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This building was designed by the architect named norman foster and his partners of architectural firm. They have worked on such renowned buildings as the renovated reichstag in berlin, london city hall, and wembley stadium. they are also known for their innovative approach to design that stands out particularly well against the more conservative nature of the majority of buildings on london.

The Gherkin is essentially an elongated, curved, shaft with a rounded end that is reminiscent of a stretched egg.

it is covered around with glass panels and rounded off at the corners. it shows a resemblance of lens dome at the top that serves as a type of observation deck.

They have made the gherkin as an energy efficient and there are a number of building features that enhance its efficiency. the shafts pull watm air out of the building during summer and use passive heat from the sun to bring heat into the building during the winter season. the open shafts also allow available sunlight to penetrate deep into the building to cut down on light costs.

The birth of gherkin started in 1992 as an explosion rocked the financial district of london. the building was torn down and city officials decided to put larger tower in its place. u=it began to have a much larger building that was dubbed the "millenium tower" but which failed to materialise. The construction began in 2001 and the gherkin was finished in december 2003. it didn't open fot the public until almost half of a year later.

The Gherkin 30 Saint Mary Axe, London, EC3A 8EP

THE GHERKIN

Located at No. 71 is Lloyd's Register, where the annual journal Lloyd's Registry was previously published. The frontage on Fenchurch Street was built in 1901 by Thomas Edward Collcutt and is a Grade II* listed building.[1] The more modern building behind was designed by Richard Rogers and towers above it. This was completed in 1999 and was shortlisted for the RIBA Stirling prize in 2002.

At the street's eastern end and junction with Aldgate is the Aldgate Pump, a historic water pump which has been designated a Grade II listed structure. Further west, Fenchurch Street's junction with Lime Street was formerly the location of a Christopher Wren church, St. Dionis Backchurch. First built in the 13th century dedicated to the patron saint of France, it was destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666, later rebuilt by Wren, and then demolished in 1878.

The tower was originally proposed at nearly 200 m (656 ft) tall but its design was scaled down after concerns about its visual impact on the nearby St Paul's Cathedral and Tower of London. It was subsequently approved in 2006 with the revised height. Even after the height reduction there were continued concerns from heritage groups about its impact on the surrounding area.

The project was consequently the subject of a public inquiry; in 2007 this ruled in the developers' favour and the building was granted full planning permis-

Designed by architect Rafael ViĂąoly and costing over ÂŁ200 million, 20 Fenchurch Street features a highly distinctive top-heavy form which appears to burst upward and outward. A large viewing deck, bar and restaurants are included on the top three floors; these are, with restrictions, open to the public.

20 Fenchurch St London EC3M

20 FENCHURCH STREET

The present Ca- The architect this is designed thedral, the of st. paul's by the leading masterpiece of cathedral is architects and Britain's most fa- christopher constructed by mous architect michael wren. laing o' rouke, Sir Christopher the building is Wren, is at least he had responsibility in realready recthe fourth to building 52 ognised as a have stood on churches in the great piece of the site. It was built between city of london contextua; ar1675 and 1710, after after the great chitecture and its predecessor fire in the year a genuine new was destroyed 1666 including icon for lonin the Great Fire his masterpiece, don, one of the of London, and very few buildservices began in st. paul's cathedral which was ings that will 1697. be instantly inThis was the first completed in dentified with Cathedral to be 1710. built after the he was a aristo- the city. also English Refortelian physics known as the mation in the graduate in uni- "cheese grater" sixteenth-cenversity of oxbecause of the tury, when Henford which he resemblance of ry VIII removed was highly reit's shape and the Church of garded by isaac structure.

England from newton and the jurisdicSt. Paul’s Churchyard, tion of the Pope blaise pascal.

London EC4M 8AD and the Crown took control of the life of the church.

ST. PAUL’S

The Shard also referred to as the Shard of Glass Shard London Bridge and formerly London Bridge Tower is an 87-storey skyscraper in Southwark, London, that forms part of the London Bridge Quarter development.

The Shard's construction began in March 2009; it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 5 July 2012.Practical completion was achieved in November 2012.

The tower's privately operated observation deck, The View from The Shard, was opened to the public on 1 February 2013.

Piano considered Renzo Piano, the the slender, spireproject’s archilike form of the tect, designed the tower a positive Shard as a spireaddition to the like sculpture London skyline, re- emerging from calling the church the River Thames. steeples featured in He was inspired historic engravings by the railway of the city, and be- lines next to the lieved that its pres- site, the London ence would be far spires depicted by more delicate than the 18th-century opponents of the Venetian painter project alleged.

Canaletto, and He proposed a sothe masts of sailphisticated use of ing ships. Piano’s glazing, with exdesign met critpressive façades of icism from Engangled glass panes lish Heritage, who intended to reflect claimed the buildsunlight and the ing would be “a sky above, so that shard of glass the appearance of through the the building will heart of historic change according London”, giving to the weather and the building its seasons. The buildname, The Shard. ing features 11,000 32 London Bridge panes of glass, with a total surStreet, London SE1 9SG face area of 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft)

THE SHARD

the previous redevelopment in the 1960's had been used in a company for over a century. the company is peninsula oriental steam navigation company. the cost of the new building was estimated at ÂŁ8,000m. in march 1848, p&o moved into a new office. in the year 1854, p&o unsuccessfully attempted to purchase the neighbouring building at 121 leadenhall street, however they were eventually able to take lease from the charity which held it. as a result, the two companies decided to participate in a joint development that would involve the reallocation of site boundaries and the creation of an open concourse area at the junction of leadenhall street and st. mary axe.

THE LEADENHALL BUILDING IS COLLABORATED WITH THE BRITISH LAND. THIS IS ONE OF EUROPE'S LARGEST REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS (REITS), AND OXFORD PROPERTIES, the global investor, developer and manager of real estate. the credentials of the leadenhall building provide the development with unriballed integrity, authenicity and quality.

this is designed by the leading architects and constructed by laing o' rouke, the building is already recognised as a great piece of contextua; architecture and a genuine new icon for london, one of the very few buildings that will be instantly indentified with the city. also known as the "cheese grater" because of the resemblance of it's shape and structure.

122 Leadenhall Street, London EC3V 4AB

THE LEADENHALL BUILDING