Whitaker's 2019

WHITAKER’S 2019

The traditional design of the title page for Whitaker’s Almanack which has appeared in each edition since 1868

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 16:36:24 ***

3

CONTENTS PREFACE

5

THE YEAR 2019

9

2019 Calendar 2020 Calendar Forthcoming Events Centenaries

10 11 12 14

UNITED KINGDOM The UK in Figures The National Flag

19 23

THE ROYAL FAMILY Private Secretaries Finance Military Ranks and Titles Kings and Queens Descendants of Queen Victoria The House of Windsor

24 28 30 32 35 40 42

PRECEDENCE

43

PEERAGE Hereditary Peers Life Peers Courtesy Titles and Peers’ Surnames Lords Spiritual Orders of Chivalry Baronetage and Knightage The Order of St John Dames Decorations and Medals Chiefs of Clans in Scotland Privy Council

45 46 64 72 78 79 82 108 109 113 116 118

PARLIAMENT Members of Parliament General Election 2017 Results By-election Results

122 133 140 177

THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC BODIES The Cabinet Government Departments Executive Agencies Non-ministerial Government Departments Public Bodies

178 178 180 191 194 199

DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT Wales National Assembly Election Results 2016 Scotland Scottish Parliament Election Results 2016 Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Assembly Election Results 2017

219 219 222 226 229 235 237

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT London

240 240

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

244

LOCAL GOVERNMENT England County Councils

247 250 259

District Councils Metropolitan Borough Councils Unitary Councils London London Borough Councils The City of London Corporation The City Guilds Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Political Composition of Councils Isle of Man Channel Islands

260 263 264 266 266 267 269 272 275 280 282 287 288

LAW AND ORDER Law Courts and Offices Scottish Judicature Northern Ireland Judicature Tribunals Ombudsman Services Police Prisons

290 290 296 298 300 306 309 313

DEFENCE Salaries

317 327

EDUCATION The Education System Universities Professional Education Independent Schools National Academies Research Councils

329 329 349 360 369 376 378

HEALTH National Health Service

380 380

SOCIAL WELFARE Social Services National Insurance Pensions War Pensions Tax Credits Benefits

386 386 387 388 391 392 392

UTILITIES AND TRANSPORT Water Energy Transport

400 400 403 408

RELIGION Religion in the UK Churches

420 420 422

COMMUNICATIONS Postal Services Telecommunications Internet

443 443 445 446

CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE World Heritage Sites Historic Buildings and Monuments Museums and Galleries Sights of London Hallmarks

448 459 461 469 477 484

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 16:36:24 ***

4 BANKING AND FINANCE British Currency Banking and Personal Finance Financial Services Regulation National Savings National Debt London Stock Exchange Economic Statistics Cost of Living Insurance

487 487 489 494 496 497 498 499 501 503

TAXATION Income Tax Value Added Tax Stamp Duty

507 507 519 520

LEGAL NOTES Intellectual Property

522 548

THE MEDIA Broadcasting Television Radio The Press Newspapers Periodicals

550 550 550 552 555 555 559

ORGANISATIONS Trade and Professional Bodies Trade Unions Sports Bodies Charities and Societies

563 563 567 570 575

THE WORLD The World in Figures Air Distances Travel Overseas European Union International Organisations Countries of the World A–Z UK Overseas Territories The North and South Poles

595 602 603 605 615 638 936 945

THE YEAR 2017–18 Events A Century Ago: Events 1917–18 UK Affairs Arts and Media Crimes and Legal Affairs Environment and Science Sport International Affairs Obituaries Archaeology Architecture Art Business and Finance Classical Music and Opera Conservation Natural Environment Built Heritage Dance Film Literature The Media Television Radio The Press Internet Parliament Acts of Parliament Pop Music Science and Discovery Theatre Sports Results Sports Records Weather

951 951 953 956 957 959 961 963 974 976 980 985 988 991 997 997 1000 1002 1006 1009 1013 1013 1015 1015 1016 1018 1023 1025 1028 1033 1037 1061 1064

TIME AND SPACE Astronomy Time Measurement and Calendars Tidal Predictions

1073 1131 1145

Index

1153

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 16:36:24 ***

24

The Royal Family

THE ROYAL FAMILY THE SOVEREIGN ELIZABETH II, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Her Majesty Elizabeth Alexandra Mary of Windsor, elder daughter of King George VI and of HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Born 21 April 1926, at 17 Bruton Street, London W1 Ascended the throne 6 February 1952 Crowned 2 June 1953, at Westminster Abbey Married 20 November 1947, in Westminster Abbey, HRH the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Official residences Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA; Windsor Castle, Berks; Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh Private residences Sandringham, Norfolk; Balmoral Aberdeenshire

Castle,

HUSBAND OF THE QUEEN HRH THE PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH, KG, KT, OM, GCVO, GBE, Royal Victorian Chain, AK, QSO, PC, Ranger of Windsor Park Born 10 June 1921, son of Prince and Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, naturalised a British subject 1947, created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich 1947

CHILDREN OF THE QUEEN HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES (Prince Charles Philip Arthur George), KG, KT, GCB, OM and Great Master of the Order of the Bath, AK, QSO, PC, ADC(P) Born 14 November 1948, created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester 1958, succeeded as Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Great Steward of Scotland 1952 Married (1) 29 July 1981 Lady Diana Frances Spencer (Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–97), youngest daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer and the Hon. Mrs Shand Kydd), marriage dissolved 1996; (2) 9 April 2005 Mrs Camilla Rosemary Parker Bowles, now HRH the Duchess of Cornwall, GCVO, PC (born 17 July 1947, daughter of Major Bruce Shand and the Hon. Mrs Rosalind Shand) Residences Clarence House, London SW1A 1BA; Highgrove, Doughton, Tetbury, Glos GL8 8TN; Birkhall, Ballater, Aberdeenshire

Issue 1. HRH the Duke of Cambridge (Prince William Arthur Philip Louis), KG, KT, PC born 21 June 1982, created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus 2011 married 29 April 2011 Catherine Elizabeth Middleton, now HRH the Duchess of Cambridge (born 9 January 1982, elder daughter of Michael and Carole Middleton), and has issue, HRH Prince George of Cambridge (Prince George Alexander Louis), born 22 July 2013; HRH Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana), born 2 May 2015; HRH Prince Louis of Cambridge (Prince Louis Arthur Charles), born 23 April 2018 Residence Kensington Palace, London W8 4PU; Anmer Hall, Norfolk PE31 6RW

2. HRH the Duke of Sussex (Prince Henry Charles Albert David), KCVO born 15 September 1984, created Duke of Sussex, Earl of Dumbarton and Baron Kilkeel 2018 married 19 May 2018 (Rachel) Meghan Markle, now HRH the

Duchess of Sussex (born 4 August 1981, daughter of Thomas Markle and Doria Ragland) Residence Nottingham Cottage, Kensington Palace, London W8 4PU

HRH THE PRINCESS ROYAL (Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), KG, KT, GCVO Born 15 August 1950, declared the Princess Royal 1987 Married (1) 14 November 1973 Captain Mark Anthony Peter Phillips, CVO (born 22 September 1948); marriage dissolved 1992; (2) 12 December 1992 Vice-Adm. Sir Timothy James Hamilton Laurence, KCVO, CB, ADC (P) (born 1 March 1955) Residence Gatcombe Park, Minchinhampton, Glos GL6 9AT Issue 1. Peter Mark Andrew Phillips, born 15 November 1977, married 17 May 2008 Autumn Patricia Kelly, and has issue, Savannah Phillips, born 29 December 2010; Isla Elizabeth Phillips, born 29 March 2012 2. Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall, MBE, born 15 May 1981, married 30 July 2011 Michael James Tindall, MBE, and has issue, Mia Grace Tindall, born 17 January 2014; Lena Elizabeth Tindall, born 18 June 2018 HRH THE DUKE OF YORK (Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward), KG, GCVO, ADC(P) Born 19 February 1960, created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killyleagh 1986 Married 23 July 1986 Sarah Margaret Ferguson, now Sarah, Duchess of York (born 15 October 1959, younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Mrs Hector Barrantes), marriage dissolved 1996 Residence Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, Berks Issue 1. HRH Princess Beatrice of York (Princess Beatrice Elizabeth Mary), born 8 August 1988 2. HRH Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank (Princess Eugenie Victoria Helena), born 23 March 1990, married 12 October 2018 Jack Brooksbank HRH THE EARL OF WESSEX (Prince Edward Antony Richard Louis), KG, GCVO, ADC(P) Born 10 March 1964, created Earl of Wessex, Viscount Severn 1999 Married 19 June 1999 Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones, now HRH the Countess of Wessex, GCVO (born 20 January 1965, daughter of Mr and Mrs Christopher Rhys-Jones) Residence Bagshot Park, Bagshot, Surrey GU19 5HS Issue 1. Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Mountbatten-Windsor), born 8 November 2003 2. Viscount Severn (James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor), born 17 December 2007

NEPHEW AND NIECE OF THE QUEEN Children of HRH the Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon and the Earl of Snowdon (see House of Windsor): EARL OF SNOWDON (DAVID ALBERT CHARLES ARMSTRONG-JONES), born 3 November 1961, married 8 October 1993 Hon. Serena Alleyne Stanhope, and has issue, Viscount Linley (Charles Patrick Inigo Armstrong-Jones), born 1 July 1999; Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (Margarita Elizabeth Alleyne Armstrong-Jones), born 14 May 2002 LADY SARAH CHATTO (Sarah Frances Elizabeth), born 1 May 1964, married 14 July 1994 Daniel Chatto, and has issue, Samuel David Benedict Chatto, born 28 July 1996; Arthur Robert Nathaniel Chatto, born 5 February 1999

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

Hereditary Peers 47

DUKES

Coronet, Eight strawberry leaves Style, His Grace the Duke of _ Envelope (formal), His Grace the Duke of _; (social), The Duke of _. Letter (formal), My Lord Duke; (social), Dear Duke. Spoken (formal), Your Grace; (social), Duke Wife’s style, Her Grace the Duchess of _ Envelope (formal), Her Grace the Duchess of _; (social), The Duchess of _. Letter (formal), Dear Madam; (social), Dear Duchess.

Spoken, Duchess Eldest son’s style, Takes his father’s second title as a courtesy title (see Courtesy Titles) Younger sons’ style, ‘Lord’ before forename (F_) and surname (S_) Envelope, Lord F_ S_. Letter (formal), My Lord; (social), Dear Lord F_. Spoken (formal), My Lord; (social), Lord F_ Daughters’ style, ‘Lady’ before forename (F_) and surname (S_) Envelope, Lady F_ S_. Letter (formal), Dear Madam; (social), Dear Lady F_. Spoken, Lady F_ Created 1868 I. 1701 S. 1703 S. 1682 1694 1663 S.

Title, order of succession, name, etc Abercorn (5th), James Hamilton, KG, b. 1934, s. 1979, m.

Argyll (13th), Torquhil Ian Campbell, b. 1968, s. 2001 m.

Atholl (12th), Bruce George Ronald Murray, b. 1960, s. 2012, m.

Beaufort (12th), Henry John Fitzroy Somerset, b. 1952, s. 2017, m.

Bedford (15th), Andrew Ian Henry Russell, b. 1962, s. 2003, m.

Buccleuch (10th) and Queensberry (12th) (S. 1684), Richard Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott, KT, KBE, b. 1954, s. 2007, m.

Devonshire (12th), Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, KCVO, CBE, b.

1694 1944, s. 2004, m.

Fife (4th), David Charles Carnegie, b. 1961, s. 2015, m.

1900 Grafton (12th), Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, b. 1978, s. 2011, m.

1675 Hamilton (16th) and Brandon (13th) (1711), Alexander Douglas Douglas1643 S. Hamilton, b. 1978, s. 2010, m. Premier Peer of Scotland Leinster (9th), Maurice FitzGerald, b. 1948, s. 2004, m. Premier Duke, 1766 I. Marquess and Earl of Ireland Manchester (13th), Alexander Charles David Drogo Montagu, b. 1962, s.

1719 2002, m.

Marlborough (12th), Charles James Spencer-Churchill, b. 1955, s. 2014, m.

1702 1707 S. ** Montrose (8th), James Graham, b. 1935, s. 1992, w.

1483 ** Norfolk (18th), Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, b. 1956, s. 2002, m.

Premier Duke and Earl Marshal Northumberland (12th), Ralph George Algernon Percy, b. 1956, s. 1995, m.

1766 Richmond (11th), Gordon (6th) (1876) and Lennox (11th) (S. 1675), Charles 1675 Henry Gordon Lennox, b. 1955, s. 2017, m.

1707 S. Roxburghe (10th), Guy David Innes-Ker, b. 1954, s. 1974, m. Premier Baronet of Scotland Rutland (11th), David Charles Robert Manners, b. 1959, s. 1999, m.

1703 1684 St Albans (14th), Murray de Vere Beauclerk, b. 1939, s. 1988, m.

Somerset (19th), John Michael Edward Seymour, b. 1952, s. 1984, m.

1547 ** 1833 Sutherland (7th), Francis Ronald Egerton, b. 1940, s. 2000, m.

Wellington (9th), Arthur Charles Valerian Wellesley, OBE, b. 1945, s. 2014, 1814 ** m.

Westminster (7th) and 9th Marquess of Westminster (1831), Hugh Richard Louis 1874 Grosvenor, b. 1991, s. 2016

Heir Marquess of Hamilton, b. 1969 Marquess of Lorne, b. 2004 Marquis of Tullibardine, b. 1985 Marquess of Worcester, b. 1989 Marquess of Tavistock, b. 2005 Earl of Dalkeith, b. 1984 Earl of Burlington, b. 1969 Earl of Southesk, b. 1989 Earl of Euston, b. 2012 Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale, b. 2012 Edward F., b. 1988 Lord Kimble W. D. M., b. 1964 Marquess of Blandford, b. 1992 Marquis of Graham, b. 1973 Earl of Arundel and Surrey, b.

1987 Earl Percy, b. 1984 Earl of March and Kinrara, b.

1994 Marquis of Bowmont and Cessford, b. 1981 Marquess of Granby, b. 1999 Earl of Burford, b. 1965 Lord Seymour, b. 1982 Marquess of Stafford, b. 1975 Marquess of Douro, b. 1978 To Marquessate only, Earl of Wilton (see that title)

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (1725)

79

ORDERS OF CHIVALRY THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER (1348)

KG Ribbon, Blue Motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame on him who thinks evil of it) The number of Knights and Ladies Companion is limited to 24 SOVEREIGN OF THE ORDER The Queen LADIES OF THE ORDER HRH The Princess Royal, 1994 HRH Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy, 2003 ROYAL KNIGHTS HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 1947 HRH The Prince of Wales, 1958 HRH The Duke of Kent, 1985 HRH The Duke of Gloucester, 1997 HRH The Duke of York, 2006 HRH The Earl of Wessex, 2006 HRH The Duke of Cambridge, 2008 EXTRA KNIGHTS COMPANION AND LADIES Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, 1972 HM The Queen of Denmark, 1979 HM The King of Sweden, 1983 HM King Juan Carlos, 1988 HRH Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, 1989 HIM The Emperor of Japan, 1998 HM The King of Norway, 2001 HM The King of Spain, 2017 KNIGHTS AND LADIES COMPANION Lord Bramall, 1990 Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover, 1992 Lord Ashburton, 1994 Sir Timothy Colman, 1996 Duke of Abercorn, 1999 Lord Inge, 2001 Sir Anthony Acland, 2001 Lord Butler of Brockwell, 2003 Lord Morris of Aberavon, 2003 Sir John Major, 2005

Lord Luce, 2008 Sir Thomas Dunne, 2008 Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, 2011 Lord Boyce, 2011 Lord Stirrup, 2013 Baroness Manningham-Buller, 2014 Lord King of Lothbury, 2014 Lord Shuttleworth, 2016 Sir David Brewer, 2016 Viscount Brookeborough, 2018 Dame Mary Fagan, 2018 Prelate, Bishop of Winchester Chancellor, Duke of Abercorn, KG Register, Dean of Windsor, KCVO Garter King of Arms, Thomas Woodcock, CVO Lady Usher of the Black Rod, Sarah Clarke, OBE Secretary, Patric Dickinson, LVO

THE MOST ANCIENT AND MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE THISTLE (REVIVED 1687)

Lord Steel of Aikwood, 2004 Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, 2004 Lord Cullen of Whitekirk, 2007 Lord Hope of Craighead, 2009 Lord Patel, 2009 Earl of Home, 2013 Lord Smith of Kelvin, 2013 Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, 2017 Sir Ian Wood, 2018 Chancellor, Earl of Airlie, KT, GCVO, PC Dean, Very Revd Prof. Sir Iain Torrance, TD Secretary, Mrs Christopher Roads, LVO Lord Lyon King of Arms, Dr Joseph Morrow, CBE, QC Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod, RearAdm. Christopher Layman, CB, DSO, LVO

THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH (1725)

GCB Military

GCB Civil

KT Ribbon, Green Motto, Nemo me impune lacessit (No one provokes me with impunity)

GCB KCB DCB CB

The number of Knights and Ladies of the Thistle is limited to 16

Ribbon, Crimson Motto, Tria juncta in uno (Three joined in one)

SOVEREIGN OF THE ORDER The Queen

Remodelled 1815, and enlarged many times since. The order is divided into civil and military divisions. Women became eligible for the order from 1 January 1971.

ROYAL KNIGHTS HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 1952 HRH The Prince of Wales, Duke of Rothesay, 1977 HRH The Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, 2012

Knight (or Dame) Grand Cross Knight Commander Dame Commander Companion

THE SOVEREIGN

ROYAL LADY OF THE ORDER HRH The Princess Royal, 2000

GREAT MASTER AND FIRST OR PRINCIPAL KNIGHT GRAND CROSS HRH The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, OM

KNIGHTS AND LADIES Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, 1981 Earl of Airlie, 1985 Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, 1996 Lord Macfarlane of Bearsden, 1996 Lord Mackay of Clashfern, 1997 Lord Wilson of Tillyorn, 2000 Sir Eric Anderson, 2002

Dean of the Order, Dean of Westminster Bath King of Arms, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton, GCB Registrar and Secretary, Rear-Adm. Iain Henderson, CB, CBE Genealogist, Thomas Woodcock, CVO Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod, Maj.Gen. James Gordon, CB, CBE

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

By-elections 2017–18

BY-ELECTIONS 2017–18 All UK parliament by-elections since the 2017 General Election. For a full list of party abbreviations see General Election 2017 results.

TYRONE WEST 3 May 2018 E. 64,178 T. 35,029 (54.58%) Órfhlaith Begley, SF Thomas Buchanan, DUP Daniel McCrossan, SDLP Chris Smyth, UUP Stephen Donnelly, Alliance

SF hold 16,346 8,390 6,254 2,909 1,130

SF majority 7,956 (22.71%) 0.53% swing SF to DUP (2017: SF. majority 10,342 (23.78%))

LEWISHAM EAST 14 June 2018 E. 66,140 T. 22,056 (33.35%) Lab. hold Janet Daby, Lab. Lucy Salek, LD Ross Archer, C. Rosamund Adoo-KissiDebrah, Green Mandu Reid, Women David Kurten, UKIP Anne Marie Waters, For Britain Maureen Martin, CPA Howling Laud Hope, Looney Massimo DiMambro, DVP Sean Finch, Libertarian Charles Carey, Ind. Patrick Gray, Radical Thomas Hall, Young

11,033 5,404 3,161 788 506 380 266 168 93 67 38 37 20 18

Lab majority 5,629 (25.61%) 19% swing Lab to LD (2017: Lab. majority 21,123 (44.94%))

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

177

178

The Government and Public Bodies

THE GOVERNMENT THE CABINET As at September 2018 Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service Rt. Hon. Theresa May, MP Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office Rt. Hon. David Lidington, CBE, MP Chancellor of the Exchequer Rt. Hon. Philip Hammond, MP Secretary of State for the Home Department Rt. Hon. Sajid Javid, MP Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Rt. Hon. Jeremy Hunt, MP Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union Rt. Hon. Dominic Raab, MP Secretary of State for Defence Rt. Hon. Gavin Williamson, CBE, MP Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice Rt. Hon. David Gauke, MP Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Rt. Hon. Matthew Hancock, MP Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Rt. Hon. Greg Clark, MP Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government Rt. Hon. James Brokenshire, MP Secretary of State for International Trade and President of the Board of Trade Rt. Hon. Liam Fox, MP Secretary of State for Education Rt. Hon. Damian Hinds, MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Rt. Hon. Michael Gove, MP Secretary of State for Transport Rt. Hon. Chris Grayling, MP Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Rt. Hon. Esther McVey, MP Leader of the House of Lords and Lord Privy Seal Rt. Hon. Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Secretary of State for Scotland Rt. Hon. David Mundell, MP Secretary of State for Wales Rt. Hon. Alun Cairns, MP Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt. Hon. Karen Bradley, MP Secretary of State for International Development Rt. Hon. Penny Mordaunt, MP* Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Rt. Hon. Jeremy Wright, QC, MP Minister without Portfolio Rt. Hon. Brandon Lewis, MP

ALSO ATTENDING CABINET MEETINGS Chief Secretary to the Treasury Rt. Hon. Elizabeth Truss, MP Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council Rt. Hon. Andrea Leadsom, CBE, MP Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Chief Whip Rt. Hon. Julian Smith, MP Attorney-General Rt. Hon. Geoffrey Cox, QC, MP Minister of State for Energy and Clean Growth Rt. Hon. Claire Perry, MP

Minister of State for Immigration Rt. Hon. Caroline Nokes, MP * alongside role as Minister for Women and Equalities

LAW OFFICERS As at September 2018 Attorney-General Rt. Hon. Geoffrey Cox, QC, MP Solicitor-General Robert Buckland, QC, MP Advocate-General for Scotland Rt. Hon. Lord Keen of Elie, QC

MINISTERS OF STATE As at September 2018 Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Sam Gyimah, MP* Rt. Hon. Claire Perry, MP Defence Stuart Andrew, MP Rt. Hon. Earl Howe† Rt. Hon. Mark Lancaster, TD, MP Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Margot James, MP Education Rt. Hon. Nick Gibb, MP Sam Gyimah, MP‡ Rt. Hon. Anne Milton, MP Environment, Food and Rural Affairs George Eustice, MP Exiting the European Union Lord Callanan Foreign and Commonwealth Office Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon Harriett Baldwin, MP§ Rt. Hon. Alistair Burt, MP§ Rt. Hon. Sir Alan Duncan, KCMG, MP Rt. Hon. Mark Field MP Health and Social Care Stephen Barclay, MP Caroline Dinenage, MP Home Office Rt. Hon. Nick Hurd, MP Rt. Hon. Caroline Nokes, MP Rt. Hon. Ben Wallace, MP Baroness Williams of Trafford Housing, Communities and Local Government Kit Malthouse, MP International Development Rt. Hon. Lord Bates Rt. Hon. Harriett Baldwin, MP¶ Rt. Hon. Alistair Burt, MP¶ International Trade George Hollingbery, MP Baroness Fairhead, CBE Justice Rory Stewart, OBE, MP Northern Ireland Office Shailesh Vara, MP Transport Jo Johnson, MP

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

Government Whips 179 Work and Pensions Sarah Newton, MP Alok Sharma, MP * position jointly held with the Department of Education † alongside role as Deputy Leader of the House of Lords ‡ position jointly held with the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy § position jointly held with the Department of International Development ¶ position jointly held with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office

UNDER-SECRETARIES OF STATE As at September 2018 Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Richard Harrington, MP Kelly Tolhurst, MP Rt. Hon. Lord Henley Defence Stuart Andrew, MP Rt. Hon. Tobias Ellwood, MP Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Lord Ashton of Hyde Tracey Crouch, MP Michael Ellis, MP Education Lord Agnew of Oulton Nadhim Zahawi, MP Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Thérèse Coffey, MP David Rutley, MP* Lord Gardiner of Kimble Exiting the European Union Suella Braverman, MP Christopher Heaton-Harris, MP Robin Walker, MP Health and Social Care Steve Brine, MP Jackie Doyle-Price, MP Lord O’Shaughnessy Home Office Victoria Atkins, MP Housing, Communities and Local Government Jake Berry, MP Heather Wheeler, MP Nigel Adams, MP* Rishi Sunak, MP Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth† International Trade Graham Stuart, MP Justice Edward Argar, MP Lucy Frazer, QC, MP Northern Ireland Office Lord Duncan of Springbank‡ Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland Lord Duncan of Springbank§ Transport Nusrat Ghani, MP* Jesse Norman, MP Baroness Sugg, CBE Office of the Secretary of State for Wales Mims Davies, MP* Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth¶ Work and Pensions Baroness Buscombe

Justin Tomlinson, MP Guy Opperman, MP * position held alongside role as a Government Whip † position jointly held with the Office of the Secretary of State for Wales ‡ position jointly held with the Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland § position jointly held with the Northern Ireland Office ¶ position jointly held with the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

OTHER MINISTERS As at September 2018 Cabinet Office Oliver Dowden, CBE, MP (Minister for Implementation and Parliamentary Secretary) Chloe Smith, MP (Minister for the Constitution and Parliamentary Secretary) Office of the Leader of the House of Lords Rt. Hon. Earl Howe (Deputy Leader of the House of Lords) Treasury Rt. Hon. Mel Stride, MP (Financial Secretary and Paymaster General) John Glen, MP (Economic Secretary) Robert Jenrick, MP (Exchequer Secretary)

GOVERNMENT WHIPS As at September 2018

HOUSE OF LORDS Lords Chief Whip and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms Rt. Hon. Lord Taylor of Holbeach, CBE Deputy Chief Whip and Captain of the Queen’s Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard Earl of Courtown Lords-in-Waiting Rt. Hon. Lord Young of Cookham, CH Viscount Younger of Leckie Baronesses-in-Waiting Baroness Goldie Baroness Manzoor, CBE Baroness Stedman-Scott, OBE Baroness Vere of Norbiton

HOUSE OF COMMONS Chief Whip and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Rt. Hon. Julian Smith, MP Deputy Chief Whip and Treasurer of HM Household Christopher Pincher, MP Government Whip and Comptroller of HM Household Mark Spencer, MP Government Whip and Vice-Chamberlain of HM Household Andrew Stephenson, MP Lords Commissioners of HM Treasury (Whips) Nigel Adams, MP*; Mike Freer, MP; Rebecca Harris, MP; Paul Maynard, MP; David Rutley, MP†; Craig Whittaker, MP Assistant Whips Jo Churchill, MP; Mims Davies, MP‡; Michelle Donelan, MP; Nusrat Ghani, MP§; Amanda Milling, MP; Wendy Morton, MP; Jeremy Quin, MP; Iain Stewart, MP * alongside role as Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government † along role as Under-Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ‡ alongside role as Under-Secretary of State at the Office of the Secretary of State for Wales § alongside role as Under-Secretary of State for Transport

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

Government Departments 185 MANAGEMENT BOARD Permanent Secretary, Philip Rycroft Members, Matt Baugh (Director of the Negotiation Coordination Unit); Rhys Bowen (International Agreements and Trade); Simon Case (Director-General); Anna Clunes (Institutions and Member States); Alex Ellis, (Director-General); Sarah Healey (Director-General); Chris Hobley (Director of Market Access and Budget); Chris Jones (Justice, Security and Migration); Joanna Key (Legislation and Constitution); Helen Mills (Human Resources and Corporate Centre); Richard Ney (Finance and Corporate Centre); Eoin Parker (Director of Market Access and Budget); Nathan Phillips (Planning and Analysis); James Roscoe, MVO (Communications and Stakeholders); Tom Shinner (Policy and Delivery Coordination); Susannah Storey (Acting Director-General) Non-Executive Members, Susan Hooper; Margaret Stephens

FOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICE King Charles Street, London SW1A 2AH T 020-7008 1500 E fcocorrespondence@fco.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ foreign-commonwealth-office

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) provides the means of communication between the British government and other governments – and international governmental organisations – on all matters falling within the field of international relations. The FCO employs over 14,000 people in nearly 270 places across the world through a network of embassies and consulates, which help to protect and promote national interests. FCO diplomats are skilled in understanding and influencing what is happening abroad, supporting British citizens who are travelling and living overseas, helping to manage migration into Britain, promoting British trade and other interests abroad and encouraging foreign investment in the UK. The FCO is supported by ten executive agencies and public bodies.

Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Rt. Hon. Jeremy Hunt, MP Parliamentary Private Secretary, vacant Special Advisers, Ed Jones, Christina Robinson, Tim Smith Minister of State, Rt. Hon. Sir Alan Duncan, KCMG, MP (Europe and the Americas) Minister of State, Rt. Hon. Alistair Burt, MP (Middle East)* Minister of State, Rt. Hon. Harriett Baldwin, MP (Africa)* Minister of State, Rt. Hon Mark Field, MP (Asia and the Pacific) Minister of State, Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon (Commonwealth and the UN) Parliamentary Private Secretary, Robert Courts, MP Special Representatives, Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon (Prime Minister’s Special Representative on Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict); Gareth Bayley (Afghanistan and Pakistan); Nick Bridge (Climate Change); Tim Cole (Migration Envoy); Prof.

Robin Grimes (Chief Scientific Adviser); Simon Mustard (Special Envoy for the African Great Lakes and Head of Southern and Central African Department); Rt. Hon. Lord Pickles (UK Special Envoy for Post-Holocaust Issues); Joanna Roper, CMG (Special Envoy for Gender Equality); Chris Trott (Sudan and South Sudan) * Jointly with the Department for International Development

MANAGEMENT BOARD Permanent Under-Secretary and Head of the Diplomatic Service, Sir Simon McDonald, KCMG, KCVO Members, Philip Barton, CMG (Consular and Security); Alison Blake, CMG (Overseas Network Representative); Deborah Bronnert, CMG (Economic and Global Issues); Lindsay Croisdale-Appleby (EU Exit); Jill Gallard (Human Resources); Peter Jones (Chief Operating Officer); Sir Iain

Macleod, KCMG (Legal); Andrew Sanderson (Finance); Liane Saunders (Strategy and Strategic Programmes Coordinator); Dr Christian Turner, CMG (Deputy National Security Adviser); Simon Wren, CBE (Communications) Non-Executive Members, Miranda Curtis (Lead); Gaenor Bagley; Sir Edward Lister; Warren Tucker

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE Richmond House, 79 Whitehall, London SW1A 2NS T 020-7210 4850 W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ department-of-health-and-social-care

The Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) leads, shapes and funds health and social care in England, making sure people have the support, care and treatment they need and that this is delivered in a compassionate, respectful and dignified manner.

The DHSC leads across health and care by creating national policies and legislation to meet current and future challenges.

It provides funding, assures the delivery and continuity of services and accounts to parliament in a way that represents the best interests of patients, the public and the taxpayer. The DHSC is supported by 28 executive agencies and public bodies.

Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Rt. Hon. Matthew Hancock, MP Parliamentary Private Secretary, Nigel Huddleston, MP Special Advisers, Lottie Dominiczak: James Njoku-Goodwin Minister of State, Stephen Barclay, MP (Health) Minister of State, Caroline Dinenage, MP (Care) Parliamentary Private Secretary, Maggie Throup, MP Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Steve Brine, MP (Public Health and Primary Care) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Jackie Doyle-Price, MP (Mental Health and Inequalities) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Lord O’Shaughnessy (Lords) DEPARTMENTAL BOARD Permanent Secretary, Sir Chris Wormald, KCB Members, Prof. Dame Sally Davies, DBE (Chief Medical Officer); Jonathan Marron (Community and Social Care); Lee McDonough (Acute Care and Workforce); Clara Swinson (Global and Public Health); Prof. Chris Whitty (Chief Scientific Adviser); David Williams (Finance and Group Operations)

HOME OFFICE 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF T 020-7035 4848 E public.enquiries@homeoffice.gsi.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office

The Home Office deals with those internal affairs in England and Wales which have not been assigned to other government departments. The Secretary of State for the Home Department is the link between the Queen and the public, and exercises certain powers on her behalf, including that of the royal pardon.

The Home Office aims to build a safe, just and tolerant society and to maintain and enhance public security and protection; to support and mobilise communities so that they are able to shape policy and improvement for their locality, overcome nuisance and anti-social behaviour, maintain and enhance social cohesion and enjoy their homes and public spaces peacefully; to deliver departmental policies and responsibilities fairly, effectively and efficiently; and to make the best use of resources. These objectives reflect the priorities of the government and the home secretary in areas of crime,

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

186 The Government and Public Bodies citizenship and communities, namely to work on the problems caused by illegal drug use; shape the alcohol strategy, policy and licensing conditions; keep the UK safe from the threat of terrorism; reduce and prevent crime, and ensure people feel safe in their homes and communities; secure the UK border and control immigration; consider applications to enter and stay in the UK; issue passports and visas; and to support visible, responsible and accountable policing by empowering the public and freeing up the police to fight crime.

The Home Office delivers these aims through the immigration services, its 31 executive agencies and nondepartmental public bodies, and by working with partners in private, public and voluntary sectors, individuals and communities. The home secretary is also the link between the UK government and the governments of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Rt. Hon. Sajid Javid, MP (Ministerial Champion for the Midlands Engine) Parliamentary Private Secretary, Tom Pursglove, MP Special Advisers, Samuel Coates; James Hedgeland; Salma Shah Minister of State, Rt. Hon. Caroline Nokes, MP (Immigration) Parliamentary Private Secretaries, Rachel McClean, MP; David Morris, MP Minister of State, Rt. Hon. Ben Wallace, MP (Security and Economic Crime) Minister of State, Rt. Hon. Nick Hurd, MP (Policing and the Fire Service) Minister of State, Baroness Williams of Trafford* (Countering Extremism) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Victoria Atkins, MP† (Crime, Safeguarding and Vulnerability) *Alongside role as Minister for Equalities † Alongside role as Minister for Women

MANAGEMENT BOARD Permanent Secretary, Sir Philip Rutnam, KCB Second Permanent Secretary, Patsy Wilkinson Members, Joanna Davinson (Chief Digital, Data and Technology Officer); Peter Fish (Legal); Charu Gorasia (Capabilities and Resources); Tyson Hepple (Immigration Enforcement); Tom Hurd (Security and Counter-Terrorism); Paula Leach (Chief People Officer); Paul Lincoln (Border Force); Scott McPherson (Crime, Policing and Fire Group); Mark Thomson (UK Visas and Immigration; Director-General HM Passport Office); Andy Tighe (Communications); Glyn Williams (Boarders, Immigration and Citizenship) Non-Executive Members, Sue Langley, OBE (Lead); Suzy Levy; Nicholas Shott; John Studzinski, CBE

Special Advisers, Liam Booth-Smith; Peter Cardwell; Lee Scott Minister of State, Kit Malthouse, MP (Housing) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Jake Berry, MP (Northern Powerhouse and Local Growth) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Heather Wheeler, MP (Housing and Homelessness) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Nigel Adams, MP Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Rishi Sunak, MP (Local Government) Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Lord Bourne of Aberystwyth (Faith)* * Jointly held with the Northern Ireland Office

MANAGEMENT BOARD Permanent Secretary, Melanie Dawes, CB Members, Lise-Anne Boissiere (Director, Strategy, Communications and Private Office); Jo Farrar (DirectorGeneral, Local Government and Public Services); Christine Hewitt (Director, People, Capability and Change); Rachel McLean (Director-General, Chief Financial Officer); Simon Ridley (Director-General, Decentralisation and Growth) Non-Executive Members, Nick Markham (Lead); Pam Chesters, CBE; Daniel Morley; Mary Ney SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVES UK Special Envoy for post-Holocaust Issues, Rt. Hon. Lord Pickles

DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 22 Whitehall, London SW1A 2EG T 020-7023 0000 Abercrombie House, Eaglesham Road, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 8EA T 01355-844000 Public Enquiries 0300-200 3343 E enquiry@dfid.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ department-for-international-development

The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government was formed in January 2018 uniting housing, communities and civil renewal functions with responsibility for regeneration, neighbourhood renewal and local government. The ministry ensures that the Fire and Rescue services have the resources they need to reduce the number of deaths from fire, promote fire prevention activity and respond swiftly to national emergencies. The ministry is supported by 12 executive agencies and public bodies.

The Department for International Development (DFID) is responsible for promoting sustainable development and reducing poverty. The central focus of the government’s policy is to honour the UK’s international commitments and take action to achieve the United Nations’ Global Goals. The DFID seeks to make British aid more effective by improving transparency, openness and value for money; target British international development policy on economic growth and wealth creation; improve the coherence and performance of British international development policy in fragile and conflict-affected countries; improve the lives of girls and women through better education and a greater choice on family planning; prevent violence against girls and women in the developing world; and help to prevent climate change and encourage adaptation and low-carbon growth in developing countries.

The DFID works in countries across Africa, Asia and the Middle East. It also has regional programmes in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean, and development relationships with 3 aid dependent UK Overseas Territories – St Helena, the Pitcairn Islands and Montserrat. In addition to working directly in countries, DFID also gives UK Aid through multi-country global programmes and core contributions to multilateral institutions, including the World Bank, United Nations agencies and the European Commission. The department, which is supported by three agencies and public bodies, has headquarters in London and East Kilbride, offices in many developing countries, and staff based in British embassies and high commissions around the world.

Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, Rt. Hon. James Brokenshire, MP Parliamentary Private Secretary, Chris Philp, MP

Secretary of State for International Development, Rt. Hon. Penny Mordaunt, MP* Parliamentary Private Secretary, Michael Tomlinson, MP

MINISTRY OF HOUSING, COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF T 0303-444 0000 W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ ministry-of-housing-communities-and-local-government

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

422 Churches

CHURCHES There are two established (ie state) churches in the UK: the Church of England and the Church of Scotland. There are no established churches in Wales or Northern Ireland, though the Church in Wales, the Scottish Episcopal Church and the Church of Ireland are members of the Anglican Communion.

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND The Church of England is divided into the two provinces of Canterbury and York, each under an archbishop. The two provinces are subdivided into 42 dioceses, the newest of which came into existence on 20 April 2014. The new Diocese of Leeds was formed from the amalgamation of the former dioceses of Bradford, Ripon and Leeds and Wakefield.

Legislative provision for the Church of England is made by the General Synod, established in 1970. It also discusses and expresses opinion on any other matter of religious or public interest. The General Synod has 483 members in total, divided between three houses: the House of Bishops, the House of Clergy and the House of Laity. It is presided over jointly by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and normally meets twice a year. The synod has the power, delegated by parliament, to frame statute law (known as a ‘measure’) on any matter concerning the Church of England. A measure must be laid before both houses of parliament, who may accept or reject it but cannot amend it. Once accepted the measure is submitted for royal assent and then has the full force of law. In addition to the General Synod, there are synods at diocesan level. The entire General Synod is re-elected once every five years. The tenth General Synod was inaugurated by the Queen on 23 November 2015.

THE ARCHBISHOPS’ COUNCIL The Archbishops’ Council was established in January 1999. Its creation was the result of changes to the Church of England’s national structure proposed in 1995 and subsequently approved by the synod and parliament. The council’s purpose, set out in the National Institutions Measure 1998, is ‘to coordinate, promote and further the work and mission of the Church of England’. It reports to the General Synod. The Archbishops’ Council comprises the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, ex officio, the prolocutors elected by the convocations of Canterbury and York, the chair and vice-chair of the House of Laity, two bishops, two clergy and two lay persons elected by their respective houses of the General Synod, the Church Estates Commissioner, and up to six persons appointed jointly by the two archbishops.

There are also a number of national boards, councils and other bodies working on matters such as social responsibility, mission, Christian unity and education, which report to the General Synod through the Archbishops’ Council.

GENERAL SYNOD OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND/ ARCHBISHOPS’ COUNCIL, Church House, Great Smith Street, London SW1P 3AZ T 020-7898 1000

Secretary-General, William Nye

THE ORDINATION AND CONSECRATION OF WOMEN The canon making it possible for women to be ordained to the priesthood was promulgated in the General Synod in February 1994 and the first 32 women priests were ordained on 12 March 1994.

On 14 July 2014 the General Synod approved the Bishops and Priests (Consecration and Ordination of Women) Measure

which made provision for the consecration of women as bishops and for the continuation of provision for the ordination of women. The Revd Elizabeth Lane was consecrated as the first female bishop on 26 January 2015 when she became Bishop Suffragan of Stockport in the diocese of Chester. The first female diocesan bishop, Rachel Treweek, was consecrated as the 41st Bishop of Gloucester on 22 July 2015.

PORVOO DECLARATION The Porvoo Declaration was approved by the General Synod of the Church of England in July 1995. Churches that approve the declaration regard baptised members of each other’s churches as members of their own, and allow free interchange of episcopally ordained ministers within the rules of each church.

MEMBERSHIP AND MINISTRY Full-time Diocesan Electoral Roll Clergy 2017 Membership Male Female 2016 Bath and Wells Birmingham Blackburn Bristol Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Europe Exeter Gloucester Guildford Hereford Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle Norwich Oxford Peterborough Portsmouth Rochester St Albans St Edmundsbury and Ipswich Salisbury Sheffield Sodor and Man Southwark Southwell and Nottingham Truro Winchester Worcester York Channel Islands Total

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 14:19:58 ***

132 108 132 70 97 72 222 138 217 79 94 95 75 63 154 77 119 58 218 79 179 102 119 427 135 86 125 264 94 64 145 163 79 132 94 15 231 76 48 119 74 139 26 5,235

52 42 24 29 27 16 85 53 31 29 38 43 41 5 33 40 48 25 89 37 56 53 60 86 63 32 45 96 47 27 40 70 36 60 32 3 87 31 34 33 34 54 4 1,870

29,800 15,400 27,500 14,600 23,400 17,400 40,300 38,800 46,600 15,200 14,700 18,700 17,500 11,100 26,600 21,500 26,300 14,500 38,900 15,400 38,800 20,800 23,800 73,900 27,400 13,800 17,400 52,000 17,800 14,200 25,800 31,900 19,200 34,900 15,300 2,000 42,900 16,900 13,300 28,100 14,700 28,700 – 1,047,900

654 AZE–AZE

Countries of the World A-Z

AZERBAIJAN

year terms. The president appoints the prime minister and the cabinet.

Ilham Aliyev was re-elected for a fourth term in 2018. The New Azerbaijan Party, which is aligned with President Aliyev, retained its majority in the November 2015 legislative election, which was boycotted by the mainstream opposition.

For dispute with Armenia over the Nagorny-Karabakh region see Armenia, Foreign Relations.

Azarbaycan Respublikasi – Republic of Azerbaijan RUSSI A Caspian Sea

GE O RGI A

Ganca ARMENIA

AZERBAIJAN Baku

HEAD OF STATE President, Ilham Aliyev, sworn in 31 October 2003, re-elected 2008, 2013, 2018

N.-K.

AZER

I RA N

Area – 86,600 sq. km Capital – Baku (Baki); population, 2,286,000 (2018 est) Major cities – Ganca, Sumqayit Currency – New Manat of 100 gopik Population – 9,961,396 rising at 0.87 per cent a year (2017 est); Azeri (91.6 per cent), Lezgian (2 per cent), Armenian (1.3 per cent), Russian (1.3 per cent), Talysh (1.3 per cent) (2009). There are more Azeris in Iran than in Azerbaijan.

Almost all of the Armenian population lives in the Nagorny-Karabakh enclave Religion – Muslim 96.9 per cent (Shia 65 per cent, Sunni 35 per cent) (est) Language – Azeri (official), Russian, Armenian Population density – 118 per sq. km (2016) Urban population – 55.7 per cent (2018 est) Median age (years) – 31.3 (2017 est) National anthem – ‘Azerbaijan Marsi’ ‘March of Azerbaijan’ National day – 28 May (founding of the republic, 1918) Death penalty – Abolished for all crimes (since 1998) CPI score – 31 (122) Military expenditure – US$1,529m (2017) Conscription – 18–25 years of age, male only; 18 months, or 12 months for university graduates

CLIMATE AND TERRAIN

Azerbaijan lies on the western shore of the Caspian Sea, in the eastern part of the Caucasus region. It includes the exclave of Nakhichevana, separated from it by Armenia. The north-east of Azerbaijan rises to the south-eastern end of the main Great Caucasus mountain range; to the country’s south-west lie the lower Caucasus hills, and in its south-eastern corner the spurs of the Talysh Ridge. Central Azerbaijan lies in a low plain irrigated by the river Kura and the lower reaches of its tributary the Araks. Elevation ranges from 4,485m (Bazarduzu Dagi) to −28m (Caspian Sea). Climate and landscape vary greatly, but rainfall is generally low.

POLITICS

The 1995 constitution was amended in 2002 when the limit on presidential terms was restricted to two terms, but this was subsequently abolished in 2009 and presidential terms extended from five to seven years in 2016. The executive president is directly elected, as is the unicameral National Assembly (Milli Majlis), which has 125 members serving five-

Invaded by Muslim Arabs

c.100

AD

c.600 Turkic Azeri people form an independent state

Divided into the Russian north and the Persian, and subsequently Iranian, south

c.1500 Invaded by Persia

SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS AS AT JULY 2018 Prime Minister, Novruz Ismayil Mammadov First Deputy Prime Minister, Yagub Abdulla Eyyubov Deputy Prime Ministers, Ali Ahmadov; Ali Hasanov; Hajibala Abutalibov Defence, Col.-Gen. Zakir Hasanov EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN 4 Kensington Court, London W8 5DL T 020-7938 3412 E london@mission.mfa.gov.az W www.azembassy.org.uk

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Tahir Taghizade, apptd 2014 BRITISH EMBASSY 45 Khagani Street, Baku AZ 1010 T (+994) (12) 437 7878 E generalenquiries.baku@fco.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/world/azerbaijan

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Dr Carole Crofts, apptd 2016

ECONOMY AND TRADE

Despite high economic growth in recent years, Azerbaijan’s transition from a command to a market economy is slow. This has been exacerbated by its failure to attract foreign investment in sectors other than energy, widespread corruption and systemic inefficiencies. The economy is dominated by oil and natural gas extraction and related industries, centred in Baku and Sumqayit, and exploited through co-production deals with foreign companies. Oil pipelines (1,424km) link the Azeri oilfields to Black Sea ports in Russia, Georgia and Turkey. Diversifying the economy is a long-term goal, but efforts have been hindered by a struggling state-owned financial sector. Although low global oil prices led to a currency devaluation in 2015 and a 3.1 per cent GDP contraction in 2016, this has slowed and the country’s sovereign oil fund remains one of the wealthiest in the world at US$34.8bn.

Although agriculture contributes only 6.2 per cent of GDP, it employs 37 per cent of the workforce. The main crops are cotton, cereals, rice, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco and livestock. Industry, which contributes 49.1 per cent of GDP, produces oil, natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment, steel, iron ore, cement, chemicals, petrochemicals and textiles.

Russia and other former Soviet republics are increasingly being replaced as trade partners by Turkey, Indonesia, the USA and various European countries. Oil and gas constitute

Declares independence from Soviet Union

Accedes to the USSR

1990

1920 1828 Newly formed Azerbaijani republic overthrown by Soviet Red Army invasion

1922

Azeri Popular Front takes power from the local Communist Party

Heydar Aliyev’s son Ilham is elected president

1993 1991

2003

Former communist leader Heydar Aliyev becomes president and is re-elected in 1998

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 13:39:24 ***

Countries of the World A-Z around 90 per cent of exports, which also include machinery, cotton and foodstuffs. Principal imports are machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs, metals and chemicals.

GNI – US$40.2bn; US$4,080 per capita (2017) Annual average growth of GDP – –1.0 per cent (2017 est) Inflation rate – 12.0 per cent (2017 est) Population below poverty line – 4.9 per cent (2015 est) Unemployment – 6 per cent (2017 est) Total external debt – US$16.62bn (2017 est) Imports – US$8,532m (2016) Exports – US$9,143m (2016)

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Trade – US$611m surplus (2016) Current Account – US$1,684m deficit (2017) Trade with UK Imports from UK Exports to UK

2016

2017

£386,937,372 £136,858,084

£223,058,403 £101,283,616

COMMUNICATIONS

Airports – 30; international airports at Baku, Ganca, Lankaran and Nakhichevan Waterways – The Baku International Sea Trade port provides links to Turkmenistan and other trade and passenger routes Roadways and railways – 26,789km; 2,918km Telecommunications – 1.7 million fixed lines and 10.2 million mobile telephone subscriptions (2016); there were 7.7 million internet users in 2016 Internet – az; 994 (from UK), 44 (to UK) Major broadcasters – AzTV, Azerbaijan Radio (state-run), iTV and ANS TV Press – Printing presses are generally reserved for progovernment titles such as Azarbaycan; opposition newspapers include Azadliq and Yeni Musavat WPFI score – 59,73 (163)

EDUCATION AND HEALTH

Education up to university level is free.

Literacy rate – 99.8 per cent (2016 est) Gross enrolment ratio (percentage of relevant age group) – primary 106.4 per cent (2016 est); secondary 100 per cent (2012 est); tertiary 27.2 per cent (2016 est) Health expenditure (per capita) – US$471 (2014) Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) – 4.7 (2013) Life expectancy – 72.8 (2017 est) Mortality rate – 7.1 (2017 est) Birth rate – 15.8 (2017 est) Infant mortality rate – 23.8 (2017 est) HIV/AIDS adult prevalence – 0.2 per cent (2015 est)

THE BAHAMAS Commonwealth of the Bahamas Atlantic Ocean

GREAT ABACO I. GRAND BAHAMA

Nassau

ELEUTHERA I.

CLIMATE AND TERRAIN

The Bahamas consist of more than 700 islands and 2,400 cays, all low-lying. The highest point is 63m (Mt Alvernia, on Cat Island) and the lowest 0m (Atlantic Ocean). The principal islands include: Abaco Islands, Acklins, Andros, Berry Islands, Bimini, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Eleuthera, Exuma, Grand Bahama, Great Inagua, Harbour Island, Long Island, Mayaguana, New Providence, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador and Spanish Wells. The 14 major islands are inhabited, as are a few of the smaller islands. The climate is semitropical. The hurricane season is June to November.

HISTORY AND POLITICS

The islands were discovered by Columbus in 1492, settled by the British from the 17th century and became a crown colony in 1717. The Bahamas became internally self-governing in 1964 and gained independence on 10 July 1973.

The Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) held power for 25 years until the Free National Movement (FNM) won an absolute majority in the 1992 general election. Power has subsequently alternated between the two parties. The FNM, led by Hubert Minnis, overturned the PLP’s majority in legislative elections in May 2017.

The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by a governor-general. The bicameral parliament has a senate of 16 appointed members and a House of Assembly of 39 members; both chambers serve a five-year term.

Governor-General, HE Dame Marguerite Pindling, GCMG, apptd 2014 SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS AS AT MAY 2018 Prime Minister, Hubert Minnis Deputy Prime Minister, Finance, Peter Turnquest Foreign Affairs, Darren Henfield HIGH COMMISSION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS

MAYAGUANA I.

10 Chesterfield Street, London W1J 5JL T 020-7408 4488 E information@bahamashclondon.net W www.bahamashclondon.net

LONG I.

High Commissioner, HE Ellison Greenslade, apptd 2017

ACKLINS I. GREAT INAGUA

CUBA

Area – 13,880 sq. km Capital – Nassau, on New Providence; population, 280,000 (2018 est) Major city – Freeport, on Grand Bahama Currency – Bahamian dollar (B$) of 100 cents Population – 329,988 rising at 0.81 per cent a year (2017 est) Religion – Christian (Protestant 69.9 per cent, Roman Catholic 12 per cent, other 13 per cent) (est) Language – English (official), Creole Population density – 39 per sq. km (2016) Urban population – 83 per cent (2018 est) Median age (years) – 32 (2017 est) National anthem – ‘March on, Bahamaland’ National day – 10 July (Independence Day) Death penalty – Retained (last used 2000) CPI score – 65 (28) Health expenditure (per capita) – US$1,720 (2014) Life expectancy (years) – 72.6 (2017 est) Mortality rate – 7.2 (2017 est) Birth rate – 15.3 (2017 est) Infant mortality rate – 11.3 (2017 est) HIV/AIDS adult prevalence – 3.2 per cent (2015 est)

THE BAHAMAS

CAT I.

ANDROS I.

AZE–BAH 655

BRITISH HIGH COMMISSION High Commissioner, HE Asif Ahmad, apptd 2017, resident in Kingston, Jamaica

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 13:39:24 ***

Countries of the World A-Z Finance, Toomas Toniste Foreign Affairs, Sven Mikser Interior, Andres Anvelt

723

COMMUNICATIONS

Airports and waterways – 18, with the principal international airport in Tallinn; there are 335km of year-round navigable waterways, and the main seaports are at Talinn, Parnu Reid and Haapsalu Jahtklubi Roadways and railways – 10,427km, including 115km of motorways; 1,196km Telecommunications – 410,000 fixed lines and 2.1 million mobile subscriptions (2014); there were 1 million internet users in 2014 Internet code and IDD – ee; 372 (from UK), 44 (to UK) Major broadcasters – Publicly-owned broadcaster Eesti Rahvusringhaaling (EER) operates 3 television and 5 radio channels; growing number of privately-owned broadcasting outlets regionally and nationally Press – Major newspapers include Postimees (Estonian and Russian editions) and Eesti Paevaleht WPFI score – 14,08 (12)

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA 16 Hyde Park Gate, London SW7 5DG T 020-7589 3428 E london@mfa.ee W www.estonia.gov.uk

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Tiina Intelmann, apptd 2017 BRITISH EMBASSY Wismari 6, Tallinn 10136 T (+372) 667 4700 E infotallinn@fco.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/world/estonia

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Theresa Bubbear, apptd 2016

ECONOMY AND TRADE Economic reforms and restructuring since 1992 have resulted in a market economy, the growth of which was boosted by the country’s accession to the EU in 2004. Estonia entered recession in 2008 after an investment and consumption slump, and a drop in demand for exports. Prudent financial management has enabled the economy to recover slowly, and it met the accession criteria for the eurozone, which Estonia joined in January 2011; it has since garnered one of the highest GDP growth rates and lowest debt-to-GDP ratios in Europe. Strong growth and increased labour productivity in 2017 has meant the economy is in its best position since the financial crisis.

Agriculture engages 2.7 per cent of the workforce and accounts for 3.4 per cent of GDP, the main products being cereals, vegetables, livestock, dairy products and fish. Industry accounts for 20.5 per cent of employment and 27.8 per cent of GDP, concentrating on engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles, information technology and telecommunications; electronics and telecommunications are particularly strong. The growing services sector accounts for 76.8 per cent of employment and 68.8 per cent of GDP. The main trading partners are other EU countries, particularly Finland, Sweden and Germany. Principal exports are machinery and electrical equipment, food products, wood and wood products, metals, furniture, vehicles and parts and textiles. The main imports are machinery and electrical equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, vehicles and chemicals. Estonia remains dependent on Russian natural gas supplies.

GNI – US$23.9bn; US$18,190 per capita (2017) Annual average growth of GDP – 4.0 per cent (2017 est) Inflation rate – 3.8 per cent (2017 est) Population below poverty line – 21.3 per cent (2015) Unemployment – 8.4 per cent (2017 est) Total external debt – US$19.05bn (2016 est) Imports – US$14,951m (2016) Exports – US$13,158m (2016)

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Trade – US$1,793m deficit (2016) Current Account – US$824m deficit (2017)

Trade with UK Imports from UK Exports to UK

EST–ESW

2016

2017

£232,562,305 £239,389,449

£252,223,770 £229,826,438

EDUCATION AND HEALTH

Primary and secondary level education is compulsory between the ages of seven and 15.

Literacy rate – 100 per cent (2015 est) Gross enrolment ratio (percentage of relevant age group) – primary 98.4 per cent, secondary 115.2 per cent, tertiary 69.6 per cent (2015 est) Health expenditure (per capita) – US$1,248 (2014) Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) – 5 (2015) Life expectancy (years) – 76.9 (2017 est) Mortality rate – 12.6 (2017 est) Birth rate – 10.1 (2017 est) Infant mortality rate – 3.8 (2017 est) HIV/AIDS adult prevalence – 1.3 per cent (2013 est)

ESWATINI Umbuso weSwatini – Kingdom of eSwatini

MOZAMBIQUE Mbabane Manzini

ESWATINI

SOUTH AFRICA

Indian Ocean

Area – 17,364 sq. km Capital – Mbabane; population, 68,000 (2018). Lobamba is the legislative capital Major town – Manzini Currency – Lilangeni (E; plural Emalangeni) of 100 cents; the Lilangeni has a par value with the South African rand, which is also in circulation Population – 1,468,152 rising at 1.08 per cent a year (2017 est) Religion – Christian (Zionist 40 per cent, Roman Catholic 20 per cent), Muslim 10 per cent Language – English, siSwati (both official) Population density – 78 per sq. km (2016) Urban population – 23.8 per cent (2018 est) Median age (years) – 21.4 (2016 est) National anthem – ‘Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati’ ‘Oh God, Bestower of Blessings on the Swazi’

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 13:39:24 ***

FLAGS OF THE WORLD The following four pages show the national flag of each country, as it is used for international purposes. In some cases this means that the state flag is shown. Where this is the case the country name is marked (†).

AFGHANISTAN

ALBANIA

ALGERIA

ANDORRA

ANGOLA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

ARGENTINA

ARMENIA

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRIA

AZERBAIJAN

THE BAHAMAS

BAHRAIN

BANGLADESH

BARBADOS

BELARUS

BELGIUM

BELIZE

BENIN

BHUTAN

BOLIVIA†

BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA

BOTSWANA

BRAZIL

BRUNEI

BULGARIA

BURKINA FASO

BURUNDI

CAMBODIA

CAMEROON

CANADA

CAPE VERDE

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CHAD

CHILE

CHINA

COLOMBIA

THE COMOROS

DEM. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

COSTA RICA

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

CROATIA

CUBA

CYPRUS

CZECH REPUBLIC

DENMARK

DJIBOUTI

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

colour plates 2019.indd 19

06/09/2018 23:22

UK Affairs

953

EVENTS OF THE YEAR 2017–18 UK AFFAIRS AUGUST 2017 2. After 65 years, HRH the Duke of Edinburgh undertook his last public engagement before retiring from official duties; he inspected the honour guard of the Royal Marines at Buckingham Palace to mark the finale of the 1664 Global Challenge. 13. The Equality and Human Rights Commission called for fathers to receive a longer period of better-paid paternity leave in order to tackle the gender pay gap. 14. The Thames Garden Bridge project was officially abandoned over fears of mounting costs to the taxpayer; the bridge had already accrued planning expenditure of £37m since 2013 and it was estimated to incur a further £9m in cancellation costs. 31. St Olave’s Grammar School in Orpington was accused of trying to alter exam results after it emerged that the high-performing school had ejected 16 students prior to sitting their A-Levels because the school felt that they would not obtain a minimum standard of ‘B’ grades in their upcoming examinations.

SEPTEMBER 2017 1. The Royal Air Force became the first part of the UK armed forces to open up every role to both men and women. 4.

Kensington Palace announced that the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were expecting their third child. 10. The 149th annual Trades Union Congress (TUC) opened at the Brighton Centre; the conference included speeches by TUC president, Mary Bousted, and general secretary, Frances O’Grady, as well as Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn. 12. British ministers pledged to continue supplying UK troops, technology and intelligence to EU defence missions after Brexit, in an attempt to win allies among the EU 27 ahead of the following month’s summit. 14.

The Office for National Statistics reported that employment surged to a record 75.3 per cent of the working-age population as 379,000 more jobs were created in the year to July 2017; nearly 70 per cent of the new jobs went to women and only 8 per cent were part-time. 20. Prime Minister Theresa May demanded urgent reforms to the UN in a speech to world leaders at the organisation’s general assembly in New York City, threatening to withhold up to £30m of the UK’s £90m annual UN commitment; in the 15-minute address, the prime minister attacked Russia’s behaviour on the UN security council and criticised US president Donald Trump’s decision to pull out of the Paris climate deal. 22. Theresa May promised to give residency status to EU citizens in the UK during a speech in Florence, Italy; the prime minister also agreed to pay a financial settlement totalling around £40bn to the EU, asking in return for a transition period of two years in which the UK would have single-market access and remain in the customs union. Transport for London said that it would not renew taxi company Uber’s operating licence in the capital on its expiration on 30 September due to the company’s lack of corporate responsibility in relation to reporting criminal offences, obtaining medical certificates and carrying out driver background checks; Uber stated that it would launch an appeal against the decision. 29. Henry Bolton, a former army officer, was elected UK Independence Party (UKIP) leader, taking 30 per cent of the vote; he beat six other candidates, including Anne Marie Waters, the director of Sharia Watch UK, who came second with 21.3 per cent.

OCTOBER 2017 2. Theresa May announced that annual tuition fees would be frozen at £9,250 until 2019, and that the amount graduates

would need to earn before repaying would be raised from £21,000 to £25,000, in a policy costing £1.2bn over four years; the policy was announced alongside a £10bn expansion of Help to Buy, which enabled first-time buyers to purchase new-build homes with a deposit of 5 per cent. Monarch Airlines went into administration and ceased operations, with 110,000 customers to be brought home on specially chartered planes and a further 750,000 told that their bookings had been cancelled; more than 1,800 employees lost their jobs. 10. The government’s race disparity audit revealed that the unemployment rate for black, Asian and minority ethnic Britons of working age was nearly double than that for white British groups (8 per cent compared with 4.6 per cent); the findings also showed that nine out of ten headteachers were white British, and that two in three white British householders owned their home, compared with two in five from any other ethnic groups. 15. Anne Marie Waters launched a new far right party, For Britain, after quitting UKIP; she had come second in the UKIP leadership election (see 29 September 2017). 18.

The annual headline rate of inflation rose to 3 per cent in September 2017, up from August’s 2.9 per cent, and the highest level in five years. 19. The headmaster at St Olave’s School in Orpington was suspended after it was found that he presided over a policy of ‘grade exclusion’; he later resigned, as the Department for Education said that excluding pupils for non-disciplinary reasons was unlawful (see 31 August 2017).

25. Jeremy Corbyn suspended Labour MP Jared O’Mara two days after it was revealed that he had used derogatory language towards women online. 30. It was reported that a group of Westminster researchers compiled a dossier of 45 Conservative MPs who were accused of making unwanted sexual advances or behaving inappropriately towards colleagues and junior staff.

NOVEMBER 2017 1. Sir Michael Fallon resigned as defence secretary amid claims of sexual assault and inappropriate behaviour towards female journalists; chief whip Gavin Williamson was appointed as his replacement. 7. Carl Sargeant, a member of the Welsh assembly, killed himself after being fired over allegations about his personal conduct with at least three women. 8. Priti Patel resigned as international development secretary after it emerged that she had held 12 meetings with senior Israeli figures, including the prime minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, while on holiday in the country, without officials present. Train drivers from the ASLEF union accepted a deal with Southern rail, bringing to an end an 18-month dispute; members voted four to one to accept the resolution, which included a 28.5 per cent pay rise over five years. 13. Prime Minister Theresa May accused Russia’s President Vladimir Putin of trying to ‘weaponise information’ in the age of social media in order to undermine democracies. 15. Data scientists at Swansea University and the University of California, Berkeley, revealed that more than 150,000 Twitter accounts based in Russia posted about Brexit in the days leading up to the 2016 vote.

20. Sir Christopher Greenwood, the UK’s candidate for the International Court of Justice (ICJ) who had served one nineyear term on the UN court, withdrew after being defeated in the first round of a run-off election against Dalveer Bhandari, the Indian justice; as a result, the UK lost its seat on the ICJ for the first time since the body began work in 1946. 22.

Chancellor Philip Hammond announced the 2017 autumn budget, which included abolishing stamp duty for first-time buyers of homes worth up to £300,000, pledging £2.8bn for

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:36:44 ***

Pop Music

1025

POP MUSIC Piers Martin

DIVIDE AND CONQUER The British pop singer Ed Sheeran enjoyed another hugely successful year, ending 2017 with the world’s best-selling album. The 27-year-old from Suffolk sold 6.1 million copies of his third album ÷ (known as Divide), according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, 2.7 million of which were sold in the UK between its release in March and the end of the year. The album became Spotify’s most streamed of the year, with 3.1 billion plays, while its lead single ‘Shape of You’ was the platform’s most streamed track of 2017 both globally and in the UK, with 1.4 billion streams, a total which also made it the most popular song of all time on Spotify.

Upon release, nine of Divide’s tracks entered the UK top ten – a record in itself – and by the midpoint of 2017, Sheeran’s success had boosted sales of music in the UK by 11.2 per cent, with Divide becoming the UK’s biggest-selling entertainment product. Sheeran secured the Christmas number one with ‘Perfect’ and also became the only artist in history to spend a full year in the top ten with three albums (Divide, Multiply and Plus). By June 2018, Divide had racked up more than 3 million sales, making it the UK’s 11th best-selling album of the millennium, according to the Official Chart Company (OCC).

The Sheeran phenomenon naturally translated to colossal box office success for his world tour, which began in 2017 and runs until spring 2019. During the first six months of 2018, for example, Sheeran sold more than 2.6 million tickets, including 300,000 in a single day in Ireland, an unprecedented feat by an artist, while in Australia and New Zealand the tour sold over one million tickets, a record for ticket sales in those countries.

In the UK, Sheeran played to 1.13 million people across eight stadium shows in May and June, including a run of four at Wembley Stadium. Only Michael Jackson, with seven, has played more shows there. In total, ticket sales for the first six months of 2018 earned Sheeran a gross profit of $213.9m (around £165m), according to industry title IQ Index.

Such is the appeal of Sheeran that the New Zealand city of Dunedin planned a week-long festival in honour of the Ipswich singer, who played three shows there over the Easter weekend.

The 100,000 ‘Sheerios’, as his fans are sometimes known, doubled the southern city’s population. According to The Guardian, a mural of the singer’s face was painted in the city centre at a cost of NZ$8,000 (£4,100), special licences were granted to allow bars to sell alcohol to fans on Good Friday and Easter Sunday, and a passenger train was renamed the Easter Ed Express as the city decided to ‘paint the town Ed’.

One Dunedin musician, Martin Phillipps, frontman of The Chills, was quoted in response to the mural: ‘I think something like this is better spent celebrating local arts.’

NEW RULERS Despite the revenue that Sheeran generated for the music industry this year, at the Brit Awards in February he was presented with a solitary trophy, for British global success.

There, the focus instead shifted to celebrating new talent, with 22-year-old newcomer Dua Lipa receiving awards for breakthrough act and British female solo artist following the global success of her hits ‘Be the One’ and ‘New Rules’ from her self-titled debut album. The singer, whose parents are Kosovan, grew up in London and in August became the first recipient of the key to Kosovo’s capital Pristina when she headlined a festival in the city. The event had been organised

by her charity, the Sunny Hill Foundation, which aims to promote social equality in the country. For all the attention that Lipa received this year, however, one of the best-selling female artists of 2017 turned out to be Dame Vera Lynn, who celebrated her 100th birthday by releasing a new compilation album. Lynn, best known as the ‘forces’ sweetheart’ during the Second World War, became the oldest living artist to have a top ten album when Vera Lynn 100 entered the UK charts at number three in March.

At the Brits, the south London rapper Stormzy took home awards for British male solo artist and British album, for his debut Gang Signs & Prayer, a compelling mix of grime, rap and gospel, which also won the album award at the Ivor Novello Awards in May. Stormzy, 25, whose real name is Michael Omari, used the Brits as a platform to denounce the government over its handling of the Grenfell Tower tragedy.

‘Theresa May, where’s the money for Grenfell?’ he rapped during a freestyle performance, adding: ‘You criminals, and you got the cheek to call us savages? You should all do some jail time, you should pay some damages.’ The following day a Downing Street spokesman defended the prime minister, pointing out that the government had committed more than £58m to the community in the aftermath of the fire.

INDUSTRY INCOME IMPROVES A combination of increased streaming figures and physical sales ensured that industry income in the UK grew by 11 per cent in 2017, its highest annual growth since 1995, according to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). However, this rise in revenue to £816.5m is only the second year of growth after more than a decade in steady decline – industry turnover peaked in 2001 at £1.2bn – but does illustrate that the industry-wide focus on streaming seems to be paying off.

Revenue from streaming platform subscriptions, ad-supported streams and video streams (predominantly via YouTube) was up 41.1 per cent year-on-year to £388.8m, the BPI notes. As of May, the two leading platforms, Spotify and Apple Music, claim to have, respectively, 83 million and 50 million users worldwide, though how much of their profits trickle down to the artists and songwriters still remains unclear. In August, the venerable British musician Peter Frampton expressed his view on social media, tweeting: ‘For 55 million streams of “Baby, I Love Your Way”, I got $1,700. I went to Washington with [rights agency] ASCAP last year to talk to law makers about this. Their jaws dropped and they asked me to repeat that for them.

While much has been made of the resurgence of vinyl – and this year the format’s share of album purchases in the UK rose 6.9 per cent to 4.1 million, its highest peak since the early 1990s – sales of CDs still make up nearly 70 per cent of sales, even though these are at their lowest point since 1994; annual digital sales, meanwhile, slipped to 23.2 per cent. In 2017, Ed Sheeran’s Divide topped year-end sales charts across all formats, including vinyl, but in 2018 the higher echelons of the album chart reflected the British public’s rather more old-fashioned tastes. By mid-April, the soundtrack to the circus musical The Greatest Showman, a film starring Hugh Jackman as the American showman P. T. Barnum which was originally released in December, had become the UK’s top-selling album of 2018, shifting more than half a million copies. The soundtrack, featuring hits such as ‘Rewrite the Stars’ and ‘This is Me’, equalled Adele’s record of 11 consecutive weeks at the top of

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:36:44 ***

974 The Year 2017-18

OBITUARIES 2017–18 Alaı̈a, Azzedine, fashion designer, aged 82 – b. 26 February 1935, d. 17 November 2017 Annan, Kofi, Ghanaian diplomat, UN Secretary-General (1997–2006) and co-recipient of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize with the UN, aged 80 – b. 8 April 1938, d. 18 August 2018 Atherton, Candy, Labour MP for Falmouth and Camborne (1997–2005), aged 62 – b. 21 September 1955, d. 31 October 2017 Bairsto, Air Marshal Sir Peter, KBE, CB, AFC, Deputy C-inC Strike Command (1981–4), aged 91 – b. 3 August 1926, d. 24 October 2017 Bannister, Sir Roger, CH, CBE, DM, FRCP, middledistance athlete and neurologist who first ran the mile in under four minutes (1954), aged 88, b. 23 March 1929, d.

3 March 2018 Barber of Tewkesbury, Lord, farmer and conservationist; chair of the RSPB (1976–81), aged 99 – b. 17 June 1918, d. 21 November 2017 Barder, Sir Brian, KCMG, Ambassador to Ethiopia (1982– 6), Poland (1986–8) and High Commissioner to Nigeria, and concurrently Ambassador to Benin (1988–91), aged 83 – b. 20 June 1934, d. 19 September 2017 Barklem, Jill, children’s illustrator and author famous for the Brambly Hedge series of books, aged 66 –b. 23 May 1951, d. 15 November 2017 Becker, Roger, tennis player, aged 83 – b. 6 February 1934, d. 5 November 2017 Bell, Trevor, artist, aged 87 –b. 18 October 1930, d. 3 November 2017 Bettencourt, Liliane, businesswoman. heiress and philanthropist, aged 94 – b. 21 October 1922, d. 21 September 2017 Bickerstaffe, Rodney, trade unionist; General Secretary of the National Union of Public Employees (1982–93), UNISON (1996–2001) and president of the National Pensioners Convention (2001–5), aged 72 – b. 6 April 1945, d. 3 October 2017 Booth, Tony, actor, aged 85 – b. 9 October 1931, d. 25 September 2017 Carluccio, Antonio, OBE, cook and restaurateur, aged 80 – b. 19 April 1937, d. 8 November 2017 Carrington (6th) and Carington of Upton (life peerage), KG, GCMG, CH, MC, PC, Lord, First Lord of the Admiralty (1959–63); Minister without Portfolio and Leader of the House of Lords (1963–4); Leader of the Opposition, House of Lords (1964–70; 1974–9); Secretary of State for Defence (1970–4), Energy (1974) and Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1979–82), aged 99 – b. 6 June 1919, d. 9 July 2018 Cassidy, David. singer and actor, aged 67 – b. 12 April 1950, d. 22 November 2017 Chambers, Emma, actor, aged 53 – b. 11 March 1964, d.

21 February 2018 Chegwin, Keith, children’s TV presenter, aged 60 – b. 17 January 1957, d. 11 December 2017 Clarke, Simon, rugby player, aged 79 – b. 2 April 1938, d.

12 October 2017 Clifford, Max, publicist, aged 74 – b. 6 April 1943, d. 10 December 2017 Cosgrave, Liam, Irish prime minister Taoiseach (1973–7), aged 97 – b. 13 April 1920, d. 4 October 2017 Craig, Sir James, GCMG, Ambassador to Syria (1976–9) and Saudi Arabia (1979–84), aged 93 – b. 13 July 1924, d. 26 September 2017

Dawn, Liz, MBE, actor, best known for playing Vera Duckworth in Coronation Street (1976–2008), aged 77 – b.

8 November 1939, d. 25 September 2017 Dodd, Sir Ken, OBE, comedian, aged 90 – b. 8 November 1927, d. 11 March 2018 Domino, Fats, singer-songwriter, aged 89 – b. 26 February 1928, d. 25 October 2017 Dotrice, Roy, OBE, actor, aged 94 – b. 26 May 1923, d. 16 October 2017 Dumon, Micheline, GM, French Resistance agent, aged 96 – b. 20 May 1921, d. 16 November 2017 Esser, Robin, journalist; Editor, Sunday Express (1986–9), Executive Managing Editor, Daily Mail (1998–2015), aged 84 – b. 6 May 1933, d. 6 November 2017 Flather, Gary, QC, OBE, judge and disability campaigner, aged 80 – b. 4 October 1937, d. 9 October 2017 Franklin, Aretha, American singer, songwriter and pianist, aged 76 – b. 25 March 1942, d. 16 August 2018 Greenbury, Sir Richard, chair (1991–9) and Chief Executive (1988–99) of Marks and Spencer, aged 81 – b.

31 July 1936, d. 26 September 2017 Hallyday, Johnny, French singer, aged 74 – b. 15 June 1943, d. 6 December 2017 Hatch Dupree, Nancy, historian and philanthropist, aged 89 – b. 3 October 1927, d. 10 September 2017 Hawking, Prof. Stephen, CH, CBE, FRS, physicist, cosmologist, and author; Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, University of Cambridge (1979–2009), aged 76 – b. 8 January 1942, d. 14 March 2018 Hefner, Hugh, founder of Playboy magazine, aged 91 – b. 9 April 1926, d. 27 September 2017 Horton, Tommy, MBE, golfer, aged 76 – b. 16 June 1941, d. 7 December 2017 Howie of Troon, Lord, life peer; civil engineer; Labour MP for Luton (1963–70); Assistant Whip (1964–6); Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury (1966–7); Comptroller, HM Household (1967–8), aged 94 – b. 2 March 1924, d.

26 May 2018 Hughes, Sean, comedian, aged 51 – b. 10 November 1965, d. 16 October 2017 Hurt, Sir John, CBE, actor, aged 77 – b. 22 January 1940, d.

25 January 2017 Hutchins, Pat, children’s author, aged 75 – b. 18 June 1942, d. 7 November 2017 Hutchinson of Lullington, Lord, QC, criminal barrister, aged 102 – b. 28 March 1915, d. 13 November 2017 Imbert, Lord, CVO, QPM, Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London (1998–2008); Commissioner, Metropolitan Police (1987–93), aged 84 – b. 27 April 1933, d. 13 November 2017 John, Helen, peace campaigner, aged 80 – b. 30 September 1937, d. 5 November 2017 Jowell, Baroness, DBE, PC, Labour MP for Dulwich (1992– 7), Dulwich and West Norwood (1997–2015); Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport (2001–7); Minister for the Olympics (2005–10); Paymaster General (2007– 10); Minister for London (2007–8 and 2009–10); Minister for the Cabinet Office (2009–10), aged 70 – b.

17 September 1947, d. 12 May 2018 Keeler, Christine, model and showgirl who was one of the key figures in the Profumo Affair of the 1960s, aged 75 – b. 22 February 1942, d. 4 December 2017 Knightley, Phillip, journalist, aged 87 – b. 23 January 1929, d. 7 December 2017

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:36:44 ***

Public Acts of Parliament 1023 published the government’s construction sector deal. Sajid Javid made a statement on the Novochok poisoning incidents in Amesbury and Salisbury.

On 9 July Theresa May made a statement on leaving the EU – on 6 July at Chequers the Cabinet had ‘agreed a comprehensive and ambitious proposal that provides a responsible and credible basis for progressing negotiations with the EU towards a new relationship ... It is a proposal that will take back control of our borders, our money and our laws, but do so in a way that protects jobs, allows us to strike new trade deals through an independent trade policy and keeps our people safe and our Union together’. Unfortunately this had led to the resignation of the Brexit secretary on 8 July and the foreign secretary on 9 July. Sajid Javid updated MPs on the Amesbury and Salisbury poisonings and the death of Dawn Sturgess. MPs passed the Northern Ireland Budget (No. 2) Bill to allow business to continue in Northern Ireland without an executive. On 11 July Gavin Williamson made a statement on Afghanistan. On 12 July Caroline Nokes replied to David Lammy on the decision to pause the hostile environment for immigrants. Nick Hurd replied to Louise Haigh on policing during President Trump’s four-day visit. New Brexit secretary Dominic Raab published a White Paper on the UK’s future relationship with the EU: ‘principled and practical, faithful to the referendum, it delivers a deal that is good for the UK and good for our EU friends’.

On 16 July Theresa May reported back on the NATO summit in Brussels. Liam Fox set out the role of Parliament, the devolved administrations, public, business and civil society in agreeing new international trade agreements to benefit the whole of the UK. New clauses in the Taxation (Cross-border Trade) Bill that enforce the need for consent of the Scottish Parliament and also the prohibition on collection of certain taxes or duties on behalf of a territory without reciprocity were passed by 305 votes to 302. On 17 July an amendment to the Trade Bill to allow for a free trade area for goods was defeated by 307 votes to 301. On 18 July Chloe Smith replied to Chuka Umunna on the findings of the Electoral Commission’s investigation into the conduct of the Vote Leave campaign.

Gavin Williamson outlined a strategy for the combat air sector.

A move by the government to adjourn the Commons early for the summer recess was withdrawn. Joseph Johnson updated Andy McDonald on the performance of the Govia Thameslink franchise. Karen Bradley replied to her Labour shadow Tony Lloyd about the recent violence in Northern Ireland and assistance to the Police Service of Northern Ireland and local community organisations to ensure that violence does not return. Andrea Leadsom replied to Alistair Carmichael about arrangements for MPs on maternity leave and proxy voting.

Sam Gyimah made a statement on a key development in UK space policy. Boris Johnson delivered a personal statement on his resignation. On 19 July the DUP MP Ian Paisley made a personal statement following the recommendation to ban him from the Commons for 30 days after the recess for failing to declare two family holidays paid for by the Sri Lankan government. Sarah Newton replied to Marsha De Cordova about employment and support allowance underpayments.

Damian Hinds made a statement about the consultation on proposals for relationships education, sex education and health education. MPs approved a new parliamentary independent complaints and grievance policy.

On 23 July Ben Wallace replied to Diane Abbott on the rendition of UK citizens who may be subject to capital punishment. David Lidington replied to Alistair Carmichael on policy and practice with regard to pairing arrangements in Commons’ votes. On 24 July Liz Truss responded to her Labour shadow Peter Dowd on the public sector pay announcement: ‘the biggest pay rise in almost 10 years for about 1 million public workers’. Sir Alan Duncan replied to

Alison McGovern about steps being taken to save civilian life in Syria. Dominic Raab published a White Paper setting out plans for legislating for the Brexit withdrawal agreement and implementation period. Sajid Javid made a statement on immigration detention and the publication of Stephen Shaw’s second independent review. Both Houses then rose for the summer recess, with 26 government Bills having received royal assent in the House of Commons’ 177 sitting days.

PUBLIC ACTS OF PARLIAMENT Public acts included in this list are those which received royal assent after 31 July 2017. The date stated after each act is the date on which it came into operation. For further information see W www.legislation.gov.uk Finance (No. 2) Act 2017 ch. 32 (16 November 2017) grants certain duties, alters other duties, amends the law relating to the national debt and the public revenue, and makes further provision in connection with finance.

Air Travel Organisers’ Licensing Act 2017 ch. 33 (16 November 2017) amends sections 71, 71A and 84 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982.

Northern Ireland Budget Act 2017 ch. 34 (16 November 2017) authorises the issue out of the Consolidated Fund of Northern Ireland of certain sums for the service of the year ending 31 March 2018 and appropriates those sums for specified purposes, authorises the Department of Finance in Northern Ireland to borrow on the credit of the appropriated sums, authorises the use for the public service of certain resources (including accruing resources) for the year ending 31 March 2018, and repeals certain spent provisions.

European Union (Approvals) Act 2017 ch.35 (7 December 2017) makes provision approving for the purposes of section 8 of the European Union Act 2011 draft decisions under Article 352 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union on the participation of the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Serbia in the work of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights and on the signing and conclusion of an agreement between the European Union and Canada regarding the application of their competition laws.

Telecommunications Infrastructure (Relief from Non-Domestic Rates Act) 2018 ch. 36 (8 February 2018) makes provision enabling relief from non-domestic rates in England and Wales to be conferred in respect of hereditaments used for the purposes of facilitating the transmission of communications by any means involving the use of electrical or electromagnetic energy.

Armed Forces (Flexible Working Act) 2018 ch. 37 (8 February 2018) makes provision for members of the regular forces to serve part-time or subject to geographic restrictions.

Finance Act 2018 ch. 38 (15 March 2018) grants certain duties, alters other duties, amends the law relating to the national debt and the public revenue, and makes further provision in connection with finance.

Supply and Appropriation (Anticipation and Adjustments) Act 2018 ch. 39 (15 March 2018) authorises the use of resources for the years ending with 31 March 2017, 31 March 2018 and 31 March 2019, authorises the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund for the years ending 31 March 2018 and 31 March 2019, and appropriates the supply authorised by this Act for the years ending with 31 March 2017 and 31 March 2018.

Space Industry Act 2018 ch. 40 (15 March 2018) makes provision about space activities and sub-orbital activities.

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:36:44 ***

1024 The Year 2017-18 Northern Ireland (Regional Rates and Energy) Act 2018 ch. 41 (28 March 2018) makes provision about the regional rate in Northern Ireland for the year ending 31 March 2019 and amends the Renewable Heat Incentive Scheme Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012.

Northern Ireland Assembly Members (Pay) Act 2018 ch. 42 (28 March 2018) confers power on the Secretary of State to determine salaries and other benefits for Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly in respect of periods when there is no Executive.

Northern Ireland Budget (Anticipation and Adjustments) Act ch. 43 (28 March 2018) authorises the issue out of the Consolidated Fund of Northern Ireland of certain sums for the service of the years ending 31 March 2018 and 2019, appropriates those sums for specified purposes, authorises the use for the public service of certain resources for those years, revises the limits on the use of certain accruing resources in the year ending 31 March 2018, and authorises the Department of Finance in Northern Ireland to borrow on the credit of the sum appropriated for the year ending 31 March 2019.

Laser Misuse (Vehicles) Act 2018 ch. 44 (10 May 2018) makes provision creating new offences of shining or directing a laser beam towards a vehicle or air traffic facility.

Financial Guidance and Claims Act 2018 ch. 45 (10 May 2018) makes provision establishing a new financial guidance body (including provision about a debt respite scheme), makes provision about the funding of debt advice in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, provides a power to make regulations prohibiting unsolicited direct marketing in relation to pensions and other consumer financial products and services, and makes provision about the regulation of claims management services.

Secure Tenancies (Victims of Domestic Abuse) Act 2018 ch. 46 (10 May 2018) makes provision about the granting of old-style secure tenancies in cases of domestic abuse.

Data Protection Act 2018 ch. 47 (23 May 2018) makes provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals and in connection with the Information Commissioner’s functions under certain regulations relating to information, and the direct marketing code of practice.

Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018 ch. 48 (23 May 2018) makes provision enabling sanctions to be imposed where appropriate for the purposes of compliance with United Nations obligations or other international obligations or for the purposes of furthering the prevention of terrorism or for the purposes of national security or international peace and

security or for the purposes of furthering foreign policy objectives, and for the purposes of the detection, investigation and prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing and for the purposes of implementing Standards published by the Financial Action Task Force relating to combating threats to the integrity of the international financial system.

Smart Meters Act 2018 ch. 49 (23 May 2018) extends the period for the Secretary of State to exercise powers relating to smart metering, provides for a special administration regime for a smart meter communication licensee, and makes provision enabling half-hourly electricity imbalances to be calculated using information obtained from smart meters.

Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 ch. 50 (26 June 2018) makes provision about nuclear safeguards; and for connected purposes.

European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 ch. 51 (26 June 2018) repeals the European Communities Act 1972 and makes other provision in connection with the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. Supply and Appropriation (Main Estimates) Act 2018 ch. 52 (19 July 2018) authorises the use of resources for the year ending with 31 March 2019, authorises both the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund and the application of income for that year, and appropriates the supply authorised for that year by this Act and by the Supply and Appropriation (Anticipation and Adjustments) Act 2018.

Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 ch. 53 (19 July 2018) makes provision about automated vehicles and electric vehicles.

Haulage Permits and Trailer Registration Act 2018 ch. 54 (19 July 2018) makes provision about the international transport of goods by road and about the registration of trailers.

Northern Ireland Budget Act 2018 ch. 55 (19 July 2018) authorises the issue out of the Consolidated Fund of Northern Ireland of certain sums for the service of the year ending 31 March 2019, appropriates those sums for specified purposes, authorises the Department of Finance in Northern Ireland to borrow on the credit of the appropriated sums, authorises the use for the public service of certain resources (including accruing resources) for the year ending 31 March 2019, and repeals certain spent provisions.

Domestic Gas and Electricity (Tariff Cap) Act 2018 ch. 56 (19 July 2018) makes provision for the imposition of a cap on rates charged to domestic customers for the supply of gas and electricity.

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:36:44 ***

1056 The Year 2017-18 BIATHLON MEN 10km Sprint: Arnd Peiffer (Germany), 23min 38.8sec 12.5km Pursuit: Martin Fourcade (France), 32min 51.7sec 15km Mass Start: Martin Fourcade (France), 35min 47.3sec 20km Individual: Johannes Thingnes Boe (Norway), 48min 03.8sec 4 x 7.5km Relay: Sweden, 1hr 15min 16.5sec WOMEN 7.5km Sprint: Laura Dahlmeier (Germany), 21min 06.2sec 10km Pursuit: Laura Dahlmeier (Germany), 30min 35.3sec 12.5km Mass Start: Anastasiya Kuzmina (Slovakia), 35min 23.0sec 15km Individual: Hanna Oeberg (Sweden), 41min 07.2sec 4 x 6km Relay: Belarus, 1hr 12min 03.4sec

MIXED Relay: France, 1hr 08min 34.3sec BOBSLEIGH MEN Two-man: Canada and Germany (tie), 3min 16.86sec Four-man: Germany, 3min 15.84sec WOMEN Two-woman: Germany, 3min 22.45sec

CROSS COUNTRY SKIING MEN 15km: Dario Cologna (Switzerland), 33min 43sec 30km Skiathlon: Simen Hegstad Krueger (Norway), 1hr 16min 20.0sec 50km Mass Start: Iivo Niskanen (Finland), 2hr 08min 22.1sec 4 x 10km Relay: Norway, 1hr 33min 04.9sec Sprint: Johannes Hoesflot Klaebo (Norway), 3min 05.75sec Team Sprint: Norway, 15min 56.26sec WOMEN 10km: Ragnhild Haga (Norway), 25min 00.5sec 15km Skiathlon: Charlotte Kalla (Sweden), 40min 44.9sec 30km Mass Start: Marit Bjoergen (Norway), 1hr 22min 17.6sec 4 x 5km Relay: Norway, 51min 24.3sec Sprint: Stina Nilsson (Sweden), 3min 03.84sec Team Sprint: USA, 15min 56.47sec

CURLING Men: USA Women: Sweden Mixed doubles: Canada FIGURE SKATING Men: Yuzuru Hanyu (Japan), 317.85pts Women: Alina Zagitova (OAR), 239.57pts Pairs Mixed: Aljona Savchenko and Bruno Massot (Germany), 235.90pts Ice Dance Mixed: Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir (Canada), 206.07pts Team Dance Mixed: Canada, 73pts

WOMEN Moguls: Perrine Laffont (France), 78.65pts Aerials: Hanna Huskova (Belarus), 96.14pts Halfpipe: Cassie Sharpe (Canada), 95.80pts Slopestyle: Sarah Hoefflin (Switzerland), 91.20pts Ski Cross: Kelsey Serwa (Canada)

ICE HOCKEY Men: OAR Women: USA LUGE Men’s singles: David Gleirscher (Austria), 3min 10.702sec Men’s doubles: Germany, 1min 31.697sec Women’s singles: Natalie Geisenberger (Germany), 3min 05.232sec Mixed Relay: Germany, 2min 24.517sec NORDIC COMBINED Individual Large Hill: Johannes Rydzek (Germany), 23min 52.5sec Individual Normal Hill: Eric Frenzel (Germany), 24min 51.4sec Team 4 x 5km: Germany, 46min 09.8sec SHORT-TRACK SPEED SKATING MEN 500m: Wu Dajing (China), 39.584sec 1000m: Samuel Girard (Canada), 1min 24.650sec 1500m: Lim Hyojun (Rep. of Korea), 2min 10.485sec 5km Relay: Hungary, 6min 31.971sec WOMEN 500m: Arianna Fontana (Italy), 42.569sec 1000m: Suzanne Schulting (Netherlands), 1min 29.778sec 1500m: Choi Minjeong (Rep. of Korea), 2min 24.948sec 3km Relay: Rep. of Korea, 4min 07.361sec

SKELETON Men: Yun Sungbin (Rep. of Korea), 3min 20.55sec Women: Lizzy Yarnold (Great Britain), 3min 27.28sec SKI JUMPING MEN Normal Hill: Andreas Wellinger (Germany), 259.3pts Large Hill: Kamil Stoch (Poland), 285.7pts Team: Norway, 1098.5pts WOMEN Normal Hill: Maren Lundby (Norway), 264.6pts SNOWBOARDING

FREESTYLE SKIING

MEN Big Air: Sebastien Toutant (Canada), 174.25pts Halfpipe: Shaun White (USA), 97.75pts Slopestyle: Redmond Gerard (USA), 87.16pts Parallel Giant Slalom: Nevin Galmarini (Switzerland) Snowboard Cross: Pierre Vaultier (France)

MEN Moguls: Mikael Kingsbury (Canada), 86.63pts Aerials: Oleksandr Abramenko (Ukraine), 128.51pts Halfpipe: David Wise (USA), 97.20pts Slopestyle: Oystein Braaten (Norway), 95.00pts Ski Cross: Brady Leman (Canada)

WOMEN Big Air: Anna Gasser (Austria), 185.00pts Halfpipe: Chloe Kim (USA), 98.25pts Slopestyle: Jamie Anderson (USA), 83.00pts Parallel Giant Slalom: Ester Ledecka (Czechia) Snowboard Cross: Michela Moioli (Italy)

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:36:44 ***

2018 (XXI) Commonwealth Games

5000m: Joshua Kiprui Cheptegei (Uganda), 13min 50.83sec 10,000m: Joshua Kiprui Cheptegei (Uganda), 27min 19.62sec 4 ×100m Relay: England, 38.13sec 4 ×400m Relay: Botswana, 3min 01.78sec 20km Walk: Dane Bird-Smith (Australia), 1hr 19min 34sec Marathon: Michael Shelley (Australia), 2hr 16min 46sec Decathlon: Lindon Victor (Grenada), 8,303pts High Jump: Brandon Starc (Australia), 2.32m Long Jump: Luvo Manyonga (South Africa), 8.41m Triple Jump: Troy Doris (Guyana), 16.88m Discus: Fedrick Dacres (Jamaica), 68.20m Hammer: Nick Miller (England), 80.26m Javelin: Neeraj Chopra (India), 86.47m Shot Put: Tomas Walsh (New Zealand), 21.41m Pole Vault: Kurtis Marschall (Australia), 5.70m

SPEED SKATING MEN 500m: Harvard Lorentzen (Norway), 34.41sec 1000m: Kjeld Nuis (Netherlands), 1min 07.95sec 1500m: Kjeld Nuis (Netherlands), 1min 44.01sec 5000m: Sven Kramer (Netherlands), 6min 09.76sec 10km: Ted-Jan Bloemen (Canada), 12min 39.77sec Mass Start: Seung-Hoon Lee (Rep. of Korea), 60pts Team Pursuit: Norway, 3min 37.31sec WOMEN 500m: Nao Kodaira (Japan), 36.94sec 1000m: Jorien ter Mors (Netherlands), 1min 13.56sec 1500m: Ireen Wüst (Netherlands), 1min 54.35sec 3000m: Carlijn Achtereekte (Netherlands), 3min 59.21sec 5000m: Esmee Visser (Netherlands), 6min 50.23sec Mass Start: Nana Takagi (Japan), 60pts Team Pursuit: Japan, 2min 53.89sec

MEDAL TABLE Country Norway Germany Canada USA Netherlands Sweden Rep. of Korea Switzerland France Austria Japan Italy OAR Czechia Belarus China Slovakia Finland Great Britain Poland Hungary Ukraine Australia Slovenia Belgium Spain New Zealand Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein

G

S

B

Total

14 14 11 9 8 7 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14 10 8 8 6 6 8 6 4 3 5 2 6 2 1 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

11 7 10 6 6 1 4 4 6 6 4 5 9 3 0 2 0 4 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1

39 31 29 23 20 14 17 15 15 14 13 10 17 7 3 9 3 6 5 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 1

OAR = Olympic Athletes from Russia

2018 (XXI) COMMONWEALTH GAMES Gold Coast, Australia, 4–15 April

ATHLETICS MEN 100m: Akani Simbine (South Africa), 10.03sec 110m Hurdles: Ronald Levy (Jamaica), 13.19sec 200m: Jereem Richards (Trinidad and Tobago), 20.12sec 400m: Isaac Makwala (Botswana), 44.35sec 400m Hurdles: Kyron McMaster (British Virgin Islands), 48.25sec 800m: Wycliffe Kinyamal (Kenya), 1min 45.11sec 1500m: Elijah Motonei Manangoi (Kenya), 3min 34.78sec 3000m St: Conseslus Kipruto (Kenya), 8min 10.08sec

1057

MEN’S PARA-SPORT 100m (T12): Ndodomzi Ntutu (South Africa), 11.02sec 100m (T38): Evan O’Hanlon (Australia), 11.09sec 100m (T47): Suwaibidu Galadima (Nigeria), 11.04sec 1500m (T54): Alexandre Dupont (Canada), 3min 11.75sec Marathon (T54): Kurt Fearnley (Australia), 1hr 30min 26sec Shot Put (F38): Cameron Crombie (Australia), 15.74m WOMEN 100m: Michelle-Lee Ahye (Trinidad and Tobago), 11.14sec 100m Hurdles: Oluwatobiloba Amusan (Nigeria), 12.68sec 200m: Shaunae Miller-Uibo (Bahamas), 22.09sec 400m: Amantle Montsho (Botswana), 50.15sec 400m Hurdles: Janieve Russell (Jamaica), 54.33sec 800m: Caster Semenya (South Africa), 1min 56.68sec 1500m: Caster Semenya (South Africa), 4min 00.71sec 3000m St: Aisha Praught (Jamaica), 9min 21.00sec 5000m: Hellen Obiri (Kenya), 15min 13.11sec 10,000m: Stella Chesang (Uganda), 31min 45.3sec 4 ×100m Relay: England, 42.46sec 4 ×400m Relay: Jamaica, 3min 24.00sec 20km Walk: Jemima Montag (Australia), 1hr 32min 50sec Marathon: Helalia Johannes (Namibia), 2hr 32min 40sec Heptathlon: Katarina Johnson-Thompson (England), 6,255pts High Jump: Levern Spencer (St Lucia), 1.95m Long Jump: Christabel Nettey (Canada), 6.84m Triple Jump: Kimberly Williams (Jamaica), 14.64m Discus: Dani Stevens (Australia), 68.26m Hammer: Julia Ratcliffe (New Zealand), 68.60m Javelin: Kathryn Mitchell (Australia), 68.92m Shot Put: Danniel Thomas-Dodd (Jamaica), 19.36m Pole Vault: Alysha Newman (Canada), 4.75m WOMEN’S PARA-SPORT 100m (T35): Isis Holt (Australia), 13.58sec 100m (T38): Sophie Hahn (England), 12.46sec 1500m (T54): Madison de Rozario (Australia), 3min 34.06sec Marathon (T54): Madison de Rozario (Australia), 1hr 44min 00sec Long Jump (F38): Olivia Breen (Wales), 4.86m Javelin (F46): Hollie Arnold (Wales), 44.43m

BADMINTON Men’s Singles: Chong Wei Lee (Malaysia) Women’s Singles: Saina Nehwal (India) Men’s Doubles: Marcus Ellis and Chris Langridge (England) Women’s Doubles: Mei Kuan Chow and Vivian Hoo (Malaysia) Mixed Doubles: Chris Adcock and Gabrielle Adcock (England) Mixed Team: India

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:36:44 ***

1102 Time and Space

August 2019 EIGHTH MONTH, 31 DAYS. Augustus, formerly Sextilis, sixth month of Roman pre-Julian calendar Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

President of Cuba Fidel Castro undergoes gastric surgery, marking the end of his reign 2006 Congress approves a bill lifting the total ban on abortion in Chile 2017 A plan to leave oil beneath the Amazon untapped in return for international donations is announced 2010 100 killed in earthquake in Dominican Republic 1946

day 213 214 215 216

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

The Summer Olympic Games opens in Rio de Janeiro 2016 Bolivia gains independence from Spain and is named for the liberator Simon Bolivar 1825 The Esquipulas II Accord is signed by Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras and Costa Rica 1987 Tomas de Berlanga, discoverer of the Galápagos islands d. 1551 Venezuelan composer Reynaldo Hahn d. 1947 Ecuador gains independence from Spain 1809 Juandel Corral declares independence of Antioquia in Colombia 1813

week 32 day 217 218 219 220 221 222 223

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Santiago de Liniers retakes Buenos Aires after British invasion 1806 Fidel Castro, Cuban politician and revolutionary, President of Cuba (1976-2008) b. 1927 First sighting of the Falkland Islands is reported by John Davis 1592 Panama canal is opened 1914 Ecuador grants WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange political asylum 2012 Argentinian racing driver Oscar Alfredo Galvez d. 1989 Presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Galan is assassinated in Colombia 1989

week 33 day 224 225 226 227 228 229 230

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Gervasio Antonion de Posadas joins Argentina’s Second Triumvirate 1813 Exiled Soviet revolutionary Leon Trotsky is assassinated in Mexico City 1940 Mexian artists Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera marry in a civil ceremony in Coyoacán 1929 Haitian War of Indepence begins with thousands of slaves setting fire to crops 1791 First voice contact is made with the Chilean miners trapped in the San José mine since 5 August 2010 Paulo Coelho, author of The Alchemist b. 1947 52 people die in a deliberate casino fire in Monterrey, Mexico 2011

week 34 day 231 232 233 234 235 236 237

26 27 28 29 30 31

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Brazil gives formal approval for the construction of controversial dam Belo Monte 2010 The Ecuadorean government takes state control of all the oil and gas produced by the country 2010 Kaqchikel Maya rebel against Spanish allies during Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 1524 Atahuallpa, the last emperor of the Inca is executed by coloniser Francisco Pizarro 1533 Leonor Fini, Argentinian artist d. 1996 Brazil’s first female president Dilma Rousseff is impeached for breaking budget laws 2016

week 35 day 238 239 240 241 242 243

1 2 3 4

ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA d

h

1 9 9 12 12–13 17 21 24 24 29 30 30 30

20 23 23 10 23 4 10 13 3 1 10 16

Mars 2˚ South of the Moon Jupiter 3˚ South of the Moon Mercury greatest elongation West (19˚) Saturn 0.04˚ North of the Moon Perseid meteor shower Regulus 0.7˚ South of Mars Regulus 0.96˚ South of Venus Aldebaran 2˚ South of the Moon Mars 0.31˚ South of Venus Regulus 1˚ South of Mercury Mercury 2˚ South of the Moon Mars 3˚ South of the Moon Venus 3˚ South of the Moon

MINIMA OF ALGOL d h d 1 3 6 9

0.4 21.3 18.1 14.9

12 15 18 21

h

d

h

11.7 8.5 5.3 2.1

23 26 29

22.9 19.7 16.6

CONSTELLATIONS The following constellations are near the meridian at July July August

d

h

1 16 1

24 23 22

August September September

d

h

16 1 15

21 20 19

Draco, Hercules, Lyra, Cygnus, Sagitta, Ophiuchus, Serpens, Aquila and Sagittarius

THE MOON Phase, Apsides and Node New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter New Moon

d 1 7 15 23 30

h

m

3 17 12 14 10

13 32 30 57 38

2 7 Perigee (359,398 km) 17 10 Apogee (406,244 km) 30 15 Perigee (357,176 km) Mean longitude of the ascending node on 1st, 106˚

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:40:50 ***

12 50 54

August 2019

1103

THE SUN Diam. 31.5′ Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Right Ascension h m 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

43 47 51 55 59 03 06 10 14 18 22 25 29 33 37 40 44 48 52 55 59 03 06 10 14 17 21 25 28 32 36

Dec. s 41 34 26 18 09 00 50 39 28 16 03 50 37 22 08 52 36 20 03 46 28 10 51 32 12 52 32 11 50 29 07

˚

+18.1 +17.9 +17.6 +17.4 +17.1 +16.8 +16.6 +16.3 +16.0 +15.7 +15.4 +15.1 +14.8 +14.5 +14.2 +13.9 +13.6 +13.3 +12.9 +12.6 +12.3 +11.9 +11.6 +11.3 +10.9 +10.6 +10.2 +9.9 +9.5 +9.2 +8.8

Equation of time m s −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −3 −3 −3 −3 −2 −2 −2 −2 −1 −1 −1 −0 −0

26 22 18 13 08 02 55 48 40 32 22 13 03 52 40 29 16 03 50 36 22 07 52 36 20 03 46 29 12 54 35

Rise h 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

DURATION OF TWILIGHT (in minutes) Latitude 52˚ 56˚

52˚

m

h

21 23 24 26 28 29 31 32 34 35 37 39 40 42 43 45 47 48 50 52 53 55 56 58 00 01 03 05 06 08 10

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

52˚

1 August

Civil Nautical Astronomical

41 97 179

49 121 TAN

Set

Transit 56˚

m

h

m

h

03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 00 02

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 05 05 05 05 05 05 04 04 04 04 03 03 03 03 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 00

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 18

56˚

52˚

11 August 39 90 154

45 107 210

THE NIGHT SKY Mercury is a tiny spark in the morning sky and remains on view until almost the end of August. It is highest after greatest elongation west on the 9th and brightens as the month goes on. Mercury is a little over 1˚ from the bright star Regulus in Leo on the 29th but is too close to the Sun by then to be seen.

Venus is at superior conjunction on the 14th and therefore will not be seen this month.

Mars has now got too close the Sun to be seen this month.

The planet is at aphelion (1.6661au) on the 26th.

Jupiter (magnitude −2.4 to -2.2) is setting after midnight at the beginning of August but before 11pm by the 31st. The planet

52˚

m

h

50 49 47 45 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 31 29 27 25 23 20 18 16 14 12 10 08 06 04 01 59 57 55 52 50

20 20 20 20 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 18

56˚

56˚

m 08 06 04 02 00 58 56 53 51 49 47 45 42 40 38 35 33 30 28 26 23 21 18 16 13 11 08 06 03 01 58

42 97 168

20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

52˚

21 August 37 84 139

Sidereal time h m 37 41 45 49 53 56 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 00 04 07 11 15 19 23 27 31 35

s 16 13 09 06 02 59 56 52 49 45 42 38 35 31 28 25 21 18 14 11 07 04 00 57 54 50 47 43 40 36 33

Transit of first point of Aries h m s 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

22 18 14 10 06 02 58 54 50 46 42 38 35 31 27 23 19 15 11 07 03 59 55 51 47 43 39 36 32 28 24

11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 52 56 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 01 05 09 13

56˚ 31 August

35 79 128

40 90 148

is stationary on the 11th when its direct motion on the celestial sphere resumes again. The Moon is close to Jupiter on the 9th.

Saturn (magnitude 0.2 to 0.3) can be found in Sagittarius as soon as the sky darkens. The planet’s globe is more bland than that of Jupiter but occasional storm systems erupt. The real draw though is the magnificent ring system and also the half-dozen moons that can be seen in a mid-sized telescope. Titan, the largest, can be picked up in binoculars as a magnitude 8.2 object when at elongation. The Moon is near Saturn on the evenings of the 11th and 12th.

The Perseid meteor shower has to contend with the Moon almost Full when at maximum on August 13th.

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:40:50 ***

Geological Time 1143

GEOLOGICAL TIME Era

Period Quaternary Neogene

Cenozoic Palaeogene

Epoch

11,700 BP†–present

Pleistocene

2,588,000–11,700 BP

Pliocene

5.332–2.588 Mya ‡

Miocene

23.03–5.332 Mya

Oligocene

33.9–23.03 Mya

Eocene

55.8–33.9 Mya

Palaeocene

Mesozoic

Palaeozoic

Precambrian

Dates*

Holocene

65.5–55.8 Mya

Evolutionary Stages

}

First humans Majority of still existing species

modern } First mammals

Cretaceous

145.5–65.5 Mya

Jurassic

199.6–145.5 Mya

First birds

Triassic

251–199.6 Mya

First mammals

Permian

299–251 Mya

Carboniferous

359.2–299 Mya

First reptiles First traces of landliving creatures

Devonian

416–359.2 Mya

Silurian

443.7–416 Mya

Ordovician

488.3–443.7 Mya

First fish

Cambrian

542–488.3 Mya

First invertebrates

Proterozoic

2,500–542 Mya

First primitive life forms, eg algae and bacteria

Archaean

3,800–2,500 Mya

Hadean

4,600–3,800 Mya

}

}

Earth uninhabited

* approximate † BP = Before Present (1950 = base year) ‡ Mya = million years ago

PALAEOZOIC (‘ANCIENT LIFE’) There were two great phases of mountain building in the Palaeozoic era: the Caledonian, characterised in Britain by NE–SW lines of hills and valleys; and the later Hercynian, widespread in west Germany and adjacent areas, and in Britain exemplified in E–W lines of hills and valleys. The end of the era was marked by the extensive glaciations of the Permian period in the southern continents and the decline of amphibians. It was succeeded by an era of warm conditions.

Cambrian – Mainly sandstones, slate and shales; limestones in Scotland. Shelled fossils and invertebrates, eg trilobites and brachiopods, and the earliest known vertebrates (jawless fish) appear Ordovician – Mainly shales and mudstones, eg in north Wales; limestones in Scotland. First fish Silurian – Shales, mudstones and some limestones, found mostly in Wales and southern Scotland Devonian – Old red sandstone, shale, limestone and slate, eg in south Wales and the West Country Carboniferous – Coal-bearing rocks, millstone grit, limestone and shale. First traces of land-living creatures Permian – Marls, sandstones and clays. First reptile fossils MESOZOIC (‘MIDDLE FORMS OF LIFE’) Giant reptiles were dominant during the Mesozoic era; marsupial mammals first appeared, as well as Archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest known species of bird. Coniferous

trees and flowering plants also developed and, along with the birds and the mammals, were the main species to survive into the Cenozoic era. The giant reptiles became extinct.

Triassic – Mostly sandstone, eg in the W. Midlands; primitive mammals appear Jurassic – Mainly limestones and clays, typically displayed in the Jura mountains, and in England in a NE–SW belt from Lincolnshire and the Wash to the Severn and the Dorset coast Cretaceous – Mainly chalk, clay and sands, eg in Kent and Sussex

CENOZOIC (‘RECENT LIFE’) From the Miocene through the Pliocene epochs, the Alpine– Himalayan and the circum-Pacific phases of mountain building reached their climax. During the Pleistocene epoch ice-sheets locked up masses of water as land ice, lowering the sea level by 100–200m. The last glacial retreat, merging into the Holocene period, was c.11,700 BP. Palaeocene/ Eocene – Emergence of new forms of life, including existing species; primates appear Oligocene – Fossils of a few still existing species Miocene – Fossils show a balance of existing and extinct species Piliocene/ Pleistocene – Fossils show a majority of still existing species Holocene – The present, post-glacial period. Existing species only, except for a few exterminated by humans

*** PRESS PDF Created on UBUNTU4 at 20 Sept 2018 at 11:40:50 ***