3
CONTENTS PREFACE
5
THE YEAR 2018 2018 Calendar 2019 Calendar Forthcoming Events Centenaries
10 11 12 14
UNITED KINGDOM The UK in Figures The National Flag
19 23
THE ROYAL FAMILY Private Secretaries Finance Military Ranks and Titles Kings and Queens Descendants of Queen Victoria The House of Windsor
24 28 30 32 35 40 42
PRECEDENCE
43
PEERAGE Hereditary Peers Life Peers Courtesy Titles and Peers’ Surnames Lords Spiritual Orders of Chivalry Baronetage and Knightage The Order of St John Dames Decorations and Medals Chiefs of Clans in Scotland Privy Council
45 46 64 72 78 79 82 107 108 112 115 117
PARLIAMENT Members of Parliament General Election 2017 Results
121 131 138
THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC BODIES The Cabinet Government Departments Executive Agencies Non-ministerial Government Departments Public Bodies
175 175 177 187 191 195
DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT Wales National Assembly Election Results 2016 Scotland Scottish Parliament Election Results 2016 Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Assembly Election Results 2017
214 214 217 221 224 231 234
REGIONAL GOVERNMENT London
237 237
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
241
LOCAL GOVERNMENT England
244 247
County Councils District Councils Metropolitan Borough Councils Unitary Councils London London Borough Councils The City of London Corporation The City Guilds Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Political Composition of Councils Isle of Man Channel Islands
255 256 259 260 262 262 263 265 268 271 276 278 283 284
LAW AND ORDER Law Courts and Offices Scottish Judicature Northern Ireland Judicature Tribunals Ombudsman Services Police Prisons
286 286 292 294 296 302 305 310
DEFENCE Salaries
314 324
EDUCATION The Education System Universities Professional Education Independent Schools National Academies Research Councils
326 326 345 356 365 377 379
HEALTH National Health Service
382 382
SOCIAL WELFARE Social Services National Insurance Pensions War Pensions Tax Credits Benefits
388 388 389 390 393 394 394
UTILITIES AND TRANSPORT Water Energy Transport
402 402 405 411
RELIGION Religion in the UK Churches
420 420 426
COMMUNICATIONS Postal Services Telecommunications Internet
447 447 449 450
CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE World Heritage Sites Historic Buildings and Monuments Museums and Galleries Sights of London Hallmarks
452 462 464 471 479 486
4 BANKING AND FINANCE British Currency Banking and Personal Finance Financial Services Regulation National Savings National Debt London Stock Exchange Economic Statistics Cost of Living Insurance
488 488 492 495 497 498 499 500 502 504
TAXATION Income Tax Value Added Tax Stamp Duty
508 508 520 521
LEGAL NOTES Intellectual Property
523 547
THE MEDIA Broadcasting Television Radio The Press Newspapers Periodicals
549 549 549 551 554 554 559
ORGANISATIONS Trade and Professional Bodies Trade Unions Sports Bodies Clubs Charities and Societies
564 564 568 571 576 578
THE WORLD The World in Figures Air Distances Travel Overseas European Union International Organisations Countries of the World A–Z UK Overseas Territories The North and South Poles
601 608 609 611 621 643 925 934
THE YEAR 2016–17 Events A Century Ago: Events 1916–17 UK Affairs Arts and Media Crimes and Legal Affairs Environment and Science Sport International Affairs Obituaries Archaeology Architecture Art Business and Finance Classical Music and Opera Conservation Natural Environment Built Heritage Dance Film Literature The Media Television Radio The Press Internet Parliament Acts of Parliament Pop Music Science and Discovery Theatre Sports Results Sports Records Weather
939 939 940 943 944 947 950 953 963 966 970 975 978 981 987 987 990 992 996 999 1003 1003 1004 1005 1006 1008 1013 1015 1018 1023 1027 1046 1049
TIME AND SPACE Astronomy Time Measurement and Calendars Tidal Predictions
1059 1116 1130
Abbreviations Index
1137 1143
20
The UK in Figures
RESIDENT POPULATION
ASYLUM
ACTUAL AND PROJECTED BY COUNTRY people, thousands 81,244 80,000
76,056
70,000 60,000
55,928
65,648 4,343
57,438
50,000
N. Ireland
69,444 4,307
Scotland
4,117
4,159
England & Wales
4,566
4,687
40,000
2016 4,192 2,857 2,666 2,341 1,939
Source: Home Office, National Statistics: Asylum
3,918 30,000
NATIONALITIES APPLYING FOR UK ASYLUM year ending in March Top 5 Nationalities 2015 1) Iran 3,242 2) Pakistan 2,470 3) Iraq 2,216 4) Afghanistan 2,261 5) Bangladesh 1,110
3,402
20,000
BIRTHS
10,000 0
1971
1991
2016
2025
2045
2065
PROJECTED AGE DISTRIBUTION, 2016 AND 2065 percentage
2016 8.11
2065 15.83
17.78
Live births 2016
Birth rate* 2016
774,849 696,271 54,488 24,090
11.8 12.1 10.2 13.0
United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland
Source: ONS (Crown copyright)
16.39
* Live births per 1,000 population Source: General Register Office for Scotland, NISRA, ONS (Crown copyright)
15.27 15.34
19.10
17.31
20.28 17.33
19.44
0-14 (years old) 15-29 30-44
17.82
45-59 60-74 75+
Source: ONS (Crown copyright)
NON-UK BORN RESIDENTS BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH thousands 2004 2016 Poland 94 911 India 505 833 Pakistan 285 534 Republic of Ireland 453 389 Romania – 310 Germany 276 292 Bangladesh 228 227 China 152 211 South Africa 181 210 Italy – 196 Source: ONS (Crown Copyright)
people, thousands 4,125
3,927
10–19
3,796
3,607
20–29
4,451
4,313
30–39
4,279
4,308
4,037
MATERNITY RATES FOR ENGLAND AND WALES 2015 All maternities* Singleton All multiple† Twins Triplets All ages 689,751 678,678 11,073 10,901 169 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45+
23,925 107,603 196,363 214,870 118,524 26,474 1,992
23,780 106,590 193,758 211,163 115,863 25,736 1,788
145 1,013 2,605 3,707 2,661 738 204
142 1,006 2,571 3,644 2,619 722 196
2 7 33 62 41 16 8
TOP TEN BABY NAMES (ENGLAND AND WALES) 1914 2016
40–49
4,345
4,447
50–59
4,288
3,409
60–69
3,495
3,675
70–79
2,350
2,657
Male
80–89
1,074
1,525
Female
Source: ONS (Crown copyright)
Source: General Register Office for Scotland, NISRA, ONS (Crown copyright)
* Includes stillbirths † Total includes rates for twins, triplets, quads and above Source: ONS (Crown copyright)
BY AGE AND SEX (UK), 2016 0–9
FERTILITY RATES Total fertility rate is the average number of children which would be born to a woman if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the period in question throughout her childbearing life span. The figures for the years 1960–2 are estimates. 2016 1960–2 2000 United Kingdom 3.07 1.62 1.76 England and Wales 2.77 1.65 1.80 Scotland 2.98 1.48 1.52 Northern Ireland 3.47 1.75 1.95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Girls Mary Margaret Doris Dorothy Kathleen Florence Elsie Edith Elizabeth Winifred
Boys John William George Thomas James Arthur Frederick Albert Charles Robert
Source: ONS (Crown copyright)
Girls Olivia Amelia Emily Isla Ava Isabella Lily Jessica Ella Mia
Boys Oliver Harry George Jack Jacob Noah Charlie Muhammad Thomas Oscar
48
Peerage
MARQUESSES
Coronet, Four strawberry leaves alternating with four silver balls Style, The Most Hon. the Marquess (of) _ . In Scotland the spelling ‘Marquis’ is preferred for pre-Union creations Envelope (formal), The Most Hon. the Marquess of _; (social), The Marquess of _. Letter (formal), My Lord; (social), Dear Lord _. Spoken (formal), My Lord; (social), Lord _ Wife’s style, The Most Hon. the Marchioness (of) _ Envelope (formal), The Most Hon. the Marchioness of _; (social), The Marchioness of _. Letter (formal), Madam; (social), Dear Lady _. Spoken, Lady _ Eldest son’s style, Takes his father’s second title as a courtesy title (see Courtesy Titles) Younger sons’ style, ‘Lord’ before forename and surname, as for Duke’s younger sons Daughters’ style, ‘Lady’ before forename and surname, as for Duke’s daughter Created 1915 1876 1821 1831 1815 1789 1826 1796 1812 ˚ 1815 ** 1816 I. ˚ 1791 I. 1789 I. 1801 I. 1801 1800 I. 1793 1599 S. 1784 1902 1816 I. 1701 S. 1917 1838 1812 1682 S. 1926 1789 1800 I. 1787 ˚ 1694 S. 1789 I. 1551 1892
Title, order of succession, name, etc Aberdeen and Temair (7th), Alexander George Gordon, b. 1955, s. 2002, m. Abergavenny (6th) and 10th Earl of Abergavenny (1784), Christopher George Charles Nevill, b. 1955, s. 2000, m. Ailesbury (8th), Michael Sidney Cedric Brudenell-Bruce, b. 1926, s. 1974 Ailsa (9th), David Thomas Kennedy, b. 1958, s. 2015, m. Anglesey (8th), Charles Alexander Vaughan Paget, b. 1950, s. 2013, m. Bath (7th), Alexander George Thynn, b. 1932, s. 1992, m. Bristol (8th), Frederick William Augustus Hervey, b. 1979, s. 1999 Bute (7th), John Colum Crichton-Stuart, b. 1958, s. 1993, m. Camden (6th), David George Edward Henry Pratt, b. 1930, s. 1983 Cholmondeley (7th), David George Philip Cholmondeley, KCVO, b. 1960, s. 1990, m. Lord Great Chamberlain Conyngham (8th), Henry Vivian Pierpoint Conyngham, b. 1951, s. 2009, m. Donegall (8th), Arthur Patrick Chichester, b. 1952, s. 2007, m. Downshire (9th), (Arthur Francis) Nicholas Wills Hill, b. 1959, s. 2003, m. Ely (9th), Charles John Tottenham, b. 1943, s. 2006, m. Exeter (8th), (William) Michael Anthony Cecil, b. 1935, s. 1988, m. Headfort (7th), Thomas Michael Ronald Christopher Taylour, b. 1959, s. 2005, w. Hertford (9th), Henry Jocelyn Seymour, b. 1958, s. 1997, m. Huntly (13th), Granville Charles Gomer Gordon, b. 1944, s. 1987, m. Premier Marquess of Scotland Lansdowne (9th), Charles Maurice Mercer Nairne Petty-Fitzmaurice, LVO, b. 1941, s. 1999, m. Linlithgow (4th), Adrian John Charles Hope, b. 1946, s. 1987, m. Londonderry (10th), Frederick Aubrey Vane-Tempest-Stewart, b. 1972, s. 2012 Lothian (13th) and Baron Kerr of Monteviot (life peerage, 2010), Michael Andrew Foster Jude Kerr (Michael Ancram), PC, QC, b. 1945, s. 2004, m. Milford Haven (4th), George Ivar Louis Mountbatten, b. 1961, s. 1970, m. Normanby (5th), Constantine Edmund Walter Phipps, b. 1954, s. 1994, m. Northampton (7th), Spencer Douglas David Compton, b. 1946, s. 1978, m. Queensberry (12th), David Harrington Angus Douglas, b. 1929, s. 1954, m. Reading (4th), Simon Charles Henry Rufus Isaacs, b. 1942, s. 1980, m. Salisbury (7th) and Baron Gascoyne-Cecil (life peerage, 1999), Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil, KCVO, PC, b. 1946, s. 2003, m. Sligo (12th), Sebastian Ulick Browne, b. 1964, s. 2014, m. Townshend (8th), Charles George Townshend, b. 1945, s. 2010, m. Tweeddale (14th), Charles David Montagu Hay, b. 1947, s. 2005 Waterford (9th), Henry Nicholas de la Poer Beresford, b. 1958, s. 2015, m. Winchester (18th), Nigel George Paulet, b. 1941, s. 1968, m. Premier Marquess of England Zetland (4th), Lawrence Mark Dundas, b. 1937, s. 1989, m.
Heir Earl of Haddo, b. 1983 To Earldom only, David M. R. N., b. 1941 Earl of Cardigan, b. 1952 Earl of Cassilis, b. 1995 Earl of Uxbridge, b. 1986 Viscount Weymouth, b. 1974 Timothy H. H., b. 1960 Earl of Dumfries, b. 1989 Earl of Brecknock, b. 1965 Earl of Rocksavage, b. 2010 Earl of Mount Charles, b. 1975 Earl of Belfast, b. 1990 Earl of Hillsborough, b. 1996 Lord Timothy C. T., b. 1948 Lord Burghley, b. 1970 Earl of Bective, b. 1989 Earl of Yarmouth, b. 1993 Earl of Aboyne, b. 1973 Earl of Kerry, b. 1970 Earl of Hopetoun, b. 1969 Lord Reginald A. V.-T-.S., b. 1977 Lord Ralph W. F. J. K., b. 1957 Earl of Medina, b. 1991 Earl of Mulgrave, b. 1994 Earl Compton, b. 1973 Viscount Drumlanrig, b. 1967 Viscount Erleigh, b. 1986 Viscount Cranborne, b. 1970 Earl of Altamont, b. 1988 Viscount Raynham, b. 1977 (Lord) Alistair J. M. H., b. 1955 Earl of Tyrone, b. 1987 Earl of Wiltshire, b. 1969 Earl of Ronaldshay, b. 1965
79
ORDERS OF CHIVALRY THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER (1348)
KG Ribbon, Blue Motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame on him who thinks evil of it) The number of Knights and Ladies Companion is limited to 24 SOVEREIGN OF THE ORDER The Queen LADIES OF THE ORDER HRH The Princess Royal, 1994 HRH Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy, 2003 ROYAL KNIGHTS HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 1947 HRH The Prince of Wales, 1958 HRH The Duke of Kent, 1985 HRH The Duke of Gloucester, 1997 HRH The Duke of York, 2006 HRH The Earl of Wessex, 2006 HRH The Duke of Cambridge, 2008 EXTRA KNIGHTS COMPANION AND LADIES Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, 1972 HM The Queen of Denmark, 1979 HM The King of Sweden, 1983 HM King Juan Carlos, 1988 HRH Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, 1989 HIM The Emperor of Japan, 1998 HM The King of Norway, 2001 HM The King of Spain, 2017 KNIGHTS AND LADIES COMPANION Lord Carrington, 1985 Lord Bramall, 1990 Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover, 1992 Lord Ashburton, 1994 Sir Ninian Stephen, 1994 Sir Timothy Colman, 1996 Duke of Abercorn, 1999 Sir William Gladstone, 1999 Lord Inge, 2001 Sir Anthony Acland, 2001 Lord Butler of Brockwell, 2003 Lord Morris of Aberavon, 2003
Sir John Major, 2005 Lord Luce, 2008 Sir Thomas Dunne, 2008 Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, 2011 Lord Boyce, 2011 Lord Stirrup, 2013 Baroness Manningham-Buller, 2014 Lord King of Lothbury, 2014 Lord Shuttleworth, 2016 Sir David Brewer, 2016 Prelate, Bishop of Winchester Chancellor, Duke of Abercorn, KG Register, Dean of Windsor Garter King of Arms, Thomas Woodcock, CVO Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, Lt.Gen. David Leakey, CMG, CBE Secretary, Patric Dickinson, LVO
THE MOST ANCIENT AND MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE THISTLE (REVIVED 1687)
KT Ribbon, Green Motto, Nemo me impune lacessit (No one provokes me with impunity) The number of Knights and Ladies of the Thistle is limited to 16 SOVEREIGN OF THE ORDER The Queen
Lord Cullen of Whitekirk, 2007 Lord Hope of Craighead, 2009 Lord Patel, 2009 Earl of Home, 2013 Lord Smith of Kelvin, 2013 Chancellor, Earl of Airlie, KT, GCVO, PC Dean, Very Revd Prof. Iain Torrance, TD Secretary, Mrs C. Roads, LVO Lord Lyon King of Arms, Dr Joseph Morrow, QC Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod, RearAdm. Christopher Layman, CB, DSO, LVO
THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH (1725)
GCB Military GCB KCB DCB CB
GCB Civil
Knight (or Dame) Grand Cross Knight Commander Dame Commander Companion
Ribbon, Crimson Motto, Tria juncta in uno (Three joined in one) Remodelled 1815, and enlarged many times since. The order is divided into civil and military divisions. Women became eligible for the order from 1 January 1971.
ROYAL KNIGHTS HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 1952 HRH The Prince of Wales, Duke of Rothesay, 1977 HRH The Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, 2012
THE SOVEREIGN
ROYAL LADY OF THE ORDER HRH The Princess Royal, 2000
Dean of the Order, Dean of Westminster Bath King of Arms, Admiral of the Fleet, the Lord Boyce, KG, GCB, OBE Registrar and Secretary, Rear-Adm. Iain Henderson, CB, CBE Genealogist, Thomas Woodcock, CVO Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod, Maj.Gen. Charles Vyvyan, CB, CBE Deputy Secretary, Secretary of the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood Chancery, Central Chancery of the Orders
KNIGHTS AND LADIES Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, 1981 Earl of Airlie, 1985 Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, 1996 Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden, 1996 Lord Mackay of Clashfern, 1997 Lord Wilson of Tillyorn, 2000 Lord Sutherland of Houndwood, 2002 Sir Eric Anderson, 2002 Lord Steel of Aikwood, 2004 Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, 2004
GREAT MASTER AND FIRST OR PRINCIPAL KNIGHT GRAND CROSS HRH The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, OM
of Knighthood, St James’s Palace, London SW1A 1BH
138
General Election 2017 Results
GENERAL ELECTION 2017 RESULTS UK Turnout Electorate (E.) 46,843,896 Turnout (T.). 32,181,757 (68.7%) The results of voting in each of the 650 parliamentary constituencies at the general election on 8 June 2017 are given below.
KEY * Previously an MP for this seat in the 2015–17 parliament † Previously an MP for this seat in any parliament prior to the 2015–17 parliament ‡ Previously an MP for a different seat in any previous parliament § Currently suspended from the parliamentary Conservative Party swing N/A indicates a constituency for which the swing data cannot be calculated because one of the top two parties in the 2015 General Election did not field a candidate in the seat in 2017. ABBREVIATIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES Active Dem.
Movement for Active Democracy AD Apolitical Democrats Alliance Alliance Party of Northern Ireland AP All People’s Party APNI APNI Party AWP Animal Welfare Party Blue Blue Revolution BNP British National Party Bournemouth Bournemouth Independent Alliance BPE Bus-Pass Elvis Party Bradford Better for Bradford Bristol Independents for Bristol C. Conservative Change Alter Change Ch. P. The Christian Party CISTA Cannabis is Safer than Alcohol Citizens Citizens Independent Social Thought Alliance Comm. Communist Party of Britain Comm. Lge Communist League Community Communities United Party Compass Compass Party Concordia Concordia CPA Christian Peoples Alliance Croydon Putting Croydon First CSP Common Sense Party DDI Demos Direct Initiative Digital Digital Democracy DUP Democratic Unionist Party Eccentric The Eccentric Party of Great Britain Elmo Give Me Back Elmo Elvis Church of the Militant Elvis Eng. Dem. English Democrats Eng. Ind. English Independence Friends Friends Party GM Homeless Greater Manchester Homeless Voice Good The Common Good Green Green Party
Green Soc. Guildford Humanity Ind. IPP JACP Just Lab. Lab. Alt Lab. Co-op LD Lib. Lib. GB Libertarian Lincs Ind. Loony Love MC Money ND NE NF NHAP North Northern Open Patria PBP PC Peace PF Pilgrim Pirate Poole Populist PUP Radical Realist
Alliance for Green Socialism Guildford Greenbelt Group Humanity Independent Immigrants Political Party Justice & AntiCorruption Party The Just Political Party Labour Labour Alternative Labour and Cooperative Liberal Democrat The Liberal Party Liberty Great Britain Libertarian Party Lincolnshire Independents Monster Raving Loony Party One Love Party The Magna Carta Party Money Free Party No description The North East Party National Front National Health Action Party Putting North of England People First Northern Party Open Borders Party Patria People Before Profit Alliance Plaid Cymru Peace Party People First The Pilgrim Party Pirate Party UK The Party for Poole People Ltd Populist Party Progressive Unionist Party The Radical Party The Realists’ Party
Rebooting Referendum
Rebooting Democracy Scotland’s Independence Referendum Party Respect The Respect Party Rochdale Rochdale First Party Roman The Roman Party S. New Something New SCP Scottish Christian Party SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party SF Sinn Fein SNP Scottish National Party Soc. Socialist Party Soc. Dem. Social Democratic Party Soc. Lab. Socialist Labour Party Southampton Southampton Independents Southend Southend Independent Association Southport The Southport Party Sovereign Independent Sovereign Democratic Britain Space Space Navies Party Speaker The Speaker SPGB The Socialist Party of Great Britain SSP Scottish Socialist Party Thanet Party for a United Thanet TUSC Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition TUV Traditional Unionist Voice UKIP UK Independence Party UUP Ulster Unionist Party Wessex Reg. Wessex Regionalists Wigan Wigan Independents Women Women’s Equality Party Worth The New Society of Worth WP Workers’ Party WRP Workers’ Revolutionary Party WVPTFP War Veteran’s ProTraditional Family Party Yorks Yorkshire First Yorkshire The Yorkshire Party Young Young People’s Party UK
Contituencies, England A–C
ENGLAND
ASHFORD
E. 76,205 T. 48,955 (64.24%)
C. hold
Leo Docherty, C. 26,955 Gary Puffett, Lab. 15,477 Alan Hilliar, LD 3,637 Roy Swales, UKIP 1,796 Donna Wallace, Green 1,090 C. majority 11,478 (23.45%) 4.41% swing C. to Lab. (2015: C. majority 14,901 (32.26%)) ALDRIDGE-BROWNHILLS E. 60,363 T. 40,235 (66.66%)
C. hold
*Wendy Morton, C. 26,317 John Fisher, Lab. 12,010 Ian Garrett, LD 1,343 Mark Beech, Loony 565 C. majority 14,307 (35.56%) 2.94% swing Lab. to C. (2015: C. majority 11,723 (29.68%)) ALTRINCHAM & SALE WEST E. 73,220 T. 52,790 (72.10%)
C. hold
*Graham Brady, C. 26,933 Andrew Western, Lab. 20,507 Jane Brophy, LD 4,051 Geraldine Coggins, Green 1,000 Neil Taylor, Lib. 299 C. majority 6,426 (12.17%) 7.07% swing C. to Lab. (2015: C. majority 13,290 (26.31%))
E. 69,204 T. 40,776 (58.92%) Lab. hold
*Damian Green, C. 35,318 Sally Gathern, Lab. 17,840 Adrian Gee-Turner, LD 3,101 Gerald O’Brien, UKIP 2,218 Mandy Rossi, Green 1,402 C. majority 17,478 (29.19%) 2.41% swing C. to Lab. (2015: C. majority 19,296 (33.63%))
Stephanie Peacock, Lab. 24,280 Andrew Lloyd, C. 10,997 James Dalton, UKIP 3,247 Tony Devoy, Yorkshire 1,215 Nicola Turner, LD 750 Kevin Riddiough, Eng. Dem. 287 Lab. majority 13,283 (32.58%) 3.78% swing Lab. to C. (2015: Lab. majority 12,034 (31.24%))
E. 68,065 T. 45,811 (67.30%)
C. hold
*Nigel Mills, C. 25,905 James Dawson, Lab. 17,605 Kate Smith, LD 1,100 Matt McGuinness, Green 650 Daniel Bamford, Ind. 551 C. majority 8,300 (18.12%) 4.46% swing Lab. to C. (2015: C. majority 4,205 (9.20%))
E. 67,674 T. 39,773 (58.77%) Lab. hold
*Angela Rayner, Lab. 24,005 Jack Rankin, C. 12,710 Maurice Jackson, UKIP 1,878 Carly Hicks, LD 646 Andy Hunter-Rossall, Green 534 Lab. majority 11,295 (28.40%) 0.38% swing C. to Lab. (2015: Lab. majority 10,756 (27.64%)) AYLESBURY E. 82,546 T. 58,743 (71.16%)
C. hold
*David Lidington, C. 32,313 Mark Bateman, Lab. 17,617 Steven Lambert, LD 5,660 Vijay Srao, UKIP 1,296 Coral Simpson, Green 1,237 Kyle Michael, Ind. 620 C. majority 14,696 (25.02%) 5.26% swing C. to Lab. (2015: C. majority 17,158 (30.96%)) BANBURY C. hold
*Victoria Prentis, C. 33,388 Sean Woodcock, Lab. 20,989 John Howson, LD 3,452 Dickie Bird, UKIP 1,581 Ian Middleton, Green 1,225 Roseanne Edwards, Ind. 927 C. majority 12,399 (20.14%) 5.79% swing C. to Lab. (2015: C. majority 18,395 (31.71%)) BARKING
ARUNDEL & SOUTH DOWNS E. 80,766 T. 60,256 (74.61%)
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE
E. 83,818 T. 61,562 (73.45%)
AMBER VALLEY
BARNSLEY EAST C. hold
E. 87,396 T. 59,879 (68.51%)
ALDERSHOT
C. hold
139
E. 77,020 T. 47,679 (61.90%) Lab. hold
*Nick Herbert, C. 37,573 Caroline Fife, Lab. 13,690 Shweta Kapadia, LD 4,783 Jo Prior, Green 2,542 John Wallace, UKIP 1,668 C. majority 23,883 (39.64%) 4.98% swing C. to Lab. (2015: C. majority 26,177 (46.35%))
*Margaret Hodge, Lab. 32,319 Minesh Talati, C. 10,711 Roger Gravett, UKIP 3,031 Shannon Butterfield, Green 724 Pauline Pearce, LD 599 Noel Falvey, Ind. 295 Lab. majority 21,608 (45.32%) 1.97% swing C. to Lab. (2015: Lab. majority 15,272 (35.50%))
ASHFIELD
BARNSLEY CENTRAL
E. 78,099 T. 49,993 (64.01%) Lab. hold
E. 64,204 T. 39,089 (60.88%) Lab. hold
*Gloria De Piero, Lab. 21,285 Tony Harper, C. 20,844 Gail Turner, Ind. 4,612 Ray Young, UKIP 1,885 Bob Charlesworth, LD 969 Arran Rangi, Green 398 Lab. majority 441 (0.88%) 8.86% swing Lab. to C. (2015: Lab. majority 8,820 (18.60%))
*Dan Jarvis, Lab. 24,982 Amanda Ford, C. 9,436 Gavin Felton, UKIP 3,339 Richard Trotman, Green 572 David Ridgway, LD 549 Stephen Morris, Eng. Dem. 211 Lab. majority 15,546 (39.77%) 0.48% swing Lab. to C. (2015: Lab. majority 12,435 (34.01%))
BARROW & FURNESS E. 69,474 T. 47,590 (68.50%) Lab. Co-op hold
*John Woodcock, Lab. 22,592 Co-op Simon Fell, C. 22,383 Loraine Birchall, LD 1,278 Alan Piper, UKIP 962 Rob O’Hara, Green 375 Lab. Co-op majority 209 (0.44%) 0.70% swing Lab. to C. (2015: Lab. Co-op majority 795 (1.84%)) BASILDON & BILLERICAY E. 69,149 T. 44,918 (64.96%)
C. hold
*John Baron, C. 27,381 Kayte Block, Lab. 13,981 Tina Hughes, UKIP 2,008 Antonia Harrison, LD 1,548 C. majority 13,400 (29.83%) 0.41% swing Lab. to C. (2015: C. majority 12,482 (29.01%)) BASILDON SOUTH & THURROCK EAST E. 73,541 T. 47,120 (64.07%)
C. hold
*Stephen Metcalfe, C. 26,811 Byron Taylor, Lab. 15,321 Peter Whittle, UKIP 3,193 Reetendra Banerji, LD 732 Sim Harman, Green 680 Paul Borg, BNP 383 C. majority 11,490 (24.38%) 3.10% swing Lab. to C. (2015: C. majority 7,691 (16.87%)) BASINGSTOKE E. 81,873 T. 55,960 (68.35%)
C. hold
*Maria Miller, C. 29,510 Terry Bridgeman, Lab. 20,044 John Shaw, LD 3,406 Alan Stone, UKIP 1,681 Richard Winter, Green 1,106 Scott Neville, Libertarian 213 C. majority 9,466 (16.92%) 1.96% swing C. to Lab. (2015: C. majority 11,063 (20.84%)) BASSETLAW E. 78,535 T. 52,250 (66.53%) Lab. hold
*John Mann, Lab. 27,467 Annette Simpson, C. 22,615 Leon Duveen, LD 1,154 Nigel Turner, Ind. 1,014 Lab. majority 4,852 (9.29%) 4.33% swing Lab. to C. (2015: Lab. majority 8,843 (17.94%))
Government Departments 177
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS THE CIVIL SERVICE
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS
The civil service helps the government develop and deliver its policies as effectively as possible. It works in three types of organisations – departments, executive agencies, and nondepartmental government bodies (NDPBs). Under the Next Steps programme, launched in 1988, many semi-autonomous executive agencies were established to carry out much of the work of the civil service. Executive agencies operate within a framework set by the responsible minister which specifies policies, objectives and available resources. All executive agencies are set annual performance targets by their minister. Each agency has a chief executive, who is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the agency and who is accountable to the minister for the use of resources and for meeting the agency’s targets. The minister accounts to parliament for the work of the agency. There are currently 321,163 civil servants on a full-time equivalent (FTE) basis and 419,399 on a headcount basis. FTE is a measure that counts staff according to the proportion of full-time hours that they work. Almost three-quarters of all civil servants work outside London and the south-east. All government departments and executive agencies are responsible for their own pay and grading systems for civil servants outside the senior civil service.
For more information on government departments, see
SALARIES 2017–18 MINISTERIAL SALARIES Ministers who are members of the House of Commons receive a parliamentary salary of £74,962 in addition to their ministerial salary. Prime minister Cabinet minister (Commons) Cabinet minister (Lords) Minister of state (Commons) Minister of state (Lords) Parliamentary under-secretary (Commons) Parliamentary under-secretary (Lords)
£75,440 £67,505 £101,038 £31,680 £78,891 £22,375 £68,710
SPECIAL ADVISERS’ SALARIES Special advisers to government ministers are paid out of public funds; their salaries are negotiated individually, but are usually in the range of £40,352 to £106,864.
CIVIL SERVICE SALARIES Senior Civil Servants Permanent secretary Band 3 Band 2 Band 1
W www.gov.uk/government/organisations
ATTORNEY-GENERAL’S OFFICE Attorney-General’s Office, 5–8 The Sanctuary, London SW1P 3JS T 020-7271 2492 E correspondence@attorneygeneral.gsi.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/attorney-generals-office
The law officers of the crown for England and Wales are the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General. The AttorneyGeneral, assisted by the Solicitor-General, is the chief legal adviser to the government and is also ultimately responsible for all crown litigation. He has overall responsibility for the work of the Law Officers’ Departments (the Treasury Solicitor’s Department, the Crown Prosecution Service – incorporating the Revenue and Customs Prosecutions Office – and the Serious Fraud Office, and HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate). The Attorney-General also oversees the armed forces’ prosecuting authority and the government legal service. He has a specific statutory duty to superintend the discharge of their duties by the Director of Public Prosecutions (who heads the Crown Prosecution Service) and the Director of the Serious Fraud Office. The Attorney-General has specific responsibilities for the enforcement of the criminal law and also performs certain public interest functions, eg protecting charities and appealing unduly lenient sentences. He also deals with questions of law arising in bills and with issues of legal policy. Following the devolution of power to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 12 April 2010, the assembly now appoints the Attorney-General for Northern Ireland. The Attorney-General for England and Wales holds the office of Advocate-General for Northern Ireland, with significantly reduced responsibilities in Northern Ireland. The Attorney-General’s Office is supported by four executive agencies and public bodies. Attorney-General, Rt. Hon. Jeremy Wright, QC, MP Principal Private Secretary, Josh Dodd Deputy Principal Private Secretary, Andrea Dowsett Assistant Private Secretary, Leeann Thayalanayagam Solicitor-General, Robert Buckland, QC, MP MANAGEMENT BOARD Director-General, Rowena Collins Rice Deputy Legal Secretary and Head of Operations, Michelle Crotty
DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY £143,420–£202,000 £107,060–£210,181 £87,870–£164,125 £64,640–£118,978
Staff are placed in pay bands according to their level of responsibility and taking account of other factors such as experience and marketability. Movement within and between bands is based on performance. Following the delegation of responsibility for pay and grading to government departments and agencies from 1 April 1996, it is no longer possible to show service-wide pay rates for staff outside the Senior Civil Service.
1 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0ET T 020-7215 5000 E enquiries@beis.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/ government/organisations/ department-for-business-energy-and-industrial-strategy
The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) was established in July 2016 following the appointment of Theresa May as prime minister. It merged the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills and the Department of Energy and Climate Change. BEIS brings together responsibilities for business, industrial strategy, science, innovation, energy and climate change, and is supported by 47 executive agencies and public bodies. It is responsible for: developing and delivering a comprehensive industrial strategy and leading the government’s relationship with business; ensuring that the UK has secure, reliable, affordable and clean
178 The Government and Public Bodies energy supplies; ensuring the UK remains at the forefront of science, research and innovation; and tackling climate change. Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Rt. Hon. Greg Clark, MP Parliamentary Private Secretary, Kelly Tolhurst, MP Special Advisers, Glen Hall; Guy Newey; Jacob Wilmer Minister of State, Jo Johnson, MP (Universities, Science, Research and Innovation)* Parliamentary Private Secretary, Rishi Sunak, MP Minister of State, Claire Perry, MP (Climate Change and Industry) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Margot James, MP (Small Business, Consumers and Corporate Responsibility) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Richard Harrington, MP (Industry and Energy) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Lord Prior of Brampton * Jointly with the Department for Education
MANAGEMENT BOARD Permanent Secretary, Alex Chisholm Members, Sam Beckett (Director-General, International, Growth and Analysis); Prof. Tim Dafforn (Chief Entrepreneurial Adviser); Gareth Davies (Director-General, Business and Science); Prof. John Loughhead, OBE (BEIS Chief Scientific Adviser); Clive Maxwell (Director-General, Energy Transformation); Jeremy Pocklington (Director-General, Energy and Security); Angie Ridgwell (Director-General, Corporate Services); Jaee Samant (Director-General, Economics and Markets); Non-Executive Members, Archie Norman (Lead); Stephen Carter; Prof. Dame Ann Dowling, DBE; Dame Carolyn McCall, DBE; Kathryn Parsons; Charles Randell; Stuart Quickenden BETTER REGULATION EXECUTIVE 1 Victoria Street, London SW1 0ET T 020-7215 5000 E betterregulation@bis.gsi.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/policy-teams/ better-regulation-executive
The Better Regulation Executive (BRE) is a joint BEIS/ Cabinet Office unit which leads on delivering the government’s manifesto commitment to reduce the overall burden on business, in order to increase growth and create jobs. Each government department is however responsible for delivering its part of the deregulation agenda within the framework put in place by the BRE. Non-Executive Chair, Lord Curry of Kirkharle, CBE Chief Executive, Graham Turnock
CABINET OFFICE 70 Whitehall, London SW1A 2AS T 020-7276 1234 W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/cabinet-office
The Cabinet Office, alongside the Treasury, sits at the centre of the government, with an overarching purpose of making government work better. It supports the prime minister and the cabinet, helping to ensure effective development, coordination and implementation of policy and operations across all government departments. The Cabinet Office also leads work to ensure that the Civil Service provides the most effective and efficient support to the government to meet its objectives. The department is headed by the Minister for the Cabinet Office. The Cabinet Office is responsible for: supporting collective government; supporting the National Security Council and the Joint Intelligence Organisation, coordinating the government’s response to crises and managing the UK’s cyber security; promoting efficiency and reform across government through innovation, better procurement and project management, and by transforming the delivery of services; promoting the release of government
data, and making the way government works more transparent; improving the capability and effectiveness of the Civil Service; and political constitution and reform. The priorities of the Cabinet Office include: supporting the prime minister and cabinet to deliver the government’s programme; driving efficiencies and reforms to improve the government’s performance; creating a more united democracy; and strengthening and securing the UK at home and abroad. The Cabinet Office employs around 2,050 staff and is supported by 19 executive agencies and public bodies. Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service, Rt. Hon. Theresa May, MP Parliamentary Private Secretaries, George Hollingbery, MP; Seema Kennedy, MP Principal Private Secretary, Peter Hill Special Advisers, Alex Dawson; Stephen Parkinson; Sheridan Westlake, OBE First Secretary of State and Minister for the Cabinet Office, Rt. Hon. Damian Green, MP Parliamentary Private Secretary, James Morris, MP Special Advisers, Flora Rose; Dylan Sharpe Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Rt. Hon. Sir Patrick McLoughlin, MP Parliamentary Private Secretary, Edward Argar, MP Lord President of the Council, Rt. Hon. Andrea Leadsom, MP Parliamentary Private Secretary, Victoria Prentis, MP Special Advisers. Lucia Hodgson; Marc Pooler Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Chris Skidmore, MP (Constitution) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Caroline Nokes, MP (Government Resilience and Efficiency) MANAGEMENT BOARD Permanent Secretary and Chief Executive of the Civil Service, John Manzoni Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service, Sir Jeremy Heywood First Parliamentary Counsel, Elizabeth Gardiner Head of UK Governance Group, Philip Rycroft Executive Director, Implementation Group, James Quinault Chief People Officer, Rupert McNeil Director-General, Proprierty and Ethics Team and Head of Private Offices Group, Sue Gray National Security Adviser, Mark Sedwill Chair of the Joint Intelligence Committee, Charles Farr Director-General, Prime Minister’s Office, Peter Hill Government Chief Commercial Officer, Gareth Rhys Williams Finance Director, Guy Lester Human Resources Directors, Crystall Akass and Ruth Bailey Executive Director, Government Communications, Alex Aiken Director-General, Government Digital Service, Kevin Cunnington Director-General, UK Governance, Lucy Smith (acting) Non-Executive Directors, Catherine Brown; Sir Ian Cheshire; Paul Kirby; Amy Stirling HONOURS AND APPOINTMENTS BOARD Room G-39, Horse Guards Road, London SW1A 2HQ T 020-7276 2777
Chair, Sir Jonathan Stephens, KCB OFFICE OF THE LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 1 Horse Guards Road, London SW1A 2HQ T 020-7276 1005 E commonsleader@cabinetoffice.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ the-office-of-the-leader-of-the-house-of-commons
The Office of the Leader of the House of Commons is responsible for the arrangement of government business in the House of Commons and for planning and supervising the government’s legislative programme. The Leader of the House of Commons upholds the rights and privileges of the house and acts as a spokesperson for the government as a whole.
296
Law and Order
TRIBUNALS Information on all the tribunals listed here, with the exception of the independent tribunals and the tribunals based in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, can be found on the Ministry of Justice website (W www.justice.gov.uk/tribunals).
HM COURTS AND TRIBUNALS SERVICE 102 Petty France, London SW1H 9AJ W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ hm-courts-and-tribunals-service W www.gov.uk/find-court-tribunal
HM Courts Service and the Tribunals Service merged on 1 April 2011 to form HM Courts and Tribunals Service, an integrated agency providing support for the administration of justice in courts and tribunals. It is an agency within the Ministry of Justice, operating as a partnership between the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice and the Senior President of Tribunals. It is responsible for the administration of the criminal, civil and family courts and tribunals in England and Wales and non-devolved tribunals in Scotland and Northern
KEY = UPPER TRIBUNAL = FIRST-TIER TRIBUNAL
GENERAL REGULATORY CHAMBER
Ireland. The agency’s work is overseen by a board headed by an independent chair working with non-executive, executive and judicial members. A two-tier tribunal system, comprising the First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal, was established on 3 November 2008 as a result of radical reform under the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007. Both of these tiers are split into a number of separate chambers. These chambers group together individual tribunals (also known as ‘jurisdictions’) which deal with similar work or require similar skills. Cases start in the First-tier Tribunal and there is a right of appeal to the Upper Tribunal. Some tribunals transferred to the new two-tier system immediately, with more transferring between 2009 and 2011. The exception is employment tribunals, which remain outside this structure. The Act also allowed legally qualified tribunal chairs and adjudicators to swear the judicial oath and become judges. Senior President, Rt. Hon. Sir Ernest Ryder, TD Chief Executive, Susan Acland-Hood
ADMINISTRATIVE APPEALS CHAMBER
HEALTH, EDUCATION AND SOCIAL CARE CHAMBER
SOCIAL ENTITLEMENT CHAMBER
WAR PENSIONS AND ARMED FORCES COMPENSATION CHAMBER
FIRST-TIER TRIBUNAL The main function of the First-tier Tribunal is to hear appeals by citizens against decisions of the government. In most cases appeals are heard by a panel made up of one judge and two specialists in their relevant field, known as ‘members’. Both judges and members are appointed through the Independent Judicial Appointments Commission. Most of the tribunals administered by central government are part of the First-tier Tribunal, which is split into seven separate chambers.
GENERAL REGULATORY CHAMBER For all jurisdictions: General Regulatory Chamber, HMCTS, PO Box 9300, Leicester LE1 8DJ T 0300-123 4504Egrc@hmcts.gsi.gov.uk Chamber President, Judge Lane
CHARITY Under the Charities Act 2011 (only applicable to England and Wales), First-tier Tribunal (Charity) hears appeals against the decisions of the Charity Commission, applications for the review of decisions made by the Charity Commission and considers references from the Attorney-General or the Charity Commission on points of law. CLAIMS MANAGEMENT SERVICES Under section 13 of the Compensation Act 2006, Claims Management Services hears appeals pertaining to decisions made by the claims regulator, such as the regulator’s decision to cancel or suspend a claims management licence, refuse authorisation for claims management services or add conditions to a claims management licence. Claims
IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM CHAMBER
TAX AND CHANCERY CHAMBER
LANDS CHAMBER
IMMIGRATION AND ASYLUM CHAMBER
TAX CHAMBER
PROPERTY CHAMBER
management services include all companies and individuals that offer a service for people hoping to claim compensation for personal injury, mis-sold financial products and services, redundancy, criminal or industrial injury and housing disrepair.
COMMUNITY RIGHT TO BID The Community Right to Bid jurisdiction of the General Regulatory Chamber was established in January 2013 and hears appeals against review decisions made by local authorities to list your property as a community asset and give local communities the right to bid for it if you decide to sell. Individuals have the right to appeal against a listing decision under the Localism Act 2011 and the assets of community value (England) regulations 2012. CONVEYANCING The professional regulation jurisdiction hears appeals against decisions made by the Council for Licensed Conveyancers under the Legal Services Act 2007. COPYRIGHT LICENSING Under the copyright (regulation of relevant licensing bodies) regulations 2014 a copyright licensing body may appeal to a First-tier Tribunal (Copyright Licensing) against a government decision to fine or impose a code of conduct on their organisation. DRIVING INSTRUCTORS First-tier Tribunal (Driving Instructors) hears appeals against decisions made by the Registrar of Approved Driving
452
Conservation and Heritage
CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE In pursuing these purposes they have a statutory duty to seek to foster the economic and social well-being of the communities within national parks. The NPAs publish management plans setting out overarching policies for their area and appoint their own officers and staff. The Broads Authority was established under the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Act 1988 and meets the requirement for the authority to have a navigation function in addition to a regard for the needs of agriculture, forestry and the economic and social interests of those who live or work in the Broads.
NATIONAL PARKS
Cairngorms
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs
Northumberland
North York Moors
Lake District
Yorkshire Dales
Peak District Snowdonia
Broads Brecon Beacons
Pembrokshire Coast Exmoor
New Forest Dartmoor
South Downs
.
ENGLAND AND WALES
There are nine national parks in England, and three in Wales. In addition, the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads are considered to have equivalent status to a national park. Under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, as clarified by the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006, the two purposes of the national parks are to conserve and enhance the parks’ natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage, and to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of national parks by the public. If there is a conflict between the two purposes, then conservation takes precedence. Natural England is the statutory body that has the power to designate national parks in England, and Natural Resources Wales (formerly Countryside Council for Wales) is responsible for national parks in Wales. Designations in England are confirmed by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and those in Wales by the Welsh government. The designation of a national park does not affect the ownership of the land or remove the rights of the local community. The majority of the land in the national parks is owned by private landowners (around 75 per cent) or by bodies such as the National Trust and the Forestry Commission. The national park authorities own only a small percentage of the land themselves. The Environment Act 1995 replaced the existing national park boards and committees with free-standing national park authorities (NPAs). NPAs are the sole local planning authorities for their areas and as such influence land use and development, and deal with planning applications. NPAs are responsible for carrying out the statutory purposes of national parks stated above.
MEMBERSHIP Membership of English NPAs comprises local authority appointees, members directly appointed by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and members appointed by the secretary after consultation with local parishes. Under the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 every district, county or unitary authority with land in a national park is entitled to appoint at least one member unless it chooses to opt out. The total number of local authority and parish members must exceed the number of national members. Northumberland, Pembrokeshire Coast and Snowdonia NPAs have 18 members; Dartmoor has 19; the Lake District and North York Moors have 20; the Broads has 21; Exmoor, the New Forest 22; Brecon Beacons 24; Yorkshire Dales 25; South Downs 27; and the Peak District 30. In Wales, two-thirds of NPA members are appointed by the constituent local authorities and one-third by the Welsh government, advised by Natural Resources Wales. FUNDING Core funding for the English NPAs and the Broads Authority is provided by central government through the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) National Park Grant. In Wales, the three national parks are funded by the Welsh government and their constituent local authorities. Total budgeted revenue expenditure for 2016–17 is £13.8m. All NPAs and the Broads Authority can take advantage of grants from other bodies including lottery and European grants. The national parks (with date that designation was confirmed) are: BRECON BEACONS (1957), Powys (66 per cent)/ Carmarthenshire/Rhondda, Cynon and Taff/Merthyr Tydfil/Blaenau Gwent/Monmouthshire, 1,344 sq. km/ 519 sq. miles – The park is centred on the Brecon Beacons mountain range, which includes the three highest mountains in southern Britain (Pen y Fan, Corn Du and Cribyn), but also includes the valleys of the rivers Usk and Wye, the Black Mountains to the east and the Black Mountain to the west. There are information centres at Abergavenny and Llandovery. National Park Authority, Plas y Ffynnon, Cambrian Way, Brecon, Powys LD3 7HP T 01874-624437 W www.beacons-npa.gov.uk
Chief Executive, John Cook BROADS (1989), Norfolk/Suffolk, 303 sq. km/117 sq. miles – The Broads is located between Norwich and Great Yarmouth on the flood plains of the six rivers flowing through the area to the sea. The area is one of fens, winding waterways, woodland and marsh. The 60 or so broads are man-made, and many are connected to the rivers by dykes, providing over 200km (125 miles) of navigable waterways. There are information centres at Hoveton, Whitlingham Country Park and How Hill National Nature Reserve. There are yacht stations at Norwich, Reedham and Great Yarmouth.
The European Union
611
THE EUROPEAN UNION Member states Candidate country Potential candidate country
SWED
EN
Norwegian Sea
FINLAND
AT L A N T I C OCEAN
ESTONIA LATVIA
DENMARK
LITHUANIA
IRELAND UNITED KINGDOM NETHERLANDS BE LG IU GERMANY
PO LA N D
M
LUX. CZECH REP. SLOVAKIA
FRANCE
AUSTRIA
AL UG RT
Black Sea
IT
SPAIN
ANIA ALB
PO
HUNGARY
SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA BOS. SERBIA & HER. BULGARIA MONTE- KOS. A NEGRO MACEL DONIA Y
TU R KE Y GREECE
Mediterranea 0 0
200
400 200
MEMBER STATE Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta The Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom
n Sea
600km
CYPRUS MALTA
400 miles
ACCESSION DATE 1 Jan 1995 1 Jan 1958 1 Jan 2007 1 July 2013 1 May 2004 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1973 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1995 1 Jan 1958 1 Jan 1958 1 Jan 1981 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1973 1 Jan 1958 1 May 2004 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1958 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1958 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1986 1 Jan 2007 1 May 2004 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1986 1 Jan 1995 1 Jan 1973
POPULATION*
COUNCIL VOTES
EP SEATS
8,711,770 11,409,077 7,144,653 4,313,707 1,205,575 10,644,842 5,593,785 1,258,545 5,498,211 66,836,154 80,722,792 10,773,253 9,874,784 4,952,473 62,007,540 1,965,686 2,854,235 582,291 415,196 17,016,967 38,523,261 10,833,816 21,599,736 5,445,802 1,978,029 48,563,476 9,880,604 64,430,428
10 12 10 7 4 12 7 4 7 29 29 12 12 7 29 4 7 4 3 13 27 12 14 7 4 27 10 29
18 21 17 11 6 21 13 6 13 74 96 21 21 11 73 8 11 6 6 26 51 21 32 13 8 54 20 73
* July 2016 estimate †Under the Lisbon Treaty the total number of MEPs was set at 751 from the 2014 election onwards Sources: CIA World Factbook; www.europa.eu
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666
BEL–BEL
Countries of the World
BELGIUM Koninkrijk Belgie/Royaume de Belgique/Ko¨nigreich Belgien – Kingdom of Belgium NETHERLANDS
North Sea
GER
BELGIUM
Liège
MANY
Antwerp Bruges FLEMISH REGION Ghent Brussels Charleroi
FRANC E
BOU LUXEM RG
WALLOON REGION
Area – 30,528 sq. km Capital – Brussels; population, 2,045,000 (2015 est) Major cities – Antwerp, Bruges, Charleroi, Ghent, Lie`ge Currency – Euro (€) of 100 cents Population – 11,409,077 rising at 0.73 per cent a year (2016 est); Flemish (58 per cent), Walloon (31 per cent) (est) Religion – Christian (Roman Catholic 75 per cent) (est) Language – Dutch (Flemish), French, German (all official) Population density – 372 per sq. km (2015) Urban population – 97.9 per cent (2015 est) Median age (years) – 41.4 (2016 est) National anthem – ‘La Brabanc¸onne’ ‘The Song of Brabant’ National day – 21 July (Accession of King Leopold I, 1831) Death penalty – Abolished for all crimes (since 1996) CPI score – 77 (15) Military expenditure – US$4,063m (2016)
CLIMATE AND TERRAIN There are two distinct regions: the west is generally low-lying and fertile, while in the east the forested hills of the Ardennes are more rugged with poorer soil. Elevation extremes range from 694m (Signal de Botrange) to 0m on the North Sea coast. The polders near the coast, which are protected against floods by dykes, cover an area of around 500 sq. km. Average temperatures range from 3.2˚C in January to 18.3˚C in July and August.
HEAD OF STATE HM The King of the Belgians, King Philippe, born 15 April 1960, acceded 21 July 2013 Heir, HRH Princess Elisabeth, born 25 October 2001 SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS AS AT MARCH 2017 Prime Minister, Charles Michel Deputy Prime Ministers, Alexander De Croo (Development); Kris Peeters (Economy); Didier Reynders (Foreign Affairs); Jan Jambon (Interior) EMBASSY OF BELGIUM 17 Grosvenor Crescent, London SW1X 7EE T 020-7470 3700 E london@diplobel.fed.be W www.diplomatie.be/ london
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, vacant
POLITICS Belgium is a constitutional monarchy with a hereditary monarch as head of state. Amendments to the constitution since 1968 have devolved power to the regions. The national government retains competence only in foreign and defence policies, the national budget and monetary policy, social security, and the judicial, legal and penal systems. The bicameral legislature, the Federal Chambers, consists of a senate and a Chamber of Representatives. The latter has 150 members, directly elected by proportional representation for a four-year term. From 2014 the senate had 60 members, indirectly elected by parliament and the regions. There are three language communities: Flemish, Francophone and Germanophone. Each community has its own assembly, which elects the community government. At this level, Flanders is covered by the Flemish community assembly; most of Wallonia is covered by the Francophone Part of the Roman Empire Absorbed by the duchy of Burgundy until second century
c.200BC
community assembly, and areas of Wallonia lying in the German-speaking communities of Eupen and Malme´dy are covered by the Germanophone community assembly; Brussels is covered by a joint community commission of the Flemish and Francophone community assemblies. At regional level, Belgium is divided into three: the Brussels capital region, the Flemish region and Walloon region. Each region has its own directly elected assembly and government. The ten provinces of Belgium are: Antwerp, East Flanders, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut, Lie`ge, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, Walloon Brabant and West Flanders. In addition, 589 communes form the lowest level of local government. Prince Philippe ascended the throne in July 2013 following the abdication of his father, King Albert, due to ill health. In the May 2014 legislative elections, the New Flemish Alliance emerged as the largest party, as it had done in the 2010 elections, and was nominated to form a ruling coalition. In October, following months of negotiations, Charles Michel of the centre-right Francophone Reform Movement party formed a coalition government with the Flemish nationalist New Flemish Alliance. Minister-President of the Brussels Capital Government, Rudi Vervoort Minister-President of the Flemish Community and Flemish Region, Geert Bourgeois Minister-President of the French Community and Walloon Region, Paul Magnette Minister-President of the German-speaking Community, Oliver Paasch
1385
Avenue d’Auderghem 10, 1040 Brussels T (+32) (2) 287 6211 E public.brussels@fco.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/world/belgium
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Alison Rose, apptd 2014
ECONOMY AND TRADE Belgium has a free-market economy with highly diversified industrial and commercial sectors. With few natural resources, industry is based largely on processing imported raw materials for export, which makes the economy dependent on the state of world markets. Belgium’s high level of integration into the struggling eurozone, spiralling labour costs and low productivity, plus fallout following Belgium’s links to the
Revolution leads to the declaration of independence and, in 1831, a constitutional monarchy
1814
1477
AD
Invaded by Germanic tribes and becomes part of the Frankish Empire
Area conquered and ruled by Revolutionary France
BRITISH EMBASSY
1794
Under the rule of the Spanish, then Austrian, Habsburgs
Establishment of regional assemblies owing to inter-communal disputes between the Flemings and the Walloons
1914-44 1830
Unites with the Netherlands following the collapse of the Napoleonic regime
Joins the eurozone
1989 2002
1980 Invasion and occupation by Germany during both world wars
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Adopts a federal constitution
692
CHI–CHI
Countries of the World
CHINA Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo – People’s Republic of China RU S S I A
KAZAKHSTAN
POLITICS
MONGOLIA
Beijing Tianjin
CHINA
T
MY AN MAR
NEPAL
Xi’an Shanghai Chengdu Wuhan BHUTAN Chongqing
INDIA
Macau
Hong Kong
BANGLADESH
Area – 9,596,960 sq. km Capital – Beijing; population, 20,384,000 (2015 est) Major cities – Chengdu, Chongqing, Dongguan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xi’an Currency – Renminbi (RMB) or yuan (Y) of ten jiao or 100 fen Population – 1,373,541,278 rising at 0.43 per cent a year (2016 est); Han Chinese (91.6 per cent), around 55 ethnic minorities (8.4 per cent) (2010 est) Religion – officially atheist, but permits four state-registered religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, and Catholic and Protestant Christianity. It is difficult to estimate numbers, as many congregations worship in private; Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism are the predominant faiths but Christianity is growing rapidly Language – Mandarin (official), Cantonese, Shanghainese, Fuzhou, Xiang, Gan, Taiwanese; common speech, or putonghua (often referred to as Mandarin), is based on the northern dialect and is promoted throughout the country Population density – 146 per sq. km (2015) Urban population – 55.6 per cent (2015 est) Median age (years) – 37.1 (2016 est) National anthem – ‘Yiyongjun Jinxingqu’ ‘The March of the Volunteers’ National day – 1 October (Founding of People’s Republic) Death penalty – Retained CPI score – 40 (79) Military expenditure – US$215,176m (2016) Conscription – 18–24 years of age; 24 months (selective)
CLIMATE AND TERRAIN China is twice the size of western Europe and contains a vast range of landscapes and climates. The highest mountains are on the Tibetan plateau, in the west of the country, where the highest elevation is 8,850m (Mt Everest). To the north of the Tibetan plateau, the land drops to the arid, semi-desert steppes bisected by the Tian Shan mountains; the country’s lowest elevation is −154m at Turpan Pendi. The southern plains and east coast have the most fertile land, irrigated by the Huang He (Yellow), Chang Jiang (Yangtze) and Xi Jiang (West) rivers, and are the most heavily populated areas. There are seven climate zones. The north-east has cold winters, fierce winds, warm and humid summers, and erratic rainfall. The mountainous south-west has mild winters and Last emperor of the Japan occupies Qing dynasty abdicates. Manchuria and Revolution spreads other areas
2000
1912 Ruled by imperial dynasties
The KMT forms a government in Nanjing
The Communist Party of China is the dominant political party, and all elements of the political system are subordinate to it. A party congress is held every five years and elects the Politburo and its standing committee. This standing committee is the policy- and decision-making body and the de facto government. Under the 1982 constitution, the National People’s Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power. It has 2,987 members, indirectly elected for a five-year term, and holds only one full session a year; between sessions, its work is delegated to its standing committee. The congress elects the premier and, on his nomination, the State Council. The head of state is the president, also elected by the congress, who serves a five-year term, renewable once. Deputies to people’s congresses at the primary level are directly elected by the voters from a list of approved candidates. These congresses elect the deputies to the congress at the next highest level. Deputies to the NPC are elected by the provincial and municipal people’s congresses, and by the armed forces. Local government is conducted through people’s governments at provincial/municipal, prefecture/city, county/district, township and village levels. There are 22 provinces (Taiwan is claimed as a 23rd province), four municipalities directly under the central government, five autonomous regions, and two special administrative areas; provinces may contain autonomous counties or towns for ethnic minorities. In 2012 Xi Jinping took over as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, becoming president in 2013. He stated that he aimed to make corruption-free governance and economic growth key elements of his administration, the former of which has resulted in several high-profile purges of senior officials. Li Keqiang was elected premier by the 12th National People’s Congress in 2013. HEAD OF STATE President, Xi Jinping, elected 14 March 2013 Vice-President, Li Yuanchao STATE COUNCIL AS AT MARCH 2017 Premier, Li Keqiang Vice-Premiers, Zhang Gaoli; Ma Kai; Liu Yandong; Wang Yang State Councillors, Yang Jiechi; Yang Jing; Guo Shengkun; Chang Wanquan; Wang Yong SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS AS AT MARCH 2017 Civil Affairs, Huang Shuxian Finance, Xiao Jie Foreign Affairs, Wang Yi EMBASSY OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 49–51 Portland Place, London W1B 1JL T 020-7299 4049 W www.chinese-embassy.org.uk
CCP victors of civil war. The party Internal disagreements result in Japan’s occupation of most inaugurates the People’s Republic of China and the KMT goes into exile in Taiwan northern and coastal areas
1934-5
1927
AD
warm summers. Inner Mongolia has cold winters and hot summers. Central China has warm and humid summers with occasional tropical cyclones. South China is partly tropical with heavy rainfall. The high Tibet plateau is subject to harsh winters. Xinjiang and the west have a desert climate, with cold winters and little rain.
1932 The Chinese Communist Party breaks and retreats in the ‘Long March’
1958-61
1945 1939 Japanese occupation ended by the Allies. CCP seizes control over territory
Pro-democracy demonstrations, centred on Tiananmen Square in Beijing, lead to the deaths of over 3,000 protestors
Millions die from famine after Mao Zedong’s ‘Great Leap Forward’; an attempt to industrialise rural areas
2003
1966-70
1946-9
1989 Cultural Revolution
*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 21 Sept 2017 at 17:19:56 ***
Hu Jintao is elected president
UK GENERAL ELECTION 2017
London
Labour Conservative Liberal Democrat SNP Green Plaid Cymru Sinn Fein Democratic Unionist Independent Speaker
950
The Year 2016 – 17
SPORT AUGUST 2016 5. The XXXI Olympiad in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil officially commenced with the Opening Ceremony at the Maracana stadium. 7. Adam Peaty won Great Britain’s first gold medal of the 2016 Olympic Games for the 100m breaststroke, also setting a new world record of 57.13s. 9. The Olympic diving pool turned green at the Maria Lenk Aquatics Center after it was alleged that hydrogen peroxide was mistakenly poured into the pool, neutralising the chlorine and allowing algae to form. 12. Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins became the most decorated British Olympian of all time after winning his eighth medal and fifth gold in the team pursuit event. 14. Team GB enjoyed its most successful day of any Olympic Games since 1920 when it won nine medals, six of which were gold. Gymnast Max Whitlock won British Gymnastics’ first-ever Olympic golds when he claimed victory in the individual floor and pommel horse events. 15. Jason Kenny won the men’s keirin cycling event, taking his sixth Olympic gold medal and equalling former champion cyclist Sir Chris Hoy’s record. Diver Jack Laugher became the first British diver to win two Olympic medals at the same games when he took silver in the 3m springboard event. 16. Cyclist Laura Trott gained her fourth Olympic gold medal, in the omnium event, making her the most successful British female Olympian of all time. 17. US swimmers Ryan Lochte, Jimmy Feigen, Gunnar Bentz and Jack Conger claimed they were robbed at gunpoint while returning to the Rio Olympics village, but it was later revealed that the swimmers had fabricated the story after they were involved in an altercation with security guards over a vandalism incident at a petrol station; Feigen was fined approximately £9,000, while Lochte was charged on the 25th for falsely reporting a crime. 20. Long-distance runner Mo Farah claimed his fourth Olympic gold medal after winning the 5,000m Olympic event. 21. The Rio Olympics ended, with Team GB having won a total of 67 medals – 27 of which were gold – over 19 events. SEPTEMBER 2016 1. The International Paralympic Committee voted unanimously to ban all Russian paralympic athletes from competing in the XV Paralympic Games for their failure to fulfil membership criteria following an investigation into statesponsored doping. 7. The XV Paralympic Games officially commenced with the Opening Ceremony at the Maracana stadium in Rio de Janeiro. 8. Swimmer Ollie Hynd won Olympic gold for Great Britain in the S8 400m freestyle event, also setting a new world record of 4m 21.89s. 14. Cyclist Sarah Storey won her 14th Olympic gold medal in the C4/C5 road race. Former Italian F1 driver Alex Zanardi took gold in the H5 hand cycling time trial, 15 years to the day after his legs were amputated as the result of a 2001 Formula One crash. 18. The Rio Paralympics came to an end; China topped the table with a total of 239 medals. 20. Alistair Brownlee forfeited a potential victory when he stopped to help his brother, Jonny Brownlee, who had collapsed moments before, cross the finish line at the Triathlon World Series final in Mexico; Jonny finished the race in second place, with Alistair coming in third. 21. In rugby union, Saracens winger Chris Ashton received a 13-week match ban after an RFU disciplinary panel found him guilty of biting Alex Waller during a premiership match between Saracens and Northampton. 27. Sam Allardyce stepped down as England football manager 67 days into the post after a Daily Telegraph sting operation caught him providing advice on how to circumvent rules and regulations governing third-party ownership of players; Gareth Southgate was named as interim manager (see 30 November 2016) in his place. OCTOBER 2016 7. UK anti-doping officers raided Team Sky and British Cycling headquarters in Manchester during further investigations into doping allegations that arose after Russian
hackers released several cyclists’ medical records in September. 9. Tennis player Johanna Konta became the first British woman in 32 years to break into the top ten world rankings after beating US player Madison Keys in the China Open semi-final. 13. Heptathlete and Olympic gold medallist Jessica Ennis-Hill announced her retirement from athletics. 16. Anthony Foley, head coach at Munster Rugby, died suddenly in Paris after a heart condition caused fluid to build up in his lungs; he was found hours before Munster’s European Championship match against Racing 92, which was subsequently postponed. 26. Riot police were deployed to the London Stadium after West Ham’s match win over Chelsea saw violent clashes between rival supporters; the incident led to a further investigation into security at the former Olympic stadium, following several other incidents of violence at the venue. 31. Horse jockey Freddy Tylicki was hospitalised after he tried to switch his mount, Nellie Deen, off the rail as the field turned into the home straight, taking out three additional riders (see 4 November 2016).
NOVEMBER 2016 3. Gymnast Louis Smith received a two-month ban for breeching UK Sport standards of conduct after a video of him making derogatory comments about Islam was published online. 4. Formula One team William’s announced that 18year-old Canadian driver Lance Stroll would replace Felipe Massa, making him the youngest driver in the 2017 season. 5. British tennis player Andy Murray overtook Novak Djokovic to claim the top spot in the world rankings after injury forced Milos Raonic to withdraw from their Paris Masters match. It was revealed that horse jockey Freddy Tylicki was paralysed from the chest down after his fall at Kempton Park. 11. The England and Scotland football teams both wore black armbands bearing a red poppy at their World Cup qualifier match at Wembley in observance of Armistice Day, despite failing to get clearance from FIFA. 16. Former football player Andy Woodward revealed to The Guardian that he was a victim of sexual abuse by former coach Barry Bennell at Crewe Alexandra in the 1980s, leading to more than 20 other footballers claiming that they had also been abused as youth players; the Professional Football Association opened an inquiry into the claims (see 5 December 2016). 20. Andy Murray beat Novak Djokovic in straight sets to win the Barclay’s ATP World Tour Final in London, cementing his number one world ranking. 30. Gareth Southgate was issued a four-year contract in his appointment as full-time England football team manager. DECEMBER 2016 1. After a 15-month break, golfer Tiger Woods made his first appearance at the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas. 2. The Formula One 2016 World Champion Nico Rosberg announced his retirement from the sport. 5. The Offside Trust was established to help footballers who have been victims of sexual abuse, following Andy Woodward’s revelation that he was abused by former Crewe Alexandra youth football coach Barry Bennell; another alleged victim, Steve Walters, called for the resignation of Crewe Alexandra’s chairman and director of football, John Bowler, for his failure to apologise for the alleged abuse. 8. A Sports England report revealed 250,000 more women were partaking in regular sport in 2016 than two years previously; Great Britain’s recent success at the Rio Olympic and Paralympic Games was deemed to be a factor in the increase. 18. Andy Murray was awarded the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award for a historic third time. JANUARY 2017 6. After failing to secure new investment, owner Stephen Fitzpatrick placed Formula One company Manor Racing into administration. 10. The UK became the first country to officially recognise parkour, otherwise known as free running,
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OBITUARIES 2016–17 Adams, Richard, author, known for Watership Down (1972), aged 96 – b. 9 May 1920, d. 24 December 2016 Albee, Edward, American playwright, particularly renowned for his 1962 work Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? aged 88 – b. 12 March 1928, d. 16 September 2016 Alberto, Carlos, Brazillian footballer, aged 72 – b. 17 July 1944, d. 25 October 2016 Alexander, Jean, actor, aged 90 – b. 11 October 1926, d. 14 October 2016 Allman, Gregg, American singer-songwriter, aged 69 – b. 8 December 1947, d. 27 May 2017 Arculus, Sir Ronald, KCMG, KCVO, diplomat; Ambassador to Italy (1979–83), aged 97 – b. 11 February 1923, d. 28 August 2016 Beaufort (11th), Duke of, aged 89 – b. 23 February 1928, d. 16 August 2017 Bennington, Chester, lead singer with Linkin Park, aged 41 – b. 20 March 1976, d. 20 July 2017 Berger, John, art critic and author of Ways of Seeing, aged 90 – b. 5 November 1926, d. 2 January 2017 Berry, Chuck, musician, aged 90 – b. 18 March 2017, d. 18 March 2017 Bland, Sir Christopher, chair of the BBC (1996–2001), British Telecom (2001–7) and the Royal Shakespeare Company (2004–11), aged 78 –b. 29 May 1938, d. 28 January 2017 Bohrer, Doris, American First World War intelligence operative and later deputy head of counterintelligence at the CIA, aged 93 – b. 5 February 1923, d. 8 August 2016 Bond, Michael, CBE, children’s author who wrote the Paddington Bear series of books, aged 91 – b. 13 January 1926, d. 27 June 2017 Botha, Johan, South African opera singer, aged 51 – b. 19 August 1965, d. 8 September 2016 Braithwaite, E. R., author, aged 96 – b. 27 June 1920, d. 12 December 2016 Campbell, Glen, American singer-songwriter and TV host, aged 81 – b. 22 April 1936, d. 8 August 2017 Caslavska, Vera, Czech gymnast, aged 74 – b. 3 May 1942, d. 30 August 2016 Castro, Fidel, Cuban revolutionary and politician; Prime Minister of Cuba (1959–76), President (1976–2008), aged 90 – b. 13 August 1926, d. 25 November 2016 Cernan, Eugene, American astronaut; commander of the Apollo 17 mission and last man to walk on the Moon, aged 82 – b. 14 March 1934, d. 16 January 2017 Chancellor, Alexander, CBE, Editor of The Spectator (1975– 84) and The Oldie (2014–17), aged 77 – b. 4 January 1940, d. 28 January 2017 Cohen, Leonard, singer-songwriter, aged 82 – b. 21 September 1934, d. 7 November 2016 Cornell, Chris, American musician; lead vocalist with Soundgarden and Audioslave, aged 52 – b. 20 July 1964, d. 18 May 2017 Crockford, Beryl, world champion rower and coach, aged 66 – b. 26 June 1950, d. 11 September 2016 Dalyell, Tam, Labour MP for West Lothian, (1962–83) and Linlithgow (1983–2005), aged 84 –b. 9 August 1932, d. 26 January 2017 Dexter, Colin, OBE, crime writer, aged 86 – b. 29 September 1930, d. 21 March 2017 Ellenby, John, computer engineer and entrepreneur, aged 75 – b. 9 January 1941, d. 17 August 2016
Evans, Roddy, rugby player and lawyer, aged 81 – b. 19 December 1934, d. 6 November 2016 Fenn, Sir Nicholas, GCMG, Ambassador to Burma (1982–6) and Republic of Ireland (1986–91), aged 80 – b. 19 February 1936, d. 18 September 2016 Fergusson, Sir Ewen, GCMG, GCVO, Ambassador to South Africa (1982–4) and France (1987–92); King of Arms, Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (1996–2007), aged 84 – b. 28 October 1932, d. 20 April 2017 Fisher, Carrie, American actor, aged 60 – b. 21 October 1956, d. 27 December 2016 Forsyth, Sir Bruce, CBE, entertainer and comedian, aged 89, b. 22 February 1928, d. 18 August 2017 Gabor, Zsa Zsa, socialite and actor, aged 99 – b. 6 February 1917, d. 18 December 2016 Gill, A. A., journalist; restaurant and TV critic, aged 62 – b. 28 June 1954, d. 10 December 2016 Glenn, John, astronaut; US Senator from Ohio (1975–98), aged 95 – b. 18 July 1921, d. 8 December 2016 Gore, Sylvia, footballer, aged 71 – b. 25 November 1944, d. 9 September 2016 Gwilliam, John, Welsh rugby union player and captain and Headmaster of Birkenhead School (1963–88), aged 93 – b. 28 February 1923, d. 21 December 2016 Hanson, Curtis, American Oscar-winning writer and film director, aged 71– b. 24 March 1945, d. 20 September 2016 Hardy, Robert, CBE, FSA, actor, aged 91 – b. 29 October 1925, d. 3 August 2017 Heard, John, American actor, aged 71 – b. 4 Match 1946, d. 21 July 2017 Herzog, Roman, President of the Federal Republic of Germany (1994–9), aged 82 – b. 5 April 1934, d. 10 January 2017 Heyhoe Flint, Baroness, OBE, cricketer, captain of the England women’s team (1966–78) and first woman to be elected to the full MCC committee (2004), aged 77, b. 11 June 1939, d. 18 January 2017 Higgs, Ken, cricketer, aged 79 – b. 14 January 1937, d. 5 September 2016 Hodgkin, Sir Howard, CH, CBE, artist, aged 84 – b. 6 August 1932, d. 9 March 2017 Hollingworth, Clare, war correspondent, aged 105 – b. 10 October 1911, d. 10 January 2017 Hurt, Sir John, CBE, actor, aged 77 – b. 22 January 1940, d. 25 January 2017 Jacobs, John, OBE, golfer, aged 91 – b. 14 March 1925, d. 13 January 2017 Jeeps, Dickie, rugby union player and president of the RFU (1976–7), aged 84 – b. 25 November 1931, d. 8 October 2016 Jenkin of Roding, Lord, PC, Conservative MP for Wanstead and Woodford (1964–87); Secretary of State for Health and Social Services (1979–81), for Industry (1981–3). for the Environment (1983–5), aged 90 – b. 7 September 1926, d. 20 December 2016 Jenkins, Rt. Revd David, Bishop of Durham (1984–94), aged 91 – b. 26 January 1925, d. 4 September 2016 Jenkins, Dame Jennifer, DBE (Lady Jenkins of Hillhead), member, Ancient Monuments Board (1982–4) and Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission (1984– 5); chair National Trust (1986–90); President Ancient
992
DANCE Hanna Weibye Despite the much-vaunted government white paper on culture in March 2017, the first for 50 years, there were no major policy changes affecting the arts: politicians were evidently too occupied by the political turmoil of the June general election and the start of Brexit negotiations. The position for dance in the latest Arts Council England funding round (2018–22) was broadly similar to that in 2015–18. Dance organisations as a proportion of the total portfolio were slightly reduced (from 11 per cent in 2015–18 to 10 per cent in 2018–22), though the number of organisations receiving funding rose from 57 to 64, a 12.3 per cent increase in the total size of the dance portfolio. The organisations entering the national portfolio for the first time included Ballet Black, Rosie Kay Dance Company, Russell Maliphant Company and ZooNation. The Arts Council’s choice of organisations to be funded for the first time, or awarded a significant increase in funding, was driven by a number of key concerns to do with access and diversity. Mid-scale touring companies such as ACE Dance & Music and Motionhouse were rewarded, as were those offering dance styles outside the sector’s traditional high-culture core, including ZooNation, Boy Blue Entertainment (both hip-hop) and Aakash Odedra’s Leicester Dance Theatre (classically inspired Indian dance). Dance companies that include differently-abled performers also had a good round, with Corali joining the portfolio for the first time and Stopgap and Candoco both getting increased funding. The Arts Council expressed its continuing commitment to investing in dance hubs in Birmingham and Leeds, and added the Leeds-based Northern School of Contemporary Dance to the portfolio for the first time. The new umbrella organisation One Dance UK, formed in 2016 with Arts Council support from a merger of several existing industry bodies, also gained national portfolio funding, a testament to the Arts Council’s confidence that One Dance UK is proving a useful source of information and representation for the industry. There are plans for it to move from its London home to Birmingham, another sign that the city is a key long-term hub for the UK dance sector.
ROYAL BALLET There were 11 programmes in the company’s 2016–17 season, six story ballets and four triple bills, plus George Balanchine’s full-length abstract Jewels. A November triple bill of works by Wayne McGregor celebrated the tenth anniversary of his tenure as the Royal Ballet’s resident choreographer. Chroma, a piece whose explosive 2007 premiere was McGregor’s breakthrough at the Royal Ballet, was given a fresh twist by the inclusion of contemporary dancers from Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater alongside Royal Ballet stars. The bill also included a new McGregor work, Multiverse. It started well with an explosive duet for Steven McRae and Paul Kay, one of McGregor’s most striking recent creations, but sagged in the central section, where the visual confusion and lack of emotion did not do justice to the migrant crisis that McGregor and dramaturg Uzma Hameed had taken as their starting point. Carbon Life, revived for the first time, lacked the lustre given to its premiere by Boy George, who supplied the music. McGregor’s acclaimed Woolf Works (2015) was revived in January 2017. The Christmas 2016 period saw a run of The Sleeping Beauty in which Francesca Hayward and Yasmine Naghdi, two gifted young dancers and audience favourites, both danced Aurora for the first time, to audience acclaim. Hayward and Naghdi had also made debuts in The Nutcracker (as the Sugar Plum Fairy and Clara respectively) in late November: the run had been scheduled slightly earlier than its usual Christmas time slot in
order to coincide with the 90th birthday of the production’s originator, Sir Peter Wright. Naghdi was promoted to principal at the end of the season; Hayward had been promoted in 2016. Kenneth MacMillan and Frederick Ashton, the company’s two most distinguished 20th-century choreographers, were represented by two programmes each. A revival of MacMillan’s Anastasia in October 2016 was a major event, the first appearance of this flawed full-length work since 2004. With new designs by Bob Crowley and a compelling new Anastasia in Natalia Osipova, the run made a good case for MacMillan’s marriage of classical narrative ballet and psychodrama. Osipova showed her suitability for MacMillan again in spring 2017, when she made her debut as Mary Vetersa in the choreographer’s masterpiece Mayerling: her wholly committed portrayal of the passionate, suicidal teenager drew comparisons with Lynn Seymour, the role’s originator. Ashton works both opened and closed the 2016–17 season. The perennially popular, perennially excellent La Fille mal garde´e opened the autumn season, just over a year after it had last been performed. Among several strong casts were notable debuts from Francesca Hayward and Marcelino Sambe´ as Lise and Colas. The Ashton triple bill in June, consisting of The Dream, Symphonic Variations and Marguerite and Armand, was notable for a number of interesting casts, among whom Akane Takada made an assured debut as Titania. Three different casts performed Marguerite and Armand, in each case pairing a company dancer with a guest star from abroad. Zenaida Yanowsky’s performance with Roberto Bolle of La Scala failed to set the stage alight, in part due to their incompatible heights, but Alessandra Ferri and Federico Bonelli were unforgettable as the May–December lovers. Natalia Osipova was scheduled to be partnered by her current love interest, former Royal Ballet star Sergei Polunin – who gave a memorable Armand opposite Tamara Rojo in 2012 – but ended up dancing opposite the Mariinsky’s (delightful) Vladimir Shklyarov after Polunin pulled out. George Balanchine’s Jewels featured a welcome return – in Rubies – of Melissa Hamilton, a fine company dancer who has been on leave dancing as a principal with the Dresdem Semperoper since 2015. One of the season’s high points was the successful premiere of a piece by Crystal Pite, a Canadian choreographer whose ability to combine memorable movement with emotional heft has made her one of the most sought-after dancemakers in the world. Pite’s Flight Pattern, premiered in March, visualised the plight of displaced persons through a series of semi-abstract scenes. She used the corps de ballet, clad in grey, to striking effect – one of Pite’s trademarks is making large groups of dancers move in eerie unity, as if they are one great creature – but the piece’s poignant focus was supplied by Kristen McNally and Marcelino Sambe´, representing a couple whose child has died. The piece’s final moments, with McNally walking alone and grief-stricken towards a great light at the back of the stage – perhaps representing a better future – were heart-stoppingly powerful. The season’s final premiere was by Liam Scarlett, the young artist in residence, who sorely needed a success after the very mixed reception of his full-length Frankenstein in 2016. Symphonic Dances, set to the work of the same name by Rachmaninov, was a return to form for Scarlett. An atmospheric setting of crimson and black combined with the sweeping moods of the Rachmaninov to set the tone, and Scarlett filled his space with striking, emotional movement. The piece’s centre was the monumental figure of Zenaida Yanowsky in a huge billowing red skirt, as a strong, contained
Public Acts of Parliament 1013
PUBLIC ACTS OF PARLIAMENT Public acts included in this list are those which received royal assent after 31 July 2016. The date stated after each act is the date on which it came into operation. For further information see W www.legislation.gov.uk Finance Act 2016 ch. 24 (15 September 2016) grants certain duties, alters other duties and amends the law relating to the National Debt and Public Revenue, and makes further provision in connection with finance. Investigatory Powers Act 2016 ch. 25 (29 November 2016) makes provisions regarding the interception of communications, equipment interference and the acquisition and retention of communications data, personal datasets and other information, it’s treatment and storage as well as establish the Investigatory Powers Commissioner, other Judicial Commissioners and their provisions. Small Charitable Donations and Childcare Payments Act 2017 ch. 1 (16 January 2017) makes provision about the payment schemes established by the Small Charitable Donations Act 2012 and the Childcare Payments Act 2014. Savings (Government Contributions) Act 2017 ch. 2 (16 January 2017) makes provision for, and in connection with, government bonuses in respect of additions to savings accounts and other investment plans. Policing and Crime Act 2017 ch. 3 (31 January 2017) makes provision for collaboration between the emergency services; to make provision about the handling of police complaints and other matters relating to police conduct and to make further provision about the Independent Police Complaints Commission; to make other amendments to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; to amend the powers of the police under the Mental Health Act 1983; to extend the powers of the police in relation to maritime enforcement; to make provision to combat the sexual exploitation of children; and for connected purposes. Wales Act 2017 ch. 4 (31 January 2017) amends the Government of Wales Act 2006 and the Wales Act 2014 to make provision about the functions of the Welsh Ministers and about Welsh tribunals.
by this Act for the years ending with 31 March 2015, 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017. European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 ch. 9 (16 March 2017) confers power on the Prime Minister to notify, under Article 50 (2) of the Treaty on European Union, the UK’s intention to withdraw from the EU. Finance Act 2017 ch. 10 (27 April 2017) grants certain duties, to alter other duties, and to amend the law relating to the national debt and the public revenue, and to make further provision in connection with finance. Parking Places (Variation of Charges) Act 2017 ch. 11 (27 April 2017) makes provision in relation to the procedure to be followed by local authorities when varying the charges to be paid in connection with the use of certain parking places. Broadcasting (Radio Multiplex Services) Act 2017 ch. 12 (27 April 2017) makes provision about the regulation of small-scale radio multiplex services; and for connected purposes. Homelessness Reduction Act 2017 ch. 13 (27 April 2017) makes provision about measures for reducing homelessness; and for connected purposes. Intellectual Property (Unjustified Threats) Act 2017 ch. 14 (27 April 2017) amends the law relating to unjustified threats to bring proceedings for infringement of patents, registered trademarks, rights in registered designs, design right or Community designs. National Citizen Service Act 2017 ch. 15 (27 April 2017) makes provision for the National Citizen Service Trust and creates a statutory framework to ensure management’s proper oversight of public funding and services. Children and Social Work Act 2017 ch. 16 (27 April 2017) makes provision about looked-after children; to make other provision in relation to the welfare of children; and to make provision about the regulation of social workers. Pension Schemes Act 2017 ch. 17 (27 April 2017) makes provision about automatic enrolment into workplace pension schemes under the Pensions Act 2008; to make provisions for Master Trusts and to amend existing legislation.
Commonwealth Development Corporation Act 2017 ch. 5 (23 February 2017) amends the amount of the limit in section 15 of the Commonwealth Development Corporation Act 1999 on the government’s financial assistance.
Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence (Ratification of Convention) Act 2017 ch. 18 (27 April 2017) makes provision in connection with the ratification by the UK of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (the Istanbul Convention).
Cultural Property (Armed Conflicts) Act 2017 ch. 6 (23 February 2017) enables the UK to implement the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 1954 and the Protocols to that Convention of 1954 and 1999.
Technical and Further Education Act 2017 ch. 19 (27 April 2017) makes provision about technical and further education by extending the Institute of Apprenticeships’ remit to cover classroom based Technical Education and to ensure the financial stability of further education institutions.
High Speed Rail (London – West Midlands) Act 2017 ch. 7 (23 February 2017) confers the powers required to construct phase one of the proposed HS2 scheme from London Euston to Birmingham Curzon Street with intermediate stations in West London (Old Oak Common) and at Birmingham Airport; authorises the necessary work to construct and maintain phase one of the HS2 line by the nominated undertaker HS2 Ltd, the power to acquire land (and limited rights in land) necessary for the works to be carried out, the deeming of planning permission to be granted for the works and to facilitate work to be carried out on conventional lines to fully integrate the HS2 system with already existing infrastructure.
Neighbourhood Planning Act 2017 ch. 20 (27 April 2017) make provision about planning and compulsory purchases; and for connected purposes.
Supply and Appropriation (Anticipation and Adjustments) Act 2017 ch. 8 (16 March 2017) authorises the use of resources for the years ending with 31 March 2015, 31 March 2016, 31 March 2017 and 31 March 2018; to authorise the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund for the years ending 31 March 2017 and 31 March 2018; and to appropriate the supply authorised
Bus Services Act 2017 ch. 21 (27 April 2017) makes provision for Local Transport Providers (LTP) more options to deal with inefficiencies to provide better services to passengers and simplify bus franchising procedures outlined in the Transport Act 2000. Criminal Finances Act 2017 ch. 22 (27 April 2017) amends the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002; make provision in connection with terrorist property; create corporate offences for cases where a person associated with a body corporate or partnership facilitates the commission by another person of a tax evasion offence; and for connected purposes. Health Service Medical Supplies (Costs) Act 2017 ch. 23 (27 April 2017) make provision in connection with controlling the cost of health service medicines and other medical supplies; to make
1032
The Year 2016 – 17
ENGLAND V WEST INDIES Chester-le-Street (16 September): West Indies won by 21 runs. West Indies 176–9, England 155
2017 ICC CHAMPIONS TROPHY England and Wales, 1–18 June 2017 Group A England Bangladesh Australia New Zealand
Played
Won
Lost
N/R
Pts
Net RR
3 3 3 3
3 1 0 0
0 1 1 2
0 1 2 1
6 3 2 1
+1.045 0.000 −0.992 −1.558
Played
Won
Lost
N/R
Pts
Net RR
3 3 3 3
2 2 1 1
1 1 2 2
0 0 0 0
4 4 2 2
+1.370 −0.680 +0.167 −0.798
Group B India Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka
SEMI-FINALS Cardiff (14 June): Pakistan beat England by 8 wickets. Pakistan 215–2, England 211 Edgbaston (15 June): India beat Bangladesh by 9 wickets. India 265–1, Bangladesh 264–7 FINAL Kia Oval (18 June): Pakistan beat India by 180 runs. Pakistan 338–4, India 158
Pakistan: Quaid-e-Azam Trophy final 2016–17: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) beat United Bank Linked (UBL) on first innings lead after a drawn match. WAPDA 278, UBL 236 National T20 Cup final 2016–17: Karachi Blues beat Karachi Whites by 3 runs. Karachi Blues 182–3; Karachi Whites 179–8 South Africa: Sunfoil Series 2016–17: Knights, 112pts. Momentum One-day Cup final 2016-17: Titans beat Warriors by 236 runs. Titans 425–5, Warriors 189. Ram Slam T20 Challenge final 2016–17: Titans beat Warriors by 6 runs. Titans 155–6, Warriors149–6 West Indies: RegionalSuper50 final 2016–17: Barbados beat Jamaica by 216 runs. Barbados 377, Jamaica 224.Regional 4-Day Tournament 2016–17: Guyana, 135 pts. Caribbean Premier League T20 final 2017: Trinbago Knight Riders beat St Kitts and Nevis Patriots by 3 wickets. Trinbago Knight Riders 136–7, St Kitts and Nevis Patriots 135–6
CURLING MEN’S WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 2017 Edmonton, Canada, 1–9 April Final: Canada beat Sweden 4–2
WOMEN’S WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP 2017 Beijing, China, 18–26 March Final: Canada beat Russia 8–3
ENGLAND AND WALES DOMESTIC COMPETITIONS LV County Championship 2016, Division 1: Middlesex, 230pts; Relegated Durham*, 200pts; Nottinghamshire, 124pts – Division 2: Promoted Essex, 235pts Royal London One-Day Cup final 2017: Nottinghamshire beat Surrey by 4 wickets. Nottinghamshire 298–6, Surrey 297–9 Natwest T20 Blast 2017: Nottinghamshire beat Birmingham by 22 runs. Northamptonshire 190–4, Birmingham 168– 8
CYCLING
* Durham relegated over financial issues
MEN Road Race: Steve Cummings
OTHER INTERNATIONAL DOMESTIC CHAMPIONSHIPS Australia: Sheffield Shield final 2016–17: Victoria drew with South Australia. Victoria 487, South Australia 287. Matador BBQ’s One-Day Cup final 2016–17: New South Wales beat Queensland by 6 wickets. New South Wales 188–4, Queensland 186. Twenty20 Big Bash League final 2016–17: Perth Scorchers beat Sydney Sixers by 9 wickets. Perth Scorchers 144–1, Sydney Sixers 141–9. Bangladesh: BCL 2016–17: North Zone India: Irani Cup final 2016–17: Rest of India beat Gujarat by 6 wickets. Rest of India 226 and 379–4, Gujarat 358 and 246. Deodhar Trophy 2016–17: Tamil Nadu beat India B by 42 runs. Tamil Nadu 303–9, India B 261 (all out). Duleep Trophy final 2015–16: India Blue beat India Red by 355 runs. India Blue 693–6 dec, India Red 356. Ranji Trophy Elite final 2016–17: Gujarat beat Mumbai by 5 wickets. Gujarat 328, Mumbai 228. Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2016–17: East Zone beat West Zone by 8 wickets. East Zone 153–2, West Zone 149–5. Vijay Hazare Trophy final 2016–17: Tamil Nadu beat Bengal by 37 runs. Tamil Nadu 217, Bengal 180 Indian Premier League Twenty20 final 2017: Mumbai Indians beat Rising Pune Supergiant by 1 run. Mumbai Indians 129–8, Rising Pune Supergiant 128–6. New Zealand: Plunket Shield 2016-17: Canterbury 105 pts. Ford Trophy final 2016–17: Canterbury beat Wellington by 28 runs. Canterbury 199–3, Wellington 171. McDonalds Super Smash final 2016-17: Wellington beat Central Districts by 14 runs. Wellington 172–7. Central Districts 158–8
Vuelta a Espan˜a 2017: Chris Froome (Great Britain) Giro d’Italia 2017: Fernando Gaviria (Colombia) Tour de France 2017: Chris Froome (Great Britain)
BRITISH NATIONAL ROAD RACE CHAMPIONSHIPS 2017 Isle of Man, June
WOMEN Road Race: Lizzie Deignan
UCI TRACK CYCLING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 2017 Hong Kong Velodrome, Hong Kong, April MEN Points Race: Cameron Meyer (Australia) Sprint: Denis Dmitriev (Russia) 1km Time Trial: Francois Pervis (France) Individual Pursuit: Jordon Kirby (Australia) Scratch Race: Adrian Teklinski (Poland) Keirin: Mohd Azizulhasni Awang (Malaysia) Team Pursuit: Australia Madison: Morgan Kneisky and Benjamin Thomas (France) Team Sprint: New Zealand Omnium: Benjamin Thomas (France) WOMEN Points Race: Elinor Barker (Great Britain) Sprint: Kristina Vogel (Germany) 500m Time Trial: Daria Shmelevna (Russia) Individual Pursuit: Chloe Dygert (USA) Scratch Race: Rachele Barbieri (Italy) Keirin: Kristina Vogel (Germany) Team Pursuit: USA Madison: Lotte Kopecky and Jolien D’Hoore (Belgium) Team Sprint: Russia Omnium: Katie Archibald (Great Britain)
1092 Astronomy
September 2018 NINTH MONTH, 30 DAYS. Septem (seven), seventh month of Roman pre-Julian calendar 1 2
Saturday Sunday
Germany invades Poland 1939 King George II marries Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1705
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Britain and France declare war on Germany 1939 Queen Wilhemina of the Netherlands abdicates from the throne 1948 The Hilton hotel in London is bombed by the IRA 1975 Lithuania’s independence is officially recognised by the Soviet Union 1991 Baudouin I, king of the Belgians (1951–93) b. 1930 A Bulgarian republic is established following a referendum 1946 25 English football fans involved in the Heysel stadium disaster arrive in Belgium to stand trial 1987
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica is returned to Spain 1981 The French army of Louis XIV was defeated at the battle of Malplaquet 1709 Scotland votes in favour of home rule in a referendum on Scottish governance 1997 Miguel Primo de Rivera overthrows the Spanish government, after a military coup 1923 The USSR expels 25 British nationals in response to the British expulsion of alleged Soviet spies 1985 Battle of Britain Day: the RAF defended Britain against a massive Luftwaffe assault 1940 The United Kingdom suspends its membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism 1992
week 37 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Jan Peder Syse, Norwegian politician and prime minister of Norway (1989–90) d. 1997 The Treaty of Belgrade ends the war between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs 1739 The Soviet Union and Finland sign the Moscow Armistice 1944 The French defeat the Prussians at the Battle of Valmy 1792 The National Convention declares France a republic and abolishes its absolute monarchy 1792 George III is crowned 1761 Negotiations on the Karlstad Treaty end with an agreement to disunite Sweden and Norway 1905
week 38 260 261 262 263 264 265 266
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Alfonso IX, king of Leo´n and Galicia (188–1230) d. 1230 King Harold II defeats Norwegian king Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge 1066 Pope Paul VI (1963–78) b. 1897 Louis XIII, king of France (1610–43) b. 1601 A referendum establishes a French community of states, linking France with its former colonies 1958 Lech Walesa, president of Poland and Nobel Peace Prize laureate b. 1943 Neville Chamberlain makes his ‘peace for our time’ speech on the Munich Agreement 1938
week 39 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA d
h
2 7 8 14 17 20 23 23 27 27
9 18 22 2 16 6 1 16 3 7
2 5 8 11
9.6 6.5 3.3 0.1
13 16 19 22
week 36 day 246 247 248 249 250 251 252
CONSTELLATIONS The following constellations are near the meridian at
Spica 1.5˚ North of Venus Neptune at opposition Mercury 1˚ South of the Moon Jupiter 4˚ South of the Moon Saturn 2˚ South of the Moon Mars 5˚ South of the Moon Equinox Neptune 2˚ North of the Moon Vesta 3˚ South of Saturn Uranus 5˚ North of the Moon
MINIMA OF ALGOL d h d
day 244 245
August August September
d
h
1 16 1
24 23 22
September October October
d
h
15 1 16
21 20 19
Draco, Cepheus, Lyra, Cygnus, Vulpecula, Sagitta, Delphinus, Equuleus, Aquila, Aquarius and Capricornus
THE MOON
h
d
h
20.9 17.7 14.5 11.3
25 28
8.1 4.9
Phases, Apsides and Node d h Last Quarter 3 2 New Moon 9 18 First Quarter 16 23 Full Moon 25 2 Perigee (361,351 km) 8 1 Apogee (404,876 km) 20 0 Mean longitude of the ascending node on 1st, 124˚
m 37 1 15 52 20 53
September 2018 1093
THE SUN Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Right Ascension h m 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
40 44 47 51 55 58 02 05 09 13 16 20 23 27 31 34 38 41 45 48 52 56 59 03 06 10 14 17 21 24
Diam. 31.7′
Dec. s 37 15 52 29 06 42 19 55 31 06 42 18 53 28 03 39 14 49 24 59 34 10 45 20 56 32 08 44 20 57
˚
+8.4 +8.0 +7.6 +7.3 +6.9 +6.5 +6.2 +5.8 +5.4 +5.0 +4.7 +4.3 +3.9 +3.5 +3.1 +2.7 +2.4 +2.0 +1.6 +1.2 +0.8 +0.4 +0.0 −0.4 −0.8 −1.1 −1.5 −1.9 −2.3 −2.7
Equation of time m s −0 +0 +0 +0 +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 +4 +4 +4 +5 +5 +6 +6 +6 +7 +7 +7 +8 +8 +8 +9 +9 +9
DURATION OF TWILIGHT Latitude 52˚
11 08 27 47 06 26 47 07 28 49 09 30 52 13 34 56 17 38 00 21 43 04 25 46 07 28 49 09 29 49
56˚
1 September
Civil Nautical Astronomical
35 79 127
39 89 147
Rise h 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
52˚
m
h
12 13 15 16 18 20 21 23 25 26 28 29 31 33 34 36 38 39 41 42 44 46 47 49 51 52 54 56 57 59
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6
52˚
m
h
m
h
04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 01
12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
00 00 59 59 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 56 56 56 55 55 55 54 54 53 53 53 52 52 52 51 51 51 50 50
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
56˚ 11 September
34 76 120
Set
Transit 56˚
38 85 136
THE NIGHT SKY Mercury rises nearly two hours before the Sun on the 1st but then quickly dips back into the solar glare to be lost around mid-month. It is 1˚ from Regulus on the 6th and the Moon is 36.5 hours from New when 8.5˚ to Mercury’s upper right on the 8th. Mercury is at superior conjunction on the 21st. Venus (magnitude −4.7) may be spotted the first ten days of the month before being lost to view until November. It lies just over 1˚ from Spica on the 1st. Mars (magnitude −2.1 to −1.3) still has plenty to offer the telescope user even though the apparent disk size is getting smaller. It crosses into Capricornus at the beginning of September, with the planet setting by midnight on the 30th. The Moon is nearby on the 19th.
52˚
52˚
m
h
47 45 43 41 38 36 34 31 29 27 24 22 20 17 15 13 10 08 06 03 01 59 56 54 52 49 47 45 42 40
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
56˚ 21 September
34 74 116
37 82 129
56˚
Sidereal time h m
m 55 52 50 47 44 42 39 36 34 31 29 26 23 21 18 15 13 10 07 05 02 59 57 54 51 49 46 43 41 38
22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
52˚
40 44 48 52 56 00 04 08 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 03 07 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
s 27 23 20 16 13 10 06 03 59 56 52 49 45 42 39 35 32 28 25 21 18 14 11 08 04 01 57 54 50 47
Transit of first point of Aries h m 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
19 15 11 07 03 59 55 51 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 08 04 00 56 52 48 44 40 37 33 29 25
s 33 37 40 44 47 50 54 57 01 04 08 11 15 18 21 25 28 32 35 39 42 46 49 52 56 59 03 06 10 13
56˚ 31 September
34 73 113
37 80 125
Jupiter (magnitude −1.8) sets earlier and earlier these evenings, with it departing 1.5 hours after the Sun on the 30th. The Moon is near the giant planet on the 13th. Saturn (magnitude 0.5) is stationary on the 6th after which direct motion resumes. This brings it within 2˚ of the Lagoon Nebula (M8) on the 8th. The Moon is close by on the 17th and two days later the rings are tipped their maximum earthward (26.61˚) for 2018. Saturn is at eastern quadrature this month too, so you’ll see the globe’s shadow cast. The Ringed Planet is setting late-evening by the end of September. Neptune (magnitude 7.8) is at opposition on September 7th in Aquarius.
1128
Time Measurement and Calendars
GEOLOGICAL TIME Era
Period Quaternary
Neogene Cenozoic Palaeogene
Epoch
11,700 BP†–present
Pleistocene
2,588,000–11,700 BP
Pliocene
5.332–2.588 Mya ‡
Miocene
23.03–5.332 Mya
Oligocene
33.9–23.03 Mya
Eocene
55.8–33.9 Mya
Palaeocene
Mesozoic
Palaeozoic
Precambrian
Dates*
Holocene
65.5–55.8 Mya
Evolutionary Stages
}
First humans Majority of still existing species
modern } First mammals
Cretaceous
145.5–65.5 Mya
Jurassic
199.6–145.5 Mya
First birds
Triassic
251–199.6 Mya
First mammals
Permian
299–251 Mya
Carboniferous
359.2–299 Mya
First reptiles First traces of landliving creatures
Devonian
416–359.2 Mya
Silurian
443.7–416 Mya
Ordovician
488.3–443.7 Mya
First fish
Cambrian
542–488.3 Mya
First invertebrates
Proterozoic
2,500–542 Mya
First primitive life forms, eg algae and bacteria
Archaean
3,800–2,500 Mya
Hadean
4,600–3,800 Mya
}
}
Earth uninhabited
* approximate † BP = Before Present ‡ Mya = million years ago
PALAEOZOIC (‘ANCIENT LIFE’) Cambrian – Mainly sandstones, slate and shales; limestones in Scotland. Shelled fossils and invertebrates, eg trilobites and brachiopods, and the earliest known vertebrates (jawless fish) appear Ordovician – Mainly shales and mudstones, eg in north Wales; limestones in Scotland. First fish Silurian – Shales, mudstones and some limestones, found mostly in Wales and southern Scotland Devonian – Old red sandstone, shale, limestone and slate, eg in south Wales and the West Country Carboniferous – Coal-bearing rocks, millstone grit, limestone and shale. First traces of land-living creatures Permian – Marls, sandstones and clays. First reptile fossils There were two great phases of mountain building in the Palaeozoic era: the Caledonian, characterised in Britain by NE–SW lines of hills and valleys; and the later Hercynian, widespread in west Germany and adjacent areas, and in Britain exemplified in E–W lines of hills and valleys. The end of the Palaeozoic era was marked by the extensive glaciations of the Permian period in the southern continents and the decline of amphibians. It was succeeded by an era of warm conditions. MESOZOIC (‘MIDDLE FORMS OF LIFE’) Triassic – Mostly sandstone, eg in the W. Midlands; primitive mammals appear Jurassic – Mainly limestones and clays, typically displayed in the Jura mountains, and in England in a NE–SW belt from Lincolnshire and the Wash to the Severn and the Dorset coast
Cretaceous – Mainly chalk, clay and sands, eg in Kent and Sussex Giant reptiles were dominant during the Mesozoic era; marsupial mammals first appeared, as well as Archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest known species of bird. Coniferous trees and flowering plants also developed during the era and, with the birds and the mammals, were the main species to survive into the Cenozoic era. The giant reptiles became extinct.
CENOZOIC (‘RECENT LIFE’) Palaeocene/ Eocene – The emergence of new forms of life, including existing species; primates appear Oligocene – Fossils of a few still existing species Miocene – Fossil remains show a balance of existing and extinct species Piliocene/ Pleistocene – Fossil remains show a majority of still existing species Holocene – The present, post-glacial period. Existing species only, except for a few exterminated by humans In the last 25 million years, from the Miocene through the Pliocene periods, the Alpine-Himalayan and the circumPacific phases of mountain building reached their climax. During the Pleistocene period ice-sheets locked up masses of water as land ice, lowering the sea level by 100–200m. The glaciations and interglacials of the Ice Age are difficult to date and classify, but recent scientific opinion considers the Pleistocene period to have begun c.1.64 Mya. The last glacial retreat, merging into the Holocene period, was c.10,000 years ago.