Sand tectonics - AADRL - 2009-2011- Thesis book by AHMED Hussein

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION DESIGN RESEARCH LAB 2009-2011 V.13 PROTO-DESIGN / PROTO-TECTONICS PHASE 2 TUTORS : Yusuke Obuchi + Robert Stuart-smith

TERRI-FORM AHMED ABOUELKHEIR BEHDAD SHAHI JIAH LEE JUNYI WANG

35 Any granular material falling from a fixed point forms a cone on the surface below and a funnel within the granulate mass with the same angle of inclination, the “natural” angle of repose, 35 degree.

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION DESIGN RESEARCH LAB 2009-2011 V.13 PROTO-DESIGN / PROTO-TECTONICS PHASE 2 TUTORS : Yusuke Obuchi + Robert Stuart-smith

TERRI-FORM AHMED ABOUELKHEIR BEHDAD SHAHI JIAH LEE JUNYI WANG

CONTENTS

PROLOGUE

INTRODUCTION

THESIS

1.1 PROLOGUE 1.2 INTRODUCTION MATERIAL SYSTEM

2.1 MATERIAL SYSTEM 2.1.1 DISTRIBUTION 2.1.2 SOLIDIFICATION 2.1.3 DISSOLUTION

2.2 MATERIAL EXPERIMENT

2.2.1 DISTRIBUTION 2.2.2 SOLIDIFICATION 2.3 ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUES

2.3.1 ALIGNMENT 2.3.2 BACK TO BACK 2.3.3 OFFSET 2.4 MATERIAL TEST 2.4.1 SAND TYPES 2.4.2 SALT TYPES 2.4.3 HYBRID MATERIAL 2.4.4 OPERATION TIME-FRAME 2.4.5 COLOR AND TEXTURE

TERRI-FORM

TECTONIC SYSTEM

3.1 DESIGN SYSTEM 3.1.1 GEOMETRY ARTICULATION 3.1.2 FUNCTION OF PARAMETERS 3.1.3 CONTROL OF PARAMETERS 3.1.4 MICRO-SCALE PATTERN 3.1.5 CHUNK

3.2 ON-SITE FABRICATION SYSTEM

132

190

5.1 SITE 5.1.1 SITE DESIGN PRE-ASSUMPTION 5.1.2 SITE DESIGN STRATEGY 5.1.3 SITE DEISGN

192

5.2 PUBLIC SPACE

208

5.3 ACCOMODATION SPACE

212

5.3.1 SPATIAL RESEARCH 5.3.2 CORRIDOR DISTRIBUTION 5.3.3 DISTRIBUTION ON SITE 5.3.4 STANDARD TYPE

3.2.1 SCALE PROPOSALS 3.2.2 FABRICATION TECHNIQUE 3.2.3 FABRICATION PROCESS 3.2.4 PHYSICAL IMPLEMENTATION 3.2.5 FACTORY IN DRL SCENARIO

DESIGN PROPOSAL

5.4 FABRICATION SCENARIO

228

170

4.1 PROTO-SCENARIO 4.1.1 MATERIAL LIFE CYCLE 4.1.2 BUILDING LIFE CYCLE 4.1.3 PROTO-SCENARIO

172

4.2 PROPOSED SCENARIO 4.2.1 NEWEIBA CITY 4.2.2 ECO-RESORT

180

APPENDIX

236

The book on hand is the progress document of one year studio in AADRL, being presented at the end of Phase II, Februrary 2011 ,beginning with an introduction to studio agenda and proposing our statement which set out a research framework for our project. It includes analogue and digital investigations and introduces our prototypical system to be examined in the area of architectural applications.

35 DEGREE As one of four studio teams in ProtoTectonics agenda, presented by Yusuke Obuchi and Robert Stuart-Smith in Design Research Lab v.13, â&#x20AC;&#x153;35 DEGREEâ&#x20AC;? is comprised of four students: Ahmed Abouelkheir(Egypt), Behdad Shahi(Iran), Jiah Lee(South Korea) and Junyi Wang(China) gathered together for a collective one-year project towards Masters in Architecture and Urbanism.

TERRI-FORM

Ahmed Abouelkheir

Behdad Shahi

Jiah Lee

Junyi Wang

AA DRL The DRL(Design Research Lab) is a 16-month post-professional design programme leading to a masters of architecture and urbanism (MArch) degree. The DRL investigates digital and analogue forms of computation in the pursuit of systemic design applications that are scenario- and time-based. Considering controls systems as open acts of design experimentation, the design research lab examines production processes as active agents in the development of proto-design systems.

COURSE STRUCTURE Four terms of study are divided into two phases. phase I, a three-term academic year beginning each Autumn, introduces design techniques and topics through a combination of team-based studio, workshop and seminar courses. In phase II, beginning the following Autumn, teams carry forward their phase I work in the form of comprehensive thesis design projects.

TERRI-FORM

DESIGN RESEARCH AGENDA : PROTO-DESIGN During phase I, Proto Design, investigates digital and material forms of computational prototyping. Parametric and generative modelling techniques are coupled with physical computing and analogue experiments to create dynamic feedback processes. New forms of spatial organisation will be explored that are not type- or context-dependent. The aim is to detect scenarios that challenge the parameter-identification that allows systems to evolve as ecologies of machines, as material and computational regulating systems, towards an architecture that is both adaptive and hyper-specific. The iterative methodologies of the design studio will focus on the investigation of spatial, structural and material organisation, engaging in contemporary discourses on computation and materialisation in the disciplines of architecture and urbanism. ProtoDesign systems developed in phase I will be tested in site-specific testing scenarios in phase II. Theodore Spyropoulos’ studio, Digital Materialism, examines behaviour as a catalyst to explore adaptive and deployable models. Yusuke Obuchi and Robert Stuart-Smith’s studio, Proto Tectonics, looks at architecture as a product that

can be involved in its production process and add value to itself. And Patrik Schumacher and Christos Passas’s studio, Proto-Tower, is focusing on the design of inherently adaptive, parametric proto-types that intelligently vary general topological schemata across a wide range of parametrically specifiable site-conditions and briefs. Alisa Andrasek’s studio, Agentware, is exploring the potential of rewriting material agency via the agency of information. Marta Malé-Alemany’s studio machinic control, examines architectural design processes incorporating novel digital fabrication. STUDIO BRIEF PROTO-TECTONICS Our studio brief presented by Yosuke Obuchi and Robert Stuart-Smith remarks the relationship between architecture and production, trying to alter the comprehension of architecture as a production of signature and iconic building to become part of the value of the products being produced. Throughout its approach, an architecture of production engages with a significant socio-cultural determinants and negotiates Zeconomic and environmental fluctuations in addition to material production. In other words, the attempt in this agenda would

be placing itself around a type of architecture that adds or reduces the value of products depending on how it engages with being part of the rest of the world, wherein it yields sort of material system that could integrate with its context and relative environmental forces. Tectonic logic is to be understood as an emergent property comprising both part-to-whole and reversed hierarchies and relationships within itself and includes required design decision making in a wide range from micro-scale to macro-scale of the system. The issue of time in terms of architecture’s life-span or in other words life-cycle is one of the significant cores of our brief that brings the most important challenge for us to engage with.“Place of Production”,(hesitantly “factories” for the lack of a better word), is what our typology of architecture has been entitled ,wherein architecture rather than being a product alone, becomes an interface between socio-cultural, tectonic and natural systems.

design ecology. The studio attempted to extend the research into complex systems by developing design logics and strategies for the life-cycle of the buildings through means of production, consumption and reproduction.

We were asked to investigate : - Life-cycle of designed products (including buildings) as a case study - Readily available materials that exhibit phase-changing properties and to construct a series of prototypes that harness their potential as possible building materials as well as investigate their potential fabrication processes - Generate families of variations through non-linear design processes that privilege the self-organization of built material.

In summary, Proto-Tectoncs explores how non-linear design processes may be instrumentalised to generate a temporal architecture with a designed life-cycle. Seen as a recursive process of productions and consumptions, the research aims to contribute to contemporary experimentations on the topic of

STATEMENT “TERRI-FORM” is a material based design research that proposes a self-organisational model of material formation that generates a temporal architecture with a designed life-cycle. TERRIFORM is an eco-resort on the red sea that has been designed through a zerowaste formative process whose architecture reorganises materials naturally available on the site and redistributes these back into its environment at the end of its cycle. The research proposes a time-based architecture through a tectonic system that extends Frei Otto’s research of sand formations using sand’s natural angle of repose. Formations are hardened as a surface through the phase changing properties of a saline solution which crystallises when cooled, bonding with the sand. An on site fabrication process allows for an annual re-territorialisation of the site by creating a temporary architecture that endures for eight months until the rainy season ensures its dissolution into the landscape. The materiality and spatial qualities of the project are based on the conical geometries generated through the gravitational process of sand formation.

TERRI-FORM

P R O L O G U E

ARCHITECTURE : from Product to Autopoietic System From a pragmatical viewpoint, despite diverse informational and technological revolutions and by observing the evolution of different organisms in nature and configuration of network societies that has caused tangible changes in cultural, political and social aspects and eclipsed individual lives from sentimental and emotional issues to the ones related to production and consumption and acquisition of everydayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs, architecture and buildings are still regarded as products being manufactured out of producing process called design and construction. Performed attempts by designers or investors and owners for giving eternity to an architectural piece have been more for eternizing the piece, the designers, the owners or the memories rather than for a kind of architecture

that can gain, revive and immortalize itself over time. Maintenance of old valuable buildings and the energy being consumed to sustain and revive them, that occasionally accompanies with changing their functions or even their identity, implies the point that the architectural piece is passing its certain lifetime and eventually, by ending of the desire and request, the life of it will began to end. Several recent researches in different fields like biology, physics and chemistry and humanism in order to discover the basis and the reality of diverse phenomena in all of them have entirely changed the insight of the scientists and researchers about the ways of existing and lives of organisms. Nowadays, phenomena and organisms are not being regarded individually or abstractly, but for gaining knowledge of every organâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior and its methods of living and survival, the state in which they are situated among a system, composed of highly inter-connected organisms and also the relations between all of them is being taken into account. Scientists are trying to search complex systems that have been discovered to be impressed by relatively in-complex rules and connections through their agents.

Sort of systems that characteristics like complexity, self-organization and selfproduction in them, are the enigmatic and crucial issues for their existence, performance and survival. The emphasis in our research is on the necessity of a shift in contemplating architecture from looking at it as a product to considering it as self-organized and self-produced kind of system that evolves and provides its existence during time. Firstly, production and consumption and their definitions in recent societies and social, political and economical factors effective on them will be explained briefly. Secondly, it has been tried to point up some descriptions about self-organizational systems and to put forward some examples of them in nature. And finally, the main purpose of this introduction is going into this question that how architecture can acquire a value in a system of production and consumption and reproduction -that is always organizing and re-organizing itself- (by being part of the process), instead of being regarded as an abstract final output of a production process and as a mere product ready to be used during certain life-span of it.

TERRI-FORM

Eco Building Rebuilds Itself using Robotic Arms and Eco Power

THE NETWORK SOCIETY “We are living in a moment of unprecedented complexity, when things are changing faster than our ability to comprehend them…To understand our time, we must understand what makes this moment different from any other.” Declaring this statement in his book; The Moment of Complexity: Emerging Network Culture, Professor Mark C. Taylor’s aim is to alter conceptions about recent rapid changes happening in communities which have been affecting human’s life extensively, particularly after the World Wars and during past few decades. For some, changes in our recent era could be a shift from industrialism to post-industrialism, whereas for some others might be from modernism to post-modernism and still for others it is a replacement of market capitalism with multinational and informational capitalism. Regardless of how these changes are being called, they are inseparable from the explosive development of cybernetics, information and technologies and it is significant to be thoroughly knowledgeable about ever-developing and ever-modifying definitions and roles of information flows in The Network Society.

As Professor Taylor cites; “Information is not limited to data transmitted on wireless or fiber-optic networks or broadcast on media networks. Many physical, chemical and biological processes are also information processes. This expanded notion of information makes it necessary to reconfigure the relation between nature and culture in such a way that neither is reduced to the other that both emerge and co-evolve in intricate interrelations.” This information outburst has been the considerable base for emergence of complex and interrelated networks and rising network culture and network society.

The information technology revolution and its impacts on forming network societies are apparently observable in the field of production and consumption and lend the considerations from a culture of production to a culture of reproduction and interpretations such as self-production and self-organization.

According to Manuel Castells “a network is a set of interconnected nodes” and “a node is the point at which a curve intersects itself” and interpretation of node depends on the type of network we are looking at. He defines the structure of The Network society as a network-based social one which is highly dynamic, open system and susceptible to innovating without threatening its balance. Being open structure would not mean that they can expand without any limits, however, integration of new nodes could occur as long as their ability to share the same communication codes within the system.

PRODUCTION, PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, REPRODUCTION... To explore the later definitions, first, we should define the meaning of production and its related factors and their developments among the highly webbed societies. “Societies are organized around human processes structured by historically determined relationships of production, experience, and power. Production is the action of humankind on matter to appropriate and transform it for its benefit by obtaining a product, consuming part of it, and accumulating surplus for investment, to variety of socially determined goals.” and on the other hand ‘experience’ depends on human’s determinations base on biological and cultural interactions of them in relationship to its social and natural environment. Besides these two comes another

factor; the power which” imposes the will of some human subjects upon others by the potential or actual use of violence, physical or symbolic.” Therefore, societies are continuously being systematized based on alterable intersecting behavior of their agents and depend on the agents’ genetic properties and their potential adaptability to the field. Hence, in order to sustain their life over time they are engaged with successive production can be explored as a process that includes all the levels of consumption and distribution and reproduction. We also read in Deleuze and Guattari ‘s ‘Anti-oedipus’ that “everything is production: production of productions, of actions and a passions; production of recording processes, of distributions and of co-ordinates that serve as point of reference; productions of consumptions, of sensual pleasures, of anxieties, and of pain. Everything is production, since the recording processes are immediately consumed, immediately consummated, and these consumptions directly reproduced.” This meaning of the process of production incorporates recording- which mostly relates to the definition of experience- and consumption within production itself.

The product of the production process is socially used under two forms: consumption and surplus. Social structures interact with production processes by determining the rules for appropriation, distribution, and uses of surplus. These rules constitute modes of production, and these modes define social relationships of production, determining the existence of social classes that become constituted as such classes through their historical practice. All these descriptions and definitions depict that how societies are dependent on economical and socio-cultural equations and how these ever-changing equations and relationships can affect the level of expectations in societies. Therefore, the way of transactions in highly interconnected societies directly influences the kind of required spaces in urban lives which are not completely predictable in long-term time and are continuously evolving in terms of developments of societies. Back to implying the subject into architectural ground, and in order to explain the evolutional alterations in economics and social aspects of production and for clarifying their effects on architecture, it

would be more tangible if we exemplify the issue with looking back over buildings like factories and their developments before and after informational and technological explosions. Lingotto car factory in Turin, Italy is an appropriate example. This building was designed by a young architect, Mattè Trucco, in 1916 and constructed and opened in 1923. It had five floors and comprised the pro-

TERRI-FORM

Lingotto Fiat car factory in Turin

duction line of car manufacturing in its time, with raw materials going in at the ground floor, and cars built on a line that went up through the building. Finished cars emerged at rooftop level, where there was a rooftop test track. It was the largest car factory in the world at that time. For its time, the Lingotto building was avante-garde, influential and impressive – Le Corbusier called it “one of the most impressive sights in industry”, and “a guideline for town planning”. The point about this building was that the building itself had engaged into its function which was including the process of production. However, because the production line was considered as a linear process that always had same inputs and desired outputs, and by neglecting an important fact that demands would require new kinds of products that their change will directly affect the function of the space allocated for producing them, eventually, the factory was not responsive to the upcoming demands anymore and it reached to the end of its life-span after 60 years when the decision was made to finally close it in 1982. But it was not the end of the story: The closure of the plant led to much public

debate about its future, and how to recover from industrial decline in general. An architectural competition was held, which was eventually awarded to Renzo Piano, who envisioned an exciting public space for the city. The old factory was rebuilt into a modern complex, with concert halls, theatre, convention centre, shopping arcades and a prestigious hotel. The work was completed in 1989. By illustrating this instance, we are trying to highlight two main matters here : First, the notion of the life-span and life-cycle of a building, whether or not should be regarded constant for every architectural piece, and second, the essentiality of architecture to be or not to be coincident with its function and ever-changing contextual circumstances. Providing solutions for these issues may lead us to point out a kind of architecture that can be released from certain life-span and to let it be responsible for required adaptabilities to its environment. In order to approach into this agenda, looking through the production processes in self-organization systems in nature could be helpful, as nature has sustained its existence instinctively during time and inter-connected elements

in it live vigorously despite all alterations taking place among them. Therefore, natural and biological systems could be a strong inspiration for modeling a network society appropriately with the purpose of setting up a suitable basis for the next generation architectural designs. rebuilt into a modern complex, with concert halls, theatre, convention centre, shopping arcades and a prestigious hotel. The work was completed in 1989.

sustained its existence instinctively during time and inter-connected elements in it live vigorously despite all alterations taking place among them. Therefore, natural and biological systems could be a strong inspiration for modeling a network society appropriately with the purpose of setting up a suitable basis for the next generation architectural designs.

By illustrating this instance, we are trying to highlight two main matters here : First, the notion of the life-span and life-cycle of a building, whether or not should be regarded constant for every architectural piece, and second, the essentiality of architecture to be or not to be coincident with its function and ever-changing contextual circumstances. Providing solutions for these issues may lead us to point out a kind of architecture that can be released from certain life-span and to let it be responsible for required adaptabilities to its environment. In order to approach into this agenda, looking through the production processes in self-organization systems in nature could be helpful, as nature has

HOW SELF-ORGANIZATION WORKS? Self-organizing systems typically are comprised of a large number of frequently similar components or events that basically have interactions between each other. The transmission of information among them and getting positive and negative feedbacks in the system makes them fit to the conditions of their environment and perform their individual and collective roles in the system. Such systems are dynamic and the continual interactions among their lower-level components produce and maintain the structure of the overall system. And also non-linear interactions arises unexpected new properties that give emergent properties to the system that requires the agents to be adaptable and responsive to the upcoming situations. Surprisingly, all the complex behaviors and patterns emerged in group level of

the systems are generated out of some simple set of rules for each of the individuals that helps them to interact with their neighbors and decide about the reflections they need to present in their field of existence. Although the agenda of self-organization and biological systems is so wide that cannot be jammed in this paper, but the intention of bringing up this topic was showing that several studies and researches have been fulfilled to probe the natural systems in order to enrich the conceptions of future architectural projects which could solve the problems of the life-span and life– cycle and respond to the evolutionary demands and maintain the quality of the architectural pieces more appropriately over time. In this sense, architecture would be considered as a dynamic system of elements that can involve in coordination of all its surroundings and users and can play an important role to sustain its environment. Another related topic which is more or less recent in comparison with precedent subjects, is Autopoiesis through which efforts are being focused to use it practically to define some new frameworks for design strategies.

NEW TERM : Autopoiesis Autopoiesis literally means “auto (self)creation” (from the Greek: auto – αυτό for self- and poiesis – ποίησις for creation or production), and expresses a fundamental dialectic between structure and function. The term was originally introduced by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela in 1972: “An autopoietic machine is a machine organized (defined as a unity) as a network of processes of production (transformation and destruction) of components which: (i) through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate and realize the network of processes (relations) that produced them; and (ii) constitute it (the machine) as a concrete unity in space in which they (the components) exist by specifying the topological domain of its realization as such a network.” Autopoiesis is based on the way living systems address and engage with the domains in which they operate. This biologically based theory defines life as the ability to self-produce, rather than as (conventionally) the ability to reproduce. Like complexity theory it is a systems perspective, and is applicable to brains

and societies as well as to biology and artificial life. In its original form it was applied to cognition, and replaces an external objective view of this subject with an internal relativistic understanding, in terms of an embedded observer.

TERRI-FORM

The ants’ subterranean structure Escher’s ‘Drawing Hands’

In an article by Chris Locus, Autopoiesis and Co-evolution, it is stated that :“Autopoiesis, with its stress on action within an environment helps us to understand life at all levels. This relates to the situated or selected self-organization mode of complexity thought, which considers the co-evolution of system and environment. Whilst autopoiesis usually does not incorporate the complexity concept of dynamical attractors it uses the same idea of limited flexibility due to structural connectivity, along with the need to change structure if we are to develop new modes of behavior. No mechanism is generally suggested however to drive these structural changes and in this respect complexity thought goes beyond this field, allowing for internal mutation or recombination to generate emergent metastable options for subsequent testing against environmental response. Autopoiesis remains however a valuable perspective with which to understand the essential nature of the interplay between any system and its current (and ever changing) environment.” Patrick Schumacher in the introduction to his coming book, The Autopoiesis of Architecture, in his website and through his recent lectures in Architectural As

sociation declares that this agenda is a completely new agenda in architecture which can describe architecture from within architecture, and its internal condition and structure and also in its relationship to its environment. The focus of this new agenda that he has tried to bring into architectural discourses, as he states, is on architectural communications, “a gigantic, self-referentially closed parallel process”. “This new approach offers an arsenal of general comparative concepts that allow architecture - understood as distinct communicative subsystem of society to be analysed in elaborate detail while at the same time offering comparisons with other communicative subsystems of society like art, science and political discourse. On the basis of such comparisons the book insists on the necessity of disciplinary autonomy and argues for a sharp demarcation from both art and science. Design intelligence is intelligence sui generis.” Its logic, reach and limitations are included in this agenda.

CONCLUSION

they would enrich themselves over time.

All the attempts have been fulfilled in order to bring up new agendas and theories into architecture would be more valuable if we observe the implications of them in real life tangibly. A kind of effect that could help human to solve the problems of his every-day life, without which he could not have been able to do so. It is not so many years that these kinds of discourses have entered the field of architecture, however, we can see so many efforts to imply the aims and hopes of them into real projects. Until now, the most successful projects of this area might have been limited to some installations and also some intelligent bodies and facades and envelopes. But it seems crucial that enhancement and improvement of the projects based on all these novel theories takes place more appropriately by the evaluation of the feasible and practical projects after them been built. From that point on, and through these evaluations and by getting feedbacks from internal and external conditions, they can become sort of systems that would be dynamic and interactive and they can be responsive to their environment. Eventually, time would not bring them to their end, instead,

Our research commenced by looking at some analogies in the projects that have been fulfilled in this area, in which we found the exploitation of environmental materials in their production processes. The way they have faced with the materiality of their project was important for us as it comprises the notion of time and also deals with kind of self-production processes which happen naturally in environment. These instances helped us to find the way to start our material research and to concern about the availability of the materials that we want to investigate ,all will be explained in next chapters.

INTRODUCTION M A T E R I A L

L I F E - C Y C L E

LIFE-CYCLE Based on the prologue and our studio brief, we look for material life cycle as an approach to develop an add value architecture. An architecture that concerns not only about the construction process but also what after tearing down. Our intention is to develop a materialization system that can gather materials from its environment and back again as a loop system. We assume that nature is ready made toolbox of materials that needs an artificial catalyst to develop our system. Possibilities lie in natural processes of materialization. Crystallization, solidification, condensation and accumulation is among natural process of materialization processes. For example in crystallization of minerals, the minerals solidify from the liquid state and back again to liquid under certain circumstances. We look to the seashell as a materialization model, it absorbs the calcium from sea water, accumulates it gradually until it solidifies and at the end of its life cycle the shell degrades making sand beaches. Here, the seashell is not only a consumer but also a producer in the ma

terial life cycle. How could architecture be an active part of material life cycle?

BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE Architecture as a product is not a different case, the building life cycle share products the same life cycle. Construction materials are gathered from many places around the world, gathered in the site , processed to make the building and after demolition of the buildings, materials life cycle ends with disposal and landfill which cause a huge amount of building waste that increase as the building industry is going faster.

TERRI-FORM

M A T E R I A L

L I F E - C Y C L E

MATERIALIZATION PROCESS IN NATURE We look to the materialization process in nature as a reference of material lifecycle, hoe it’s gathered and returned again to its environment. Among different processes we focus on crystallization of minerals and accumulation of the seashell body. In both process material transform it’s state from liquid to solid to liquid again in loop life-cycle.

NATURAL STRATEGY : CRYSTALLIZATION The process of crystallization solidify dissolved minerals in a saturated environment, the process begins with nucleation then the material grow gradually depending on the saturation of the environment. Seashell absorbs calcium from seawater, protein cells mineralize with the calcium to form the shell. At the end of its lifecycle the shell cracks and degrade in seawater making particles of sand beaches. Snail can also obtain these materials directly from the ground.

To do so, snail will rest on a lime-rich surface, by releasing the acid slime, it can absorb dissolved calcium and carbon dioxide directly from the ground.

MOST AVAILABLE & DISTRIBUTED MATERIALS (MINERALS) In order to achieve a such process of materialization in architecture, we look to rich environment of materials like sea water and desert. The aim is to gather the material from the environment , catalyse it’s formation and after the end of the building life cycle it could be returned again to it’s environment. Seawater is a rich environment with salt in form of calcium, sodium and chloride. While desert is rich with silica in form of sand.

TERRI-FORM

PROJECTS INSPIRED BY CRYSTALLIZATION IN NATURE Mineral accretion technology is a method that applies low voltage electrical currents through seawater, causing dissolved minerals to crystallize on structures, growing into a white limestone. This material has a strength similar to concrete. The change in the environment produced by electrical currents accelerates formation of limestone rock..

TERRI-FORM

CRYSTAL CHAIR The Crystal chair by Japanese designer â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Tokujin Yoshiokaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; represents a kind of self production system in design. The production process is based on a substrate made of polyester elastomer forms the skeleton and is submerged in a tank; here grow the crystals on that substrate. The designer set up the initial condition, the substrate and the liquid crystal, then the natural process of crystallization take the role of formation. the final result is not controllable by humans and left up to nature. The process of crystallization embodies the transformation of material from liquid to solid state. Crystal life cycle between solid and liquid condition is a closed loop that catalyse by heating and cooling processes. Here we are concerned about the closed loop of material life cycle as well as self production ability of material, where crystal is able to grow up as more as the environment is saturated and able to melt again by heating up in hot water.

DUST MUSEUM It is necessary to include modern interpretations of the application of self production systems, where architecture interacts with its context and environment to grow up and build itself. The process of self production is based on both natural context and technological aspects. The B_mu tower by R&Sie(n) involved covering the building of a museum in Bangkok with an electromagnetic skin to attract the dirt from the air. The pollution becomes a tangible layer that grows like a fur on the exterior. Over time, the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skin grow up as more as its enhanced by electric current. The growth process is controlled by both natural and electric processes.

TERRI-FORM

FOG BUILDING Another example of self production from environment is he Blur Building or ‘media pavilion, by ‘Diller & Scofidio’ for Swiss Expo 2002. The pavilion is an architecture of atmosphere, a fog mass resulting from natural and manmade forces. Water is pumped from Lake Neuchatel, filtered, and shot as a fine mist through 35,000 high-pressure nozzles. A smart weather system reads the shifting climatic conditions of temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction and regulates water pressure at a variety of zones. The water fog create a continuously changing skin of the building, the continuity is controlled by a controlling system of the nozzles as well as wind n the context. A dual interaction between man made and natural forces creates a growing and over changing architecture.

T H E S I S

1.1

Contemporary patterns of production in industry and architecture bring out a large amount of material waste at the end of productâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life-cycle. Recycling or reusing strategies are merely eliminating the waste. Our Research propose these questions

- How can we prevent the waste and give the material back to its environment for a reproduction process? - If material and product life cycle are concurrent, could the building life cycle be designed by the material phase changing?

TERRI-FORM

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

MATERIAL

PRODUCTION

CONSUMPTION

WASTE

MATERIAL LIFE CYCLE

SAND AS MATERIAL - Sand has interesting phase changing properties that vary as the amount of liquid changes. It pours like a liquid when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dry, then acts like a liquid again when thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s much more liquid than sand, in between, sand is structurally stable, almost like a solid. - These phase transition meets our interest in a material that could be formed, solidified and reformed again as a medium to design the building life cycle.

OUR ARGUMENT - Our research argues that sand phase changing process can be a tool to generate a temporal architecture with a designed life cycle.

OUR INTENTION - Create onsite-prefabricated temporary ecological accommodations.

TERRI-FORM

MATERIAL SYSTEM MATERIAL SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION SOLIDIFICATION DISSOLUTION

MATERIAL EXPERIMENTS MATERIAL HARDNESS SURFACE ASSEMBLY MATERIAL SYSTEM TIME-FRAME

MATERIAL TESTS SAND TYPES SALT TYPES HYBRID MATERIAL

DISTRIBUTION

The material research study the phase changing property of sand focusing on how to distribute, solidify and dissolve the sand.

SOLIDIFICATION

TERRI-FORM

DISSOLUTION

Process of materialization and dematerialization

2.1

MATERIAL SYSTEM

2.1.1

Distribution process is based on sand self organization behaviour under the force of gravity. Frei Otto showed in his experiment with sand that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s like any granular material that fall from a fixed point. It follows the natural 35 degree angle of repose that creates a funnel on the top and a cone on the bottom with the same angle. With many holes on the base, the intersecting cones create a complex conical surface that follows the Voronoi logic. Process of making is based on a box with specified open holes on the base. Distribution of holes determines the emergent pattern as would be shown later in more details in the geometry section of this book

TERRI-FORM

Setting the Distribution Holes

Basic Fabrication Box

Fill up with Sand

35 o

Frei Ottoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experiment : Vertical Distribution Simulation

Open the Holes

Spraying Sodium Theosulphate Solution

2.1.2

S O L I D I F I C A T I O N - SOLIDIFICATION SPRAYING -

SPRAYING TECHNIQUE In order to solidify the loose sand surface, we found spraying as the best technique to maintain the surface geometry. Inspired by natural process of soil crystallization we tested different kinds of salt as a bonding material. We found that sodium thiosulphate salt is a strong adhesive for sand particles. A saturated salute solution is sprayed on the surface and starts to crystallize with sand grains to form a solid surface in few minutes. By adding more layers of sand and spraying we got up to 1 to 2 cm solid panel.

TERRI-FORM

Spraying Sodium Solution

Solidified Surface

Resprinkling Sand

Taking off Frame

Solidified thick surface

Taking off the thick Surface

Hard Surface

Taking off Frame

2.1.2

S O L I D I F I C A T I O N - MOULDING -

TERRI-FORM

MOULDING TECHNIQUE In order to use the panel as a formwork for construction we need to increase the thickness, a liquid mixture of sand and salt is moulded in between the two panels. The liquid mixture holds them together in a form of a 7 cm solid block.

2.1.3

The material goes back to nature by its ability to dissolve in water. A 1 cm surface thickness is washed away in 30 min. Water breaks down the salt crystal bonds, and return the sand back t its initial loose condition.

5 min.

Dissolution based on Time-frame

10 min.

TERRI-FORM

15 min.

20 min.

25 min.

30 min.

Dissolution experiment depending on the consentration and temperature 0 min.

30 min.

2.2

EXPERIMENTS

2.2.1

DISTRIBUTION EXPERIMENT

EXPERIMENTS ON THE TIME BASED DISTRIBUTION The sand grains trickle from the hole in a continuous process over time until a moment where a complete funnel is subtracted from the grains mass. The notion of formation over time lead us to study the opportunity of using time as a medium of formation and reformation, by means a continuous transformation of material over time. Base on that, we started to set up a multi layer vertical container, where each layer has a different pattern. Only the first box from above was filled with sand. By releasing the sand from the first box, the sand grains start to fall to the lower layer (next pattern of holes) over time up to last layer. In each moment of the process, the sand form changes continuously depending on the amount of sand and the pattern on each layer. From that experiment we got the ability of engaging time in the process of formation as a calculating device. Sand self-organization behaviour is not only a form finding technique but also a computational device that engages both time and space calculation in the same process.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE EMERGENT PATTERN A step forward experiment was to test the affect of distance between two holes on the emergent form. We tested 5 different distances to trace the moment of intersection of the two cones. At this moment the intersection between the two circles on the surface is a straight line. That simple experiment leads to the notion that the emergent pattern follows the Voronoi logic.

Multi-layered distribution plan

Multi-layered vertical distribution section

TERRI-FORM

DISTRIBUTION IN A LIMITED BOUNDARY BY PARAMETERS We tried practical demonstration. First trial was about distribution. Basically, the distribution is related to the voronoi diagram. It is a clustering which divides the realm for each point within the limited boundary like the cell division of dragon fly wing. The division was depending on the location, size and shape of holes. For example, the right-bottom two images show the difference by locations of points.

Dragonfly Wing

TERRI-FORM

2.2.2

SOLIDIFICATION EXPERIMENT

FRAGILITY The hypothesis of the first experiment was to solidify the loose sand surface, while keeping its precise intersection patterns. This was achieved by spraying a sodium sulphate salt solution. However, the resulting surface was too fragile to support itself, and deteriorated when remove from the fabrication box.

First solidified surfaces, thin & fragile

II SOLUTION CONCENTRATION II

WATER 80%

SALT 20% ( Before )

WATER 70%

SALT 30% ( After )

It was found that the solution to these fabrication problems is to change the salt solution concentration to 20- 30% salt and also to look for the best spraying bottle to afford an even spray over the surface.

Sodium Theosulphate and Sprayers

TERRI-FORM

SUCCESSFUL TRIAL As a result, the technique produced a range of 20x10 cm thin transparent surfaces.

Despite of the relative strength of these resulting surfaces, they were still structurally fragile, especially along the edges.

PENETRABLE At this point, the surface was too thin and fragile; thus, easily breaks when carried or stored. Our main concern now was study panel thickening to find the optimum the panel thickness. This was achieved by adding more thin layers of sand and salt, sequentially.

II MULTILAYER TECHNIQUE II

Sprinkling Sand on top of the sprayed surface

Spraying Sodium Theosulphate Solution

TERRI-FORM

The images on the left show a series of multilayered tiles, which have various thicknesses. Thus, the strength of the tiles increased and can be safely transported and stored.

One Layer - 0.2 mm

Three Layers - 0.6 mm

Six Layers - 10 mm

The multilayer technique was tested at different surface scales; the number of layers depends on the tile scale.

200 X 200 mm - three layers

400 X 200 mm - five layers

500 X 500 mm - eight layers

PACKED A problem was found when using the multilayer technique; when applying pressure to a 50x50 cm fabricated panel, it collapsed. When the panel failed under pressure and the cross section showed that this was due to the presence of air gaps between the individual layers. This is due to the sand surface absorption limitations; the sprayed salt solution is absorbed by no more than a 2mm layer of sand. Thus, the aim to remedy this problem is closely pack the multilayered panel.This solution was achieved by, in lieu of adding sand loosely, carefully adding approximately 2mm of sand in every layer. In addition, the form box was slightly shaken to ensure the formation of an even layer.

Air gaps between solidified layers

Adding 2mm of sand for each layer while shaking the box to insure an even surface of sand

TERRI-FORM

Multilayer surface 20x40x1 cm

Sawing test : cut the surface to check the section compactness

The cross section shows an even packed layers

As a result, a thick compact panel was fabricated (see images: left). The strength of the panel was tested by using a saw to divide it. The image below shows the resulting packed section. Finally, the panels are strong enough to be used as â&#x20AC;&#x153;form workâ&#x20AC;?, where moulding can occur between offset panels; enabling transportation, packing, and assembly.

ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUES

The assembly section introduces three techniques of putting the surfaces together for the 1:1 scale implementation. Assembly logic is based on the inevitable requirement that the surfaces edges have to meet in order to create one continuous large surface. The challenge of alignment requires the assimilation of the surfaces curvature at the edges. This achieved by placing the holes in mirrored locations along the edges.

2.3

A S S E M B L Y

2.3.1

ALIGNMENT TECHNIQUE In this technique, we tested different connection types, along the edge and at the holes. The edge connection leaves a gap along the seam lines. In addition, the edges are the weakest part of the surfaces. However, connecting through the holes insures that the surfaces are fixed in place and properly aligned, creating a continuous field of surfaces. Despite that the alignment technique is limited to the design level, it is considered as the preliminary access to developing the 1:1 scale assembly methods.

Edge connection test

Overlap connection test

TERRI-FORM

Alignment connection - holes are mirrored along the edges to insure the large surface continuity

Different holes distribution that follows the assimilation rule

TERRI-FORM

Alignment assembly shows a range of flexibility in the overall field design. While the holes on the border has to be assimilated, the holes that are in the inner part afford the differentiation on the large scale.

2.3.2

B A C K

T O

B A C K - VERSION 1 Drawings of physical model. The design should respect the ‘assimilation ‘rule on both vertical and horizontal levels. 6 surfaces on two layers.

The ‘Back to back’ technique provides favourable interstitial spaces with differentiated sections that vary along the edges. This technique requires selecting common holes on both surfaces, as long as, these holes are the lowest in each surface. In the first testing model, we learned that the distribution of connecting holes control the ‘Sandwich‘ surfaces stability.

Holes distribution along the curve

Upper Layer

Bottom Layer

120

TERRI-FORM

Fabrication Process

The surface packed before assembly

Details of connection & edges assimilation in the first layer

Interstitial space in between layers

TERRI-FORM

Assembly of bottom layer

2.3.2

B A C K

T O

B A C K - VERSION 2 -

This model test the back to back technique on a larger scale (100x 50 cm). Also it shows a 1:1 fabrication and assembly prototype.

Hole Distribution

TERRI-FORM

Fabrication & assembly prototype 100x50x50 cm

The large scale show the material quality on level of form, texture & light

TERRI-FORM

Fabrication & assembly prototype 100x50x50 cm

TERRI-FORM

2.3.3

120

Formwork 20

Bottom and Upper Layer

Moulding

Resulted sand block

The ‘Offset’ technique is the most crucial method for assembly. It allows for the usage of surfaces as ‘form work’ for moulding. The two surfaces are connected by threading bars through the holes, providing control over the distance between en the two overlapped surfaces.

TERRI-FORM

Fabrication & assembly prototype 100x50x50 cm

Assembly details

‘Offset‘ assembly prototype (120x20x4 cm)

TERRI-FORM

2.4

MATERIAL TEST

2.4.1

SAND TYPES & DISTRIBUTION Usually, the sand angle of repose is between 30-40 degree depending on the grains size. By testing different types of sand, we found that the angle become more steeper in case of very fine grains, while medium size grain afford the natural angle of repose.

Fine grain size

Fine sand

Medium grain size

Medium sand

TERRI-FORM

SAND GRAIN SIZE CHARACTERISTIC Medium sand grains pour like liquid when its dry creating a funnel on top and a cone on the bottom surface. The medium grain size afford a 35 degree angle of repose that creates sharp edges pattern

2.4.2

CRYSTALLIZATION In order to find the best salt type that works as a bonding material for sand, we tested different kind of crystals. The type showed in this page are whether fragile or need a substrate to crystallize over. But â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sodium thiosulphateâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; salt has the ability to turn from liquid to a quite solid state in few minutes without the need of substrate.

Substrate crystal

Fragile crystal

TERRI-FORM

Time-based Changes of Sodium Theosulphate

2.4.3

H Y B R I D

M A T E R I A L

Preparation

0 oC

15 oC

II CONCENTRATION SOLUTION II

WATER 80%

SALT 20% ( Before )

WATER 70%

SALT 30% ( After )

100 oC

TERRI-FORM

Usage Diagram

CRYSTALLIZATION

SPRAYING MOULDING

0 oC

50 oC

80 oC

100 oC

2.4.4

O P E R A T I O N

T I M E - F R A M E

0 min.

100 min.

Solidification time frame of spraying technique

SPRAYING The process of surface fabrication is mainly depended on the time frame of crystallization. In case of a 20x40 cm surface (4 layers), it takes 5 minutes for each sprayed layer to be crystallized. Means that the whole process (adding sand & spraying ) takes less than 30 minutes. Surface ready to use after 30 minutes

TERRI-FORM

0 min.

100 min.

Solidification time frame of moulding technique

MOULING In terms of fabrication, we propose the strategy of constructing the building in a smaller scale. This sample of geometry is 20x20x7M. Since it is the flipped geometry from falling of sand, in case to use this space, in reality, it is too heavy and big for constructors to flip without the assistance of big machines such as crane. Moulded block ready to use after 100 minutes

2.4.5

C O L O R

SAND TEXTURE Different sand textures from rough to even depending on technique of spraying. Also the colour change depend on the amount of sodium sprayed on the last layer.

A N D

T E X T U R E

TERRI-FORM

TECTONIC SYSTEM DESIGN SYSTEM GEOMETRY ARTICULATION FUNCTION OF PARAMETERS CONTROL OF PARAMETERS MICRO-SCALE PATTERN CHUNKS

ON-SITE FABRICATION FABRICATION LOGIC FABRICATION STRATEGY FABRICATION MACHINE FABRICATION PROCESS PHYSICAL ASSEBLY MODEL

3.1

DESIGN SYSTEM

3.1.1

G E O M E T R Y

A R T I C U L A T I O N

PARAMETERS From mathematical point of view, as we can see in these diagrams, the only constant parameter in the geometry of the system that we introduce is the angle of the repose which is 35 degree . Therefore, any change to one of the other parameters such as height of the circle or radius of it affects the hole geometry . And also illustrated in the front page, we look at calculations required to have the exact height and location of any point on the surfaces (in this case on the intersection line between two cones). Similarly this equation demonstrates the constant factor of 35 degree-angle of repose- and adjusting the equation between the rest of the parameters gives different and desired heights along the conical surfaces in the geometry.

Therefore, the parameters of this geometry are: - Nodes that represent location of the circles ( holes ) - Height of the circles - Radii of the circles - Distance between the circles

TAN 35 = H / L L = H / TAN 35 COS 35 = L / D D = L / TAN 35

L 35

TERRI-FORM

H = h1-h1 Tan 35 = h1 / ( y * 1/2 ) h2 = y * 1/2 * tan 35 H = h1 – [ D - ( r + r1 ) – [ ( h1 - h ) / tan 35 ] Tan 35 = ( h2 - h1 ) / d2 X = D – ( r + r1 ) Y = x - d2 = D - ( r + r1 ) - d2 = D - ( r + r1 ) – [ ( h1 - h ) / tan35 ] D = u + v = 2u Cos a = ( D / 2 - r ) / u`

H = h1 - [ (d - r/2 ) / cos a – ( r + r1 ) – ( h - h1 ) / tan 35

REGULAR BOUNDARIES Reposed sand creates various boundary condition in its formation in relevance to the shape of the boundary it has been poured into. Increase in the number of the boundaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sides will increase the number of cocave edges of the conical surface and make it closer to the shape of a pure cone with angle of 35 degree.

TERRI-FORM

The irregular boundary shapes hide the feature of the cone, it somehow translates the intersecting cones into continuous homogeneous surfaces. The irregular boundary adds a more curvilinear value to the conic surface increasing the surfaces undulations in different directions.

HOLE RADIUS, SIZE AND LOCATION The hole size, or the total area of holes in a box controls the amount of released and remained material in the box. By increasing the hole area the amount of remained material decreases. By means that a larger hole creates a surface with less height and area. As an example, in case of having one central hole in the box as shown in the image, by increasing the hole diameter from 1 cm to 14 cm the surface height decreases gradually from 16 cm to 11 cm respectively, as well as the surface area.

The hole location is considered as the control point of the surface. A hole on the edge creates a maximum height on the other side and a hole on the corner creates a quarter conical surface. A symmetrical conic surface is created when the hole is in the middle of the box.

TERRI-FORM

HOLE HEIGHT In case of intersection of more than two holes, the emergent pattern follows the Voronoi logic with straight intersection lines in top view when all the holes are in the same height. Voronoi logic from top view remains the same unless one of the holes is raised up. At this case the Voronoi cellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge starts to become a curve instead of a straight line and the complexity of the pattern changes respective to the variation between the heights of the holes.

DEPLOYMENT OF THE HOLES These examples of the geometry, demonstrates how various deployments of the holes generate different types of surfaces. Different distances between the holes gives diverse height to the surfaces and alignment of them on trajectories creates sort of directinality for the conical surfaces.

TERRI-FORM

Fading the density

Fading the density + Trajectories / variation in height and curvature three dimensionally / more density - less height , structurally more stability

Alteration in size of the holes / the radii on top of the surfaces increase proportionally

Rotation of top layer ( Differing the amount of deposited sand along the area ) / angle = 15 / Angle of the repose remains constant(35) / Gradual increasein density of the holes twards ower parts --- continuity of concave pattern

Rotation of the base plane - angle = 15 / Angle of the repose remains constant(35) / Gradual increasein density of the holes twards ower parts --- continuity of concave pattern

TERRI-FORM

Simple grid

Deletion of some holes / local increase of height

Symmetrical Distribution

Diagonal Distribution

TERRI-FORM

SURFACE CONTINUITY

Asymmetrical Distribution

Symmetrical and assymetrical distribution of the holes aligned on curvatures was our selected strategy and as it is shown in this page, it generates various surface condition in the geometry . Different local height of the surfaces has been concvieved as an oppurtunity to think about the kind of spaces that the system can produce from this stage on. At the same time, the qualities of the geometry led us to initiate our studies to consider different scales of the spaces it can provide from the scale of single spaces to kind of field condition of continueous spaces.

101

ALIGNMENT ON CURVES Reposed sand creates various boundary condition in its formation in relevance to the shape of the boundary it has been poured into. Increase in the number of the boundaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sides will increase the number of cocave edges of the conical surface and make it closer to the shape of a pure cone with angle of 35 degree.

TERRI-FORM

Grid of points attracted by trajectories

Points aligned on trajectories

103

3.1.2

FUNCTION

BASICS FOR DESIGN STRATEGIES In order to approach to a sort of base for setting up our design strategies, we have to know about all the factors that we have in our system and be in control of them. Moreover, their role in acting as parameters of a design system should be articulated in terms of their possible functions in accordance with the decisions being taken about spatial organization that can be considered through the application of the prototypical system that we are introducing. Here comes a brief description of those possible functions of the factors in the system more related to an architectural project.

PARAMETERS

FUNCTIONS OF PARAMETERS IN ACCORDANCE WITH SPATIAL ORGANIZATION Observing our material and computational form finding process, once more, indicates the fact that by having simple rules like the constancy of the angle of repose in sand behaviour and the negotiation of the material with its boundary (sides of the formwork) and only by strategizing the deployment of the holes and the shapes of the boundaries we are able to have diverse patterns of geometries that could be applied in architecture domain. Hence, our key parameters are nodes and the allocated size of opening each one of them could have and the rest is about the deployment of them and the strategy being taken in terms of design decisions and also related to contextual factors.

NODE

HOLES

TERRI-FORM

CONSIDERED TO BE Defining spaces around them base on the local and overall deployments One or collections of them could be defining the central parts of spaces

DEPLOYMENT Aligned on curves - distances between them could represent the availability and penetrability or the relation of the spaces with one another A grid of points which are attracted by lines to create spaces with desired heights among them more degree of attraction - larger and higher spaces ,base on the distance between curves in each area

SIZE (Radius of the holes) Cooperate with plausible sub-structural or structural elements Connection with other layers in case of multi-layering Openings to absorb natural light for indoor spaces Outdoor open spaces

A ratio of the nodes distances to the boundary in order to increase the porosity of a block of building in its inner parts

105

There were two ways of using the geometry to apply the system for making kind of architectural and spatial boundaries. We selected the case where downward conical surfaces can bring the distinctive qualities of the patterns into interiority of the spaces and has less unuseful spaces around the node relative to the other case which brings more dead areas around the centers of the cones. And also, the holes on the surface can provide the natural height for the indoor spaces which can be controled by varying the radii of them.

In the following pages , we have tried to study and enhance our control on the shape and curvature and height of the lines on which the holes are located ,by means of which we looked at the quality of the patterns and eventually the spaces. This study enabled us to observe how changing and controlling the parameters varies the local and global configuration of the elements that define the spaces the system creates.

TERRI-FORM

Nodes representing center of spaces

Nodes representing boundaries of spaces

107

3.1.3

CONTROL

CURVES BRANCHING In order to approach to a sort of base for setting up our design strategies, we have to know about all the factors that we have in our system and be in control of them. Moreover, their role in acting as parameters of a design system should be articulated in terms of their possible functions in accordance with the decisions being taken about spatial organization that can be considered through the application of the prototypical system that we are introducing. Here comes a brief description of those possible functions of the factors in the system more related to an architectural project.

PARAMETERS

Space is evenly split into two the ridge(red) is in the middle

Space is unevenly split the ridge(red) is closer to the higher branch

parameters: height: same num of branch: 2

parameters: height: one branch lower num of branch: 2

TERRI-FORM

Space is evenly split ridge(red) is curvilinear in sectional view

Space is unevenly split the ridge(red) is closer to the higher branch ridge(red) is curvilinear in sectional view

parameters: height: wavy num of branch: 2 type of branch: crv

parameters: height: wavy + lower one branch num of branch: 2

109

Space is evenly split touching ground earlier

Space is evenly split ridges(red) are in the middle

parameters: height: same num of branch: 2 type of branch: crv

parameters: height: same num of branch: 2 a=b

a b a b

TERRI-FORM

Results in richer and more complicated pattern and spatial quality

parameters: height: various num of branch: 4

parameters: height: varied num of branch: 5 density of holes: varied

111

parameters: height: varied density: denser to looser

DIFFERENTIATION IN HEIGHT + DENSITY SHIFT In order to approach to a sort of base for setting up our design strategies, we have to know about all the factors that we have in our system and be in control of them. Moreover, their role in acting as parameters of a design system should be articulated in terms of their

With the big shift in height (max < 35degree)

Generate surface

Rotate surface

Organize surfaces to form ground

by rotation, the surface would almost be flat and could be used as a ground condition

TERRI-FORM

parameters: height: varied density: denser to looser

parameters: height: varied density: central: denser// end:looser

113

TERRI-FORM

115

CURVES ON CONTROLLING SURFACES In order to approach to a sort of base for setting up our design strategies, we have to know about all the factors that we have in our system and be in control of them. Moreover, their role in acting as parameters of a design

TERRI-FORM

117

3.1.4

M I C R O - S C A L E

P A T T E R N

25 o

30 o

ORNAMENTATIONAL ASPECTS Micro-scale of deploying the holes can make patterns with higher resolution that can be considered as kind of ornamentational elements in the spaces which at the same time can control the porosity of the surfaces and conducts the peneteration of natural light through the spaces. Meanwhile, controlling the degree of change in the height of the holes affects the area which surfaces covering and can make gradual shift in the resolution of the patterns along the geometry.

33 o

TERRI-FORM

PARAMETER 1 Differentiation in the degree of locating the holes : Generates curvilinear sloping spaces

PARAMETER 2 Change the degree of locating the holes (max = 35) : When the degree increases the area of occupied space decreases

119

Phyllotaxy

Vortex

Star

Spiral

David Star

TERRI-FORM

121

3.1.5

Translation of the system and its type of geometry into spatial organization is introduced in this section with number of tests that have been fulfilled. In this example, as demonstrated in the diagrams, a set of curves in different heights and curvatures locates number of circles along them with various density and radious. Each curve carries its own function, for instance,the one with larger size of the circles on it defines the location of the main spaces and the on one with higher density represents the main circulation path among those spaces which gives acceess to all parts of the set. openings on the roof can be created not only by the circles on top but also by means of adding another surface base on same location of the circles but in slightly different hight relative to the height of the initial curves that creates the first surface. Therefore, circulation pathway is not anymore completely covered space , but instead at some areas it can be imagined as kind of semi-open space that functions as a courtyard among the closed spaces. So, the circulation covers continueous movement fthrough covered spaces towards open spaces and back to covered areas again.

The shift of resolution in the surfaces next to each other gives interesting effects to both interior and exterior quality of the spaces. The natural light peneterates from the porosity given to spaces by the holes on the roof and and provides the spaces with lightening which varies all during a day.

TERRI-FORM

123

TERRI-FORM

In this test , regardless of parts of exagerated cantelivers that has been created which is somehow less possible with the kind of material that we introduce which acts better in compression than in tension, we studied how nesting of the conical surfaces with each other brings about the oppurtunies to strnghten the bodies of the spaces as well as helping to make secondary layers of boundaries to create kind of hierarchy of privacy inside the geometry. Another difference between this piece of geometry with the previous one lies in the role of the curve which was assigned to locate the main spaces. As we see in the perspectives, its new role is now not only creating the main spaces,but also it makes kind of major openings on the other side of the volume by means of circles that cut the main circulation set of surfaces and therefore, the shape and form of this type of openings is being made by the internal rules and parameters in the system.

125

In one of the last study models, besides experimenting the ideas of the building merging into the ground and also thinking about ground condition which follows the projected shape of the surfaces and voronoi logic out the location of the circles, we approached to observe kind of urban condition which occurs among various spaces. Another curvature accompanies the main circulation path and the openings located on it controls the porosity of the hole volume and the light of the coovered are. In another words, by getting closer to the circulation axis the radii of the holes decreases and when it becomes further apart its porosity increases and provides more light for

the larger covered area. Another role of it is to attach the hole volume to the ground and at the same time to create sort of shelter-like canteliver for the other side of the spaces. As it is shown in this sectional volume, the pathway starts from covered area and finds its way through the spaces and gradually opens up the space towards completely outdoor zone and directs the movement of the people along it. The building slightly lies in the ground and this gives more spaces to the interior

TERRI-FORM

127

TERRI-FORM

129

TERRI-FORM

131

3.2

O N - S I T E F A B R I C A T I ON

3.2.1

S C A L E

P R O P O S A L S

LARGE SCALE Investigating the material and digital system on the micro scale helped us to test and understand both the material behaviour as well as the geometry, taking into account that the micro scale is a studying prototype for the macro scale implementation of the system. From that moment of translating the scale, we start to extend the systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potentials in the figure of a machinic process of generating surfaces in the scale of producing spaces. In this chapter, we propose the process of fabrication and its ability to generate and produce series of surfaces in different scales. The value which lies within this machininc process is its efficiency in distributing the material and solidifying the sand surface to be ready as formwork for casting the same material within. Therefore, it is a kind of formwork that is reusable, cheap, customizable, scalable, temporal and environmentally friendly. Our first assumption was a kind of large scale factory-like machine that can be used to make spaces out of different parts they consist of. Changing the size of the boundary in this machine can proviede the possibility of fabricating different scales of surfaces that can be assembled and create inhabitable spaces.

TERRI-FORM

133

LARGE SCALE FABRICATION MACHINE Based on the methods of making our geometries physically, segments of this large-scale fabrication machine could be:

Base Plane Pattern of Holes

Adjustment for Required Height of the Holes

Setting of the Sides

BASE PLANE OF THE FORMWORK - PATTERN OF HOLES - SIDES OF THE FORMWORK This floor locates in the middle of the machine in a level that makes the falling and collection of the sand possible. Base on design strategies, the resolution of the pattern of holes can vary and also the part with holes on it can be separate from the structure so it can be changed for different types of holesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; deployment. Moreover, a system of controlling the size of holes can be added to change their radii and open or close them whenever needed. Also the height of the holes can be adjustable by the same system; therefore, all the holes would not be on a planar surface which creates different formation of the mass. The sides of the formwork are set on this floor by crane and they can be divided into parts depend on the scale of the formwork which is required. For taking out the solidified surface, these sides have to be removable so another technique of preventing the surface to stick into sides is required along the process of pouring sand and spraying.

BODY - CONTROL ROOM - LIQUID TANK The body of the machine holds the structure of the system and a control room for supervising the process is located on highest point of it. Also a container is located on the same floor to have the required solidifying liquid to be ready for use.

TERRI-FORM

SPRAYER - SAND DISPENSER A container of liquid hovers back and forth over the formwork to spray on the surfaces and a hose connected to the liquid tank provides needed amount of liquid. A system of changing the height of spraying tubes can be exploited by means of sensors on them in order to adjust and control the distance between those dispensers and the surface; therefore, the material is solidified evenly all along the formwork. The sand tank and dispenser ascends and descends as well as hovering to and fro to be loaded with sand and distribute it into the formwork. The pouring and removal of sand could possibly take place in easier way than by means of trucks alone that is among our concerns to explore during next phase.

Liquid Tank Control Room

Sprayer

Sand Tank

Body

135

This general view shows how the fabrication process would look like in the case of using the mentioned scale of building the geometries. Its dependancy on employing different types of machinery in order to move the pieces and assemble them together was a negetive point of the described scale and also in cotradictry with the types of programs that we were assuming to consider for applying our system. In the other hand, pouring and removal of the amount of sand required was another issue that makes the process time consuming and unimaginable. Therefore,we started to think about how to scale down the size of the fabrication machine and make it easier to be installed and utilized. The next pages introduce another scale of fabrication which again is based on material behaviour and geometryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rules.

SCALING DOWN THE FABRICATION

Based on the problems of large scale fabrication mchaine that mentioned earlier,and in order to make the process simpler and easier, we introduced another scale of machine that is scaled down version of the previous one and it is designed to fabricate the geometry by dividing it into smaller pieces. The size of this new machine does not exceed 3 * 2 meters and it is for making 2 * 1 meter surfaces. The other difference between this version and the earlier one is the ability of it to create any type of surfaces,even surfaces which do not contain any holes inside their boundary base on the logics that will be described in the next pages. Assembly and de-assembly of the machine itself is possible and all its segments can be stored after the production period and trasported and assembled again when it is required. The scale of this new machine allows the fabrication process to happen much easier and without dependancy on utilizing large number of machineries like cranes and trucks and so on. The pieces are fabricated on-site and assembled in their possition in two parallel layers ,been ready to be moulded with the same material in between and make monolythic surfaces to build the spaces.

TERRI-FORM

139

The segments of the proposed machine are mostly the same as the one introduced before with these differences that the size of them are smaller (3*2 meter for the whole machine) and also they have this possibility to be assembled and de-assembled and stored whenever it is required.

Structure of the machine

Base with a regular high density grid of points in two separate areas

Sides of the boundary

TERRI-FORM

Boundary in which sand will be solidified, (sliding up and down)

Truck for collecting gthe falling sand

Tank of sand and sprayer

141

3.2.2

F A B R I C A T I O N

FABRICATION TECHNIQUE VERSION 1 - DIVISION OF THE GEOMETRY One of the main concerns in scaling down the process of fabrication is actually finding a way that enables us to make various forms and configurations of the geometry devided into smaller pieces . The problem is that, after deviding the geometry, there is always some holes around each section that affects the formation of the surface inside its boundary. In order to keep the continuity of the geometry ,its necessary to find a possible way of making the relation between the surfaces next to each other. The same problem occurs when in the devided surface there is a part which has no hole in it and is created by the holes around divided area. Finding the solution to solve this problem was the base for the logics that are being explained in the following pages.

T E C H N I Q U E

Discontinuity of the panels when a geometry is devided into smaller pices

TERRI-FORM

Continuous Distribution

Discontinuity of the panels which has been created based on different rules of distribution of the holes

143

FABRICATION TECHNIQUE VERSION 2

Since they are not within the boundary of the big hole (red), the magenta parts are generated based on a different method

Since they are whithin the boundary of the big hole (red), the cyan part is simply generated by the hole

TERRI-FORM

STRATEGY OF MAKING SMALL PIECE OF THE GEOMETRY All the small pieces could be categorized into two types:

TYPE A Part of one cone which is only created by distributing sand through one hole

1 meters

2 meters B

Part of one cone created by one hole (without ridge) B Part of intersecting cone created by multiple holes (with ridge)

TYPE B Part of multiple intersecting cones which is created by distributing sand through multiholes

145

STEP 1 Draw a circle(red) from the center of the hole, which is closest to the grid unit(magenta) of corresponding small piece of geometry

PROCESS OF CREATING TYPE Ahigh resolution of holes in box for generating small piece of geometry of overall surface

2 meters

1.5 meters

2 meters

3 meters

0.02 meters

0.08 meters

0.1 meters

Detail of the base of box with high resolution of small holes for generating corresponding small piece of geometry by vertical self-distribution of sand

STEP 2 Keep the part of the drawn circle inside the box, which are locations of holes for sand vertically distributing through to generate small piece of geometry

TERRI-FORM

STEP 3 Define those are closest to red curves from high resolution holes on the base

STEP 4 Open those defined hole on the base for sand vertically distributing through

STEP 5 Get the part in the red box which is the corresponding small piece of geometry

147

PROCESS OF CREATING TYPE B

STEP 1

STEP 3

Draw circles(red) from the center of the holes, which are closest to the grid unit(magenta) of corresponding small piece of geometry (magenta)

Keep the parts of the drawn circles inside the box

STEP 2

STEP 4

Project those drawn circles to big surface which get intersecting points “a” & “b” measure the height difference “h” between “a” & “b”

Define those are closest to red curves from high resolution holes on base

b a

TERRI-FORM

STEP 5 Pull up those holes close to the corresponding higher curve to the height â&#x20AC;&#x153;hâ&#x20AC;? which are locations of holes for sand vertically distributing through to generate small piece of geometry

STEP 6 Get the part in the red box which is the corresponding small piece of geometry

149

3.2.3

F A B R I C A T I O N

P R O C E S S

DIVISION OF THE SURFACES FABRICATION PROCESS OF A SAMPLE GEOMETRY

1 meters 2 meters We propose to divide this big geometry by a regular grid, which is composed of 2x1m areas 20 meters

20 meters

In this section, we see how a sample geometry can be fabricated by subdividing the large surfaces into smaller pieces and make them individually in smaller scale boundaries. The following diagrams domonstrates the sequences of making pieces and assembly of them in two layers which are used to be moulded by the same material used to create the initial surfaces.

Fabrication of small pieces individually and assembly of them in twp layers on site and using it to mould our material in between

TERRI-FORM

STEP 1

SURFACE FABRICATION

Generate piece of geometry in 3X2m box

xob m2X3 ni yrtemoeg fo eceip etareneg

generate piece of geometry in 3X2m box

piece ofof geometry in in 3X2m box generate piece geometry 3X2m box STEP 2 generate

Use the sheets to seperate the area need to be solidified

defiidilos eb ot deen aera eht etarapes od steehs eht esu

to be solidified

STEP 3 use the sheets of do separate the area need to be Solidifieduseuse the piece geometry with thesolidified the sheets dodo separate the area need to bebe solidified the sheets separate the area need to solidified boundary of sheets

e boundary of sheets

steehs fo yradnuob eht nihtiw yrtemoeg fo eceip eht defiidilos

solidified the piece of geometry within the boundary of sheets solidified the piece ofof geometry within the boundary ofof sheets solidified the piece geometry within the boundary sheets

151

ASSEMBLY OVERLAP OF THE SURFACES AND CONNECTIONS

Bottom Grid Top Grid

Top Surfaces

Bottom Surfaces

Bottom Grid Top Grid

Top Surfaces

Bottom Surfaces

TERRI-FORM

overlapped overlapped double-layer double-layer surface surface

CONNECTION

Holes for connection between two layers hole for hole connection for connection between between two layers two layers

Top Layer

top layer top layer

Underneath Layer

underneath underneath layer layer

Overlapping connection between two layers overlapping overlapping connection connection between between two layers two layers

Two-layer overlapping surfaces are assembled piece by piece on site. The top-layer surface (magenta) and bottom-layer surface (blue) are connected through prefabricated holes (circles)

153

ASSEMBLY

fabrication sequence

SEQUENCE OF ASSEMBLY ON SITE

fabrication sequence

assemble the first part of bottom layer of suface (assisted by supporting frame)

assemble other parts of bottom layer assemble the first part of bottom layer of suface (assisted by scaffolding) (assisted by supporting frame)

assemble the first part of bottom layer of suface (assisted by supporting frame)

Assemble the first part of bottom layer of surface (assisted by supporting frame)

Assemble the first part of top layer of surface (assisted by supporting frame )

TERRI-FORM

Overlapped surfaces

assemble other parts of bottom layer (assisted by scaffolding)

Assemble other parts of bottom layer (assisted by scaffolding)

155

MOULDING MONOLITHIC MOULDING WITHIN THE SURFACES

CASTING SEQUENCE , CONNECTION TO THE GROUND

The material is casted between two overlapped surfaces sequentially

TERRI-FORM

Cast Point

the materialthe castmaterial between cast two between two overlapped overlapped surfaces surfaces

The material is casted between two overlapped from the highest points of the geometry,therefore it can fill all the spaces between the layers.

the casted material the casted binds material two layers bindsoftwo surfaces layers of surfaces

The casted material binds two layers of surfaces - removal of the scaffolds

157

3.2.4

PHYSICAL

IMPLEMENTATION - FACTORY IN DRL -

WINTER FACTORY

SUMMER FACTORY

CHINA FACTORY

AUTUMN FACTORY

TERRI-FORM

159

3.2.4

PHYSICAL

IMPLEMENTATION - FABRICATION TOOLS -

FACTORY IN DRL In terms of fabrication, we propose the strategy of constructing the building in a smaller scale. This sample of geometry is 20x20x7M. Since it is the flipped geometry from falling of sand, in case to use this space, in reality, it is too heavy and big for constructors to flip without the assistance of big machines such as crane.

TERRI-FORM

161

3.2.4

PHYSICAL

IMPLEMENTATION - ASSEMBLY MODEL -

Assembly, different divisions for the top and bottom layers

DIVISION In order to test this method of fabrication we fulfilled a test to make another piece of geometry as it is shown in the pictures and the diagrams.

TERRI-FORM

first layer

Final shape after moulding between layers

connection of the layers

second layer

163

Target Surface

Splitting panel BOX

Connections

TERRI-FORM

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBYL PHYSICAL PROGRESS In terms of fabrication, we propose the strategy of constructing the building in a smaller scale. This sample of geometry is 20x20x7M. Since it is the flipped geometry from falling of sand, in case to use this space, in reality, it is too heavy and big for constructors to flip without the assistance of big machines such as crane.

165

TERRI-FORM

167

SCENARIO PROTO SCENARIO MATERIAL LIFE CYCLE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE PROTO SITE AND PROGRAM

PROPOSAL NUWEIBA CITY SITE CONDITION ECO-RESORT

4.1

PROTO SCENARIO

4.1.1

M A T E R I A L

L I F E

This section introduces a proposed scenario based on material life cycle as a medium of a designed building life cycle and life span.

C Y C L E

TERRI-FORM

MATERIAL

PRODUCTION

CONSUMPTION

DISTRIBUTION

SOLIDIFICATION

DISSOLUTION

171

4.1.2

B U I L D I N G

L I F E

The scenario is mainly based to be located in a dry desert area the building life cycle range between spring and autumn season while it dissolve by seasonal winter rains giving the material back to desert.

C Y C L E

TERRI-FORM

ECO - LODGE

SOLIDIFICATION

December

October

September

CHANCE OF RAIN

August

July

May

April

March

February

June

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

CHANCE OF RAIN

January

DISSOLUTION

November

DISTRIBUTION

173

4.1.3

PROTO

SITE

In order to contextualize that material system we look for a type of site where sand is widely available like the Sahara desert in the middle east. Also, for a temporary programme that meets the material life-cycle like temporary accommodation on beach.

Proto Site

Proto Program

PROGRAM

TERRI-FORM

ARABIAN PEN.

SAHARA DESERT ( AFRICA)

175

Shown in this page is a time based diagram that shows the building life cycle & life span in relation to the site climate. Fabrication starts in early spring for 6 weeks, means the building would last for more than 7 months (summer holiday season). In December and January, seasonal rains would dissolve the building and give the material back for a reproduction process for the next touristic season.

ON-SITE FABRICATION ( Distribution )

May

April

February

January

March

FABRICATION

CHANCE OF RAIN

TERRI-FORM

BUILDING ( Solidification )

RETURNING TO THE NATURE ( Dissolution )

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE ( 7.5 months )

CHANCE OF RAIN

December

November

October

September

August

July

June

May

( Keeping Machines Period )

177

4.2

P R O P O S A L

4.2.1

N U W E I B A

C I T Y

ISRAEL

SOUTH SINAI (Source Region) EGYPT SAHARA DESERT

SITE Nuweiba, South Sinai, Egypt (Gulf of Agapa) PROGRAM Temporary accommodations for tourists during summer, Additional service and maintenance facility

SAUDI ARABIA

TERRI-FORM

Specifically, we chosen Newibaa city in east of Egypt on the red sea. Newibaa is a well known summer holiday spot for local and international tourists.

SINAI Mt.

NUWEIBA (BASATA)

RED SEA (Gulf of Aqaba)

179

4.2.2

S I T E

TOURISM There is a huge need for ecological tourism accommodation. Newibaa is a protectorate area due to its unique ecological quality where using natural material is widely recommended.

C O N D I T I O N

TERRI-FORM

CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY

HUMIDITY WIND SPEED WATER TEMP. RAIN SUNSHINE

TEMPERATURE JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

NOV

DEC

JAN

181

TYPOLOGY The building typology at this area is almost temporary accommodation huts along the beach where natural materials are used and these spaces are rebuild every season.

TERRI-FORM

Neiwbaa Eco-Lodge, Nuweiba, Egypt

Magana Camp, Nuweiba, Egypt

Basata Eco-lodge, Nuweiba, Egypt

183

4.2.3

TERRI-FORM

SITE For over 20 years, Nuweiba has been a major holiday destination for Europeans due to the close distance. Because almost all of the land is barren of agriculture, the main economy is tourism related to the eco-system. The resort nature of tourism in Nuweiba has remained dominant for the beaches and sea-based activities. Especially, scuba diving has an international reputation, And the cultural tourism (St. Katherine Monastery and Mountain Sinai), desert safaris and other nature or ethnic adventures are also being promoted.

For that, over 20% of people is working for the tourism. And the largest economic activity is transportation, transfers, and culture and nature side trips related to the ecological tours.

185

PROGRAM The general holiday programme at Newibaa is a relaxing and healing programme wake, swim, eat, sleep â&#x20AC;&#x201C; repeat. The project programme is basically accommodation spaces for 2 to 4 persons. Whcih is the only closed spaces in site. In addition to public spaces for eating, socializing and relax.

WAKE, SWIM, EAT and repeat...

ACCOMODATION

SINGLE

SOCIAL

EATING

COMMERCIAL

DOUBLE

DRINKING

SHOPS

FAMILY

PARKING

STALLS

ONE NIGHT

TERRI-FORM

REPETITIVE RESORT LIFE CYCLE Newibaaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is almost dry, sunny with a limited chance of rains only between November and February. Means, the building life cycle range would be around 9 months, from spring to autumn and in winter the rains will help to dissolve the buildings.

DISTRIBUTION

SOLIDIFICATION

DISSOLUTION

187

DESIGN PROPOSAL

SITE SITE DESIGN PRE-ASSUMPTIONS SITE DESIGN STRATEGY SITE DESIGN

PUBLIC SPACE ACCOMODATION SPACES SPATIAL RESEARCH CORRIDOR DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION ON SITE STANDARD TYPES

FABRICATION SCENARIO

5.1

5.1.1

SITE DESIGN PRE-ASSUMPTION

construction facilitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; storage

parkings public spaces

access and view from the road

private accommodation

dation

TERRI-FORM

The factors taken into consideration as basics for organization of the spaces on site were: - Having the main access to the site from northern part of the road as the main direction of the access to this area is from north - Blocking out the road by means of organizing the spaces in a way that limits the view and increases the privacy of the spaces - Locating the parking areas in the minimum distance from the road and among the mountains to prevent the carsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; access and effect of it on site - Locating kind of space for storing the construction facilities on the southern part of the side with its access to the road - Benefiting from the location mountains and using the axis connection line between them der to divide the public and spaces(accomodation units),

of the of the in orprivate

191

5.1.2

S I T E

D E S I G N

S T R A T E G Y

CURVE AND MASS GENERATION In order to distribute the mass on site and based on pre-assumed strategies, negotiation between the effective elements on and around the area and considerations about provision of view through different parts of the site plays dominant role to locate various interior and exterior spatialities relative to the type of program that has been chosen to test our system. The coastline, boundaries the mountains create around the site, the road, and proposed access direction connect to each other and give kind of basic guidlines. The interaction between all or some of these lines and attraction among nodes on them (with same degree of interzction in all the examples) make optimized patterns of new curves. This optimization is exploited to be considered as a way to design the circulation and eventually the distribution of the spaces as well as to regard the production process of different spaces in the limited timeline of it. The evaluation criteria for choosing the desired configuration of the curves

on site consist of the oppurtunities it provides for divesity in form and distribution of spaces, inclusion of both indoor and outdoor spaces, blocking out the road as much as possible, and separation of the public and private areas. The following catalogue demonstrates different formation of the mass os site. with temporary accommodations for tourists during summer for the perfectly circulative eco-material life cycle.

TERRI-FORM

All the connections

Coastline, road and mountains

All the connections + road and coastline

Coastline, road and mountains ( seperately )

193

Projection of the coastline on road + Coastline

Projection of the coastline on the road + Road on coastline + Coastline

Projection of the coastline on the road + Road on coastline + Coastline and the road

Projection of the coastline on the road + Road on coastline

TERRI-FORM

Connection between mountains + Projection of the coastline on the road + Coastline

Projection of the coastline on the road + Coastline

Connection between mountains + Projection of the coastline on the road + Coastline

Stronger connection between mountains + Projection of the coastline on the road + Coastline

195

Projection of the coastline on the road + Connection between mountains + Access from the road

Projection fo the coastline on the road + Connection between mountains + Access from the road

Projection of the coatline on the road + Connection between mountains + Access from the road + Coastline

Projection of the coastline on the road + Connection between moutains + Access from the road + Coastline

TERRI-FORM

Connection between mountains + Access and view from the road

Connection between mountains + Access and view from the road + Coastline

Connection between mountains + Access and view from the road + Coastline and the road

197

Stronger connection between mountains

Stronger connection between mountains + Mountainsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; boundary

Stronger connection between mountains + Road

Stronger connection between mountains + Mountainsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; boundary + Road

TERRI-FORM

Stronger connection between mountains + Mountains’ boundary + Coastline

Among the formations generated by this strategy and after evaluation of them in terms of their potentials to create more diversity in types of masses from indoor to outdoor spaces as well as their regard to provide our pre-assumptions, the latest one that is demonstrated in this page has been selected. The directionality of the masses faces the main view towards the sea. It has some sort of courtyards amid the mass and also it can block out the road and limit the view from the public areas twards those areas closer to the coastline where more private accomodation spaces are supposed to be located. All these factors can create sort of hierarchy of access and view from the road to the coastline and can constitute other parameters of the site such as the mountains’ boundary in distribution of the mass and spaces on site. The new curves become main circulation and production paths in the project.

Stronger connection between mountains + Mountains’ boundary + Road + Coastline

199

Second set of curves out of different levels of interaction between initial set

TERRI-FORM

After generating circulation paths and general configuration of the mass on site, new set of curves are added to the initial ones to act like those accompanying curves that was introduced in our system to define the density of the spaces in each area which at the same time represents the distribution of the openings (circles) and accordingly would forms the final formation of the spaces. This new sets of curves as shown in this page are the result of new and different level of interaction between the curves in each step and controling the degree of attraction among them affects the density of the spaces they would define. As we see in subsequent pages and the final design, the height along these curves varies and eventually the height of surfaces are being defind and helps the spaces to merge into the landscape.

201

Initial set of connection lines between elements

Main circulation and production process paths

Second set of curves

These diagrams show the formation of the spaces from the connection lines between elements on site to first and second sets of curves and circulation and different types of spaces as well as access from the road through the site.

Shops Public spaces

Reception & administrative one-night accommodation

Accommodations

Car access + Parkings

Final circulation walking pathways

Distribution of the spaces - Public and Private

TERRI-FORM

Parking for shopping visitors

Parking for visitors

Shops and Stalls

Construction Facilitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; storage Receptions

Pubilc space Restaurant and Cafe Central outer space Gathering, Celebrations, Sports

Accomodation

One-night stay rooms

Accomodation

203

3.2.3

Reception

Shops and Stalls

One-night stay rooms

Accomoda

Pubilc space Restaurant and Cafe

Central outdoor space Gatherings, Celebrations, Sports

TERRI-FORM

Accomodation units

e ns,

The general perspective that shows the distribution of the spaces. Public spaces that reaches to the mountains in either sides ,by limits the view and access from the road twards the accomodation units arranged along the sea.

205

5.2

PUBLIC SPACE

As our main focus was on the spaces of accomodation units and the quality of the spaces in public areas is described in earlier pages in the prototypical spatial examples the geometry can create, here we see another perspectives of the public spaces very briefly and the next chapter will explain the logics and spatial qualities of accomodation units more in detail.

Interior view of the public spaces- semi open cafeteria and common spaces

TERRI-FORM

sectioned part of the public space - entrance

207

shops and stalls

. reception and rooms for one-night accomodation . raising from the ground and attachment to the mountains . directing the accesses towards private spaces along the sea

towa

social spaces -restaurant and cafeteria

. merging into landscape . mass started from the mountains and spreading to generate different types of spaces . restaurant and social spaces , shops and stalls (top)

towards accomodation units

main access from the road

access from the parking

towards social spaces

towards accomodation units

5.3

ACCOMODATION

5.3.1

S P A T I A L

R E S E A R C H

USABLE SPACE Basically, spatial qualities of this project are based on the conical geometries generated through the gravitational process of sand formation. This part is the spatial research for an accommodation space based on the basic principle. At first, we started to research the real usable space over 2.4m of the height. From one cone with the relation with the area and diameter.

2.4 M

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION WITH TANGENT CIRCLES And weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve developed to the intersecting and tangent circles which have over one spatial match point at least to make continuous usable space. But, there was dead spaces in intersecting part due to the inclined wall from cones. So, it needs to be detached to make two main spaces. And we generate the linear corridor to connect each other continuously.

TERRI-FORM

2 Components Intersection

3 Components Intersection

Linear Connection

211

5.3.2

CORRIDOR

DISTRIBUTION

SPATIAL COMPOSITION we found out that various geometries and spaces can be generated from linear connection based on the composition of linear masses having different distribution and height. To research that, we arranged parameters for various generation ; length, curling degree of linear mass and organization of main spaces. Based on that, we create a catalogue to propose various spatial composition from 3 kinds of masses within the fixed area.

MASS A (6m2)

MASS B (8.5m2)

MASS C (11m2)

SINGLE TYPE (8.5m2) : MASS B (8.5m2) DOUBLE TYPE (14.5m2) : MASS A (6M2) + MASS B (8.5M2) FAMILY TYPE (17m2) : MASS A(6M2) + MASS C (11M2)

TERRI-FORM

II MASS B II (8.5m2)

LENGTH A

GENERATIVE PARAMETERS A (1)

Firstly, the geometry from this catalogue is differentiated by the length, curling degree and rotated direction of tangent areas. Like this, when it approaches to the bottom and left, it shows shorter and curled small shape.

A (2)

LENGTH B B (1)

B (2)

LENGTH C C (1)

C (2)

UNCURVED / LONGER

CURVE 1

5 o Rotation

CURVE 2

10 o Rotation

CURVE 3

15 o Rotation

CURVE 4

20 o Rotation

CURVE 5

25 o Rotation

CURVE 6

30 o Rotation

CURVED / SHORTER

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

213

COMPOSITION POTENTIALS 1 For example, this is the family type having exactly the same usable area. When it is made of Length C, Curve 1 and 2, its geometry is linear and big.

Mass A Length C(1) / Curve 2

Mass C Length C(2) / Curve 1

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

Family Type Example 1 Mass A + Mass C + Main Spaces (Usable Area : 6 + 11 + 11 m2)

TERRI-FORM

II MASS A II (6m2)

II MASS C II (11m2)

LENGTH A A (1)

A (2)

LENGTH B B (1)

B (2)

LENGTH C C (1)

C (2)

LENGTH A A (1)

A (2)

LENGTH B B (1)

B (2)

LENGTH C C (1)

C (2)

CURVE 1

5 o Rotation

CURVE 2

10 o Rotation

CURVE 3

15 o Rotation

CURVE 4

20 o Rotation

CURVE 5

25 o Rotation

CURVE 6

30 o Rotation One One way way Rotation Rotation

Two Twoway way Rotation Rotation

One Oneway way Rotation Rotation

Two Two way way Rotation Rotation

One Oneway way Rotation Rotation

Two Two way way Rotation Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

215

COMPOSITION POTENTIALS 2 On the other hand, this shows rolled enclosure despite the same area depending on the response to each components.

Mass A Length A(2) / Curve 6

Mass C Length A(1) / Curve 5

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Family Type Example 1 Mass A + Mass C + Main Spaces (Usable Area : 6 + 11 + 11 m2)

TERRI-FORM

II MASS A II (6m2)

II MASS C II (11m2)

LENGTH A A (1)

A (2)

LENGTH B B (1)

B (2)

LENGTH C C (1)

C (2)

LENGTH A A (1)

A (2)

LENGTH B B (1)

B (2)

LENGTH C C (1)

C (2)

CURVE 1

5 o Rotation

CURVE 2

10 o Rotation

CURVE 3

15 o Rotation

CURVE 4

20 o Rotation

CURVE 5

25 o Rotation

CURVE 6

30 o Rotation One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

One way Rotation

Two way Rotation

217

5.3.3

D I S T R I B U T I O N

O N

S I T E

DISTRIBUTION ON SITE Following this, we create various distribution on site. To express the connection with linear public geometry, more similarly linear geometry is composed based on the curve generation from site strategy when it is getting near. Opposite with that, getting near the sea, the distribution is scattered with detached small clusters.

MASS C + A Length C(2) / Curve 1 Length C(1) / Curve 2

MASS C + A Length C(1) / Curve 1 Length C(1) / Curve 2

MASS B + A Length C(2) / Curve 2 Length C(1) / Curve 3

MASS B + A Length C(1) / Curve 2 Length C(2) / Curve 3

MASS B + A Length B(2) / Curve 3 Length B(1) / Curve 4

MASS B + A Length B(1) / Curve 4 Length B(2) / Curve 5

MASS B Length A(2) / Curve 5

MASS B Length A(1) / Curve 6

MASS A + C Length C(2) / Curve 2 Length C(1) / Curve 1

MASS A + C Length C(1) / Curve 2 Length C(2) / Curve 1

MASS A + B Length C(2) / Curve 3 Length C(1) / Curve 2

MASS A + B Length C(1) / Curve 3 Length C(2) / Curve 2

MASS A + B Length B(2) / Curve 4 Length B(1) / Curve 3

MASS A + B Length B(1) / Curve 4 Length B(2) / Curve 3

MASS A + B Length B(1) / Curve 6 Length B(2) / Curve 5

MASS B Length A(2) / Curve 6

MASS C + A Length A(1) / Curve 5 Length A(2) / Curve 6

MASS C + A Length A(2) / Curve 5 Length A(1) / Curve 6

MASS B + A Length A(1) / Curve 4 Length A(2) / Curve 5

MASS B + A Length A(2) / Curve 4 Length A(1) / Curve 5

MASS B + A Length B(1) / Curve 3 Length B(2) / Curve 4

MASS B Length C(1) / Curve 1

MASS B Length C(2) / Curve 1

Depending on the each situation; the sunlight direction, the orientation facing to the sea and keeping privacy form the public area, the location of main space is changed and it shows different and various geometry. Also, following the ornament principle, it can make much more openings like window and continuous linear relation with each other.

5.3.4

S T A N D A R D

T Y P E

STANDARD TYPES As well as, we set accommodation types from the catalogue and create diverse plan types. There are 3 common types. Single type with mass b with one detached space, semi-opened living area. double type with mass a and b with one detached space, semi-opened living area. And family type with mass a and c with two detached space, semi-opened living area and bedroom.

Single Type Mass B + Main Spaces (Usable Area : 8.5 + 3.5 m2) Length A(2) / Curve 5

ENT. Public Area

Bath Room

Bed Room

Living Area

Beach

TERRI-FORM

Double Type

Family Type

Mass A + Mass B + Main Spaces (Usable Area : 14.5 + 5.5 m2)

Mass A + Mass C + Main Spaces (Usable Area : 17 + 11 m2)

Length C(1) / Curve 3 Length C(2) / Curve 2

Length C(1) / Curve 2 Length C(2) / Curve 1

Public Area

ENT.

ENT. Bath Room

Bath Room

Bed Room

Living Area

Bed Room

Bed Room Living Area

Beach

Bed Room Beach

221

INTERIOR PLAN The main spaces including living area and bedroom area located on the apposite side of the entrance to avoid the approach from the main public area. Generally, bath room and living area are semi-opened spaces managed by the intersected cones having the proper height which can avoid passing peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eyes by downed level of the ground.

Entrance

Bath Room

TERRI-FORM

Living Area

223

TERRI-FORM

225

5.4

F A B R I C A T I O N SC E N A R I O

Fabrication time is dependent on two main factors; built surface and the fabrication machine. In the case of built surface, the calculated required surface is 36000 m2 and each fabricated panel is 2m2 (1x2m). Since each section requires 2 panels, therefore the total number of panels is 36000 m. On the other hand, one fabrication machine requires 45 min/panel of operation time, 30 min/panel fabrication in addition to 15 minutes of down time. Furthermore, with the consideration of a 20% factor of error, each machine produces 28 panel/ day. Consequently, it is found that the fabrication time is inversely proportionate to the number of machines used. Thus, the building life cycle can be balanced with economic and labor availability. Assuming that the dry season starts in February, if we use 6 machines, the building life cycle is 6 months; starting in May. However, if the number of machines is doubled, the fabrication time is reduced by half, allowing for 7.5 months of building operation time.

TERRI-FORM

BUILT SURFACE

FABRICATION FACTS

CALCULATION

BUILT AREA 36,000 m2 PANEL AREA 2 m2

SURFACE AREA REQUIRED 36,000 m2

MACHINE

NUMBER OF PANELS 36,000

PANEL / DAY 83

ERROR FACTOR 20%

TIME / PANEL 30 min DOWN TIME 15 min

FABRICATION TIME

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE

227

STEP 1 Initial condition, deassemble machine in storage

STEP 2 Machine assembled over the site

TERRI-FORM

STEP 3 Each machine is reponsible for fabication range of surfaces

STEP 4 After the fabrication, process is done and the machines are deassembled and stored

229

TERRI-FORM

231

TERRI-FORM

233

APPENDIX EPILOGUE CHINA WORKSHOP REFERENCES

DIGITAL TOOLS ENDING STORY

E P I L O G U E

PREFABRICATION SYSTEM IN ARCHITECTURE AND INDUSTRY At this part of our research we look for the two main modes of prefabrication, the mass production and the mass customization. The aim of this part is to find our system position among different modes of contemporary prefabrication systems. A general introduction about both modes of production in industry are introduced accompanied by two architectural examples - Jean Prouve standard houses and Greg Lynn Embryological house. MASS PRODUCTION vs MASS CUSTOMIZATION With the advent of industrial revolution, manufacturing moved from the craft era to the mass production era. Today there is a new era emerging and it’s called

same product because it was affordable. This part of our research highlights the prefabrication houses system in both the mass production system through the’ Standard Houses’ of Jean Prouve and the mass customization through the same product because it was affordable. This part of our research highlights the prefabrication houses system in both the mass production system through the’ Standard Houses’ of Jean Prouve and the mass customization through the ‘Embryological House’ of Greg Lynn. Both share the departure from the interest in aircraft and automobile industry in the sense of mode of production and fabrication processes. Also their work is a result of a design research of materials, technologies and fabrication. Undoubtedly, their work and processes are widely different, not only because the different era and technology but also due to the change is social needs that they respond to and the design process they follow. As would be shown later, Prouve intended to achieve a standardized system or as he said “Factoried houses” in order to satisfy the needs of housing shortage during and after World War 2. While Greg Lynn’s work looks for an intelligent design system that provide

Mass customization strategy in fabrication and marketing to personalize the product to fit the preferences and budget. Shown in pictures, ‘NIKE ID’ online customization websites

a ‘one of a kind’ series of houses in respond to the social needs to the social singularity. This part of our research is looking for the both experiences in the means of prefabrication design system in order to illustrate the differences in the design process. Mass customization is now a well known fabrication strategy that meets the user’s different needs, or personal preferences. As tailored products were al-ways expensive, the advent of digital the gap between mass production and customized products within affordable prices. We find this phenomenon in our everyday life products like mobiles, computers, clothes and even music industry. Now we can create our own video and music channel as well as customizing our laptop configurations by choosing it components online to meet our needs . Now, many of our stuff are one of a kind. That couldn’t be achieved without the advent of digital fabrication and the components series assembly system. Car manufacturer are now working on releasing a ‘one of kind’ car series, according to Greg Lynn this step in not yet achieved not because the lake of technology but the lake of skills able to control the components variations

and their assembly in mass production system. History of architecture shows how architects are experts in the assembly of mass produced components to realize custom-designed buildings. This part introduces two prefabrication systems based on components assembly. Firstly the work of Jean Prouve which illustrate the approach of mass production system, and secondly, Greg Lynn’s work which benefit of the advent of design and fabrication technologies to create a design system of a ’one of a kind’ houses series.

TERRI-FORM Prefabricated Houses’ Components follows standardization system for mass production

JEAN PROUVE’s STANDARD HOUSES Jean Prouve’s approach to prefabrication design system was not only a personal interest but also a respond to his time social and economical needs. His work was like a piece of puzzle in a time and place that recognized the prefabrication system as the way to meet the housing shortage at that time. Through his life, Prouve have experimented prefabrication systems in furniture, industrial design and prefabricated houses. We can consider “The Tropical house” as the culmination of twenty years of experimentation in prefabrication and industrial production of buildings. The next section traces the development of Prouve’s design and fabrication system in respect to his time technology and social demand. Prouve experience in prefabrication began from his earlier professional life as blacksmith in 1923 and expanded gradually up to the establishment of his ‘Maxeville’ factory. War and politics in the first half of the 20th century played the main role in creating a mass need of housing projects for soldiers, victims and refuges during

and after the First World War In 1939 Prouve was commissioned to develop a type of demountable barracks for the French army. After the liberation of France, he received a commission from the minister of reconstruction to create 800 emergency accommodations for the war victims known after as ‘Demountable houses’. After the Second World War, there was a huge need for housing projects. The ministry of reconstruction asked Prouve the development of a mass production light-weight steel structure houses known as ‘Standard Houses’. Again, and due to housing shortage, but this time in Congo which was a French Colony in the 50s, Prouve was commissioned to produce three prototype prefabricated tropical houses.

only two workers in 3 hours. From other part any of the building components was not heavier than 100 kg in order to be carried by two workers. In order to be able to be transported by truck, no single parts of the building would be longer than the truck, 4 meter. After the war, when the steel was available, Prouve has used it as the main structure element in his ‘Standard houses’ (see pic ) to provide a sustainable housing for the refuges. As shown in (pic)The ‘Tropical house’ had a different approach as it had to be transported by plane to Congo, Prouve has used Aluminium sheets borrowed from the automobile industry at that time to afford lightweight units that could be neatly packed into a cargo plane.

COMPONENT DESIGN SYSTEM

MODULAR SYSTEM

In order to afford a practical approach to prefabricated system, Prouve had setup a design system taking into consideration many factors including coast, available materials, time of assembly, transportation and the lack of workers. In the ‘Demountable barrack’ units for the French army he used wood construction as steel was not available at the war time, the unit could be assembled by

The Prefabricated housing system of Prouve was based on a modular system of 1m. That modular system makes the unit elements able to be exchangeable and also the building could be assembled in different variation depending on the required function. Houses units were erected on 8 x 8 m “Demountable barracks”, 8 x 12 m “Standard houses” and the larger one was the “Tropical house”

10 x 14 meter. All the units’ structure systems, walls and openings follow this module in order to achieve ease and fast of implementation, flexibility of modification and variation within the units.

237

The inverted ‘U’ steel support and the axial linear beam were the common structure system in Prouve’s houses.

STRUCTURE SYSTEM The houses structure system followed a simple axially aligned frame made of sheet steel and featuring two supports in the form of inverted V. The v shape supports, carry the ceiling but also reinforce the unit diagonally. These frame also served as the primary structure during the building phase, and they made it possible for erecting the remaining supporting elements by a single person.

Fabrication of houses Components at Maxeville factory realize Prouve’s dream of ‘Factoried Houses’

in Nancy and took on commissions for ornamental and wrought-iron work, such as grilles, hand-rails and balconies. Aware of the limitations of these materials and methods and keen to embrace the modern movement, Prouve started to work with new materials and processes: steel and aluminum. In 1926, Prouve installed Nancy’s first electric welding machine and by 1930, he was using a metal-folding machine to make his designs. In 1931 he founded Atelier Jean Prouvé and increasingly aware of avant-garde architects such as Le Corbusier and Robert Mallet-Stevens, Prouvé began to make metal furniture. The potential for mass production inspired Prouve to develop and patent industrial products using folded sheet metal for the construction of buildings. These included movable partitioning, metal doors and lift cages.

MATERIALS AND FABRICATION In 1925, he began using a new tool, a folder-press and electric soldering equipment which represented significant progress, wrought metal and stainless steel came into fashion, as the typical craftsman forge went out in favour of cutting-edge technologies. In 1923, Prouve set up his own workshop

In 1947, Prouve moved his operations to Maxeville. With its own design studio, Prouve could combine research, prototype development and production on one site. It was at Maxeville that Prouve set about fulfilling his ambitious plan to alter the building process from a craft-based practice to that of a mechanized industry. In Maxeville, tools

and materials were categorised by the making process: cutting, punching, bending, plating, stamping and welding. Also his frame-by-frame photographic documentation of each experimental building project allowed him to refine the product and its construction. Prouve provided a deep analysis of the design process. He traced the history of industrial production explaining the causes and effects of the technical evolution on machines and products, moving from the railways, to aircraft and Les Maisons Tropicales can be seen as the most elegant expression of Prouve’s love of mobility. The ability to construct and dismantle was fundamental to Prouve’s work and is evident in his designs for chairs, tables and buildings. Driven by the constant quest for innovation in process and use of materials, his bold, reduced forms were inspired by the sparse aesthetic of aircraft and automobile design.

TERRI-FORM The primary ambition for the ‘Embryological house’ was a collection of houses in which no house is better or worse than the other and no house has a single element add or subtracted. (Left) CNC mill and vacuum forming model of the house (right) study of 6 series of the house

GREG LYNN’s EMBRYOLOGICAL HOUSE The embryological house by Greg Lynn is considered one of the recently advanced prefabricated housing projects that engage both mass production systems with mass customization advantages. That wouldn,t be able to be achieved without the use of computational design and digital fabrication as tools of realizing variety within a family of standard series of houses. Although the embryological house is design research project that has never been built, but the research concerns more about comparing the design and fabrication system with the work of jean Prouve in order to highlight the key points of differences between the two design approaches , mass customization and mass production. The embryological house is a research to design a line of ‘one of a kind’ houses. This project was catalyzed by a discussion with an automobile manufacturer regarding mass-produced one-of-a-kind cars. Greg Lynn approach to the project was based on achieving a design system that allows an endless number of ions with respect to fabrication standard process. The design system is based on

the assembly of mass produced components to realize custom-designed discrete buildings. The project challenge was to achieve a system of designing a set of components, with every member derived from the same design but each instance of which is non-identical, was the driving force behind this research project. The following part will introduce the project’s design and fabrication system that allowed to realize a series of ‘one of kind houses’ in respect to fabrication and assembly process.

COMPONENT DESIGN SYSTEM

So that how no two panels are identical but all are derived from the same family. Thus, the form and space of the house is modified within the predefined limits of the components. The volume is defined as a soft flexible surface of curves rather than a fixed set of rigid points. In addition, a change in any individual panel or struts is transmitted throughout every other element in the whole. A set of controlling points is organized across this surface so that groups of these generic panels can be affected to bud into more specific forms. In every instance of this surface, there are always a constant number of panels with a consistent relationship to their neighboring panels. Without changing quantity or adjacency of components, every element is mutated so that no two pieces are ever the same. The panels, with their limits and tolerances of mutation, have been linked to fabrication techniques involving computer robotic processes.

The form was conceived as a set of fixed number of panels that create the surface. A design control system of variation was applied to the panels through a set of controlling curves. Any change or mutation in any of the panels has a global effect on all the others.

239

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Meudon Housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; also known as Standard Houses in Paris 1949

software giving the panels their limits of size and shape. This project marks a shift from the modernist mechanical kit of parts to a more vital evolving biological model of embryological design and construction. CONCLUSION STRUCTURE SYSTEM AND MATERIALS The envelope of the house is made of steel frames and aluminium panels networked together to create a monocoque shell, in which each component is unique in its shape and size. This is not a kit of parts modular construction; it is a flexible non modular assembly of a fixed number of similar components and fabrication operations in a unique shape and size. These materials and processes include ball hammered aluminum, high pressure water jet-cut metals and plastics, bladder â&#x20AC;&#x201C; molded aluminum, stretched formed titanium, flexible scissor lift-molded glass fiber and resin panels, plastic roto-molding and Corian, and three-axis CNC milling of wood and composite board. In this way the limits and numerical constraints of computercontrolled robots is also built into the

Due to the advent of digital design and fabrication techniques and materials, the contemporary society relies more now on the customization approach to meet their needs. As shown architecture prefabrication system has followed that new approach where a building meets both context and client needs. Our concern at this moment in our research focuses on the form work of prefabricated system. The prefabrication machine that we introduce in our research has the capability to offering a customized form work. Based on the sand box ability of reconfiguration and reuse, a series of customized surface could be produced from the same form work. That ability eliminates the waste in traditional mass-customization formwork and also offers a fast system of formwork fabrication and modification. At this moment of our research, we need to emphasis the custom- ability and quick f

orming feature of our fabrication system. The success of the development of that opportunity opens up a new territory for the implementation of our system in the architectural pre-fabrication domain.

TERRI-FORM

REFERENCES Bonabeau,E., Dorigo,M. & G. Theraulaz . Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems, Oxford University Press, New York , 1999. Burns, carol, ‘On manufactured housing’, in ‘Massive change’ by Bruce Mau, Phaidon,2004 Castells, M., The Rise of the Network Society, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishers, Massachusetts, 2002 Deleuze G. & Guattari F. , Anti-oedipus: Capitalism & Schizophrenia, The University of Minnesota, The Athlone Press Ltd, 1984 HUBER, Benedikt, ‘Jean Prouve, prefabrication: structures and elements’, Pall Mall Press, 1971 LYNN, Greg, ‘Greg Lynn Form’, Rizzoli, 2008 Lynn, Greg. “Greg Lynn: Embryological Houses,” AD “Contemporary Processes in Architecture”

land , 1980 Scott, C., J.L. Deneubourg, N. R. Franks, J. Sneyd, G. Theraulaz & E. Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2001 S.Jousse, N.Enrico, ‘Jean Prouve’, published by Galeries Jousse SeguinEnrico Navarra 1998 SULZER, Peter, ‘Jean Prouve : oeuvre complete’, Vol 1, Wasmuth , 1932 PROUVE, Jean, ‘Poetics of the technical object’, Vitra Design Stiftung, 2006 Kolarevic, Branko (ed.), “Architecture in the digital age: design and manufacturing”, Taylor& Francis, Abingdon, USA, 2005. Taylor, M.C., The Moment of Complexity: Emerging Network Culture, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 2001 70, 3, London: John Wiley & Son, 2000

Maturana, H.R., Varela, F.J. Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living, D.Reidel Publishing Company, Hol

http://www.glform.com/

itself-using-eco-power

http://www.momahomedelivery.org/

http://www.patrikschumacher.com/ Texts/Announcement_The%20Autopoeisis%20of%20Architecture.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fiat_ Lingotto_veduta-1928.jpg [06.2010] http://architecturerevived.blogspot. com/2009/10/lingotto-factory-fiat-turinitaly.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingotto http://thegoldbrain.blogspot.com/2008_ 10_01_archive.html http://www.calresco.org/lucas/auto.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fiat_ Lingotto_veduta-1928.jpg http://architecturerevived.blogspot. com/2009/10/lingotto-factory-fiat-turinitaly.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozkB d2p2piU&feature=player_embedded http://www.interactivearchitecture.org/ autopoesis.html http://naturalpatriot.org/category/politics http://www.fastcompany.com/blog/kiteaton/technomix/eco-building-re-builds-

241

CHINA WORKSHOP

TSINGHUA ARCHITECTURE SUMMER SCHOOL PARAMETRIC DESIGN WORKSHOP 31/07/2010 - 11/08/2010 As a part of The Beijing Biennale 2010, Tsinghua University held a workshop on Parametric Design. This focused its interest on algorithmic design, techniques and theory alongside the study of practical precedents. The theoretical aim is to allow the participants an understanding of how parametric design techniques enhance the design efficiency and flexibility from concept design phases to the practical installation. The design brief of this intensive studiobased workshop is re-thinking the role of creativity in the realm of Architecture design through 3D prototyping design and advanced parametric installation.

WORKSHOP TOPIC 1. Theory of Non-Linear Architecture and Parametric Design 2. Basic Parametric Modeling Technique for Complex Geometry 3. Advanced Parametric Modeling Technique for Complex Geometry 4. Digital and Practical Fabrication for Complex Geometry

TERRI-FORM

245

OBJECT International Students and Architects HOST School of Architecture, Tsinghua Univ.

SUPPORT Lawrence Technological Univ., USA SPONSOR Gehry Asia Technologies PARTICIPANTS Robert Smith, Xu Weiguo, Neil Leach, Feng Xu, Raymond Lau, Nikolaus Wabnitz, Diego Perez , Jim Stevens, Huang Weixin and others

MAIN TUTORS Installation : Yusuke Obuchi, Robert Smith, Gang Song Advanced : Bao Jenglei, Gua Dianwei, Steven Adams TEACHING ASSISTANTS Redim, Xin Wang, Soomeen Hahm STUDENTS Sun Yifu, Li Xiaoyun, Wu Nawei, Ma Ruijie, Yang Jianwei, Wang Weishi, Zhou Jingyi, Wang Jing, Xie Fei, Li Wenhan, Gao Zheran, Chen Yingxi, Guo Xin, Lai Yuchen, Yuan Yue, Zhao Jingwen, Li Jiaqi, Guo Cheng Yan Ming and others 20 students.

TERRI-FORM

247

TERRI-FORM

DESIGN PROGRESS

PHYSICAL PROGRESS

Lecture Rhino script lecture for inserting and distributing points Grasshopper lecture for getting familiar geometry Advanced digital lecture for architectural design

Fabrication Experiments with new materials for distribution Installation Makes 1:1 scale cladding system for practical demonstration

Presentation Six groups design and present 28pieces in 2 rows

Lecture Fabrication (08 AUG.)

Presentation Installation (11 AUG.)

Beijing Biennale (SEP.)

249

Parameters for height and radius of cones from Points

GRASSHOPPER LECTURE Getting responsive geometry from the points. We took rhino script lecture for distributing points and grasshopper lecture to get geometry from the points. And advanced digital lecture based on the recursive l-system and the previous two lectures.

TERRI-FORM

Response between cones

Response between cones and boundary

251

PROPOSALS FOR POINTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; DISTRIBUTION

Fibonacci Series for Group4â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distribution plan

Getting responsive geometry from the points. We took rhino script lecture for distributing points and grasshopper lecture to get geometry from the points. And advanced digital lecture based on the recursive l-system and previous two lectures.

TERRI-FORM

Group 3 - Distribution of points

Group 4 - Distribution of points

253

78.5

240.5

119.5

20.0

39.0

PREPARATION FOR AN INSTALLATION As soon as presentation was finished, everyone focused on the preparation for an installation. After brainstorming, proper roles were divided for everyone. At last, we made a united effort and finished 8 big panels.

TERRI-FORM

558.5 398.5

255

TERRI-FORM

257

TERRI-FORM

259

M A T E R I A L

E X P E R E M E N T

Organize Holes as Parameters

BASIC PROCESS Basically, this process consists of 8 basic steps for one component. As a design intention, organized holes on the bottom board as parameters. After assembling the box with the board, poured sand and observed the distribution behaviour of the sand. And sprayed the sodium theosulphate solution on the surface. Once it was solidified, we detached and applied resin to be strengthen and waterproof.

Boil Water with Sodium Theosulphate for 50min.

TERRI-FORM

Assemble Board Pieces (400X200X200mm)

Pour enough Sand into the Frame

Observe the Distribution of Sand

Spray the Sodium Theosulphate Solution

Detach a Solidified Piece from the Frame

Apply Resin to be strengthen and waterproof

261

Outdoor Class for the Experiment

Previous Sand

After Changing

TERRI-FORM

Unusual Falling Angle

Uneven and Thick Surface

Easily Broken Piece

MATERIAL EXPERIMENTS

Sodium Theosulphate

With an outdoor class to introduce the basic process, we started to produce with several experiment. It was inevitable because all materials were different from UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Especially, the size of sand was quite different and its colour was white. During early days , we failed to make even and strong pieces and repeated experiments. For example, we changed the time for boiling sodium the sulphate and the proportion of resin, catalysts and accelerator. The main reason was the size of sand particle. Too fine sand particle made uneven falling angle and too thick and weak surface because it absorbs the sodium solution too quickly and the solution couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be solidified in the dense sand.

263

TERRI-FORM

DISTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTS

Global Distribution

Detached Solidified Pieces and Classification

Preparation for Combination

Presentation with Trial Pieces

Finally, as a result of exchanging the kind the situation of the materials, we could make the first perfect piece. Among 28 pieces in plan, each group made some components to show global distributions and took a presentation with previous digital stuff.

265

TERRI-FORM

Brainstorming and Division of Roles

Sorting out and Making Classified Boxes

Spraying Sodium Theosulphate Solution

Arranging the Order of Finished Pieces

Installation of ElectricÂ Wires behind Sand Pieces

United Effort for Finish

267

TERRI-FORM

Installation at Tsinghua Art Center

Aggregation of Assembled Panels

Completion of the Combination

Lighting Test behind Sand Pieces

Projection of Light

Continuous Distribution on 1:1 scale

269

INSTALLATION A perfect combination with 96 sand pieces of 8 big back panels and the lighting effect

TERRI-FORM

271

R E F E R E N C E S

TERRI-FORM

275

TERRI-FORM

277

TERRI-FORM

279

D I G I T A L

T O O L S

G R A S S H O P P E R

Making grid of points for setting up a grid of points to draw the attractor curves

Two controlable curves as an attractors

CHAPTER XXXXXX

Grid of points to be attracted by the curves

TERRI-FORM

Allocates different set of points to their boundaries within the voronoi pattern

Points are being attracted with the curves

Highlights the areas of the voronoi pattern which is within a certain amplitude

Makes conical geometry based on the attracted set of points

Makes conical geometry based on points on curves

287

Using sandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s angle of repose to simulate the formation of the pattern in 3-dimension

CHAPTER XXXXXX

Makes conical geometry based on the attracted set of points

Makes conical geometry based on points on curves

TERRI-FORM

Create vertical surfaces under ridges if the height reaches certain amount

Makes the ridges without boolean or union

Create vertical surfaces under ridges if the height reaches certain amount

289

GENERATE THE BOUNDARY FOR SURFACE

TERRI-FORM

GENERATE THE HOLES FOR VERTICAL SELF-DISTRIBUTION OF SAND

291

GENERATE THE SURFACE OF INTERSECTING CONES

TERRI-FORM

293

SCRIPT OF GENERATING DIFFERENT BRANCHING CURVES ON SITE SCRIPT OF GENERATING DIFFERENT SCRIPT BRANCHING OF GENERATING CURVES DIFFERENT ON SITE BRANCHING CURVES ON SITE

Option Explicit Option Explicit 'Script written by Junyi Wang(Peter) 'Script written by Junyi Wang(Peter) 'Script copyrighted by AADRL 'Script copyrighted by AADRL 'Script version Wednesday, December 15, 'Script 2010version 11:36:22 Wednesday, PM December 15, 2010 11:36:22 PM Call Main() Sub Main()

Call Main() Sub Main()

Dim i Dim i Dim numSeg:numSeg = Rhino.GetInteger("how Dim numSeg:numSeg many division=pts Rhino.GetInteger("how do u want?", 100) many division pts do u want?", 100) For i = 1 To 5 For i = 1 To 5 Call Branching(i, numSeg) Call Branching(i, numSeg) Next Next End Sub

End Sub

Function Branching(index, num)

curves for location of public space which branch out and reconnect in order to promote communication for people

Function Branching(index, num)

Dim i, j Dim i, j Dim arrCrvs:arrCrvs = Rhino.ObjectsByLayer(index) Dim arrCrvs:arrCrvs = Rhino.ObjectsByLayer(index) Dim arrAgents() Dim arrAgents() For i = 0 To UBound(arrCrvs) For i = 0 To UBound(arrCrvs) If Rhino.IsCurve(arrCrvs(i)) Then If Rhino.IsCurve(arrCrvs(i)) Then Dim arrPoints:arrPoints = Rhino.DivideCurve(arrCrvs(i), Dim arrPoints:arrPoints CInt(num/(index^0.5))) = Rhino.DivideCurve(arrCrvs(i), CInt(num/(index^0.5))) ReDim Preserve arrAgents(i) ReDim Preserve arrAgents(i) arrAgents(i) = arrPoints arrAgents(i) = arrPoints End If End If Next Next Call Rhino.HideObjects(arrCrvs) Call Rhino.HideObjects(arrCrvs) Dim arrMovePts(), swarmCloud Dim arrMovePts(), swarmCloud swarmCloud = Null swarmCloud = Null For i = 0 To CInt(num/(index^0.5)) - 1 For i = 0 To CInt(num/(index^0.5)) - 1 For j = 0 To UBound(arrAgents) For j = 0 To UBound(arrAgents) Call Rhino.CurrentLayer("seg") Call Rhino.CurrentLayer("seg") Dim strSeg:strSeg = Rhino.AddLine(arrAgents(j)(i), Dim strSeg:strSeg arrAgents(j)(i+1)) = Rhino.AddLine(arrAgents(j)(i), arrAgents(j)(i+1)) Call Rhino.ObjectColor(strSeg, RGB(0,(2*(index^3)),255/(index^0.8))) Call Rhino.ObjectColor(strSeg, RGB(0,(2*(index^3)),255/(index^0.8))) ReDim Preserve arrMovePts(j) ReDim Preserve arrMovePts(j) arrMovePts(j) = arrAgents(j)(i+1) arrMovePts(j) = arrAgents(j)(i+1) Next Next If Not isNull(swarmCloud) Then If Not isNull(swarmCloud) Then Rhino.DeleteObject swarmCloud Rhino.DeleteObject swarmCloud End If End If

Next End Function

Call Rhino.CurrentLayer("agents") Call Rhino.CurrentLayer("agents") swarmCloud = Rhino.AddPointCloud(arrMovePts) swarmCloud = Rhino.AddPointCloud(arrMovePts) Next End Function

curves for location of private accommodationscurves for location of private accommodations which branch out and not reconnect in order to which branch out and not reconnect in order to keep privacy of accommodation keep privacy of accommodation N

TERRI-FORM

SCRIPT OFOFGENERATING INTERSECTING CONES SCRIPT GENERATING DIFFERENT BRANCHING CURVESBASED ON SITE OF SELECTION OF POINTS WHICH REPRESENT THE LOCATIONS OF HOLES FOR VERTICAL SELF-DISTRIBUTION OF SAND

Option Explicit 'Script written by Junyi Wang 'Script copyrighted by AADRL 'Script version Tuesday, January 11, 2011 12:01:55 PM Call Main() Sub Main() Dim i, j Dim arrCenPt:arrCenPt = Rhino.GetPoint("pick the center point") Dim ptsArr:ptsArr = Rhino.GetObjects("pick the pts", 1) Dim height:height = Rhino.GetInteger("what is the height of the cone?", 15) Dim arrPlane0:arrPlane0 = Rhino.PlaneFromNormal(arrCenPt, array(0,0,1)) Dim strCone0:strCone0 = Rhino.AddCone(arrPlane0, height-arrCenPt(2), (height-arrCenPt(2))/0.7, False) Dim arrPts() For i = 0 To UBound(ptsArr) ReDim Preserve arrPts(i) arrPts(i) = Rhino.PointCoordinates(ptsArr(i)) Next Call Rhino.SortPoints(arrPts) Dim arrPlane1:arrPlane1 = Rhino.PlaneFromNormal(arrPts(0), array(0,0,1)) Dim strCone1:strCone1 = Rhino.AddCone(arrPlane1, height-arrPts(0)(2), (height-arrPts(0)(2))/0.7, False) Dim arrRes:arrRes = Rhino.BooleanUnion(array(strCone0, strCone1), True) Dim strBoolean:strBoolean = arrRes(0) Dim arrPlane2:arrPlane2 = Rhino.PlaneFromNormal(arrPts(1), array(0,0,1)) Dim strCone2:strCone2 = Rhino.AddCone(arrPlane2, height-arrPts(1)(2), (height-arrPts(1)(2))/0.7, False) arrRes = Rhino.BooleanUnion(array(strCone2, strBoolean), True) strBoolean = arrRes(0) For i = 2 To UBound(arrPts) Dim arrPlanePre:arrPlanePre = Rhino.PlaneFromNormal(arrPts(i), array(0,0,1)) Dim strConePre:strConePre = Rhino.AddCone(arrPlanePre, abs(height-arrPts(i)(2)), abs(height-arrPts(i)(2))/0.7, False) arrRes = Rhino.BooleanUnion(array(strConePre, strBoolean), True) strBoolean = arrRes(0) Next End Sub

295

35 DEGREE

TERRI-FORM

From Jan. 2010 to Feb.2011....

299