ATP Stations

QEQ:How do biological Station

Investigation:

organisms use energy?

Respond to each station using a separate piece of paper.

Background

A key feature in use of exergonic the way cells manage their energy resources to do cell work is energy coupling, the process to drive an endergonic one. The primary source of energy for cells in energy coupling is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is made up of the nitro enous base adenine, bonded to ribose and a chain of threephosphate groups. When a phosphate grou is hiĂŠrolyzed, energy is released in an exergonic reaction. Work in the cell is done by the release of aTbosphate group from ATP. The exergonic release of the phosphate group is used to do the endergĂśnic work of the cell.

When ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis, it becomes ADP (adenosine

diphosphate).

Living organisms use

provide the energy needed for most biological processes.

I. for this chemical ADP plus a phosphate (P) reaction is provided by the cellular respiration of sugars or other organic molecules.

Energy from cellular respiration of organic molecules p

ADP

p

P

+ H 20

ATP

AQP = Adenosine diphosphate

ALP = Adenosine

Il.

1

ATP and

water react to form ADP plus a phosphate, this reaction provides the energy for many different

cellular processes. (a) Mechanical work

(b) Transport work

ADP + p

(c) Chemical work

Low concentration of solute ATP + Hzo

ATP + H20

ADP + p

ATP + H20

Flagella Substrates

yme

product

High concentrationof solute

Figure 4.12 ATP and cellular work. ATP powers (a) mechanicalwork, such as the moving of the flagella of this single-celled green algae, Chlamy$nonas; (b) transport work, such as the active transport of a across a membrane from its own low to high concentration;and (c) chemicalwork, such as the enzyma rmversion of substratesto a product.

EQ: How do biological organisms use energy?

Summary​:​ ​Living organisms use a two-step process to provide the energy needed for most of their biological processes. First, cellular respiration makes ATP from ADP plus a phosphate (P), using the energy from the cellular respiration of sugars or other organic molecules. Then, the hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for most biological processes. Hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for many biological processes, such as synthesizing biological molecules, pumping ions across the cell membrane, and mechanical work. Energy can be transformed from one type to another, but energy cannot be created or destroyed by biological processes. All types of energy conversion are inefficient and result in the production of heat.

Research ATP Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP for short, is the energy currency of life and is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy.

Adenosine triphosphate is composed of the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP gets its energy by breaking down food in the mitochondria, the powerhouse factory organelle, during the process of cellular respiration. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP is used to perform cellular work, usually by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions.

Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy derived from exergonic ATP hydrolysis to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane while phosphorylation drives the endergonic reaction.

ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell. It has an adenosine backbone with three phosphate groups .

Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy derived from exergonic ATP hydrolysis to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.

Energy is released when ATP spits and forms ADP. The energy from this split is immediately available. A lot of the energy produced by cells ends up as heat (environment) therefore the body needs a continual source of energy.

ATP Analogy I

Glucose is a great source of energy.

$100 bills are worth a lot of money.

II

However, individual cell processes may only require a small amount of energy.

But most vending machines and some business do not accept $100 bills.

III

ATP releases more appropriate amounts of energy for the individual cellular processes that require energy.

We need a smaller form of “currency” for these processes. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is this important cellular “currency” for life.

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ATP Team Video Script​ Group

​Right Side

1​ 1/22/16 (An adenine, a ribose, and a three phosphates stand in a group. There are two ATP molecules.)

Jeremy: ATP consists of an adenine and a ribose, plus three phosphate groups. ATP is the main form of energy in the body.

Sydney: When a phosphate group is removed, it creates ADP. (Removes phosphate.)

Alex: Making ADP is an exergonic reaction, which releases energy for work to be used in cells.

Sydney: The opposite of an exergonic reaction is an endergonic reaction, which takes in energy for storage. (Pushes phosphate back in.)

Alex: (Pushes phosphate back out.) However, in order to have energy couplings, the energy that is released needs to be taken into other reactions. Meaning that the phosphate needs to stay OUT of the ATP molecule.

​Post Stations Analysis Questions 1. What does ATP stand for (write out the whole term)?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate.

2. What is ATP composed of?

ATP is composed of an adenine ring, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.

3. Where are the highest energy bonds located?

ATP is an unstable molecule which hydrolyzes to ADP and inorganic phosphate when it is in equilibrium with water. The high energy of this molecule comes from the two high-energy phosphate bonds. The bonds between phosphate molecules are called phosphoanhydride bonds. They are energy-rich and contain a ΔG of -30.5 kJ/mol.

4. Explain why a cell needs to constantly break down and synthesize ATP. While ATP is constantly being used up by the body in its biological processes, the energy supply can be bolstered by new sources of glucose being made available via eating food which is then broken down by the digestive system to smaller particles that can be utilized by the body. ADP is built back up into ATP so that it can be used again in its more energetic state. Although this conversion requires energy, the process produces a net gain in energy. Many ATP are needed every second by a cell, so ATP is created inside them due to the demand and the fact that organisms are made up of millions of cells.

The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy for many biological processes, including mechanical work, pumping ions into or out of a cell, and synthesizing molecules (see 2nd figure on page 1).

6. The coupled reactions shown below summarize how hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy for muscle cells to contract. Fill in the blanks to complete the top line. many ​ATP ​+ many ​H2O ​ muscle cell relaxed

\/ \/

H​2​O

many ​ADP ​+ many P

muscle cell contracted

7. The bottom line represents the reactions of muscle proteins that result in muscle contraction. What does ​\/​ represent? ​\/ ​represents the output of the ATP hydrolysis. As ATP is broken down into ADP + P, energy releases and therefore causes the muscle to contract.

8. The reaction, ATP + H​2​O → ADP + P occurs: a. only in muscle cells b. in muscle cells and nerve cells c. in all the cells in your body.

9. What reasoning supports the answer you chose?

Mainly because we need chemical energy in every cell of the body to develop basic functions. Some of these functions are represented in common biochemical pathways, and in them, we can find the reaction. Hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy for most biological processes.

Two important ​general principles​ about energy are: ● Energy can be transformed from one type to another (e.g. chemical energy can be transformed to the kinetic energy ​ of muscle contraction). However, ​energy can ​not be created or destroyed​ by biological processes. ● All types of energy transformation are ​inefficient​. For example, the energy for muscle contraction is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP, but only about 20-25% of the energy from this chemical reaction is captured in the kinetic energy of muscle contraction. The rest of the energy is converted to ​heat​.

10. Cellular respiration takes place primarily in organelles called mitochondria. Some textbooks claim that "Mitochondria make the energy needed for biological processes."

Explain what is wrong with this sentence and give a more accurate sentence.

Mitochondria do not make the energy. It is the process of cellular respiration and hydrolysis of ATP that synthesize the energy needed for biological processes. Energy is never created or destroyed by biological processes. Energy is transformed.

11. Explain why your body gets warmer when you are physically active.

When our muscles use ATP, an exothermic chemical reaction occurs that "burns" ATP, breaking it into two pieces (ADP and phosphate). That reaction releases energy. Some of that energy is used in the actual movement of the muscle. But some the energy causes nearby molecules to vibrate. This kinetic movement causes the muscle and body to heat up..