs 265 265 Hs Hs
265 265
6464
Gd Gd 64 64 158 158 Gd Gd
Neodymium NeodymiumPromethium Promethium Samarium Samarium
Europium Europium Gadoliniu Gadoli
Neodymium NeodymiumPromethium Promethium Samarium Samarium
Europium Europium
Praseodymium Praseodymium
Protactinium Thorium Thorium Protactinium
Actinium Actinium 227 227
Protactinium Protactinium
231 231
107 107 187 187
g Db Db 105 105 106 S106 Sg 261 261 g 262 262 263 Rf Rf Db Db S263 Sg
Rf Rf 104 104 89-103 89-103Rutherfordium Rutherfordium
Actinium Actinium 227 227
Thorium Thorium
105 181105 181
94152 94 152
9595 153 153
Uranium Uranium
Neptunium Neptunium Plutonium Plutonium
237 237
Gadoliniu Gadoli
96 96 158 158
Cm Cm Pu Pu Am Am 9595 9696 94 94 Curium Curi Cm Pu Pu Americium Am Am Cm Americium Curium Curiu
Neptunium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Plutonium Americium 243 243 244 244
244 244
243 243
8
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Iron Iro
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247 24
247 24
Atomic number
Au
E a c h e le m e nt has a bo x. T h e box co n Gold Atomic number t a in s : 79
T h e c h e m ic a l symbol
4343 5555
Tc Tc 4343 9797 Tc Tc
Iron Iron
Cobalt Cobalt
44 44 Iron Iron
4545 Cobalt Cobalt
Ru Ru 44 44 102 102 Ru Ru 76102 76 102
Os Os 76 76 192 192 Os Os
Osmium Osmium
107 107 87 187
108 108 192 192
Osmium Osmium
77103 77 103
Ir 77Ir 77 Iridium Iridium 193 193 Ir Ir Iridium Iridium 109 109 193 193
106 106 106
Platinum Platinum Platinum Platinum 110110
Ga Ga Ga Ga
Silver Silver
Cadmium Cadmium
Indium Indium
Silver Silver
Cadmium Cadmium
81 81 Indium Indium
Copper Copper
Gold Gold Gold Gold 111 111
110 110 Ds Ds 269 269 Ds Ds
g111g RR 111 g 272 R272 Rg
266 266
269 269
272 272
6565
6666
109 109 Mt Mt 266 266 Mt Mt
31 31 2727
Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercury Mercur 112112
etals
9
Potassium
11
als
12
Sodium
23
Helium Helium 10 10 19 m
Neon 20 18
Magnesi
24
Calcium
38
Rubidium 85
Argon Phosphorus Phosphorus 36
Kryp
ton
Francium
223
Xenon 813 62
72
88
226
TinTin
81 81 Ti Ti 205 205 Ti Ti
57
Lanthanu
Thallium Thallium Thallium Thallium
113 113 205 205
139
89
Actinium 227
m
Cerium 140 90
Thorium
DarmstadtiumRoentgenium RoentgeniumCopernicium Meitnerium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununtrium
LivermoniumUnunseptium Flerovium Flerovium Ununpentium Ununoctium UnunpentiumLivermonium Ununseptium Ununoctium
97 97 159 159
Dysprosium Dysprosium Holmium Holmium 9898 9999
164 164
Cm Cm Bk Bk Am Am 9595 9696 97 97 98 98 Cf Cf mericium ricium Curium Curium Cm Cm Bk Bk Cf Am Am Cf ricium Curium mericium Curium
243 243
243 243
99 99 Es Es Es Es
285 285
286 286
6868
6969
7070
Thulium Thulium
Ytterbium Ytterbium
Thulium Thulium
Ytterbium Ytterbium
102 102 174 174
No No Fm Fm 101 101 102 102 100 100 Md Md No Fm Fm Md Md No Fermium Fermium
141
mium
Protacti
232
231
nium
71 71
Yb Yb Lu Lu Tm Er Er Tm 71 71 6969 70 70 Lutetium Lutetium 169 169 174 174 175 175 Yb Lu Lu Tm Yb Er Er Tm Lutetium Lutetium 101 101 169 169
Praseody
Actinium 91 227
265 265
96 96 158 158
s
59
Hassium Hassium
Gadolinium Gadolinium
Actinide
Lanthanides Lanthanides Lanthanides Lanthanides
103 103 175 175
Lr Lr 103 103 Lr Lr
247 247
Mendelevium Nobelium Fermium Mendelevium Californium Einsteinium Einsteinium Fermium Berkelium Berkelium Californium Nobelium Lawrencium Lawrencium 258 258 257 257 251 251 254 254 247 247 255 255 256 256
247 247
Californium Einsteinium Einsteinium Berkelium Berkelium Californium 251 251 254 254 247 247
Mendelevium Mendelevium Nobelium Nobelium Lawrencium Lawrencium
Actinides Actinides Actinides Actinides
258 258 contains 257 60 which 255 255all the256 256 *There is a full periodic table on257 page chemical symbols.
9
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Rutherfo
rdi
261
Lanthanum
58
Bohrium hrium
uropium opium
Hafniu 180 104
Radium
262 262
9595 153 153
Zirco 90
Tin RaTin don
Uut Uut 112 112 113113 Cn Cn 285 285 286 286 Uut Uut Cn Cn
6868 Erbium Erbium 168 168 Erbium Erbium 100 100 168 168
Barium4
Francium Barium Lanthani 138 des
87
Germanium Germanium
Tit
Yttrium 89
56
Caesium 133
Germanium Germanium 54
39
Strontiu m 88
55
21
Scandium 45
40
37
Phosphorus Phosphorus
um
20 Rubidium 85
LivermoniumUnunseptium Flerovium Flerovium Ununpentium Ununoctium UnunpentiumLivermonium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Gd Gd Tb Tb 65 65 64 64 D66 Dy66y 159 159 164 y Gd Gd Tb Tb D164 Dy Terbium Terbium
6 6 38
6C 6Sr Rb C Strontiu C K10 Ne Ne 10 18C 18 88 Ca N e S Neon Neon c 56 N Oxygen Fluorine Fluorine Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon CarbonNeon T 20 20 Ne Ne 1817 18 17 20 18 Neon Neon Ba Oxygen Oxygen Fluorine Fluorine Nitrogen Carbon Carbon 15 15 N Ne Nitrogen Rb2020 SCaesium 17S 17 rP S A r 138 Y 15P 15 Argon Z 36 87 S S Sulphur Sulphur Chlorine Silicon Silicon Argon Argon Chlorine 31P 31 Ar P Cl Cl Cs Kr 1414 32 32 Kryp 3131 3535 36 36 Ba Fr Sulphur Sulphur Chlorine Silicon Silicon Argon Argon Chlorine ton 57-7Cl 1 Cl Radium Hf Kr 54 223 Si Si 14 14 Ge Ge Kr Kr 35 35 36 36 3232 Br Br Bromine Bromine Krypton Krypton Selenium Arsenic Arsenic Selenium Xe 74 74 SiSi 79 79 FrKr 84 84 Ge Ge Kr Br Br Ar Ra 89-10Ar Xenon X e Bromine Bromine Krypton Krypton 3 5074 50 5353 5454 5252 Selenium Arsenic 3333 Rf 8132 6 Arsenic Selenium 74 7979 8484 Ar Ar Sn Sn 57 Xe Xe 52 52 50 Rn 53 53 54 54 Te Te I I As As 33 33 58 R50 n Radon Iodine Iodine Xenon Xenon Tellurium Tellurium Antimony Antimony 34 34 120 120 127 132 132 130 130 La As Ce Sn Sn Xe Xe Te Te I127 I As Cerium Iodine Iodine Xenon Xenon Tellurium Tellurium 85 85 86 86 Antimony Antimony 34 34 140 Se 139 Se 120 120 127 127 130 130 La 132132 C e 89 Rn Rn 85 85 86 86 Pr Se At At Se Pb Pb Nd Astatine Radon Radon Polonium Astatine Lead Lead Bismuth Bismuth Polonium Ac 210 210 222 222 Rn Rn At At 80 Pb Pb 82 82 Thorium Astatine Astatine Radon Ac Radon Polonium Lead Lead Bismuth Bismuth Bismut 114 114 116116 117 117 118 118 115115 h Polonium T h 210 222 210 222 Pa 8282U H80 Hg BiBi HHg Fl Fl 114 114 116 116 117117 118118 Uno Uno 115115 UuP UuP Lv Lv Uus Uus 79 289 289 294 294 289 289 294 294 293 293 Bi Bi Fl Fl Uno Uno UuP UuP Lv Lv Uus Uus 7878 79 Au A 289 289 294 294 289 289 294 294 293 293 78 78 Pt Pt Au A Pt Pt Noble g
DarmstadtiumRoentgenium RoentgeniumCopernicium Meitnerium MeitneriumDarmstadtium Copernicium Ununtrium Ununtrium
opium uropium Gadolinium Gadolinium Terbium Terbium Dysprosium Dysprosium Holmium Holmium 158 158
Calcium
N a Mg Helium Helium 37
Non-met
Hassium Hassium
Eu Eu 6363 53 153 Eu Eu
He He 22 He He
Beryllium
7
als
22
Be
Lithium
Semi met
Magnesiu
4
Li
Other m
hrium Bohrium
6464
Sodium 23
3
metals
107 107 Bh Bh 62 262 Bh Bh
6363
108 108 Hs Hs 265 265 Hs Hs
Rh Rh 45 45 46 46 Pd Pd Rhodium Rhodium Palladium Palladium 103 103 106 106 Rh Rh Pd Pd Rhodium Rhodium Palladium Palladium
Al Al l Aluminium Aluminium
6464
Copper Copper
Alkali-ea rt metals h Transiti on metals Rare ea rths
Na
en
1
39
on-Meta
3131 Gallium Gallium 6969 Gallium Gallium 6969
Radioactive rare earths
10
HeliMetal Aluminium Aluminium u m Non 2727 N
Zn Zn 30 30 Zinc Zinc 64 64 Zn Zn Zinc Zinc
etals
11
1
H Hydrog
Potassiu
Helium Al Al 13 13
Ni Ni Ni Ni
Transition metals
Radioact ive Other rare ea rths
Be
Beryllium 9
Lithium
10
Boron Boron 13 13 11 11
2828 Nickel Nickel 5858 Nickel Nickel 4658 46 58
4
ases
He He
3030
Alkali m
6
BB2
2828
Alkali-earth metals
Metalloids or
b11 er11
Re Re 75 75 87 187 Re Re
Rhenium enium
C
Non-metal
Semi-metals Hyd rogen
o f t h e e le m 55 Boron e n tAtomic numBoron
chnetium netium Ruthenium Ruthenium
Rhenium enium
number
Alkali metals
Rare earths
(A o n e , t w o Non Metal or t hree Carbon le t t e r c o d e f o r t h e e le Non-Met me nt ) 5a 5l Atomic number 2 The name BB
chnetium netium Ruthenium Ruthenium
7575 9797
C Carbon Atomic
Hydrogen
Noble gases
(T h e n u m b e Gold6 r o f p r o t o n Atomic number s in a n e le m e nt )
Hydrogen
Metals
Non-metals
Au
T h e a t o m ic numbe r
2525
Mn Mn 2525 anganese ganese 55 55 Mn Mn anganese ganese
79
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60
Neodym
142
ium
92
Uranium 238
3
Gold Atomic number
6
Hydrogen
Radioactive rare earths
Alkali metals
Other metals
Alkali-earth metals
Semi metals
All life on Non-metals sition Earth is based Tran metals Noble gases on chemicals Rare earths that contain carbon. It can join with Non-Metal other elements to form millions of different compounds. Pure carbon can exist 10 ber mic numdifferent Ato in several forms: graphite (which is the ‘lead’ in lead pencils), Neon diamond, the wonderfully named 20 18 ‘buckyballs’ (which are minute spheres of graphite), and graphene Argon (which is a one atom thick layer of 36 Non-Metal graphite). Scientists are very excited Krypton about graphene because it’s strong, light, almost transparent, and 54 Diamond is the hardest naturally conducts both heat and occurring material and most electricity very well. Xenon diamonds are mined in Africa. 8132 6 The largest diamond ever found was the Cullinan, which weighed Radon over 600 grams! The scientific It was cut into name of the over 100 smaller diamond star is BPM 37093. What diamonds, some a mouthful! of which are part of the Crown Jewels.
C Carbon Hem
Heliu
2
Ne
Ar
Kr
Diamond
Li
Lithium
7
11
Na
Sodium
23 19
K
Potassium
39
37
Rb Rubidium
4
Be
Beryll
9
12
Mg
Magne
24
20
Ca
Calc
4
38
S
85
Stron 8
55
5
Cs
Caesium 133
87
Fr
Francium
223
B
Bar
13
8
R
Rad
22
Xe
Rn
57
La
Lanthanum
139 89
Ac
Actinium 227
The diamond star Astronomers have found the remains of a massive star, which has been transformed into a huge diamond – a diamond that may be five times the size of the Earth! 16
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5
C
Ce 1
T
Th
2
Global warming Fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) were originally living things, so contain lots of carbon. When we burn them, they release carbon dioxide gas, which collects in the atmosphere and traps extra heat from the sun there. This is known as the Greenhouse Effect, and many scientists are worried that it is leading to climate change.
Re cip e fo r a hu m an Wh ich ele me nts are yo u ma de of? O u yo do m the of ch H An d ho w mu C C n? N ne ed to ma ke a hu ma C C CCC C Ca of: de P A 70 kilo gra m ad ult is mo stl y ma Atomic number
43kg oxygen 16kgCcarbon CC CC H C hydrogen N Zn H HH H 7kg CZn H Zn N FZn Zn Zn nitrogen Zn Zn NN 1.8kg NCa NF N Ca P F Fe Ca Fe Ca Ca Ca 1kgFFcalcium Ca FFF P Fe K Si P P Fe PSi Fe K 780g Fe PP Fephosphorus Fe K Si SK K Si KK SiSi K 140g Sipotassium S Si S SNa SSSS 140g sulphur O Na Na Cl CNa Na Na Na 100g sodium Na H Cl Cl Mg Cl Zn Cl Mg Cl Cl 95g chlorine Cl O ON Mg C Mg C Mg Mg Mg Ca Mg F 19g magnesium C H H Fe 4.2g iron Zn Zn N ONP K Ca HCa F C FSi 2.6g fluorine P N PS Fe ZnFe 2.3g zinc Na Si K CaK Si F1.0g silicon
6
Carbon
Atomic number
O
O O OH OC O O
6
66 6 666 Carbon 6 6
number Atomic number Atomic number number Atomic number Atomic number number Atomic number Atomic Atomic Atomic
Non Metal
Non Metal
Carbon Carbon Carbon
Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Metal Non Metal Non Metal Metal Non Metal Non Non Metal Metal Metal Non Non Non
Atomic number
6
C Carbon
Non Metal
6
Atomic number Atomic number
6
C C CarbonCarbon
Non Metal Non Metal Atomic number
6
C Carbon
Non Metal
O
Atomic number
6
Carbon
Non Metal
H
C
N
Zn
Ca
F
P
Fe
K
Si
S
Na Cl
Mg
S P SCl
Fe
Mg Na KNa
Si
Cl SCl
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