Whitaker's 2020 by Bloomsbury Publishing

WHITAKER'S 2020

Almanack For the Year of Our Lord

2020

ESTABLISHED 1868 BY

JOSEPH WHIT AKER, FSA CONTAINING/<':-. ACCOUNT Of THE

ASTRONOMICAL AND OTHER PHENOMENA AND A vast Amount of INFORMATION respecting the GOVERNMENT, FINANCES, POPULATION, COMMERCE,

and

GENERAL STATISTICS

the various Nations of the WORLD with an INDEX containing nearly 7,500 References

The traditional design ef the title pagefor Whitaker's Almanack which has appeared in each edition since 1868

BLOOMS BU RY YEARBOOKS LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDKEY

CONTENTS PREFACE

THE YEAR 2020

2020 Calendar 2021 Calendar Forthcoming Events Centenaries

11 12 14

UNITED KINGDOM The UK in Figures The National Flag

19 23

THE ROYAL FAMILY Private Secretaries Finance Military Ranks and Titles Kings and Q!!eens Descendants of Q!!een Victoria The House of Windsor

24 28 30 32 35 40 42

PRECEDENCE

PEERAGE Hereditary Peers Life Peers Courtesy Titles

45 46 64

Peers' Surnames

Lords Spiritual Orders of Chivalry Baronetage and Knightage The Order of St John Dames Decorations and Medals Chiefs of Clans in Scotland Privy Council

73 78 79 82 108 109 113 116 118

PARLIAMENT Members of Parliament General Election 2017 Results By-election Results

122 133 140 177

THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC BODIES The Cabinet Government Departments Executive Agencies Non-ministerial Government Departments Public Bodies

178 178 180 191 195 199

DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT Wales National Assembly Election Results 2016 Scotland Scottish Parliament Election Results 2016 Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Assembly Election Results 2017

219 219 221 225 228 234 236

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT London

239 239

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

243

LOCAL GOVERNMENT England County Councils District Councils Metropolitan Borough Councils Unitary Councils London London Borough Councils The City of London Corporation The City Guilds Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Political Composition of Councils Isle of Man Channel Islands

246 249 258 259 262 263 265 265 266 268 271 274 279 282 286 287

LAW AND ORDER Law Courts and Offices Scottish Judicature Northern Ireland Judicature Tribunals Ombudsman Services Police Prisons

289 289 295 298 299 305 308 312

DEFENCE Salaries

316 326

EDUCATION The Education System Universities Professional Education Independent Schools National Academies Research Councils

328 328 348 359 368 375 377

HEALTH National Health Service

379 379

SOCIAL WELFARE Social Services National Insurance Pensions War Pensions Tax Credits Benefits

385 385 386 387 390 391 391

UTILITIES AND TRANSPORT Water Energy Transport

399 399 402 407

RELIGION Religion in the UK Churches

415 415 421

COMMUNICATIONS Postal Services Telecommunications Internet

442 442 444 445

CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE World Heritage Sites Historic Buildings and Monuments Museums and Galleries Sights of London Hallmarks

447 457 459 467 475 482

BANKING AND FINANCE British Currency Banking and Personal Finance Financial Services Regulation National Savings National Debt London Stock Exchange The Budget Economic Statistics Cost of Living Insurance

485

TAXATION Income Tax Value Added Tax Stamp Duty

505

LEGAL NOTES Intellectual Property

520

THE MEDIA Broadcasting Television Radio The Press Newspapers Periodicals

549 549 549 551 553 554 558

ORGANISATIONS Trade and Professional Bodies Trade Unions Sports Bodies Charities and Societies

562

485 487 492 494 495 496 497 498 499 501

505 517 518 547

562 566 569 574

THE WORLD The World in Figures Travel Overseas European Union International Organisations Countries of the World A-Z UK Overseas Territories The North and South Poles

THE YEAR 2018-19 Events A Century Ago: Events 1918-19 UK Affairs Arts and Media Crimes and Legal Affairs Environment and Science Sport International Affairs Obituaties Archaeology Architecture Art Business and Finance Classical Music and Opera Conservation Natural Environment Built Heritage Dance Film Literature The Media Television Radio The Press Internet Parliament Acts of Parliament Pop Music Science and Discovery Theatre Weather Sports Results Sports Records

949 949 950 952 954 955 957 960 974 976 980 985 988 991 997 997 1000 1002 1006 1009 1013 1013 1014 1015 1016 1018 1024 1026 1029 1034 1038 1046 1066

TIME AND SPACE 593 600 602 612 635 933 942

Astronomy Time Measurement and Calendars Tidal Predictions

1071 1128 1143

Abbreviations

1150

Index

1154

The UK in Figures

RESIDENT POPULATION

ASYLUM

ACTUAL AND PROJECTED BY COUNTRY people, thousands

76,896 - .N.Ireland

80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000

■

� �

1971

Scotland England& Wales

Source:

2017

2025

2045

2065

Home Office, National Statistics: Asylum

PROJECTED AGE DISTRIBUTION, 2017 AND 2065

Source: ONS (Crown copyright)

■ ■ ■

FERTILITY RATES Total fertility rate is the average number of children which would be born to a woman if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the period in question throughout her child bearing life span. The figures for the years 1960-2 are estimates. 2017 1960-2 2000 1.62 1.74 3.07 United Kingdom 1.65 1.76 2.77 England and Wales 1.47 2.98 1.48 Scotland 3.47 1.75 1.87 Northern Ireland

45-59 60-74 15+

NON-UK BORN RESIDENTS BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH thousands 2018 2004 94 832 Poland 505 832 India 535 285 Pakistan 392 Romania 453 369 Republic of Ireland 309 276 Germany 253 Italy 181 246 South Africa 228 241 Bangladesh 152 207 China Source ONS (Crown Copyright)

tJ:iiiiii P=ti

0--9 10--19

Source General Register Office for Scotland, NISRA, ONS {Crown copyright) MATERNITY RATES FOR ENGLAND AND WALES 2017 All materniues* Twins Triplets Singlewn Al/multiple 671,194 660,573 10,621t 10,462 154 All ages 145 20,323 22,175 148 3 >20 96,968 95,980 988 980 8 20-24 35 188,294 185,834 2,460 2,422 25-29 213,997 210,472 3,525 3,473 so 30-34 122,995 120,351 2,644 2,605 39 35-39 26,412 25,727 685 12 673 40-44 2,205 2,034 171 164 7 45+ * Includes stillbirths

t Total includes live maternities of quads and above Source, ONS {Crown copyright)

BY AGE AND SEX {UK), 2018 people, thousands

TOP TEN BABY NAMES (ENGLAND AND WALES) 1904 2018

20---29 4,408

iri=IIP=W --➔1111

4 5 6 7 8 9

30---39

40--49 50---59

80---89 Source.- ONS (Crown copyright)

Birth rate 2011' 11.4 11.6 9.7 12.3

* Live births per 1,000 population Source. ONS {Crown copyright)

percentage

0-14 (years old) 15-29 30-44

Live btribs 2017 755,042 679,106 52,861 23,075

United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

Source.- ONS (Crown copyright)

70---79

2019 4,208 3,180 2,801 2,239 1,872

BIRTHS

1991

■ ■

NATIONALITIES APPLYING FOR UK ASYLUM in the year endtngjune Top 5 Nationalities 2018 2,432 1) Iran 2,409 2) Iraq 1,538 3) Albania 1,525 4) Eritrea 2,317 5) Pakistan

11111111

■ ■

M,I, Female

Girls Mary Florence Doris Edith Dorothy Anne Margaret Alice Elizabeth Elsie

Boys William John George Thomas Arthur James Charles Frederick Albert Ernest

Source.- ONS (Crown copyright)

Girls Olivia Amelia Ava Isla Emily Mia Isabella Sophia Ella Grace

Boys Oliver George Harry Noah Jack Leo Arthur Muhammad Oscar Charlie

24 The Royal Family

THE ROYAL FAMILY THE SOVEREIGN ELIZABETH II, by the Grace ofGod, ofthe United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Northern Ireland and ofher other Realms and Territories Q!!een, Head ofthe Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Her Majesty Elizabeth Alexandra Mary of Windsor, elder daughter of King George VI and of HM Q!!een Elizabeth the Q!!een Mother Born 21 April 1926, at 17 Bruton Street, London W1 Ascended the throne 6 February 1952 Crowned 2 June 1953, at Westminster Abbey Married 20 November 1947, in Westminster Abbey, HRH the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Official reszdences Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA; Windsor Castle, Berks; Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh Private residences Sandringham, Norfolk; Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire

HUSBAND OF THE QYEEN HRH THE PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH, KG, KT, OM, GCVO, GBE, Royal Victorian Chain, AK, �O, PC, Ranger of Windsor Park Born 10 June 1921, son of Prince and Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, naturalised a British subject 1947, created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich 1947

CHILDREN OF THE QYEEN HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES (Prince Charles Philip Arthur George), KG, KT, GCB, OM and Great Master ofthe Order of the Bath, AK, �o. PC, ADC(P) Born 14 November 1948, created Prince ofWales and Earl of Chester 1958, succeeded as Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl ofCarrick and Baron Renfrew, Lord ofthe Isles and Great Steward ofScotland 1952 Married (1) 29 July 1981 Lady Diana Frances Spencer (Diana, Princess of Wales (1961-97), youngest daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer and the Hon. Mrs Shand Kydd), marriage dissolved 1996; (2) 9 April 2005 Mrs Camilla Rosemary Parker Bowles, now HRH the Duchess of Cornwall, GCVO, PC ( born 17 July 1947, daughter of Major Bruce Shand and the Hon. Mrs Rosalind Shand) Residences Clarence House, London SW1A 1BA; Highgrove, Doughton, Tetbury, Glos GLB BTN; Birkhall, Ballater, Aberdeenshire Issue

1. HRH the Duke ofCambridge (Prince William Arthur Philip Louis), KG, KT, PC born 21 June 1982, created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus 2011 married 29 April 2011 Catherine Elizabeth Middleton, now HRH the Duchess of Cambridge, GCVO (born 9 January 1982, elder daughter ofMichael and Carole Middleton), and has issue, HRH Prince George of Cambridge (Prince George Alexander Louis), born 22 July 2013; HRH Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana), born 2 May 2015; HRH Prince

Louis of Cambridge (Prince Louis Arthur Charles), born 23 April 2018 Residences Kensington Palace, London WB 4PU; Anmer Hall, Norfolk PE31 6RW 2. HRH the Duke of Sussex (Prince Henry Charles Albert David), KCVO born 15 September 1984, created Duke of Sussex, Earl ofDumbarton and Baron Kilkeel 2018 married 19 May 2018 (Rachel) Meghan Markle, now HRH the Duchess of Sussex (born 4 August 1981, daughter of Thomas Markle and Doria Ragland), and has issue, Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor, born 6 May 2019 Residence Frogmore Cottage, Home Park, Windsor, Berks SL4 2JG HRH THE PRINCESS ROY AL (Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), KG, KT, GCVO Born 15 August 1950, declared the Princess Royal 1987 Married (1) 14 November 1973 Captain Mark Anthony Peter Phillips, CVO (born 22 September 1948); marriage dissolved 1992; (2) 12 December 1992 Vice-Adm. Sir Timothy James Hamilton Laurence, KCVO, CB, ADC (P) ( born 1 March 1955) Residence Gatcombe Park, Minchinhampton, Glos GL6 9AT Issue

1. Peter Mark Andrew Phillips, born 15 November 1977, married 17 May 2008 Autumn Patricia Kelly, and has issue, Savannah Phillips, born 29 December 201O; Isla Elizabeth Phillips, born 29 March 2012 2. Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall, MBE, born 15 May 1981, married 30 July 2011 Michael James Tindall, MBE, and has issue, Mia Grace Tindall, born 17 January 2014; Lena Elizabeth Tindall, born 18 June 2018 HRH THE DUKE OF YORK (Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward), KG, GCVO, ADC(P) Born 19 February 1960, created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killyleagh 1986 Married 23 July 1986 Sarah Margaret Ferguson, now Sarah, Duchess ofY ork ( born 15 October 1959, younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Mrs Hector Barrantes), marriage dissolved 1996 Residence Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, Berks Issue

1. HRH Princess Beatrice ofYork (Princess Beatrice Elizabeth Mary), born 8 August 1988 2. HRH Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank (Princess Eugenie Victoria Helena), born 23 March 1990, married 12 October 2018 Jack Christopher Stamp Brooksbank HRH THE EARL OF WESSEX (Prince Edward Antony Richard Louis), KG, GCVO, ADC(P) Born 10 March 1964, created Earl ofWessex, Viscount Severn 1999 and Earl of Forfar 2019 Married 19 June 1999 Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones, now HRH the Countess of Wessex, GCVO (born 20 January 1965, daughter of Mr and Mrs Christopher Rhys-Jones) Residence Bagshot Park, Bagshot, Surrey GU19 5HS Issue

1. Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Mountbatten-Windsor), born 8 November 2003 2. Viscount Severn 0ames Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor), born 17 December 2007

Kings and Q!teens

KINGS AND QYEENS ENGLISH KINGS AND QYEENS 927-1603 HOUSES OF CERDIC AND DENMARK 927-939 /ETHELSTAN Son of Edward the Elder, by Ecgwynn, and grandson of Alfred acceded to Wessex and Mercia c.924, established direct rule over Northumbria 927, effectively creating the Kingdom of England reigned 15 years 939-946 EDMUND I born 921, son of Edward the Elder, by Eadgifu mamed (1) JE!fgifu (2) JEthelflred killed aged 25 reigned 6 years 946-955 EADRED Son of Edward the Elder, by Eadgifu reigned 9 years 955-959 EADWIG born before 943, son of Edmund and JE!fgifu mamed JE!fgifu reigned 3 years 959-975 EDGAR I born 943, son of Edmund and JE!fgifu married (1) JEthelflred (2) Wulfthryth (3) .tElfthryth died aged 32 reigned 15 years 975-978 EDWARD I (the Martyr) born c.962, son of Edgar and JEthelflred ctssassinated aged c.16 reigned 2 years 978-1016 /ETHELRED (the Unready) born 968/969, son of Edgar and JE!fth ryth mamed (1) JElfgifu (2) Emma, daughter of Richard I, Count of Normandy, 1013-14 dispossessed of kingdom by Swegn Forkbeard (King of Denmark 987-1014) died aged c.47, reigned 38 years EDMUND II (Ironside) 1016 born before 993, son of ,Ethelred and JE!fgifu (Apr-Nov) mamed Ealdgyth died aged over 23 reigned 7 months 1016-1035 CNUT (Canute) born c. 995, son of Swegn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, and Gunhild married (1) JE!fgifu (2) Emma, widow of ,Ethelred the Unready. Gained submission of West Saxons 1015, Northumbrians 1016, Mercia 1016, King of all England after Edmund's death, King of Denmark 1019-35, King of Norway 102835 died aged c.40 reigned 19 years 1035-1040 HAROLD I (Barefoot) born 1016/17, son of Cnut and JE!fgifu mamed JE!fgifu 1035 recognised as regent for himself and his brother Harthacnut; 1037 recognised as king died aged c.23 reigned 4 years 1040-1042 HARTHACNUT (Harthacanute) born c.1018, son of Cnut and Emma. Titular king of Denmark from 1028, acknowledged King of England 1035-7 with Harold I as regent; effective king after Harold's death died aged c.24 reigned 2 years 1042-1066 EDWARD II (the Confessor) born between 1002 and 1005, son of ,Ethelred the Unready and Emma married Eadgyth, daughter ofGodwine, Earl of Wessex died aged over 60 reigned 23 years HAROLD II (Godwinesson) 1066 born c.1020, son ofGodwine, Earl of Wessex, 0an-Oct) andGytha married (1) Eadgyth (2) Ealdgyth killed in battle aged c.46 reigned 10 months

THE HOUSE OF NORMANDY 1066-1087 WILLIAM I (the Conqueror) born 1027/8, son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy; obtained the Crown by conquest married Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, Count of Flanders died aged c.60, reigned 20 years 1087-1100 WILLIAM II (Rufus) born between 1056 and 1060, third son of William I; succeeded his father in England only killed aged c.40 reigned 12 years 1100-1135 HENRY I (Beauclerk) born 1068, fourth son of William I married (1) Edith or Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland (2) Adela, daughter ofGodfrey, Count ofLouvain died aged 67 reigned 35 years 1135-1154 STEPHEN born not later than 1100, third son of Adela, daughter of William I, and Stephen, Count of Blois married Matilda, daughter of Eustace, Count of Boulogne. Feb-Nov 1141 held captive by adherents of Matilda, daughter of Henry I, who contested the Crown until 1153 died aged over 53 reigned 18 years THE HOUSE OF ANJOU (PLANTAGENETS) 1154-1189 HENRY II (Curtmantle) born 1133, son of Matilda, daughter of Henry I, and Geoffrey, Count of Anjou married Eleanor, daughter of William, Duke of Aquitaine, and divorced queen ofLouis VII of France died aged 56 reigned 34 years 1189-1199 RICHARD I (Coeur de Lion) born 1157, third son of Henry II mamed Berengaria, daughter of Sancho VI, King of Navarre died aged 42 reigned 9 years 1199-1216 JOHN (Lackland) born 1167, fifth son of Henry II married (1) Isabella or Avisa, daughter of William, Earl ofGloucester (divorced) (2) Isabella, daughter of Aymer, Count of Angouleme died aged 48 reigned 17 years 1216-1272 HENRY III born 1207, son of John and Isabella of Angouleme married Eleanor, daughter of Raymond, Count of Provence died aged 65 reigned 56 years 1272-1307 EDWARD I (Longshanks) born 1239, eldest son of Henry III married (1) Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III, King of Castile (2) Margaret, daughter of Philip III of France died aged 68 reigned 34 years 1307-1327 EDWARD II born 1284, eldest surviving son of Edward I and Eleanor married Isabella, daughter of Philip IV of France deposed Jan 1327 killed Sep 1327 aged 43 reigned 19 years 1327-1377 EDWARD III born 1312, eldest son of Edward II married Philippa, daughter of William, Count of Hainault died aged 64 reigned 50 years 1377-1399 RICHARD II born 1367, son of Edward (the Black Prince), eldest son of Edward III married (1) Anne, daughter of Emperor Charles IV (2) Isabelle, daughter of Charles VI of France deposed Sep 1399 killed Feb 1400 aged 33 reigned 22 years

Peerage

LORDS SPIRITUAL The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 24 other diocesan bishops of the Church of England. The Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester always have seats in the House of Lords; the other 21 seats were previously filled by the remaining diocesan bishops in order of seniority. However, the Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 provides for vacancies among the remaining 21 places to be filled by any female diocesan bishop in office at the time and, only if there is no female diocesan bishop without a seat, by the longest serving male diocesan bishop. The provision will remain in place for ten years from 2015, equivalent to two fixed-term parliaments. At the end of this period, the provision under the Act will end and the previous arrangements under which vacancies are filled according to length of service as a diocesan bishop will be restored. The Bishop of Sodor and Man and the Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe are not eligible to sit in the House of Lords.

2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2016

ARCHBISHOPS

2017

Style, The Most Revd and Rt. Hon. the Lord Archbishop of_ Addressed as Archbishop or Your Grace

2018

INTRODUCED TO HOUSE OF LORDS 2012 Cctnterbury (105th), Justin Portal Welby, PC, b. 1956, m., cons. 2011, elected 2011, trctns. 2013 York (97th), John Mugabi Tucker Sentamu, PC, 2006 PHO, b. 1949, m., cons. 1996, elected 2002, trans. 2005

BISHOPS Style, The Rt. Revd the Lord/Lady Bishop of_ Addressed as Bishop or My Lord/Lady elected date of confirmation as diocesan bishop

INTRODUCED TO HOUSE OF LORDS as at November 2019 London (133rd), Dame Sarah Elisabeth Mullally, 2018 DBE, PC, b. 1962, m., cons. 2015, elected 2018 Durham (74th), Paul Roger Butler, b. 1955, m., 2014 cons. 2004, elected 2009, trctns. 2014 Winchester (97th), Timothy John Dakin, b. 1958, 2012 m., elected 2011, cons. 2012 Birmingham (9th), David Andrew Urquhart, 2010 KCMG, b. 1952, cons. 2000, elected 2006 2012 Worcester(l13th), John Geoffrey Inge, PHO, b. 1955, m., cons. 2003, elected2007 Coventry (9th), Christopher John Cocksworth, 2013 PHO, b. 1959, m., cons. 2008, elected 2008 Ox.ford (44th), Stephen John Lindsey Croft, PHO, 2013 b. 1957, m., cons. 2009, elected 2009, trctns. 2016 Carlisle (66th), James William Scobie Newcome, b. 2013 1953, m., cons. 2002, elected 2009 2013 St Albctns (10th), Alan Gregory Clayton Smith, PHO, b. 1957, cons. 2001, elected 2009 Peterborough (38th), Donald Spargo Allister, b. 2014 1952, m., cons. 2010, elected 2010

2018 2019 2019

Portsmouth (9th), Christopher Richard James Foster, b. 1953, m., cons. 2001, elected 2010 Che/ms.ford (10th), Stephen Geoffrey Cottrell, b. 1958, m., cons. 2004, elected 2010 Rochester (107th), James Henry Langstaff, b. 1956, m., cons. 2004, elected 2010 Ely (69th), Stephen David Conway, b. 1957, cons. 2006, elected 2010 Southwark (10th), Christopher Thomas James Chessun, b. 1956, cons. 2005, elected 2011 Leeds (1st), Nicholas Baines, b. 1957, m., cons. 2003, elected 2011, trans. 2014 Salisbury (78th), Nicholas Roderick Holtam, b. 1954, m., cons. 2011, elected 2011 Gloucester (41st), Rachel Treweek, b. 1963, m., cons. 20 I 5, elected 2015 Newcastle ( I 2th), Christine Elizabeth Hardman, b. 1951, m., cons. 2015, elected 2015 Lincoln (72nd), Christopher Lowson, b. 1953, m., cons. 2011, elected 2011 Chichester (103rd), Martin Clive Warner, PHO, b. 1958, cons. 2010, elected 2012 Bristol (56th), Vivienne Frances Faull, b. 1955, m., cons. 2018, elected 2018 Derby (8th), Elizabeth Jane Holden Lane, b. 1966, m., cons. 2015, elected 2019 Blackbum (9th), Julian Tudor Henderson, b. 1954, m., cons. 2013, elected 2013

BISHOPS AWAITING SEATS, in order of seniority as at November 2019 Manchester(l2th), David Stuart Walker, b. 1957, m., cons. 2000, elected 2013 Bath and Wells (79th), Peter Hancock, b. 1955, m., cons. 2010, elected 2014 Exeter (71st), Robert Ronald Atwell, b. 1954, cons. 2008, elected 2014 Liverpool(8th), Paul Bayes, b. 1953, m., cons. 2010, elected

2014

Here.ford (105th), Richard Michael Cokayne Frith, b. 1949, m., cons. 1998, elected 2014 Guil<!ford(lOth), Andrew John Watson, b. 1961, m., cons. 2008, elected 2014 St Edmundsbury and Ipswich (11th), Martin Alan Seeley, b. 1954, m., cons. 2015, elected2015 Southwell and Nottingham (12th), Paul Gavin Williams, b. 1968, m., cons. 2009, elected 2015 Leicester (7th), Martyn James Snow, b. 1968, m., cons. 2013, elected 2016 Lichfield (99th), Michael Geoffrey Ipgrave, OBE, PHO, b. 1958, m., cons. 2012, elected2016 Sheffield (8th), Peter Jonathan Wilcox, DPHIL, b. 1961, m., cons. 20 l 7, elected 20 l 7 Truro (16th), Philip Ian Mountstephen, b. 1959, m., cons. 2018, elected 2018 Norwich (72nd), Graham Barham Usher, b. 1970, m. cons. 2014, elected 2019 Chester (41st), vacant

Baronetage and Knightage

BARONETAGE AND KNIGHTAGE BARONETS

KNIGHTS

Style, 'Sir' before forename and surname, followed by 'Bt.' En:velope, Sir F_ S_, Bt. Letter (formal), Dear Sir; (social), Dear Sir F_. Spoken, Sir F_ Wife's style, 'Lady' followed by surname En:velope, Lady S_. Letter (formal), Dear Madam; (social), Dear Lady S_. Spoken, Lady S_ Style ofBaronetess, 'Dame' before forename and surname, followed by 'Btss.' (see also Dames)

Style, 'Sir' before forename and surname, followed by

There are five different creations of baronetcies: Baronets of England (creations dating from 1611); Baronets of Ireland (creations dating from 1619); Baronets of Scotland or Nova Scotia (creations dating from 1625); Baronets ofGreat Britain (creations after the Act of Union 1707 which combined the kingdoms of England and Scotland); and Baronets of the United Kingdom (creations after the union ofGreat Britain and Ireland in 1801).

The prefix 'Sir' is not used by knights who are clerics of the Church of England, who do not receive the accolade. Their wives are entitled to precedence as the wife ofa knight but not to the style of 'Lady'.

Badge of Baronets of the UK

Badge of Baronets of Nova Scotia

Badge of Ulster

The patent of creation limits the destination of a baronetcy, usually to male descendants of the first baronet. In some cases, however, special remainders have allowed baronetcies to pass, in the absence of sons, to another relative. In the case of baronetcies of Scotland or Nova Scotia, a special remainder of 'heirs male and of tailzie' allows the baronetcy to descend to heirs general, including women. There are four existing Scottish baronetcies with such a remainder. The Official Roll of the Baronetage is kept at the Crown Office and maintained by the Registrar and Assistant Registrar of the Baronetage. Anyone who considers that he or she is entitled to be entered on the roll may apply through the Crown Office to prove their succession. Every person succeeding to a baronetcy must exhibit proofs ofsuccession to the Lord Chancellor. A person whose name is not entered on the official roll will not be addressed or mentioned by the title of baronet or baronetess in any official document, nor will he or she be accorded precedence as a baronet or baronetess. The Standing Council of the Baronetage, established in 1898 as the Honourable Society of the Baronetage, is responsible for maintaining the interests of the Baronetage and for publishing the Official Roll of the Baronetage as established by royal warrant in 1910 (Wwww.baronetage.org/ official-roll-of-the-baronets). OFFICIAL ROLL OF THE BARONETAGE, Crown Office, House of Lords, LondonSW1A OPW T 020-7219 4687 Ehereditary.claims@gmail.com Registrar, Mrs Ceri King STANDING COUNCIL OF THE BARONETAGE, 1 Tarrel FarmCottages, Portmahomack, lainIV20 1 SL Esecretary@baronetage.orgWwww.baronetage.org Chair, Sir Nicholas Thompson, Bt. Secretary, Sarah Rawlings BARONETCY IDENTIFIED AS EXTINCT SINCE SEPTEMBER 2018 Leith-Buchanan (er. 1775)

appropriate post-nominal initials if a Knight Grand Cross or Knight Commander Envelope, Sir F_ S_. Letter (formal), Dear Sir; (social), Dear Sir F_. Spoken, Sir F_ Wife's style, 'Lady' followed by surname Envelope, Lady S_. Letter (formal), Dear Madam; (soc,al), Dear Lady S_. Spoken, Lady S_

ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD Knight Grand Cross and Knight Commander are the higher classes of the Orders of Chivalry (see Orders of Chivalry). Honorary knighthoods of these orders may be conferred on men who are citizens of countries of which the Qyeen is not head of state. As a rule, the prefix 'Sir' is not used by honorary knights. KNIGHTS BACHELOR

â&#x20AC;˘ .

' "

The Knights Bachelor do not constitute a royal order, but comprise the surviving representation of the ancient state orders of knighthood. The Register of Knights Bachelor, instituted by James I in the 17th centu ry, lapsed, and in 1908 a volunta ry association under the title of the Society of Knights (now the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor) was formed with the primary objectives of continuing the various registers dating from 1257 and obtaining the uniform registration of every created Knight Bachelor. In 1926 a design for a badge to be worn by Knights Bachelor was approved and adopted; in 1974 a neck badge and miniature were added. THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF KNIGHTS BACHELOR, Magnesia House, 6 PlayhouseYard, LondonEC4V SEX Knight Principal, Rt. Hon. Sir Gary Hickinbottom Prelate, Rt. Revd and Rt. Hon. Dame Sarah Mullally, DBE Registrar, Sir Michael Hirst Hon. Treasurer, Sir Clive Thompson Clerk to the Council, Col. Simon Doughty

178

The Government and Public Bodies

THE GOVERNMENT As at 10 September 2019

THE CABINET

Ministerfar the Cabinet Office and Paymaster-General

Prime Minister, First Lord ofthe Treasury and Ministerfar the Civil Service

Minister ofStatefar the Northern Powerhouse and Local Growth

Rt. Hon. Oliver Dowden, CBE, MP Rt. Hon. Jake Berry, MP

Rt. Hon. Boris Johnson, MP

Minister ofStatefar Housing

Rt. Hon. Sajid Javid, MP

Ministerfar Security

Chancellor ofthe Exchequer

Secretary ofStatefar Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and First Secretary ofState

Rt. Hon. Dominic Raab, MP

Secretary ofStatefar the Home Department

Rt. Hon. Esther McVey, MP Rt. Hon. Brandon Lewis, MP

Minister ofStatefar Environment and International Development

Rt. Hon. Zac Goldsmith, MP

Rt. Hon. Priti Patel, MP

LAW OFFICERS

Rt. Hon. Michael Gove, MP

Attorney-General

Rt. Hon. Robert Buckland, �. MP

Solicitor-General

Rt. Hon. Stephen Barclay, MP

Advocate-Generalfar Scotland

Chancellor ofthe Duchy ofLancaster Lord Chancellor and Secretary ofStatefarJustice Secretary ofStatefar Exiting the European Union Secretary ofState far Defence

Rt. Hon. Ben Wallace, MP

Rt. Hon. Geoffrey Cox, �. MP

Michael Ellis, �. MP

Rt. Hon. Lord Keen of Elie, �

Secretary ofStatefar Health and Social Care

MINISTERS OF STATE

Secretary ofState far Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

Rt. Hon. Matt Hancock, MP

Rt. Hon. Andrea Leadsom, MP

Secretary ofStatefar International Trade and President ofthe Board ofTrade

Rt. Hon. Elizabeth Truss, MP*

Secretary ofStatefar Work and Pensions

Rt. Hon. Therese Coffey, MP

Secretary ofState far Education

Rt. Hon. Gavin Williamson, CBE, MP

Rt. Hon. Kwasi Kwarteng, MP Chris Skidmore, MP*

Cabinet Office

Rt. Hon. Jake Berry, MPt Rt. Hon. Oliver Dowden, CBE, MP

Defence

Baroness Goldie Rt. Hon. Mark Lancaster, TD, MP

Secretary ofState far E1Z11ironment, Food and Rural Affairs

Digital, Culture, Media and Sport

Secretary ofStatefar Housing, Communities and Local Government

Education

Rt. Hon. Theresa Villiers, MP Rt. Hon. Robert Jenrick, MP

Secretary ofStatefar Transport

Rt. Hon. Grant Shapps, MP

Secretary ofStatefar Northern Ireland

Rt. Hon. Julian Smith, MP

Nigel Adams, MP

Rt. Hon. Nick Gibb, MP Chris Skidmore, MP:j:

E1Z11ironment, Food and Rural Affairs

George Eustice, MP Rt. Hon. Zac Goldsmith, MP§

Secretary ofStatefar Scotland

Exiting the European Union

Secretary ofStatefar Wales

Foreign and Commonwealth Office

Rt. Hon. Alister Jack, MP Rt. Hon. Alun Cairns, MP

Leader ofthe House ofLords and Lord Privy Seal

Rt. Hon. Baroness Evans of Bowes Park

Secretary ofStatefar Digital, Culture, Media and Sport

Rt. Hon. Nicky Morgan, MP

Secretary ofStatefar International Development

Rt. Hon. Alok Sharma, MP

Minister without Portfolio

Rt. Hon. James Cleverly, MP

* Alongside role as Minister for Women and Equalities

ALSO ATTENDING CABINET MEETINGS ChiefSecretary to the Treasury

Rt. Hon. Rishi Sunak, MP

Lord President ofthe Council and Leader ofthe House ofCommons

Rt. Hon. Jacob Rees-Mogg, MP

Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Chief Whip

Rt. Hon. Mark Spencer, MP

Lord Callanan

Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon Rt. Hon. Dr Andrew Murrison, MP§ Rt. Hon. Christopher Pincher, MP Andrew Stephenson, MP§

Health and Social Care

Edward Argar, MP Caroline Dinenage, MP

Home Office

Rt. Hon. Brandon Lewis, MP Kit Malthouse, MP Baroness Williams of Trafford([

Housing, Communities and Local Government

Rt. Hon. Jake Berry, MP** Rt. Hon. Esther McVey, MP

International Development

Rt. Hon. Zac Goldsmith, MP:j::j: Rt. Hon. Dr Andrew Murrison, MPtt Andrew Stephenson, MPtt

Attorney-General

International Trade

Ministerfar Business, Energy and Clean Growth

justice

Rt. Hon. Geoffrey Cox, �. MP Rt. Hon. Kwasi Kwarteng, MP

Conor Bums, MP

Lucy Frazer, �. MP

Government Whips Northern Ireland Office

Office ofthe Secretary ofStatefor Wales

Transport

Work and Pensions

Rt. Hon. Nick Hurd, MP

George Freeman, MP Chris Heaton-Harris, MP

Work and Pensions

Justin Tomlinson, MP Baroness Williams of Trafford §§ * Jointly held with the DIE t Jointly held with the MHCLG :I: Jointly held with the DBEIS § Jointly held with the DFID ([ Alongside role as Minister for Equalities at the DWP ** Jointly held with the Cabinet Office tt Jointly held with the FCO =!==!= Jointly held with DEFRA §§ Alongside role at the Home Office

UNDER-SECRETARIES OF STATE Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

Lord Duncan ofSpringbank* Kelly Tolhurst, MP Nadhim Zahawi, MP

Cabinet Office

Johnny Mercer, MPt

Defence

Johnny Mercer, MP:j: Anne-Marie Trevelyan, MP

Digital Culture, Media and Sport

Baroness Barran, MBE Matt Warman, MP Helen Whately, MP

1 79

Kevin Foster, MPtt

Victoria Atkins, MPH Mims Davies, MP Guy Opperman, MP Will Q!!ince, MP Baroness Stedman-Scott, OBE

* Alongside role at the Northern Ireland Office t Alongside role at MoD :j: Alongside role at the Cabinet Office

§ Alongside role as Under-Secretary ofState (Minister for Women) at DWP ([ Alongside role at DBEIS ** Alongside role at the Scottish Office tt Alongside role as government Whip :I::I: Alongside role at the Home Office

OTHER MINISTERS Cabinet Office

Rt. Hon. Oliver Dowden, CBE, MP (Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster-General) Kevin Foster, MP* {Interim Minister for the Constitution and Parliamentary Secretary) Simon Hart, MP (Minister for Implementation) Office ofthe Leader ofthe House ofLords Rt. Hon. Earl Howe (Deputy Leader ofthe House ofLords) Treasury Jesse Norman, MP (Financial Secretary) John Glen, MP {Economic Secretary) Simon Clarke, MP {Exchequer Secretary) * Alongside roles as Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office and a

government Whip

Education

Lord Agnew of Oulton Kemi Badenoch, MP

GOVERNMENT WHIPS

Lord Gardiner of Kimble Rebecca Pow, MP

HOUSE OF LORDS

Environmen� Food and Rural Affairs Exiting the European Union

James Duddridge, MP

Foreign and Commorrwealth Office

Heather Wheeler, MP

Health and Social Care

Baroness Blackwood of North Oxford Jo Churchill, MP Nadine Dorries, MP

Home Office

Victoria Atkins, MP § Seema Kennedy, MP

Housing, Communities and Local Government

Luke Hall, MP Viscount Younger of Leckie

International Development

Baroness Sugg, CBE

International Trade

Graham Stuart, MP

Justice

Wendy Morton, MP Chris Philp, MP

Northern Ireland Office

Lord Duncan ofSpringbank([ Robin Walker, MP**

Office ofthe Secretary ofStatefor Scotland

Colin Clark, MPtt Robin Walker, MP*

Transport

Nusrat Ghani, MPtt Paul Maynard, MP Baroness Vere ofNorbiton

Lords Chie{Whip and Captain ofthe Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms

Rt. Hon. Lord Ashton ofHyde

Deputy Chie{Whip and Captain of the QJ!,een's Bodyguard ofthe Yeomen ofthe Guard

Earl of Courtown

Lord-in-Waiting

Lord Bethell

Baronesses-in-Waiting

Baroness Berridge Baroness Bloomfield ofHinton Waldrist Baroness Chisholm of Owlpen

HOUSE OF COMMONS Chie{Wh,p and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury

Rt. Hon. Mark Spencer, MP

Deputy Chie{Wh,p and Treasurer ofHM Household

Amanda Milling, MP

Government Whip and Comptroller ofHM Household

Jeremy Q!!in, MP

Government Whip and Vice-Chamberlain ofHM Household

Stuart Andrew, MP

Lords Commissioners ofHM Treasury {Whips)

Colin Clark, MP*; Michele Donelan, MP; Mike Freer, MP; Nusrat Ghani, MPt; Rebecca Harris, MP; David Rutley, MP

Assistant Whips

Leo Docherty, MP; Kevin Foster, MP:j:; Nigel Huddleston, MP; Marcus Jones, MP; James Morris, MP; Tom Pursglove, MP; Iain Stewart, MP *Alongside role as Under-Secretary of State at the Scottish Office t Alongside role as Under-Secretary of State at Dfl :I: Alongside role as Under-Secretary of State at the Wales Office

By-elections 2017-19

177

BY-ELECTIONS 2017-19 All UK parliament by-elections since the 2017 General Election. For a full list of party abbreviations see General Election 2017 results.

NEWPORT WEST 4 April 2019 E. 63,623 T. 23,515 (37.1%)

BRECON AND RADNORSHIRE 1 August 2019 E. 53,032 T. 31,814 LO gain (59.72%)

Ruth Jones, Lab. Matthew Evans, C. Neil Hamilton, UKIP Jonathan Clarke, PC Ryan Jones, LO Amelia Womack, Green June Davies, Renew Richard Suchorzewski, AWAP Ian McLean, Soc. Dern. Philip Taylor, DVP Hugh Nicklin, For Britain

Jane Dodds, LO Chris Davies, C Des Parkinson, Brexit Tom Davies, Lab. Lady Lily the Pink, Loony Liz Phillips, UKIP

13,826 12,401 3,331 1,680 334 242

LD majority 1,425 (4.48%) 12% swing C. to LO (2017: C. majority 8,038 (19.45%))

LEWISHAM EAST 14June 2018 E. 66,140 T. 22,056 (33.35%) Janet Daby, Lab. Lucy Salek, LO Ross Archer, C. Rosamund Adoo-KissiÂ Debrah, Green Mandu Reid, Women David Kurten, UKIP Anne Marie Waters, For Britain Maureen Martin, CPA Howling Laud Hope, Loony Massimo DiMambro, DVP Sean Finch, Libertarian Charles Carey, Ind. Patrick Gray, Radical Thomas Hall, Young Lab majority 5,629 (25.61 %)

Lab. hold 11,033 5,404 3,161 788 506 380 266 168 93 67 38 37 20 18

19% swing Lab to LO (2017: Lab. majority 21,123 (44.94%))

Lab. hold 9,308 7,357 2,023 1,185 1,088 924 879 205 202 185 159

Lab majority 1,951 (8.3%)

2.4% swing Lab. to C. (2017: Lab. majority 5,658 (13.03%)) PETERBOROUGH 6June 2019 T. 33,920 E. 70,083 (48.4%)

Lisa Forbes, Lab. Mike Green, Brexit Paul Bristow, C. Beki Sellick, LO Joseph Wells, Green John Whitby, UKIP Tom Rogers, CPA Stephen Goldspink, Eng. Dern. Patrick O'Flynn, Soc. Dern. Howling Laud Hope, Loony Andrew Moore, Ind. Dick Rodgers, Co. Gd Peter Ward, Renew Pierre Kirk, UKEUP Bobby Smith, Ind. Lab majority 683 (2.0%) swing NIA

Lab. hold 10,484 9,801 7,243 4,159 1,035 400 162 153

(2017: Lab. majority 607 (1.27%))

135 112 101 60 45 25 5

TYRONE WEST 3May2018 E. 64,178 T. 35,029 (54.58%) 6rfhlaith Begley, SF Thomas Buchanan, DUP Daniel McCrossan, SDLP Chris Smyth, UUP Stephen Donnelly, Alliance

SF hold 16,346 8,390 6,254 2,909 1,130

SFmajority7,956 (22.71%) 0.53% swing SF to DUP (2017: SF. majority 10,342 (23.78%))

226

Devolved Government

Greer, Ross, Green, WestScotland region Griffin, Mark, Lab., CentralScotland region t Halcro Johnston, Jamie, C., Highlands and Islands region * Hamilton, Rachael, C., Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire, Maj. 9,338

Harper, Emma, SNP, SouthScotland region Harris, Alison, C., CentralScotland region Harvie, Patrick, Green, Glasgow region Haughey, Clare, SNP, Rutherglen, Maj. 3,743 Hepburn, Jamie, SNP, Cumbernauld and Kilsyth, Maj. 9,478 Hyslop, Fiona, SNP, Linlithgow, Maj. 9,335 Johnson, Daniel, Lab., EdinburghSouthern, Maj. 1, 123 Johnstone, Alison, Green, Lothian region Kelly, James, Lab., Glasgow region Kerr, Liam, C., North EastScotland region Kidd, Bill, SNP, Glasgow Anniesland, Maj. 6,153 Lamont, Johann, Lab., Glasgow region Lennon, Monica, Lab., CentralScotland region Leonard, Richard, Lab., CentralScotland region Lindhurst, Gordon, C., Lothian region Lochhead, Richard, SNP, Moray, Maj. 2,875 Lockhart, Dean, C., MidScotland and Fife region Lyle, Richard, SNP, Uddingston and Bellshill, Maj. 4,809 McAlpine, Joan, SNP, SouthScotland region McArthur, Liam, W, Orkney Islands, Maj. 4,534 MacDonald, Angus, SNP, Falkirk East, Maj. 8,312 MacDonald, Gordon, SNP, EdinburghPentlands, Maj. 2,456 Macdonald, Lewis, Lab., North EastScotland region McDonald, Mark, Ind., Aberdeen Donside, Maj. 11,630 MacGregor, Fulton, SNP, Coatbridge and Chryston, Maj. 3,779 :j: Macintosh, Ken, no party affiliation, WestScotland region Mackay, Derek, SNP, Renfrewshire North and Wes, Maj. 7,373 Mackay, Rona, SNP, Strathkelvin and Bearsden, Maj. 8,100 McKee, Ivan, SNP, GlasgowProvan, Maj. 4,783 McKelvie, Christina, SNP, Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse, Maj. 5,437 McMillan, Stuart, SNP, Greenock and Inverclyde, Maj. 8,230 McNeill, Pauline, Lab., Glasgow region Macpherson, Ben, SNP, Edinburgh Northern and Leith, Maj. 6,746 Maguire, Ruth, SNP, CunmnghameSouth, Maj. 5,693 Marra, Jenny, Lab., North EastScotland region Martin, Gillian, SNP, Aberdeenshire E� Maj. 5,837 Mason, John, SNP, Glasgow Shettleston, Maj. 7,323 Mason, Tom, C., North EastScotland region Matheson, Michael, SNP, Falkirk Wes, Maj. 11,280 Mitchell, Margaret, C., CentralScotland region Mountain, Edward, C., Highlands and Islands region Mundell, Oliver, C., Dumfriesshire, Maj. 1,230 Neil, Alex, SNP, Airdrie and Shotts, Maj. 6,192 Paterson, Gil, SNP, Clydebank and Milngavie, Maj. 8,432 Rennie, Willie, W, North East Fife, Maj. 3,465 Robison, Shona, SNP, Dundee City E� Maj. 10,898 Ross, Gail, SNP, Caithness, Sutherland and Ross, Maj. 3,913 Rowley, Alex, Lab., MidScotland and Fife region Rumbles, Mike, W, North EastScotland region Ruskell, Mark, Green, MidScotland and Fife region Russell, Michael, SNP, Argyll and Bute, Maj. 5,978 Sarwar, Anas, Lab., Glasgow region Scott, John, C., Ayr, Maj. 750 Simpson, Graham, C., CentralScotland region Smith, Elaine, Lab., CentralScotland region Smith, Liz, C., Mid Scotland and Fife region Smyth, Colin, Lab., SouthScotland region Somerville, Shirley-Anne, SNP, Dunfermline, Maj. 4,558 Stevenson, Stewart, SNP, Banffihire and Buchan Co� Maj. 6,583

Stewart, Alexander, C., Mid Scotland and Fife region Stewart, David, Lab., Highlands and Islands region Stewart, Kevin, SNP, Aberdeen Central, Maj. 4,349 Sturgeon, Nicola, SNP, GlasgowSouthside, Maj. 9,593 Swinney, John, SNP, Perthshire North, Maj. 3,336 Todd, Maree, SNP, Highlands and Islands region Tomkins, Adam, C., Glasgow region Torrance, David, SNP, Kirkcaldy, Maj. 7,395 Watt, Maureen, SNP, AberdeenSouth and North Kincard,ne, Maj. 2,755

Wells, Annie, C., Glasgow region Wheelhouse, Paul, SNP, SouthScotland region White, Sandra, SNP, Glasgow Kelvin, Maj. 4,048 Whittle, Brian, C., South Scotland region Wightman, Andy, Green, Lothian region * Wishart, Beatrice, LD, Shetland Islands, Maj. 1,837 Yousaf, Humza, SNP, GlasgowPollok, Maj. 6,482 STATE OF THE PARTIES as at August 2019

Scottish National Party (SNP) Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party (C.) Scottish Labour Party (Lab.) Scottish Green Party (Green) Scottish Liberal Democrats (LO) Independent (Ind.) *Presiding Officer

Constituency Regional MSPs MSPs Total 58 4 62

Total

7 3 0 4 73

24 20 6

31 23 6 4

1 56

1 129

SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT St Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG T 0300-244 4000 E ceu@gov.scot W www.gov.scot

The devolved government for Scotland is responsible for most of the issues of day-to-day concern to the people of Scotland, including health, education, justice, rural affairs and transport. The Scottish government was known as the Scottish executive when it was established in 1999, following the first elections to the Scottish parliament. There has been a majority Scottish National Party administration since the elections in May 2011. The government is led by a first minister who is nominated by the parliament and in turn appoints the other Scottish ministers who make up the cabinet. Civil servants in Scotland are accountable to Scottish ministers, who are themselves accountable to the Scottish parliament. CABINET

First Minister, Rt. Hon. Nicola Sturgeon, MSP Deputy First Minister and CabinetSecretary far Education and Skills, John Swinney, MSP CabinetSecretanes Communities and Local Government, Aileen Campbell, MSP Culture, Tourism and External Affairs, Fiona Hyslop, MSP Environmen, Climate Change and Land Reform, Roseanna

Cunningham, MSP

Finance, Economy and Fair Work, Derek Mackay, MSP Government Business and Constitutional Relations, Michael

Russell, MSP

Health andSport, Jeane Freeman, MSP justice, Humza Yousaf, MSP Rural Economy, Fergus Ewing, MSP SocialSecurity and OlderPeople, Shirley-Anne Somerville, MSP

272

Local Government

bearing the words Ddraig Gach Ddyry Cychwyn and imperially crowned, but this augmented flag is rarely used. WELSH LANGUAGE At the 2011 census the percentage of people, aged three years and over, recorded as able to speak Welsh was: 7.8 15.3 Neath Port Talbot Blaenau Gwent 9.3 9.7 Newport Bridgend 11.2 19.2 Caerphilly Pembrokeshire 11.1 18.6 Cardiff Powys Carmarthenshire 43.9 Rhondda Cynon Taf 12.3 47.3 11.4 Ceredigion Swansea 27.4 9.8 Conwy Torfaen 24.6 10.8 Denbighshire Vale of Glamorgan 13.2 12.9 Flintshire Wrexham 65.4 Ynys Mon Gwynedd 8.9 57.2 Merthyr Tydfil (Isle of Anglesey) 9.9 19.0 Total in Wales Monmouthshire

EARLY HISTORY The earliest inhabitants of whom there is any record appear to have been subdued or exterminated by the Goidels (a people of Celtic race) in the Bronze Age. A further invasion of Celtic Brythons and Belgae followed in the ensuing Iron Age. The Roman conquest of southern Britain and Wales was for some time successfully opposed by Caratacus (Caractacus or Caradog), chieftain of the Catuvellauni and son of Cunobelinus (Cyrnbeline). South-east Wales was subjugated and the legionary fortress at Caerleon-on-Usk established by around AD 75-7; the conquest of Wales was completed by Agricola around AD 78. Communications were opened up by the construction of military roads from Chester to CaerleonÂ on-Usk and Caerwent, and from Chester to Conwy (and thence to Carmarthen and Neath). Christianiry was introduced in the fourth century, during the Roman occupation. ANGLO-SAXON ATTACKS The Anglo-Saxon invaders of southern Britain drove the Celts into the mountain stronghold of Wales, and into Strathclyde (Cumberland and south-west Scotland) and Cornwall, giving them the name of Waelisc (Welsh), meaning 'foreign'. The West Saxons' victory of Deorham (AD 577) isolated Wales from Cornwall and the battle of Chester (AD 613) cut off communication with Strathclyde and northern Britain. In the eighth century the boundaries of the Welsh were further restricted by the annexations of Offa, King of Mercia, and counter-attacks were largely prevented by the construction of an artificial boundary from the Dee to the Wye (Offa's Dyke). In the ninth century Rhodri Mawr (844--878) united the country and successfully resisted further incursions of the Saxons by land and raids of Norse and Danish pirates by sea, but at his death his three provinces of Gwynedd (north), Powys (central) and Deheubarth (south) were divided among his three sons, Anarawd, Mervyn and Cadell. Cadell's son Hywel Oda ruled a large part of Wales and codified its laws but the provinces were not united again until the rule of Llewelyn ap Seisyllt (husband of the heiress of Gwynedd) from 1018 to 1023. THE NORMAN CONQYEST After the Norman conquest of England, William I created palatine counties along the Welsh frontier, and the Norman barons began to make encroachments into Welsh territory. The Welsh princes recovered many of their losses during the civil wars of Stephen's reign (1135-54), and in the early 13th

century Owen Gruffydd, prince of Gwynedd, was the dominant figure in Wales. Under Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (1194--1240) the Welsh united in powerful resistance to English incursions and Llywelyn's privileges and de facto independence were recognised in the Magna Carta. His grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, was the last native prince; he was killed in 1282 during hostilities between the Welsh and English, allowing Edward I of England to establish his authoriry over the country. On 7 February 1301, Edward of Caernarvon, son of Edward I, was created Prince of Wales, a title subsequently borne by the eldest son of the sovereign. Strong Welsh national feeling continued, expressed in the early 15th century in the rising led by Owain Glyndwr, but the situation was altered by the accession to the English throne in 1485 of Henry VII of the Welsh House of Tudor. Wales was politically annexed by England under the Act of Union of 1535, which extended English laws to the principaliry and gave it parliamentary representation for the first time. EISTEDDFOD The Welsh are a distinct nation, with a language and literature of their own; the national bardic festival (Eisteddfod), instituted by Prince Rhys ap Griffith in 1176, is still held annually.

PRINCIPAL CITIES There are six cities in Wales (with date ciry status conferred): Bangor (pre-1900), Cardiff (1905), Newport (2002), St Asaph (2012), St David's (1994) and Swansea (1969). Cardiff and Swansea have also been granted lord mayoralties.

CARDIFF

Cardiff (Caerdydd), at the mouth of the rivers Taff, Rhymney and Ely, is the capital city of Wales. The ciry has changed dramatically in recent years following the regeneration of Cardiff Bay and construction of a barrage, which has created a permanent freshwater lake and waterfront for the ciry. As the capital ciry, Cardiff is home to the National Assembly for Wales and is a major administrative, retail, business and cultural centre. The ciry is home to many fine buildings, including the Ciry Hall, CardiffCastle, LlandaffCathedral, the National Museum of Wales, university buildings, law courts and the Temple of Peace and Health. The Millennium Stadium opened in 1999 and has hosted high-profile events since 200 I.

SWANSEA

Swansea {Abertawe) is a seaport with a population of 239,023 at the 2011 census. The Gower peninsula was brought within the city boundary under local government reform in 1974. The principal buildings are the Norman castle (rebuilt c.1330), the Royal Institution of South Wales, founded in 1835 (including library), the University of Swansea at Singleton and the Guildhall, containing Frank Brangwyn's British Empire panels. The Dylan Thomas Centre, formerly the old Guildhall, was restored in 1995. More recent buildings include the County Hall, the Maritime Q!iarter Marina, the Wales National Pool and the National Waterfront Museum. Swansea was chartered by the Earl of Warwick (1158-84), and further charters were granted by King John, Henry III, Edward II, Edward III and James II, Oliver Cromwell and the Marcher Lord William de Breos. It was formally invested with city status in 1969.

Wales

273

LORD-LIEUTENANTS AND HIGH SHERIFFS Area Clwyd Dyfed Gwent Gwynedd Mid Glamorgan Powys S. Glamorgan W. Glamorgan

High Sheriff{2019-20} Stephanie Catherall Anne Lewis Dame Claire Clancy, DBE Susan Jones Col. (retd) Wilma Donnelly, CBE, TD David Lloyd Peate Dr Isabel Graham Sally Goldstone

Lord-Lieutenant Henry Fetherstonhaugh, OBE Sara Edwards Brig. Robert Aiken, CBE Edmund Bailey Prof. Peter Vaughan, Q!'M Tia Jones Morfudd Meredith D. Byron Lewis, CVO

LOCAL COUNCILS Council Blaenau Gwent Bridgend Caerphilly CARDIFF Carmarthenshire Ceredigion Conwy Denbighshire Flintshire Gwynedd Merthyr Tydfil Monmouthshire Neath Port Talbot NEWPORT Pembrokeshire Powys Rhondda Cynon Taff SWANSEA Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Ynys Mon (Isle of Anglesey)

Administrdlive HQ_, Ebbw Vale Bridgend Hengoed Cardiff Carmarthen Aberaeron Conwy Ruthin Mold Caernarfon Merthyr Tydfil Cwmbran Port Talbot Newport Haverfordwest Llandrindod Wells Tonypandy Swansea Pontypool Barry Wrexham Ynys Mon

Telephone

01495-311556 01656-643643 01443-815588 029-2087 2087 01267-234567 01545-570881 01492-574000 01824-706101 01352-752121 01766-771000 01685-725000 01633-644644 01639-686868 01633-656656 01437-764551 01597-827460 01443-425005 01792-636000 01495-762200 01446-700111 01978-292000 01248-750057

Pop.* 69,713 144,876 181,019 364,248 187,568 72,992 117,181 95,330 155,593 124,178 60,183 94,142 142,906 153,302 125,055 132,447 240,131 246,466 93,049 132,165 136,126 69,961

* Source: Office for National Statistics - Mzd-2018 Population Estimates (Crown copyright)

t Band D council tax bill for 2019-20. Councils in CAPITAL LETTERS have city status

Kry Council 1 Anglesey (Ynys Mon) 2 Blaenau Gwent 3 Bridgend 4 Caerphilly 5 CARDIFF 6 Carmarthenshire 7 Ceredigion 8 Conwy 9 Denbighshire 10 Flintshire 11 Gwynedd

Kry Council 12 Merthyr Tydfil 13 Monmouthshire 14 Neath Port Talbot 15 NEWPORT 16 Pembrokeshire 17 Powys 18 Rhondda Cynon Taff 19 SWANSEA 20 Torfaen 21 Vale of Glamorgan 22 Wrexham

Council Taxj" £1,928 £1,777 £1,400 £1,471 £1,588 £1,596 £1,603 £1,657 £1,604 £1,699 £1,849 £1,630 £1,857 £1,382 £1,377 £1,613 £1,741 £1,618 £1,620 £1,552 £1,481 £1,572

ChiefExecutive Michelle Morris Mark Shephard Christina Harrhy (interim) Paul Orders Wendy Walters Eifion Evans !wan Davies Judith Greenhalgh Colin Everett Dilwyn Williams Gareth Chapman Paul Matthews Stephen Phillips Will Godfrey Ian Westley Dr Caroline Turner Chris Bradshaw Phil Roberts Alison Ward Rob Thomas Ian Barncroft Dr Gwynne Jones

World Heritage Sites 457

WORLD HERITAGE SITES The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 and ratified by the UK in 1984. As at July 2019, 193 states were party to the convention.The convention provides for the identification, protection and conservation of cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value. Cultural sites may be: • an extraordinary exponent of human creative genius sites representing architectural and technological innovation or cultural interchange • sites of artistic, historic, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnologic or anthropologic value • 'cultural landscapes', ie sites whose characteristics are marked by significant interactions between human populations and their natural environment • exceptional examples of a traditional sertlement or land- or sea-use, especially those threatened by irreversible changes. unique or exceptional examples of a cultural tradition or a civilisation either still present or extinct Natural sites may be: • those displaying critical periods of earth's history • superlative examples of on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution of ecosystems those exhibiting remarkable natural beauty and aesthetic significance or those where extraordinary natural phenomena are witnessed • the habitat of threatened species and plants Governments which are party to the convention nominate sites in their country for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Nominations are considered by the World Heritage Committee, an inter-governmental committee composed of2 l representatives ofthe parties to the convention.The committee is advised by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (!COMOS), the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). !COMOS evaluates and reports on proposed cultural and mixed sites, ICCROM provides expert advice and training on how to conserve and restore cultural property and IUCN provides technical evaluations of natural heritage sites and reports on the state of conservation of listed sites. A prerequisite for inclusion in the World Heritage List is the existence of an effective legal protection system in the country in which the site is situated and a detailed management plan to ensure the conservation of the site. Inclusion in the list does not confer any greater degree ofprotection on the site than that offered by the national protection framework. If a site is considered to be in serious danger of decay or damage, the commirtee may add it to the World Heritage in Danger List. Sites on this list may benefit from particular attention or emergency measures to allay threats and allow them to retain their world heritage status, or in extreme cases of damage or neglect they may lose their world heritage status completely. A total of 53 sites are currently inscribed on the World Heritage in Danger List. Financial support for the conservation of sites on the World Heritage List is provided by the World Heritage Fund, administered by the World Heritage Committee. The fund's income is derived from compulsory and voluntary contributions from the states party to the convention and from private donations.

WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE, UNESCO, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France W https://whc.unesco.org

DESIGNATED SITES As at 10 July 2019, following the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee, 1,121 sites across 167 countries were on the World Heritage List. Of these, 28 are in the UK and four in UK overseas territories; 27 are listed for their cultural significance (t), four for their natural significance (*) and one for both cultural and natural significance.Liverpool's Maritime Mercantile City is the only UK site on the List of World Heritage in Danger. The year in which sites were designated appears in the first set ofparentheses.The number in the second set of parentheses denotes the position of each site on the map below. WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THE UK

• Cultural ■ Natural • Mixed

UNITED KINGDOM tBath- the city (1987).(1) tBiaenarvon industrial landscape, Wales (2000).(2) tBlenheim Palace and Park, Oxfordshire (1987).(3) tCanterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, St Martin's Church, Kent (1988).(4) tCastle and town walls of King Edward I, north WalesBeaumaris, Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle (1986).(5) tCornwall and west Devon mining landscape (2006).(6) tDerwent Valley Mills, Derbyshire (2001).(7) *Dorset and east Devon coast (2001).(8) tDurham Cathedral and Castle (1986).(9) tEdinburgh old and new towns (1995).(10) tForth Bridge, Firth of Forth, Scotland (2015).(11) tFrontiers of the Roman Empire- Hadrian's Wall, northern England; Antonine Wall, central Scotland (1987, 2005, 2008).(12)

Roads

Exchanging £20/£20 a paper licence for a photocard licencei Free a full Northern Ireland licence for a full GB licence Free a full GB licence for a full EU /EEA or other designated foreign licence £43 a full EU /EEA or other designated foreign licence for a full GB licence Changing Free name or address £14/£17 photo

ROAD ACCIDENT CASUALTIES injured □

300,000 200,000

killed 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000

* Not all services are available online; in these instances just the postal fee is shown. Licence fees differ in Northern Ireland (W www.nidirect.gov.uk/the-cost-of-a-driving-licence). t For an alcohol-related offence where the DVLA need to arrange medical enquiries :j: If a paper licence is exchanged for a photocard at the same time as name or address details are changed there is no charge

O 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2018 O

Source: Department for Transport

DRIVING LICENCES It is necessary to hold a valid full licence in order to drive unaccompanied on public roads in the UK. Learner drivers must obtain a provisional driving licence before starting to learn to drive and must then pass theory and practical tests to obtain a full driving licence. There are separate tests for driving motorcycles, cars, passenger-carrying vehicles (PCVs) and large goods vehicles (LGVs). Drivers must hold full car entitlement before they can apply for PCV or LGV entitlements. The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) ceased the issue ofpaper licences in March 2000, but those currently in circulation will remain valid until they expire or the details on them change. The photocard driving licence was introduced to comply with the second EC directive on driving licences. This requires a photograph of the driver to be included on all UK licences issued from July 200 I. The photocard licence must be renewed every ten years, with fines ofup to £1,000 for failure to do so. To apply for a first photocard driving licence, individuals are required to either apply online or complete the form Applicationfor a Driving Licence (D 1) and submit by post. The minimum age for driving motor cars, light goods vehicles up to 3.5 tonnes and motorcycles is 17 (moped, 16). Since June 1997, drivers who collect six or more penalty points within two years of qualifying lose their licence and are required to take another test. Forms and leaflets are available from post offices and online (;iN www.gov.uk/ dvlaforms or W www.gov.uk/government/organisations/driver-and vehicle-licensing-agency). The DVLA is responsible for issuing driving licences, registering and licensing vehicles, and collecting excise duty in Great Britain. The Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA), has similar responsibilities in Northern Ireland. DRIVING LICENCE FEES as at August 2019 Provisional licence Car, motorcycle or moped

bm�

411

online*lpostal

£34/£43

�

Free Changing a provisional licence to a full licence Renewal £14/£17 Renewing an expired licence (must be renewed every 10 years) Free At age 70 and over Free For medical reasons Free Bus or lorry driver entitlement £65 After disqualification £90 After disqualification for some drink driving offencest £50 After revocation (under the New Drivers Act) Replacing a lost, stolen, defaced or destroyed licence £20/£20 Free Adding an entitlement to a full licence

DRIVING TESTS The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) is responsible for improving road safety in Great Britain by setting standards for driving and motorcycling and making sure drivers, vehicle operators and MOT garages understand and follow roadworthiness standards. The agency also provides a range of licensing, testing, education and enforcement services. DRIVING TESTS TAKEN AND PASSED 2018-2019

Number Taken

Percentage Passed

Car Motorcycle Module 1 Motorcycle Module 2 PCV LGV

1,664,219 55,263 54,264 7,353 73,895

45.8 72.2 70.8 59.8 58.3

Car Motorcycle PCV Multiple choice Hazard perception Driver CPC* LGV Multiple choice Hazard perception Driver CPC*

1,787,773 67,283

47.3 71.6

8,525 6,801 5,722

60.6 81.7 49.5

57,549 45,853 36,118

60.9 81.7 67.8

Practical Test

Theory Test

LGV = Large goods vehicle; PCV = Passenger-carrying vehicle * Driver Certificate of Professional Competence - legal requirement for all professional bus, coach and lorry drivers Source: DVSA

The theory and practical driving tests can be booked online (Wwww.gov.uk/book-driving-test) or by phone (T0300-2001122). DRIVING TEST FEES as at August 2019

Weekday!evening* and weekend

Theory tests Car and motorcycle Bus and lorry Multiple choice Hazard perception Driver CPCt Practical tests Car Tractor and other specialist vehicles Motorcycle Module 1 (off-road) Module 2 (on-road) Lorry and bus Driver CPCt Car and trailer Extended tests for disqualified drivers Car Motorcycle Module 1 (on-road) * After 4.30pm

£23.00/£23.00 £26.00/£26.00 £11.00/£11.00 £23.00/£23.00 £62.00/£75.00 £62.00/£75.00 £15.50/£15.50 £75.00/£88.50 £115.00/£141.00 £55.00/£63.00 £115.00/£141.00 £124.00/£150.00 £150.00/£177.00

t Driver Certificate of Professional Competence - legal requirement for all professional bus, coach and lorry drivers

The Budget 2018

497

THE BUDGET 2018 *OBR Allowance for shortfall OBR Capital DEL

ABBREVIATIONS

AME = Annually Managed Expenditure

TOTAL DEL

DEL = Departmental Expenditure Limits ETS = Emissions Trading System NI = National Insurance

t Includes funding for Network Rail expenditure, formerly part of the Dfr' s AME budget

0BR = Office for Budget Responsibility Source, HM Treasury - Budget 2018 (Crown copyright)

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE DEPARTMENTAL EXPENDITURE LIMITS (£bn)

Resource DEL

Defence Single Intelligence Account Home Office Foreign and Commonwealth Office International Development Health (incl. NHS) Work and Pensions Education Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Transport Exiting the European Union Digital, Culture, Media and Sport MHCLG Housing and Communities MHCLG Local Government Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Justice Law Officers Departments Environment, Food and Rural Affairs HM Revenue and Customs HM Treasury Cabinet Office International Trade Small and Independent bodies Reserves Adjustment for budget exchange TOTAL RESOURCE DEL *OBR Allowance for shortfall OBR Resource DEL

Capital DEL

Defence Single Intelligence Account Home Office Foreign and Commonwealth Office International Development Health (incl. NHS) Work and Pensions Education Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy tTransport Exiting the European Union Digital, Culture, Media and Sport MHCLG Housing and Communities MHCLG Local Government Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Justice Law Officers Departments Environment, Food and Rural Affairs HM Revenue and Customs HM Treasury Cabinet Office International Trade Small and Independent bodies Reserves Adjustment for budget exchange TOTAL CAPITAL DEL

(2.7) 75.0 400.4

Plans 2019-20 29.0 2.0 10.7 1.2 8.2 129.6 5.4 63.5 1.8 2.9 0.1 1.5 2.3 5.9 15.7 11.6 10.3 6.0 0.6 1.5 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.3 12.3 (0.4) 327.0 (1.7) 325.4 9.8 0.7 0.5 0.1 3.7 6.7 0.2 5.1 11.5 15.8 0.0 0.6 10.8 0.0 4.5 2.1 1.5 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.2 0.0 77.7

ANNUALLY MANAGED EXPENDITURE (£bn) Current Expenditure 2018-19 397.8 Resource AME 310.8 Resource DEL 23.0 Ring-fenced depreciation

2019-20

2020-21

Current Expenditure

731.5

403.1 325.4 23.4 751.9

Gross Investment

19.8 61.5 81.3 812.8 38.2

14.7 75.0 89.7 841.6 38.3

15.8 77.6 93.5 867.1 38.1

2017-18

Forecast 2018-19

Forecast 2019-20

(3.4) 7.1 46.4 3.2 754.0 1.2

(3.3) 8.8 42.1 3.6 787.3 1.5

(3.3) 10.7 42.9 3.7 809.8 1.9

Capital Expenditure Capital AME Capital DEL TOTAL AME as% of GDP

GOVERNMENT RECEIPTS {Ehn) Outturn

Income tax 1

Pay as you earn Self assessment NI contributions Value added tax Corporation tax Petroleum revenue tax Fuel duties Business rates Council tax VAT refunds Capital gains tax Inheritance tax Property transaction taxes' Stamp taxes on shares Tobacco duties Alcohol duties Air passenger duty Insurance premium tax Climate change levy Bank levy Bank surcharge Apprenticeship levy Diverted profits tax Soft drinks industry levy Other HMRC taxes' Vehicle excise duties Licence fee receipts Environmental levies EU ETS auction receipts Other taxes Total Less own resources contribution to EU Interest and dividends Gross operating surplus Other receipts CURRENT RECEIPTS UK oil and gas revenues"

180.7 154.9 28.3 132.5 125.3 55.9 (0.6) 27.9 30.2 32.1 17.1 7.8 5.2 13.6 3.5 8.8 11.6 3.4 5.9 1.9 2.6 1.9 2.7 0.2 0.0 7.5 6.2 3.2 6.5 0.4 6.9 700.7

190.2 161.7 30.5 136.9 132.2 59.5 (0.6) 28.3 30.7 34.2 17.8 8.7 5.5 12.8 3.7 9.3 12.3 3.7 6.3 2.0 2.5 1.9 2.8 0.1 0.3 7.4 6.4 3.3 10.2 0.6 7.2 736.1

412.3 336.8 24.6 773.6

192.9 162.0 32.9 141.9 137.2 60.0 (0.7) 28.3 30.9 35.9 18.4 9.1 5.7 13.3 3.8 9.2 12.7 3.8 6.3 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.9 0.1 0.3 7.4 6.4 3.3 11.2 1.6 7.5 755.8

1 PAYE and Self Assessment receipts, tax on savings income and other minor income tax components

2 UK annual tax on enveloped dwellings (ATED), stamp duty land tax (SDLT) for England and property transaction taxes of the devolved administrations

'Landfill tax (excl. Scotland and Wales from 2018-19), aggregates levy,

betting and gaming duties and customs duties Offshore corporation tax and petroleum revenue tax

Source: OBR - Economic and Fiscal Outlook, October 2018

Insurance

501

INSURANCE AUTHORISATION AND REGULATION OF INSURANCE COMPANIES Since 1 April 2013, under the Financial Services Act 2012, the prudential supervision of banks and insurers is the responsibility of the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), an operationally independent subsidiary of the Bank of England. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is responsible for consumer protection and markets oversight. All life insurers, general insurers, reinsurers, insurance and reinsurance brokers, financial advisers and composite firms are statutorily regulated. See also Financial Services Regulation. Firms wishing to effect or carry out contracts of insurance must be granted authorisation to do so. The PRA assesses applicant insurers from a prudential perspective, using the same framework that is employed for supervision of existing insurers. The FCA then assesses applicants from a conduct perspective. Although the PRA manages the authorisation process, an insurer will be granted authorisation only where both the FCA and the PRA are satisfied that they meet their relevant requirements. There are around 700 insurance organisations and friendly societies with authorisation to transact one or more class of insurance business in the UK. Until the UK leaves the EU, it remains part of the single European insurance market. This permits insurers authorised in any EU state automatic authorisation to transact business in all other EU countries without further formality. The number of insurers currently operating within this market is over 3,500. See also Brexit.

COMPLAINTS Disputes between consumers and financial businesses can be referred to the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS). Consumers with a complaint about any form of money matter, including bank accounts, insurance, mortgages, savings and credit, must first take the matter to the highest level within the provider. The provider has to provide a 'final response' within eight weeks. If the complaint remains unresolved consumers can refer the complaint, free of charge, to the FOS. Since 1 April 2019 the FOS compensation limits are £350,000 for acts or omissions by firms on or after 1 April 2019 and £160,000 for acts or omissions by firms before 1 April 2019, even if the complaint is referred to the FOS after this date. From 1 April 2020 both award limits will be automatically adjusted each year in line with inflation as measured by the Consumer Prices Index (CPI). Businesses falling under the EU definition of a micro enterprise (businesses with a turnover of up to €2m and fewer than ten employees) may also refer a matter to the FOS. In 2017-18, 55 per cent of new complaints about financial services companies related to payment protection insurance. Other types of insurance, such as motor, buildings and life insurance, accounted for just 11 per cent of the total number of 1.5 million complaints received. See also Financial Services Regulation.

ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH INSURERS Over 80 per cent of the domestic business of UK insurance companies is transacted by the 250 members of the Association of British Insurers (ABI). The ABI is a trade association which protects and promotes the interests of all its insurance company members. Only insurers authorised in the

EU are eligible for membership. Brokers, intermediaries, financial advisers and claims handlers may not join the ABI, but may have their own trade associations. Legal firms, consultants, price comparison websites and other firms which help insurers deliver their services may join the ABI as associate members. ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH INSURERS (ABI), One America Square, 17 Crosswall, London EC3N 2LB T 020-7600 3333 W www.abi.org.uk Chair, Amanda Blanc (Chief Executive Zurich EMEA) Director-General Huw Evans

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS In 2017, financial and insurance services contributed £119.lbn to the UK economy, 6.5 per cent of the total. The UK trade surplus for insurance and pensions was around £5lbn.

WORLDWIDE MARKET In 2018 the UK insurance industry was the largest in Europe and the fourth largest in the world behind the USA, China and Japan. China is the biggest growth area, moving from eighth largest in 2006 to second in 2018.

Market

USA China Japan UK

Premium income ($bn)

1,377 541 422 283

TAKEOVERS AND MERGERS Cheap finance, regulatory pressures and an increasing desire for scale led to a busy year of mergers and acquisitions in financial services. Internationally, this was led by the year long process which finally ended in November 2018 with US pharmacy group CVS acquiring health insurer Aetna in a deal which valued the company at $69bn. In the UK, uncertainty over Brexit did not suppress merger and acquisition activity. Allianz were among the most active. During the year they were linked with approaches for Swiss giant Zurich Insurance and UK companies AVIVA and RSA. Although there was no firm movement on any of these deals, Allianz did complete the the purchase of the general insurance arms of Liverpool Victoria (known as LY=) at a total cost of around £1bn and Legal and General for £240m. Allianz were, however, beaten by French insurer, AXA in the race to acquire XL Group. This $l6bn deal was completed in March 2018. Other major general insurance deals included US investment firm Bain Capital's purchase of esure for £1.2bn; China Re's purchase of speciality insurer Chaucer and motor insurer Markerstudy beating off competition from the AA, Aviva, RSA Insurance and Saga to land the general insurance arm of Co-operative Insurance. On the life Insurance side, Phoenix Group, who specialise in 'zombie' life funds (closed funds that operate without taking on new clients or policies) doubled its size by acquiring Standard Life Assurance in a deal worth £3bn. A month after the Standard Life deal the UK's largest life insurer Prudential announced it was splitting into two operations and sold its annuity business to specialist provider Rothesay Life. It is expected that other life groups may also look very carefully at

918

UNI-UNI

Countries of the World A-Z

THE STATES OF THE UNION The USA is a federal republic consisting of 50 states and the federal District of Columbia, and also of organised territories. Of the present 50 states, 13 are original states, seven were admitted without previous organisation as territories, and 30 were admitted after such organisation. § The 13 original states (D) Democratic Party; (I) Independent; (R) Republican Party Stl11e {tliite and order ofadmission)

Capital

Governor (end of term in effice)

Alabama(AL)(1819, 22) Alaska(AK)(1959, 49) Arizona(AZ)(1912, 48) Arkansas(AR)(1836, 25) California(CA)(1850, 31) Colorado(CO)(1876, 38) Connecticut(CT) § (1788, 5) Delaware(DE)§(1787,1) Florida(FL)(1845, 27) Georgia(GA)§ (1788, 4) Hawaii(HI)(1959, 50) Idaho(ID)(1890, 43) Illinois(IL)(1818, 21) Indiana(IN)(1816, 19) Iowa(IA)(1846, 29) Kansas(KS)(1861, 34) Kentucky(KY)(1792, 15) Louisiana(LA)(1812, 18) Maine(ME)(1820, 23) Maryland(MD)§ (1788, 7) Massachusetts(MA)§ (1788, 6) Michigan(MI)(1837, 26) Minnesota(MN)(1858, 32) Mississippi(MS)(1817, 20) Missouri(MO)(1821, 24) Montana(MT)(1889, 41) Nebraska(NE)(1867, 37) Nevada (NV)(1864, 36) New Hampshire(NH) § (1788, 9) New Jersey(NJ)§(1787, 3) New Mexico(NM)(1912, 47) New York(NY)§ (1788, 11) Notth Carolina(NC) § (1789, 12) North Dakota(ND)(1889, 39) Ohio(OH) (1803, 17) Oklahoma(OK)(1803, 17) Oregon(OR)(1859, 33) Pennsylvania(PA)§ (1787, 2) Rhode Island(RI) § (1790, 13) South Carolina(SC) § (1788, 8) South Dakota(SO)(1889, 40) Tennessee(TN)(1796, 16) Texas(TX)(1845, 28) Utah(UT)(1896, 45) Vermont(VT)(1791, 14) Virginia(VA)§ (1788, 10) Washington (WA)(1889, 42) West Virginia (WV)(1863, 35) Wisconsin (WI)(1848, 30) Wyoming (WY)(1890, 44) Dist. of Columbia(DC)(1791)

Montgomery Juneau Phoenix Little Rock

Kay Ivey(R), Jan. 2021 Mike Dunleavy(R), Dec. 2022 Doug Ducey(R), Jan 2023 Asa Hutchinson(R), Jan. 2023 Gavin Newsom(D), Jan. 2023 Jared Palis(D), Jan. 2023 Ned Lamont(D), Jan. 2023 John Carney(D), Jan. 2021 Ron Desantis(R), Jan. 2023 Brian Kemp(R), Jan. 2023 David Ige(D), Dec. 2022 Brad Little(R), Jan. 2023 JB Pritzker(D), Jan. 2023 Eric Holcomb(R), Jan. 2021 Kim Reynolds(R), Jan. 2021 Laura Kelly(D), Jan. 2023 Matt Bevin(R), Dec. 2019 John Bel Edwards(D), Jan. 2020 Janet Mills(D), Jan. 2023 Larry Hogan(R), Jan. 2023 Charlie Baker(R), Jan. 2023 Gretchen Whitmer(D), Jan. 2023 Tim Walz(D), Jan. 2023 Phil Bryant(R), Dec. 2019 Mike Parson(R), Jan. 2021 Steve Bullock(D), Jan. 2021 Pete Ricketts (R), Jan. 2023 Steve Sisolak(D), Jan. 2023 Chris Sununu(R), Jan. 2023 Phil Murphy(D), Jan. 2022 Michelle L Grisham(R), Jan. 2023 Andrew Cuomo(D), Jan. 2023 Roy Cooper(D), Jan. 2021 Doug Burgum (R), Dec. 2020 Mike DeWine(R), Jan. 2023 Kevin Stitt(R), Jan. 2023 Kate Brown(D), Jan. 2023 Tom Wolf(D), Jan. 2023 Gina Raimondo(D), Jan. 2023 Henry McMaster(R), Jan. 2021 Kristi Noem(R), Jan. 2023 Bill Lee(R), Jan. 2023 Greg Abbott(R), Jan. 2023 Gary Herbett(R), Jan. 2021 Phil Scott(R), Jan. 2021 Ralph Nottham(D), Jan. 2022 Jay Inslee(D), Jan. 2021 Jim Justice(D), Jan. 2021 Tony Evers(D), Jan. 2023 Mark Gordon (R), Jan. 2023 Muriel Bowser(D), Jan. 2022 {Mayor)

Sacramento

Denver Hartford Dover Tallahassee Atlanta Honolulu Boise Springfield Indianapolis Des Moines Topeka Frankfort Baton Rouge Augusta Annapolis Boston Lansing St Paul Jackson Jefferson City Helena Lincoln Carson City Concord Trenton Santa Fe Albany Raleigh Bismarck Columbus Oklahoma City Salem Harrisburg Providence Columbia Pierre Nashville Austin Salt Lake City Montpelier Richmond Olympia Charleston Madison Cheyenne

OUTLYING TERRITORIES AND POSSESSIONS American Samoa Pago Pago Guam Hagatna Notthern Mariana Islands Saipan San Juan Puerto Rico Charlotte Amalie US Virgin Islands * States 2018 estimate; outlying territories 2018 estimate

Lalo Matalasi Moliga(I), Jan. 2021 Lou Leon Guerrero(D), Jan. 2023 Ralph Torres(R), Dec. 2019

vacant

Albert Bryan(D), Jan. 2023

Arect (sq. km)

Pop.*

135,767 1,723,337 295,234 137,732 423,967 269,601 14,357 6,446 170,312 153,910 28,313 216,443 149,995 94,326 145,746 213,100 104,656 135,659 91,633 32,131 27,336 250,487 225,163 125,438 180,540 380,831 200,330 286,380 24,214 22,591 314,917 141,297 139,391 183,108 116,098 181,037 254,799 119,280 4,001 82,933 199,729 109,153 695,662 219,882 24,906 110,787 184,661 62,756 169,635 253,335 177

4,887,871 737,438 7,171,646 3,013,825 39,557,045 5,695,564 3,572,665 967,171 21,299,325 10,519,475 1,420,491 1,754,208 12,741,080 6,691,878 3,156,145 2,911,505 4,468,402 4,659,978 1,338,404 6,042,718 6,902,149 9,995,915 5,611,179 2,986,530 6,126,452 1,062,305 1,929,268 3,034,392 1,356,458 8,908,520 2,095,428 19,542,209 10,383,620 760,077 11,689,442 3,943,079 4,190,713 12,807,060 1,057,315 5,084,127 882,235 6,770,010 28,701,845 3,161,105 626,299 8,517,685 7,535,591 1,805,832 5,813,568 577,737 702,455

199 544 464 13,790 1,910

50,826 167,772 51,994 3,294,626 106,977

Countries of the World A-Z (2.5 sq. km), Jarvis Island (4.2 sq. km), Johnston Atoll (2.5 sq. km, shared with the Defence Threat Reduction Agency), Midway Atoll (5.2 sq. km), Navassa Island (7.8 sq. km), Kingman Reef and part of Palmyra Atoll. The Aleutian Islands (17,666 sq. km) form part of the Alaskan archipelago. AMERICAN SAMOA

Territory ofAmerican Samoa Area - 199 sq. km Capital-Pago Pago; population, 49,000 (2018 est) Population- 50,826 falling at 1.35 per cent a year (2018 est) Population density- 277 per sq. km (2018) Urban population- 87.2 per cent (2018 est) Median age (years)- 26.I (2018 est) National day- I7 April (Flag Day)

American Samoa consists of the islands ofTutuila, Aunu'u, Ofu, Olosega, Ta'u, Rose Island and Swains Island. The islands were discovered by Europeans in the 18th century and the USA took possession in 1900. Those born in American Samoa are US non-citizen nationals, although some have acquired citizenship through service in the US armed forces or other naturalisation procedures. American Samoa is represented in Congress by a non-voting delegate, who is directly elected for a two-year term. Under the 1966 constitution, American Samoa has a measure of self-government, with certain powers reserved to the US Secretary of the Interior. The governor and deputy governor are directly elected for a four-year term. The bicameral legislative assembly comprises a 21-member House of Representatives (one appointed member and 20 members directly elected for a two-year term) and an 18-seat senate with members elected from among the traditional chiefs for a four year term. Tuna fishing and canning are the principal economic activities. Governor, Lalo Matalasi Moliga (D) GUAM

Guahan - Territory ofGuam Area- 544 sq. km Capital- Hagatna (also known as Agana); population,

147,000 (2018 est)

Population- 167,772 rising at 0.23 per cent a year (2018

est); Chamorro (37.3 per cent), Filipino (26.3 per cent) (est).The official languages are Chamorro (a language of the Malayo-Polynesian family with Spanish) and English; most Chamorro residents are bilingual Religion- Roman Catholic 85 per cent (est) Population density- 307 per sq. km (2018) Urban population- 94.8 per cent (2018 est) Median age (years)- 29.I (2018 est) National day- first Monday in March (Discovery Day) Guam is the largest of the Mariana Islands, in the north Pacific Ocean. A Spanish colony for centuries, it was ceded to the USA in 1898 afier the Spanish-American War. Guam was occupied by the Japanese in 1941 but was recaptured by US forces in 1944. Any person born in Guam is a US citizen. Guam is represented in Congress by a non-voting delegate, who is directly elected for a two-year term. Under the Organic Act of Guam 1950, Guam has statutory powers of self-government. The governor and lieutenant-governor are directly elected for a four-year term, renewable once. The IS-member unicameral legislature is directly elected every two years; the November 2018 election returned ten Democrats and five Republicans. The main sources of revenue are tourism (particularly from Japan) and US military spending; the military installation is one of the most strategically important US bases in the Pacific. Governor, Lourdes Leon Guerrero (D) Imports- US$707m (2014) Exports- US$41m (2014)

Trade with UK

Imports from UK Exports to UK

UNI-UNI 919

2017

£3,022,351 £87,783

2018

£3,151,911 £291,187

NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS Commonwealth ofthe Northern Manana Islands Area - 464 sq. km Seatofgovernment-Saipan; population, 51,000 (2018 est) Population- 51,994 falling at 0.52 per cent a year (2018 est);

Asian (predominantly Filipino and Chinese) (50 per cent), Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (34.9 per cent) (est) Population density- 124 per sq. km (2018) Urban population-91.6 per cent (2018 est) Median age (years)- 33.4 (2018 est) National day- 8 January (Commonwealth Day) The USA administered the Northern Mariana Islands, a group of 14 islands in the north-west Pacific Ocean, as part of a UN trusteeship until the trusteeship agreement was terminated in 1986, when the islands became a commonwealth under US sovereignty. Those resident in 1976 or subsequently born in the islands are US citizens. The islands are represented in Congress by a non-voting representative, who is directly elected for a two-year term. Under the 1978 constitution, the islands are self-governing. The governor and lieutenant governor are directly elected for a four-year term. The bicameral legislature comprises a 20-member House of Representatives and a nine-member senate; members are directly elected, representatives for two years and senators for four years. Tourism and manufacturing, especially of clothing, are the main industries. Governor, Ralph Torres (R) PUERTO RICO

Commonwealth ofPuerto Rico Area- 13,791 sq. km Capital-San Juan; population, 2,454,000 (2018 est). Other

major towns are Bayam6n, Carolina, Ponce!

Population- 3,294,626 falling at 1.7 per cent a year (2018

est)

Religion- Christian (Roman Catholic 85 per cent, Protestant

and other 15 per cent) (est)

Population density- 360 per sq. km (2018) Urban population-93.6 per cent (2018 est) Median age (years) - 42.2 (2018 est) National day- 25 July (Constitution Day) GNI- US$69,432 (2015 est); US$19,320 per capita (2013) Annual average growth of GDP - -1.8 per cent (2016 est) Puerto Rico (Rich Port) is an island of the Greater Antilles

group in the Caribbean Sea and was discovered in 1493 by Columbus. It was a Spanish possession until 1898, when it was ceded to the USA after the Spanish-American War. Residents have been US citizens since 1917, and Puerto Rico is represented in Congress by a non-voting resident commissioner, who is directly elected for a four-year term. Under its 1952 constitution, Puerto Rico is a self-governing commonwealth. The governor is directly elected for a four year term. Ricardo Rossell6 resigned as governor in July 2019 after leaked text messaged showed him using homophobic and misogynistic language, which provoked widespread protests. The bicameral legislative assembly consists of a 27member senate and a 51-member House of Representatives, whose members serve four-year terms. Tourism, pharmaceuticals, electronics, clothing and food processing are the main economic activities. In May 20I7, Puerto Rico filed for the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history having accrued a US$70bn debt over ten years of recession, while an overwhelming majority of voters backed a plebiscite in June

The North and South Poles

944

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH As at May 2019 there were 20 nations with open year-round, permanently manned, research stations in Antarctica: Country

Number af research stat:ions 6 5 4 3 3 2 *2 2 2 t2

Argentina Russia Chile Australia USA China France India South Korea UK

Brazil, Italy (*shared with France), Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine and Uruguay each have a single station. Germany has Neumeyer III and also operates the Antarctic Receiving Station (GARS) at the Chilean O'Higgins base. The British Antarctic Survey's (BAS) Halley research station (t), normally a year-round research facility, is temporarily operating as a seasonal facility, closing for the 2019 Antarctic winter. A series of remote monitoring systems have been set up to allow the facility to run autonomous experiments so that data collection is not interrupted while the station is unmanned. The seasonal status of the station is due to the discovery of a crack in the Brunt Ice Shelf, which originally forced the station to relocate 23km (14.3 miles) inland in

March 2017. Until it is established that the shelf is safe for year-round occupation, BAS will not over-winter at Halley; the station is due to re-open in November 2019. ANTARCTIC LAW The Antarctic Treaty was signed on 1 December 1959 when 12 states (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, South Africa, the UK and the USA) pledged to promote scientific and technical cooperation unhampered by politics. The signatories agreed to establish free use of the Antarctic continent for peaceful scientific purposes; freeze all territorial claims and disputes in the Antarctic; ban all military activities in the area; and prohibit nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste. The Antarctic Treaty was defined as covering areas south of latitude 60 ° S., excluding the high seas but including the ice shelves, and came into force in 1961. The treaty provides that any member of the UN can accede to it and, to date, has since been signed by a further 42 states. In 1998 an extension to the treaty came into effect, placing a 50-year ban on mining, oil exploration and mineral extraction in Antarctica, and stipulating that all tourists, explorers and expeditions now require permission to enter the Antarctic from a relevant national authority. In recent years the region's coastal states have asserted often conflicting claims to oil- and gas-rich territory on the Antarctic seabed. Under the terms of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, each nation's sovereignty over its continental shelf extends up to 350 nautical miles beyond its territorial coasts; the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is examining evidence submitted in support of these claims.

BRITISH CLAIM

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1 Wednesday 2 Thursday 3 Friday 4 Saturday 5 Sunday & Monday 7 Tuesday 8 Wednesday 9 Thursday 10 Friday 11 Saturday 12 Sunday

day 92 93 94 95 96

The first weather observation satellite, Tiros 1 is launched 1960 Robert Watson-Watt, Scottish physicist, is granted a patent for radar technology 1935 Virgil Grissom, astronaut, part of the original 'Mercury Seven' (1959) b. 1926 Challenger space shuttle begins its maiden voyage 1983 Vincenzo Viviani, disciple of Galileo Galilei, who first measured the speed of sound b. 1622 Eary Bird becomes the first commercial communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous orbit 1965

Radar signals are bounced off the Sun 1959 David Rittenhouse, who calculated the distance to the Sun b. 1732 Space shuttle Endeavour is launched on an I !-day mission 1994 Scottish physicist Sir John Leslie, who first created artificial ice b. 1766 The Ryan-X 13 - Vertije, the first jet to take off and land vertically, completes a full flight 1957 Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man to travel into space 1961

13 Monday

week 14 day 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Robert Watson-Watt, inventor of radar technology b. 1892 Chtistiaan Huygens, mathematician, astronomer and physicist d. 1629 15 Wednesday Leonardo da Vinci, polymathic artist, engineer and scientist b. 1452 16 Thursday Isaac Newton is knighted by Q!leen Anne at Trinity College, London 1705 17 Friday Apollo 13 lands safely on Earth afier suffering a major malfunction while en route to the Moon 1970 18 Saturday Albert Einstein is awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his theories of relativity d. 1955 19 Sunday Soviet Union launches the first space station, Skylab 1971

week 15 day 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

20 Monday

The Hubble Space Telescope is launched 1990 Pioneer 10 space probe travels beyond Pluto's orbit 1983 Heber Curtis and Harlow Shapley debate whether spiral nebulae are part of galaxies separate to ours 1920

week 16 day 111 112 113 114 115 116 117

The last telemetry from Pioneer 10 is received 2002 Denis Tito becomes the first paying passenger to go into space 2001 Harold Urey, scientist and key figure in developing the atomic bomb b. 1893 J. J. Thomson announces his discovery of the first subatomic particle, the electron 1897

week 17 day 118 119 120 121

14 Tuesday

21 Tuesday 22 Wednesday 23 Thursday 24 Friday 25 Saturday 26 Sunday 27 28 29 30

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Marie Curie, physicist and chemist, isolates the radioactive element radium 1902 Crew from Apollo 16 land in the previously unexplored Descartes Highlands area of the Moon 1972 Robert Oppenheimer, theoretical physicist, known as the father of the atomic bomb b. 1904 Max Planck, physicist who fortnulated the quantum theory of radiation b. 1858

ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA

1 2 3 4 7 7 15 16 24 26 28 29

3 19 18 19 9 5 4 11 3

CONSTELLATIONS

Galilean moons all to the west of Jupiter Juno at opposition (Mag. +9.5) Galiliean moons all to the west of Jupiter Regulus 4 ° south of the Moon Moon at closest perigee (356,906 km ) Juno 3 ° north of the Moon ° Saturn 2 north of the Moon Mars 2 ° north of the Moon Galilean moons all to the east of Jupiter Vesta 0.14 ° south of the Moon Venus at greatest brilliancy Galilean moons all to the east of Jupiter

MINIMA OF ALGOL d

3 6 9 12

14.7 11.6 8.4 5.2

15 17 20 23

2.0 22.8 19.7 16.5

26 29

13.3 10.1

The following constellations are near the meridian at

24 March 15 21 April 16 23 20 March May 1 22 16 19 April May Cepheus (below the Pole), Cassiopeia (below the Pole), Ursa Major, Leo Minor, Leo., Sextans, Hydra and Crater THE MOON

Phase, Apsidts and Node

0 First Qyarter

•

0 Full Moon 0 Last Q!tarter New Moon 0 First Q!tarter

1 8 14 23 30

10 2 22 2 20

7 18 Perigee (356,906 km)* 20 19 Apogee (406,462 km) * Closest of the year ° Mean longitude of the ascending node on 1st, 93

21 35 56 26 38 9 0

1126

Time and Space

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM The Earth's main magnetic field corresponds approximately to that of a very strong small bar magnet near the centre of the Earth, but with appreciable smooth spatial departures. The origin of the main field is generally ascribed to electric currents associated with fluid motions in the Earth's core. As a result not only does the main field vary in strength and direction from place to place, but also with time. Superimposed on the main field are local and regional anomalies whose magnitudes may in places approach that of the main field; these are due to the influence of mineral deposits in the Earth's crust. A small proportion ofthe field is of external origin, mostly associated with electric currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The configuration of the external field and the ionisation of the atmosphere depend on the incident particle and radiation flux from the Sun. There are, therefore, short-term and non-periodic as well as diurnal, 27-day, seasonal and approximate I I -year periodic changes in the magnetic field, dependent upon the position ofthe Sun, the degree of solar activity and the magnetic field embedded in the solar wind. A magnetic compass points along the horizontal component of a magnetic line of force. These lines of force converge on the 'magnetic dip-poles', the places where the Earth's magnetic field is vertical. These poles move with time, and their present approximate adopted mean positions are 86.4 ° N., 169.8 ° E. and 64.1° S., 135.8 ° E. Compasses do not point directly, ie via great circle routes, to the dip-poles. There is also a 'magnetic equator', at all points of which the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field is zero and a magnetised needle remains horizontal. This line runs between 2 ° and 12 ° north of the geographical equator in Asia and Africa, turns sharply south in the Atlantic Ocean and crosses South America south ofthe geographical equator; it re-crosses the geographical equator in mid-Pacific. Reference has already been made to secular changes in the Earth's field. The following table indicates the changes in magnetic declination (or variation of the compass relative to true north). Magnetic variation or declination is the angle in the horizontal plane between the direction of true north and that in which a magnetic compass points. Similar, though much smaller, changes have occurred in 'dip' or magnetic inclination. Secular changes differ throughout the world. London {Greenwich)

1580 1622 1665 1730 1773 1850

11° 5° I 13 ° 21° 22 ° 0

15' 56' 22' 00' 09' 24'

E. E. w. w. w. w.

1900 16 ° 29' w. 1925 130 10' w. 1950 90 07' w. 1975 60 39' w. 1998 30 32' w.

In Great Britain, lines of equal declination (isogonics) now run approximately north-northeast to south-southwest. Though there are considerable local deviations due to geological causes, an approximate value of magnetic declination may be obtained by assuming that at 50 ° N. on the meridian ofGreenwich, the value in 2020 is 0 ° 32' east. Easterly declination is now being sensed for the first time in over 350 years as the zero isogonic line (the agonic line) passes westwards across the country. Allowing for I O' west for each degree oflatitude northwards and one of26' west for each degree oflongitude westwards magnetic variation can be computed at other locations. For example, at 53 ° N., 5 ° W.,

declination will be about 0 ° 32' east+ 30' west+ 130' west, ie 2 ° 8' west. The average annual change at the present time is about 13' to the east. For navigation by compass using maps with the north lines from the British National Grid (as opposed to lines of equal longitude), account has to be taken of the difference between true north and grid north. This angle can be several degrees. The number of magnetic observatories is about 170, irregularly distributed over the globe. There are three in the UK, run by the British Geological Survey: at Hartland, north Devon; at Eskdalemuir, Dumfries and Galloway; and at Lerwick, Shetland Islands. Some recent annual mean values of the magnetic elements for Hartland: Year

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2018

Declination West

9 9 7 6 4

58.8 06.5 43.8 15.0 43.6 43.9

Dip or inclinatzon

66 66 66 66 66 65

43.9 26.1 10.3 09.7 06.9 58.7

Horizontal intensity nT

18707 19033 19330 19539 19508 19792

Vertzi:al intensity nT

43504 43636 43768 43896 44051 44407

nT = nanoTesla

The magnetic field is also observed by a series of specialised satellites, the latest being a mission called Swarm. Three satellites were successfully launched by the European Space Agency in November 2013, each equipped with magnetometers and star cameras for accurate orientation. With the data from these satellites the Earth's magnetic field and its changes in time continue to be mapped to unprecedented accuracy. Reliance on the Earth's magnetic field for navigation by compass is not restricted to land, maritime or aeronautical navigation (in the latter two usually as a fail-safe back-up system). It also extends underground with the oil industry using magnetic survey tools when drilling well-bores. Very accurate estimates of the local magnetic field are required for this, taking into account the crustal and external fields. MAGNETIC STORMS Occasionally, sometimes with great suddenness, the Earth's magnetic field is subject for several hours to marked disturbance. During a severe storm in October 2003 the declination at Eskdalemuir changed by over 5 ° in six minutes. In many instances such disturbances are accompanied by widespread displays of auroras, marked changes in the incidence ofcosmic rays, an increase in the reception of'noise' from the Sun at radio frequencies, and rapid changes in the ionosphere and induced electric currents within the Earth. These can adversely affect satellite operations, telecommunications and electric power transmission systems. The disturbances are caused by changes in the stream of ionised particles which emanates from the Sun and through which the Earth is continuously passing. Some of these changes are associated with visible eruptions on the Sun, usually in the region ofsun-spots. There is some tendency for disturbances to recur after intervals of about 2 7 days, the period ofrotation ofthe Sun on its axis as seen from the Earth. But the sources of many disturbances are shorter lived than this. Predicting such disturbances with any useful accuracy remains challenging, but the year 2020 is generally expected to be rather quiet.

Human Development 1141

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT All members of the human race belong to one species of animal, Homo sapiens, the definition of a species being in biological terms that its members can interbreed and produce viable offspring. As a species of mammal it is possible to group humans with other similar types, known as the primates. Among these is found a sub-group, the apes, which includes, in addition to humans, the chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and gibbons. All lack a tail, have shoulder blades at the back, and a Y-shaped chewing pattern on the surface of their molars, as well as showing the more general primate characteristics of four incisors, a thumb which is able to touch the fingers of the same hand, and finger and toe nails instead of claws. However, there once lived creatures, now extinct, which were closer to modern man than the chimpanzees and gorillas and which shared modern man's characteristics: flat faces (ie the absence of a pronounced muzzle), being bipedal, and possessing large brains. Debate surrounding evidence for the oldest human ancestors is ongoing. The earliest putative hominin for which there is significant fossil evidence is Ardipithecus ramidus, for which an almost complete skeleton, dating to at least 4.4 million years ago (Mya), was discovered in the Afar Rift, Ethiopia in 1992. Analysis of the skeleton suggests the creature had both human and ape characteristics; the ability to climb trees and walk on two feet. The subsequent Australopithecines have left more numerous remains in south and east Africa, among which sub-groups may be detected. Living between about 4.2 and 2.0 Mya, they were relatives of modern humans in the respect that they walked upright, did not have an extensive muzzle and had similar types of pre-molars. The first australopithecine remains were recognised at Taung in South Africa in 1924 and named Australopithecus africanus, dating between 3.3 and 2.3 Mya. The most impressive discovery was made at Hadar, Ethiopia, in 197 4 when about half a skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis, known as 'Lucy', was found. Some 3.2 Mya, 'Lucy' (who is now considered to be male) certainly walked upright. Lomekwi 3, a site in Kenya, has recently produced stone tools that date back to 3.3 Mya. These are judged most likely to have been manufactured by an australopithecine known as Kenyanthropus platyops, which had a brain size comparable to a modern chimpanzee. This discovery means that the emergence of modified stone technology can now be associated with hominins in general, rather than being a specifically human trait. It also means that the beginning of the Palaeolithic - or Old Stone Age - which commences with the appearance of stone technology, has also been pushed back to 3.3 Mya. Homo handiwork can still be discerned in the creation of Oldowan stone tools, which first appeared about 2.6 Mya. The most famous site associated with these implements is Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. There, and elsewhere in east Africa, lived a hominin group between 2.6 and 1.5 Mya, which walked upright, had a flat face, and a large brain case. Due to their distinctive characteristics, they have been grouped as a separate sub-species, now extinct, of the genus Homo and are known as Homo habilis or 'handy man'. Also during this period hominins seem to have begun expanding into the world beyond Africa, with stone tools from Shangchen in China recently dated to as far back as 2.1 Mya. The use of fire is traditionally associated with another group of extinct hominins dating to about 1.8 Mya, whose remains are found in south and east Africa, China, Indonesia, north Africa and Europe. Homo ergaster in Africa and Homo erectus in Asia are the names given to this group of fossils and they relate to a number of famous individual discoveries, eg Solo Man, Heidelberg Man, and especially Peking Man who lived

at the cave site at Choukoutien, which has yielded possible evidence of the controlled use of fire, although its interpretation is contested. The well-known group the Neanderthals, or Homo neanderthalensis, is an extinct human species that appeared over 430,000 years ago and survived until c.40,000 years ago, spanning the last Ice Age and living alongside modern humans. The Neanderthals' ability to adapt to the cold climate on the edge of the ice-sheets is one of their characteristic features, with remains found only in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Complete Neanderthal skeletons were discovered during excavations at Tabun in Israel, together with evidence of tool-making and the use of fire. Experiments with replica 300,000-year-old spears found in Schiiningen, Germany, demonstrated they functioned as effective javelins, with an accurate range of about 20m. Neanderthals were distinguished by very large brains, and it seems that they developed recognisable social customs, including mortuary rites. Why the Neanderthals became extinct is not clear, but it may be connected with climatic change at the end of the Ice Ages, which would have disrupted their food supplies, or finding themselves in direct competition with Homo sapiens for such resources. One fascinating discovery is that a piece of bone recovered in Russia in 2012 and dating back about 90,000 years, contains a genome sequence revealing that the mother was a Neanderthal, while the father belonged to a different hominin group: the Denisovans. As for Homo sapiens, current research is moving away from the traditional model of a single ancestor population living somewhere in Africa. Instead, different characteristics and tools appear to have emerged in different regions at different times within Africa. It is possible that this is a product of the dynamic African climate, which would periodically cut off groups, promoting periods of local adaptation. This was followed by opportunities to exchange genetic material when the climate became more amenable and these groups were reunited. Fossils found in Morocco seemingly push the appearance of early Homo sapiens back to around 300,000 years ago. In England, the shin bone of Boxgrove Man found in 1993 -Homo heidelbergemis-and the Swanscombe skull are the best known early human fossil remains. Some specialists prefer to group Swanscombe Man (or, more probably, woman) together with the Steinheim skull from Germany, seeing both as a separate sub-species. Anatomically modern humans - Homo sapiens saptem ('doubly wise man') - had evolved to our present physical condition and had colonised much of the world by about 40,000 years ago. There are many previously distinguished individual specimens, eg Cromagnon Man, the first early Homo saptem sapiens of the European Upper Palaeolithic. Discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 has come to have a profound effect upon the study of human evolution. For example, it was claimed in 1987 that a common ancestor of all human beings was a person who lived in Africa some 200,000 years ago, thus encouraging the 'out of Africa' theory of migration from east Africa to the Middle East and then throughout the world. Today, DNA analyses are ensuring that the field of human evolution is a fast-moving subject. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT The Three Age system, whereby prehistory was divided into a Stone Age, a Bronze Age and an Iron Age, was devised by Christian Thomsen, curator of the National Museum of Denmark in the early 19th century, to facilitate the classification of the museum's collections. The adjectives referred to the materials from which implements and weapons were made and came to be regarded as the dominant features of the societies to which they related. The Three Age system

Tides and Tidal Predictions 1143

TIDES AND TIDAL PREDICTIONS Tides are the periodic rise and fall of the sea-level caused mainly by the gravitational pull ofthe Moon and the Sun. This generates the tide raising force (TRF), of which the Moon accounts for around 70 per cent and the Sun 30 per cent. When the Moon and the Sun are in line with the Earth they are said to be 'in conjunction' or syzygy and their TRFs combine. This produces the largest rise and fall ofthe tide, known as spring tides; they occur each month just after a full or new Moon. This is amplified, about once every 18 months, when coincident with the Moon at perigee (its closest point to the Earth); giving rise to very high proxigean tides. The opposite effect, just after the Moon's first and last quarters, when the Sun and Moon are at an angle of90 ° , produces neap tides, with a relatively small tidal range between high and low water. There is an 18.6-year interval between the astronomical conditions - the Sun and Moon aligning with the Earth at perigee with zero declination - which generates the maximum TRF. Within this cycle there are times when zero solar declination (equinox) and lunar perigee occur almost simultaneously with zero lunar declination. This will next occur on 8 April 2020. A lunar day is about 24 hours and 50 minutes, giving two complete tidal cycles, with about 12 hours, 25 minutes between successive high waters. These are known as semi diurnal tides and are applicable in the Atlantic Ocean and around the coasts of north-west Europe. Other parts of the world have diurnal tides, with only one high water and one low water each (lunar) day, or mixed tides which are partly diurnal and partly semi-diurnal. Land and seabed conditions influence the tides locally. Owing to resonance created by the narrowing funnel of the English Channel as the tide rises, double high waters occur between Swanage and Selsey Bill on the south coast ofEngland and low water is much more sharply defined than high water. Tides can also be greatly affected by the Coriolis force, which is induced by the Earth's rotation and, in the northern hemisphere, tends to deflect any moving object to the right. Thus, the easterly flood tidal stream in the English Channel is deflected towards the French coast causing higher high waters; on the ebb the opposite happens - lower low waters. This, coupled with local geography, means that the mean spring range ofthe tide at St Malo is nearly 11m while the range on the English coast at Portland, 120 miles to the north, is a mere 2m. Meteorological conditions such as prolonged strong winds and unusually high (or low) atmospheric pressure can significantly lower (or raise) the height ofthe tide; the drag of the wind alone (wind stress) can affect the predicted times of high and low water by as much as an hour. Variation of pressure by 34 millibars from the norm can cause a height difference of0.3m. STORM SURGES AND SEICHES On the east and west coasts ofthe UK there are about 20 events each year when surge levels exceed 0.6m. The semicentennial surge is Im in the Hebrides and at Land's End and up to 3m in the Thames estuary. Infreq uently, surge peaks coincide with high water; the North Sea and Thames estuary experience the most profound effects, often when a deep depression tracks south-easterly across the UK. Negative surges occur when strong southerly winds in the North Sea lower tidal levels by 2m below prediction in these areas and the Dover Strait. Intense minor depressions, line squalls, or other abrupt changes in the weather can cause wave oscillations known as seiches. The wave period ofa seiche varies from minutes to two hours,

with heights ofup to a metre. Wick on the north-east coast of Scotland and Fishguard in south-west Wales are particularly prone to these. TIDAL STREAMS Tidal streams are the horizontal movements ofwater caused by the rise and fall of the tide. They normally change direction about every six hours. Tidal streams should not be confused with ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, which run continuously in the same direction. The rate, or set, of the stream at any particular place is proportional to the range of the tide. Thus, the rate during spring tides is greater than that at neaps. In the central English Channel the maximum spring rate is nearly 5 knots while the neap rate at the same position is just 3 knots. As with tidal heights, local geography plays a significant role in the rate of the tidal stream. In the narrow waters of the Pentland Firth between mainland Scotland and the Orkney Islands, rates of 16 knots have been recorded. The tidal stream does not necessarily turn at the same time as high or low water. In the English Channel the stream turns at approximately high and low water at Dover. However, high water at Dover is at about the same time as low water at Plymouth, and vice versa. Around the UK, the main flood tidal stream sets eastward up the English Channel, north-east into the Bristol Channel, and north up the west coasts oflreland and Scotland. However, the flood sets south-east through the North Channel and south into the Irish Sea, where it meets the northerly flood through St George's Channel at the Isle ofMan. Off the east coasts of Scotland and England the stream sets south as far as the Thames estuary before meeting the north-going stream from the eastern part ofthe Dover Strait. DEFINITIONS

Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) are the highest and lowest tide

levels predicted to occur under average meteorological, and any combination ofastronomical, conditions. For a given area, Chart Datum (CD) is the level, as close as possible to LAT, below which charted depths are given. It is also the reference for tidal predictions: the total depth at a given time being equal to the charted depth plus the height of the tide. Ordnance Datum (OD) at Newlyn is the datum level ofland survey on mainland England, Scotland and Wales, from which heights on UK land maps are measured. CD depends on the tidal range and varies around the UK from about Sm above OD to 6.Sm below. Duration ofthe tide is the interval between low water and the next high water. It can be used to calculate the approximate time of low water when only the time of high water is known. Mean Sea Level (MSL or ML) is the average level ofthe sea's surface over a long period, normally observed over 18.6 years. The Range of the tide is the difference in height between successive high and low waters. It is greatest at spring tides, least at neaps. The range may be indicated by Tidal Coefficients which are proportional to, but not the same as, the range on a particular day. A coefficient of 95 indicates an average spring tide; 45 is an average neap tide. TIDAL PREDICTIONS The following data gives the daily GMT and height of high water at four ports. When BST applies the one hour time difference should be added. The datum of predictions is the difference ofheight, in metres, of CD from OD. Compiled with the assistance of Chris Stevens and Perrin Towler. Tidal predictions © Crown Copyright and/ or database rights. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of HM Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (W www.gov.uk/ukho).

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