English Grammar
1
Contents – alphabetically Articles - kendeord Nouns - navneord Genitive - ejefald Verbs - udsagnsord
Modal verbs
Irregular verbs - list Irregular verbs - groups Adjektiver – tillægsord Adverbier – biord Nations Pronouns – stedord
Numerals - talord Prepositions - forholdsord Conjunctions – bindeord Pronunciation – udtale Vigtige fejltyper Skriftlige opgaver Fejltyper - udsagnsord Fejltyper – andre ord Ordbog Deling af ord Stavning Pas på! Store bogstaver Apostrof Komma Ordstilling Vendinger Andre vendinger
The indefinite article – den ubesemte artikel (kendeord) The definite article – den bestemte artikel (kendeord) Regular nouns – regelmæssige substantiver (navneord) Irregular nouns – uregelmæssige substantiver (navneord) Genitive – genitiv (ejefald) Regular verbs – regelmæssige verber – udsagnsord) The passive – passiv (lideform) To be – at være The continuous tense – udvidet tid The gerund – ing-form To have – at have To do – at gøre The modal verbs – modalverber - mådesudsagnsord Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber At blive At skulle Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber (alfabetisk) Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber – grupper Adjektives – adjektiver – tillægsord Adverbs – adverbier – biord Nations – nationer Personal pronouns – personlige pronomier - personlige stedord Possessive pronouns – possessive pronomier - ejestedord Reflexive pronouns – refleksive pronomie–tilbagevisende stedord Demonstrative pronouns – demonstrative pronomier –påpegende stedord Relative pronouns – relative pronomier – henførende stedord Interrogative pronouns – interogative pronomier – spørgende stedord Indefinite pronouns – indefinitte pronomier – ubestemte stedord Numerals – numeralier – talord Prepositions – præpositioner – forholdsord Prepositions – præpositioner – forholdsord - gruppevis Conjunktions – konjunktioner – bindeord Pronunciation – udtale Fejltyper, der skal have Jeres særlige opmærksomhed Om at arbejde med skriftlige opgaver Fejltyper - udsagnsord Fejltyper – andre ord Brug af ordbog Deling a ord Huskeregler til stavning Pas på! Store bogstaver Apostrof Komma Ordstilling Vendinger og overgangsord – alfabetisk Andre almindelige vendinger og overgangsord – alfabetisk
02 03 03 04 04 05 05 06 06 07 08 08 09 10 10 11 12 13-16 16-18 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25-26 27-30 31-35 36 37 37 38 39 39-40 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 44
2
•
The Indefinite article – den ubestemte artikel (kendeord) aan -
Foran ord, der begynder med konsonantlyd. Foran ord, der begynder med en vokallyd.
Eksempler: aan -
a man, a cat, a house, a door, a book, a ball an uncle, an aunt, an island, an hour, an old woman ---------
• The definite article – den bestemte artikel (kendeord) the
udtales [ðə]
Foran ord, der begynder med konsonantlyd.
udtales [ði]
Foran ord, der begynder med en vokallyd.
Eksempler: [ðə]
the dog, the mouse, the sea, the sister, the doctor
[ði]
the owner, the hour, the act, the island, the axe
Anvendes:
Ved verdenshjørner, ordenstal, floders navne, offentlige bygninger, foran of-forbindelser. Eksempler: in the North of France, the 3rd price, the Thames, the owner of the house
Anvendes ikke:
Ved begreber i almindelighed, årstider, højtider, måltider, gader Og byer (dog undtagelser).
3
•
Regular nouns – regelmæssige substantiver - navneord Tilføjer -s i flertal Eksempler:
a dog - two dogs
Ved navneord, der ender på o tilføjes –es i flertal Eksempler: a fox - two foxes
-
ss
a nose - many noses
-
sh
-
-
ch
-
s
-
x
a kiss - many kisses
Specielle regler: l. - y - ændres til - ie - efter en konsonant foran - s Eksempler: an enemy – the enemies - a lady – the ladies
•
2.
Nogle ord der ender på -f danner flertal ved at ændre f til -ve foran - s Eksempler: knife – knives - half – halves - wife – wives
3.
Andre ord, der ender på –f, bibeholder -f Eksempler: roof – roofs chief – chiefs
Irregular nouns – uregelmæssige substantiver (navneord) 1. 2. 3.
Ord, der er uforandrede i flertal. Eksempler: a sheep – five sheep Ord, der får omlyd i flertal. Eksempler: a man – two men Ord, der ender på -en i flertal. Eksempler: an ox – seven oxen
-
a deer – four deer a woman – two women
-
a child – nine children
4.
Ord, der bruges i ental, men har flertalsbetydning. Eksempler: much money - a piece of advice - many pieces of furniture
5.
Ord, der bruges i flertal. Eksempler: contents, arms, oats, wages
4
•
The genitive – genitiv (ejefald) 1.
s-ejefald dannes ved at tilføje ‘s, der benyttes i forbindelse med personer og ved tids- og målbestemmelser. Eksempler: the king’s castle, the girl’s hat. Ord der ender på –s tilføjer kun ‘ (apostrof) Eksempler: Moses’ laws, the boys’ names (drengenes).
2.
of-ejefald dannes ved at omskrive med of og benyttes i forbindelse med betegnelser på ting. Eksempler: the roof of the house, the names of the tools.
•
Regular verbs – regelmæssige verber (udsagnsord) To play ental flertal
A.
Present nutid 1 2 3 1 2 3
I play you play he, she, it plays we play you play they play
Past datid 1 2 3 1 2 3
I played you played he, she, it played we played you played they played
Der tilføjes –s i 3. Person, ental, nutid – efter hvislelyd tilføjes –es (he wishes) Der tilføjes –ed i datid og kort tillægsform. (Kort tillægsform ender på –t på dansk).
To play ental flertal
1 2 3 1 2 3
perfect førnutid I have played you haveplayed he, she, it has played we haveplayed you have played they have played
1 2 3 1 2 3
plusperfect førdatid I had played you had played he, she, it had played we had played you had played they had played
B.
Førnutid og førdatid dannes af nutids- og datidsformerne af to Have (hjælpeudsagnsordet) + kort tillægsform.
C.
Y ændres til –ie efter en konsonant før –s og –d.
5
•
The passive – passiv (lideform) A.
Passiv dannes af to be + kort tillægsform
passiv ental flertal
1 2 3 1 2 3
B.
Present nutid I am asked you are asked he, she, it is asked we are asked you are asked they are asked
1 2 3 1 2 3
Past datid I was asked you were asked he, she, it was asked we were asked you were asked they were asked
I have been asked, I had been asked er førnutid og førdatid. Genstandsled i en aktiv sætning (handleform) bliver grundled I en sætning med passiv.
Eksempler: Aktiv
Passiv
Nutid: The girl takes the ball. The man helps the child. My wife kisses me.
The ball is taken by the girl. The child is helped by the man. I am kissed by my wife.
Datid: The girl took the ball. The man helped the child. My wife kissed me.
•
The ball was taken by the girl. The child was helped by the man. I was kissed by my wife.
To be - at være he is, he was, he has been, he had been, he will be A. B. C.
to be + ing-form danner udvidet tid. Passiv dannes af to be + kort tillægsform. Bemærk at forkortelser kun må bruges i direkte tale (som ikke må bruges i stile, medmindre der er tale om skuespil).
6
•
The continuos tense – udvidet tid A.
Udvidet tid dannes af to be + ing-form.
To play ental flertal
B.
1 2 3 1 2 3
Present nutid I am playing you are playing he, she, it is playing we are playing you are playing they are playing
1 2 3 1 2 3
Past datid I was playing you were playing he, she, it was playing we were playing you were playing they were playing
Udvidet nutid beskriver en uafsluttet handling. Eksempler: They are singing. He is dancing. Peter is sleeping.
C.
Almindelig nutid beskriver facts, det alment gĂŚldende. Eksempler: My mother smokes too much. I like good stories. They always speak like that.
D.
Udvidet datid beskriver en handling, der foregik, da noget andet indtraf. Eksempler: She was playing tennis when the car stopped. I was sleeping when the boy called.
E.
Almindelig datid beskriver noget afsluttet. Eksempler: The lived in England at that time. I hated him when he was a child.
7
•
The gerund – ing-form
1.
Ing-form dannes ved at tilføje –ing til en navnemåde. Eksempler: Going, singing, drying, walking, laughing.
2.
Anvend ing-form after forholdsord. Eksempler: He thought of doing it again. They left without Saying good-bye.
3.
Anvend ing-form efter følgende udsagnsord: Avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, mind ofte efter see, hear, feel. Eksempler: I enjoyed walking in the wood. Would you mind Helping me?
4.
Anvend ing-form efter følgende tillægsord: Busy, no good, like, worth. Eksempler: I am busy sewing. That film is not worth seeing.
•
5.
Anvend ing-form som del af en sætning. Eksempler: I know the people living next door. Knowing the Facts I cannot tell a lie.
6.
Ing-form som navneord. Eksempler: No parking. No smoking.
To have – at have he has, he had, he has had, he had had, he will have Førnutid og førdatid dannes af nutidsformerne og datidsformerne af to have + kort tillægsform. Førnutid og førdatid af andre udsagnsord dannes på samme måde. Eksempler: He has helped the man. We have often tried. They had seen the dog. She had talked to him. You have killed him. It has been here.
8
•
To do – at gøre To do 1. I 2. you 3. he, she, it 1. we flertal 2. you 3. they ental
A.
førnutid/førdatid have/had done have/had done has/had done have/had done have/had done have/had done
+ grundled
+ navnemåde
+ andre ord
Do
you
know
him?
Does
he
like
the hat?
Did
they
go
home?
Der omskrives med do, does, did i nægtende sætninger, der Indeholder not. grundled
C.
datid did did did did did did
Der omskrives med do, does, did i spørgende hovedsætninger. do
B.
nutid do do does do do do
+ do
+ not
+ navnemåde
+ andre ord
The man
does
not
like
the children.
They
do
not
run
quickly.
She
did
not
buy
anything.
Der omskrives ikke med do, does, did i forbindelse med modalverber samt have og be, og når et spørgende stedord er grundled. Eksempler: Have you got an umbrella? Will she go there again? Are they afraid of him? Who told her the truth? Must you tease him? Has she never tried it before? Is it your book? What happened to the stranger? He would not help me. This is not my book. I have not seen her lately. We are not afraid. They cannot read the book. You should not do it. She has not been here. You have not tried.
9
•
The modal verbs – modalverber (mådesudsagnsord)
shall
will
Infinitive navnemåde
can Present nutid
may Past datid
must
ought Perfect førnutid
to be obliged to
he shall
he should
he has been obliged to
to want to
he will
he would
he has wanted to
to be able to
he can
he could
he has been able to
to be allowed to
he may
he might
he has been allowed to
to have to
he must
he must
he has had to
to have to
he ought
he ought
he has had to
A.
Modalverberne forekommer kun i nutid og datid. Navnemåde og førnutid er omskrivninger.
B.
Modalverberne tilføjer ikke –s i 3. Person, ental, nutid. Eksempler: She may go now. He must help me. He can read. Modalverberne har ikke omskrivning med to do i spørgende og nægtende sætninger. Bemærk at forkortelser kun må anvendes i direkte tale (der ikke må anvendes i stile, medmindre der er tale om et skuespil).
•
Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber. A. B. C. D.
Der tilføjes –s i 3. Person, ental, nutid. Efter hvislelyd tilføjes es (he catches). Datidsformerne er uregelmæssige. Kort tillægsform er uregelmæssig. De uregelmæssige udsagnsord findes i ordbogen.
10
• 1.
At blive to become (ofte om navneord og tillægsord) He became a teacher It has become warmer
2.
to get (ofte om tillægsord) She got wet He got angry
3.
hun blev bleg han blev ubehagelig
to be (i lideform) Many pigs are killed The apple-pie was eaten
NB:
de blev til frokost Al blev I sengen I 3 uger Ted blev siddende I lænestolen
to turn (ofte pludseligt) she turned pale he turned nasty
6.
Jim er blevet træt fru Smith blev meget irritabel
to stay, to remain (forblive, blive ved med at være) They stayed for lunch Al stayed in bed for 3 weeks Ted remained sitting in the armchair
5.
hun blev våd han blev vred
to grow (ofte gradvis, lidt efter lidt) Jim has grown tired Mrs Smith grewvery irribable
4.
han blev lærer det er blevet varmere
she fell in love he fell ill go on singing he kept on for a long time
mange grise bliver slagtet æblekagen blev spist
hun blev forelsket han blev syg bliv ved med at synge (fortsætte med) han blev ved længe
11
•
At skulle Should
Husk at should ofte er lig med ought to (burde) – desuden bruges should ofte sammen med like lig med vil, ville gerne. Ex: You should not go there – du skulle/burde ikke gå derhen I should like to travel – jeg ville så gerne ud at rejse.
Must
påbud, befaling Ex: She said that I must do it – hun sagde, jeg skulle gøre det.
Had to
nødvendighed Ex: She had to work hard to keep the job – hun måtte/skulle arbejde hårdt for at beholde sit arbejde.
Was/were to
efter aftale Ex: She was to meet him in Rome – hun skulle møde ham i Rom They were to leave at ten – de skulle gå kl. 10
Was/were going to
om fremtid Ex: Jim was going to Bristol the next day – Jim skulle til Bristol næste dag. The pupils were going to learn Latin – eleverne skulle lære latin.
Was/were about to
skulle lige til at Ex: I was about to leave when Henry entered – jeg skulle lige til at gå, da Henry trådte ind. We were just going to write – vi skulle lige til at skrive.
NB:
We told him to go – vi sagde til ham, at han skulle gå. We did not know what to do – vi vidste ikke hvad vi skulle gøre.
12
•
Nogle uregelmæssige udsagnsord ordnet alfabetisk. Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒
Nutid 3. person ental
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
to be * be able to * to be allowed to * to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to be obliged to * to bid to bind to bite to blow to break to bring to build to burn to burst to buy to catch to choose to come to cost to creep to cut to dig to do to draw to dream
is can may
was could might
been been able to been able to
være kunne Måtte (gerne)
bears beats becomes begins bends shall
bore beat became began bent should
føde slå blive begynde bøje skulle
bids binds bites blows breaks brings builds burns bursts buys catches chooses comes costs creeps cuts digs does draws dreams
to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find
drinks drives eats falls feeds feels fights finds
bade bound bit blew broke brought built burnt/burned burst bought caught chose came cost crept cut dug did drew dreamt/ dreamed drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found
born beaten become begun bent been obliged to bidden bound bitten blown broken brought built burnt/burned burst bought caught chosen come cost crept cut dug done drawn dreamt/ dreamed drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found
befale, byde binde bide blæse brække bringe bygge brænde briste købe fange, gribe vælge komme koste krybe klippe, skære grave gøre tegne, trække drømme drikke drive, køre spise, æde falde fodre føle kæmpe finde
13
Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒
Nutid 3. person ental
to flee to fling to fly to forbid to forget to freeze to get
flees flings flies forbids forgets freezes gets
to give to go to grow to hang to have to have to * to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep
gives goes grown hangs has must hears hides hits holds hurts keeps
to kneel to know to lay to lead to lean to leap to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to lie down to light to lose to make to mean to meet * to pay to put to read
kneels knows lays leads leans leaps learns leaves lends lets lies lies down lights loses makes mean meets ought pays puts reads
Navnemåde
Nutid
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
fled flung flew forbade forgot froze got
flygte kaste, kyle flyve forbyde glemme fryse blive, få, komme gave given give went gone gå, rejse, tage grew grown blive, vokse hung hung hænge had had have must has had to måtte (skulle) heard heard høre hid hidden gemme (sig) hit hit ramme held held holde, rumme hurt hurt gøre fortræd kept kept holde, beholde knelt knelt knæle knew known kende, vide laid laid lægge led led føre leant leant læne (sig) leapt leapt hoppe learnt/learned learnt/learned lære (selv) left left forlade lent lent låne (ud) let let lade, udleje lay lain ligge lay down lain down lægge sig ned lit/lighted lit/lighted tænde lost lost miste, tabe made made gøre, lave meant meant betyde, mene met met møde ought burde paid paid betale put put lægge, sætte read read læse
Datid
fled flung flown forbidden forgotten frozen got
Kort
Dansk 14
og nutid * undtagen ⇒
3. person ental
tillægsmåde (+have/has/had)
to ride to ring to rise
rides rings rises
rode rang rose
ridden rung risen
to run to say to see to seek to sell to send to set to sew to shake to shine to shoot to show to shut to sing to sink to sit to sit down to sleep to slide to smell to sow to speak to spell to spend
runs says sees seeks sells sends sets sews shakes shines shoots shows shuts sings sinks sits sits down sleeps slides smells sows speaks spells spends
ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat sat down slept slid smelt sowed spoke spelt/spelled spent
run said seen sought sold sent set sewn shook shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat sat down slept slid smelt sown/sowed spoken spelt/spelled spent
to spill to spin to split to spoil to spread to spring to stand to steal to stick to sting to strike to swear
spills spins splits spoils spreads springs stands steals sticks stings strikes swears
spilt/spilled spun split spoilt/spoiled spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck swore
spilt/spilled spun split spoilt/spoiled spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn
to sweep
sweeps
swept
swept
Navnemåde
Nutid
Datid
Kort
køre, ride ringe rejse sig. stå op løbe sige se søge sælge sende gå net, sætte sy ryste skinne skyde vise lukke synge synke sidde sætte sig ned sove glide lugte så tale stave give ud, tilbringe spilde spinde flække ødelægge sprede springe stå stjæle fæste, klæbe stikke slå bande, sværge feje
Dansk 15
og nutid * undtagen ⇒
3. person ental
tillægsmåde (+have/has/had)
to swim to swing to take to teach
swims swings takes teaches
swam swung took taught
swum swung taken taught
to tear to tell to think
tears tells thinks
tore told thought
torn told thought
to throw to tread to wake to want to to wear
throws treads wakes will wears
threw trod woke/waked would wore
thrown trodden waked wanted to worn
to weep to win to wind to wring to write
weeps wins winds wrings writes
wept won wound wrung wrote
wept won wound wrung written
svømme svinge tage lære, undervise sønderrive fortælle tænke, tro, synes kanse træde vække, vågne ville bære, have på, slide græde vinde sno vride skrive
Nogle uregelmæssige udsagnsord, ordnet i grupper efter bøjningsmønstret.
Der findes en lang række udsagnsord, hvor datid og kort tillægsmåde er ens.
Navnemåde og kort tillægsmåde er ens i disse ord. Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to become to come to run
Nutid 3. person ental becomes comes runs
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
became came ran
become come run
blive komme løbe
Navnemåde, datid og kort tillægsmåde er ens i disse ord. Navnemåde
Nutid
Datid
Kort
Dansk 16
og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to broadcast to burst to cost to cut to hit to hurt to let to put to set to shut to trust to upset
3. person ental broadcasts bursts costs cuts hits hurts lets puts sets shuts trusts upsets
tillægsmåde (+have/has/had)
broadcast burst cost cut hit hurt let put set shut trust upset
broadcast burst cost cut hit hurt let put set shut trust upset
udsende briste koste skære, klippe ramme skade, lade, udleje lægge, sætte sætte, gå ned lukke stole på forvirre, ophidse
Navnemåde har “i”, datid “a”, kort tillægsmåde “u” i disse ord Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to begin to drink to ring to sing to sink to swim
Nutid 3. person ental begins drinks rings sings sinks swims
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
began drank rang sang sank swam
begun drunk rung sung sunk swum
begynde drikke ringe synge synke svømme
Navnemåde + n er lig med kort tillægsmåde i disse ord Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to blow to draw to forgive to give to grow to know to see to shake to show to throw
Nutid 3. person ental blows draws forgives gives grows knows sees shakes shows throws
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
blew drew forgave gave grew knew saw shook showed threw
blown drawn forgiven given grown known seen shaken shown thrown
blæse tegne tilgive give vokse kende, vide se ryste vise kaste
17
Datid + n er lig med kort tillægsmåde i disse ord Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to break to choose to speak to steal to wake
Nutid 3. person ental breaks chooses speaks steals wakes
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
broke chose spoke stole woke
broken chosen spoken stolen woken
brække vælge tale stjæle vågne,vække
Navnemåde + en er lig med kort tillægsmåde i disse ord Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to be to eat to fall
Nutid 3. person ental is eats falls
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
was ate fell
been eaten fallen
være spise, æde falde
Navnemåden “i” bliver i datid til “o”, kort tillægsmåde tilføjer“n” i disse ord. Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to drive to rise to write
Nutid 3. person ental drives rises writes
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
drove rose wrote
driven risen written
køre stå op skrive
Disse udsagnsord er særligt vanskelige at bøje. Navnemåde og nutid * undtagen ⇒ to do to fly to forbid to go to ride to lie
Nutid 3. person ental does flies forbids goes rides lies
Datid
Kort tillægsmåde
Dansk
(+have/has/had)
did flew forbade went rode lay
done flown forbidden gone ridden lain
gøre flyve forbyde gå ride, køre ligge
18
•
Adjectives – adjektiver - tillægsord 1.
Endelser:
the positive grundform great polite gay
-(e)r,
-(e)st
the comparative højere grad greater politer gayer
the superlative højeste grad greatest politest gayest
Anvendelse: Ved enstavelsesord + tostavelsesord der ender på y, er, ow, le og tostavelsesord med tryk på sidste stavelse. 2.
More og most
the positive grundform splendid excellent
the comparative højere grad more splendid more excellent
the superlative højeste grad most splendid most excellent
Anvendelse: Især ved flerstavelsesord. 3.
Adskillige tillægsord har uregelmæssig gradbøjning.
the positive grundform good bad little much/many
the comparative højere grad better worse less more
the superlative højeste grad best worst least most
Stor – lille small bruges om størrelsesforhold little bruges ofte om sød lille short bruges ofte om højde big bruges ofte overført (Big boys do not cry). large er ofte om udstrækning og rummelighed great er ofte berømt, mægtig, noget, der ikke kan måles. tall bruges om højde.
19
•
Adverbs - adverbier - biord Hovedregler for biords placering. 1.
biord, der lægger sig til udsagnsledet placeres mellem grundled og udsagnsled, dog aldrig foran to be. Eksempler: He often told the same story. She never tried to understand him. They are not here.
2.
Biord placeres mellem hjælpeudsagnsord og hovedudsagnsord. Eksempler: They have almost learnt everything. We could always hear him.
3.
Mådesbiord placeres efter udsagnsledet. Eksempler: They work carefully. He behaved naturally.
4.
Lange biordsforbindelser samt tids- og stedsbestemmelser placeres først eller sidst i sætningen. Eksempler: Yesterday I saw a new building in the town. Later on he went upstairs.
5.
Biord er ord, der lægger sig til udsagnsord, tillægsord, andre biord. Eksempler: He ran slowly. They were terribly nervous. They came too quickly.
6.
Biord, der dannes af tillægsord, tilføjer som hovedregel -ly. Eksempler: happy - happily - awful - awfully - polite - politely perfect - perfectly - pretty - prettily
7.
Mange småord er ægte biord: always, never, often, now, soon, too, well, tomorrow, there
•
8.
Biord fortæller ofte om a) sted b) tid c) måde
9.
Nogle biord har samme form som tillægsordet. daily, early, fast, hard (hardly = næppe)
Nations - nationer På engelsk skrives nationalitetsord, også tillægsord, med stort. Eksempler: Denmark, Dane, Danish.
20
• Personal pronouns - personlige pronomier - personlige stedord
ental
1. person 2. person 3. person
1. person flertal 2. person 3. person
som grundled I you he, she, it
som andre led me you him, her, it
we you they
us you them
A.
He og she anvendes om personer, it om andet.
B.
Det oversættes ved he, she, it i forbindelse med tidligere nævnte personer og ting. Eksempler: Det er min bror = He is my brother.
C.
It benyttes i forbindelse med udtryk om afstand, vejr og vind. Eksempler: It is snowing. It is s long way to go. What time is it? How far is it from here to Leeds? In the paper it says it is true.
D.
There is + ental (there is a man) There are + flertal (there are three men)
E.
I nogle forbindelser kan det være lig med so. 1. 2.
Sammen med udsagnsord som hope, say, seem, suppose, think. I begyndelsen af en sætning og efter and kan so betyde ….. også. Eksempler: Are you all right? I hope so. Is this your ball? Yes, I suppose so. You say you can swim. So can I. I liked Tommy and so did everyone else.
21
•
•
Possessive pronouns – possessive pronomier - ejestedord
Ental
1. person 2. person 3. person
Flertal
1. person 2. person 3. person
kort my your his her its our your their
lang Mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
A.
Kort form anvendes, når stedordet star tillægsagtigt, d.v.s. foran et navneord. Eksempler: It is my cat. Here is our house.
B.
Lang form anvendes, når stedordet står navneagtigt, d.v.s. oftest alene. Eksempler: It is mine. This is yours.
C.
Note: They lost their way. He had his pipe in his mouth. She is a friend of mine. He is a friend of hers.
Reflexive pronouns – refleksive pronomier - tilbagevisende stedord I you he she it
Ental myself yourself himself herself itself
we you they
Flertal ourselves yourselves themselves
1.
Anvendes ubetonet, når de viser hen til grundleddet. Ex: He washed himself. She cut herself. They scolded themselves.
2.
Anvendes betonet, når de oversættes til dansk selv. Eksempler: She did it herself. They saw it themselves.
3.
Nogle engelske udsagnsord følges ikke af self-formerne. De almindeligste er: Feel, hurry, marry, move, lie down, sit down Ex:
Lissy feels hungry. – Lissy føler sig sulten. Ken hurried to the station. – Ken skyndte sig til stationen. Lillian will marry Ian. – Lillian gifter sig med Ian. 22
•
Demonstrative pronouns – demonstrative pronomier påpegende stedord ental this that
flertal these those
A. This og these anvendes om ting og personer, der befinder sig i umiddelbar nærhed. Eksempler: This house belongs to me. ‘These books are mine. B. That and those anvendes om ting og personer, der befinder sig I nogen afstand. Eksempler: That dog down there looks very angry. Those people opposite the street may be very dangerous. NB:
in this country this year this morning (I nat: tonight last night
-
her I landet I år I morges den kommende nat den foregående nat)
• Relative pronouns – relative pronomier - henførende stedord who 1.
2. 3.
4.
which
that
what
Who viser hen til personer. Eksempler: He saw a man who sold pictures. Whom er genstandsled. Eksempler: Here is the girl who you helped. Whose er genitive (ejefald). Eksempler: He is the man whose wife left him. Which viser hen til dyr eller ting. Ex: Where is the bird which you gave me. That kan benyttes I sted for who og which I sætninger, DER ER NØDVENDIGE FOR FORSTÅELSEN. Eksempler: The house that is for sale is empty. The people that told me about it were stupid. What viser frem, which viser tilbage til en hel sætning. Eksempler: He hated him, which was bad, but what was sores, he wanted to kill him.
23
•
Interrogative pronouns – interrogative pronomier -spørgende stedord what
which
who
whom
whose
1. Who, whom, whose bruges I spørgsmål om personer. Eksempler: Who lives there? Who stole the bag? To whom are you writing? Whose book is this? Whose are these pencils? 2. What bruges I spørgsmål om ting eller dyr. Eksempler: What do you want? What is your name? 3. Which bruges om ting og personer I forbindelse med spørgsmål om noget begrænset. Eksempler: Which do you like best, apples or bananas? Which girl in your lass is the cleverest? Which of these boys wanted to help him? NB:
Which do you like best, beer or wine? What do you like best?
•
Indefinite pronouns – indefinite pronomier - ubestemte stedord 1 2 3 4 5 6
some any every no each all
somebody anybody everybody nobody
someone anyone everyone no one
Begrænset antal Ubegrænset antal
something anything everything nothing
A. Some og forbindelser med some anvendes I almindelige fremstillende, bekræftende sætninger. (nogen, en eller anden) Eksempler: I saw some children in the garden. I saw somebody, too. I saw someone in the house. I saw something, too. Any og forbindelser med any anvendes som hovedregel i spørgende (?), benægtende (not) og sammenlignende (if) sætninger. (noget som helst) Eksempler: Do you have any money? No I have nothing. I have not any money either. If I had any, I would give it to you. B. Some, any, every, no anvendes foran navneord. Some, any, every, none anvendes foran of + underforstået navneord. Eksempler: Have you got any of the books? None of them saw me. C. Øvrige former anvendes, når de står navneagtigt. Eksempler: He looked at something. We gave them nothing. D. Every betyder alle uden undtagelse, hver eneste. Each betyder, hver, hver især, pr. stk. All betyder alt, al, alle. 24
•
Numerals – numeralier - talord A. B.
Mængdetal, en, to, tre osv., der bruges om antal. Ordenstal, første, anden, tredje, der bruges om rækkefølge (f.eks. datoer). mængdetal
ordenstal
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
the first the second the third the fourth the fifth the sixth the seventh the eighth the ninth the tenth the eleventh the twelfth the thirteenth the fourteenth the fifteenth the sixteenth the seventeenth the eighteenth the nineteenth the twentieth the twentyfirst the twentysecond the twentythird the twentyfourth the thirtieth the fortieth the fiftieth the sixtieth the seventieth the eithtieth the ninetieth
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelwe thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eithteen nineteen twenty twentyone twentytwo twentythree twentyfour thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety
ordenstal forkortet 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th
25
•
Numerals – numeralier - talord Nul: A. B. C. D.
Nul skrives med 0 ved telefon og bilnumre (udtales [ou]). Nu skrives zero ved temperaturangivelser. Nul skrives nil om fodboldresultater. Nul skrives love om tennisresultater.
One bruges om nogle tidsbestemmelser. One day I went to London. One evening in May One winter night Hundred
-
-
Thousand -
En dag tog jeg til London. En aften I Maj. En vinteraften. Million
Disse ord kan ikke stå ”alene” – dvs. de får enten et flertals-s efter sig eller et talord eller ”a” foran, MEN aldrig begge dele. Eksempler: One hundred soldiers died. A hundred people ran away. Thousands of cows were killed. Millions of people die from starvation. Datoer In foran året og måneden. Eksempler: She came in 1980. He came in June. On foran dage og dato. Eksempler: Freddy left on a Monday. Sam arrived on 6th May. Klokkeslet Eksempler: What is the time? It is two o’clock. It is ten minutes past two. It is half past two. It is a quarter to three. At bruges ved klokkeslet. Eksempler: The train arrived at five. The bus left at 4.15. once
=
een gang
twice
=
to gange
three times (thrice)
=
tre gange
many times
=
mange gange
some times
=
nogle gange
(NB: sometimes = sommetider)
26
•
Prepositions – præpositioner - forholdsord Forholdsord er ord som ad, af, fra, I, på, til m.fl. Almindelige engelske forholdsord i alfabetisk rækkefølge. About
1.
om, omkring (i) bruges ved
sted Jeff walked about the streets
2.
tid, afstand = circa It will take you about two hours. It is about three miles from here.
3.
Emnet for tale, fortælle, skrive Celia talked about her trip. He told us about his friend. She wrote a book about lions. Above
over, oven over The plane flew above the clouds. The stars above us. A general is above a colonel.
Across
over, tværs over, over på den anden side Penelope ran across the xtreet. Geoff swam across the river.
Against
mod, imod Peter leant againsty the tree. They fought against the enemy.
Ago
for – siden (KUN ET ORD PÅ ENGELSK) I saw her two days ago. Long, long ago.
Along
ad, henad, langs, langs med, med They drove along the new road. Houses were built along the lake. Are you coming along.
Among
blandt, iblandt, mellem, imellem Here I am among friends The small boys ran among the big boys. (SE OGSÅ BETWEEN)
27
At
I, på, hos, ved
1. om sted We live at Brighton They stayed at a hotel. At school Ann loved English. Now she is studying at the University. Buy fresh meat at the butcher’s. They were all silent at the table. 2.
om tid, tidspunkt som klokkeslet, højtider You must be here at two o’clock. We have a holiday at New Year, at Christmas, and at Easter.
Before
før, inden, foran Before you say anything, think! He lived before B.C. It was not long before she turned up. He sat with a book before him. (SE OGSÅ TILL)
Below
under, neden under, lavere end Most of an iceberg is below water. It was below freezing point. Raymond was hit below the belt.
Behind
bag, bagved, bagefter Eddie stood behind him. The oak was behind the house. Kitty came walking behind the others.
Between
mellem, imellem, ofte om et begrænset antal The distance between Hull and Leeds. Let nothing come between us. The lift stopped between the 9th and 10th floor.
By
ved, vede siden af, med, af 1. 2. 3.
sted There was a new chair by the fire. The house stood by the river. transportmiddel Alistair went by bus to the station. Peggy likes to go by train. passive/lideform The book was written by Kipling. The farm was built by my uncle.
28
During
For
3.
4.
From
under, I løbet af During his stay in London. The house was built during the summer. During the meal they were silent. for, I, til, efter 1. som på dansk What can I do for you? What did you pay for your ticket? 2. om tid Nan stayed in Paris for two years. I have not seen Jim for four years. som til = bestemt til Here is a letter for you. Who is this present for? som efter eller på – sammen med visse udsagnsord Gertie is looking for a knife. I long for a holiday. We must wait for the postman. fra, af The ship sailed from Norway to Italy. Agatha suffered from a bad headache.
In
I, på, om 1.
2.
3.
Into
sted My aunt remained in York. Her mother was ill in bed. Jean liked to live in town. Tom lived in the country. The dog ran in the street. tid Maud was born in 1973. Ted will arrive in two hours. I saw Sean early in the morning. Alan finished the job in three days. visse udtryk I like him in a way. Do not do it in that silly way. She said it in English.
om bevægelse fra et område til et andet The girls ran into the house. The woman jumped into the water. On Sundays the went out into the country. The farmer went into the field.
29
Of
ofte = af, på, om This shoe is made of rubber. What are you thinking of? Mothers like to talk of their children.
On
på, oven på 1. sted There were pictures on the wall. The cat was on the table. There were many cars on the road. 2.
dage og datoer HER HAR VI INTET FORHOLDSORD PÅ DANSK We shall arrive on April 5th. Come and see me on Tuesday. My birthday is on June 29th. NB: Kate put on her new cap. Ann took off her new blouse. Will you switch on the light? What is going on here? Go on, please. Did you hear it on the radio? No, I saw it on TV. How are you getting on?
Till, until
til, indtil - sammen med not = ikke før Peggy wrote till (until) five. James slept till (until) ten. His wife did not arrive till (until) two. Now they will not meet till (until) tomorrow.
To
til, ofte om retning I am going to Cornwall Ian threw the ball to *Eve. NB:
We go to school. Cindy goes to bed. Doris talked to Jim. Towards
mod, hen imod The girls walked towards the wood. (SE OGSÅ AGAINST)
With
med, hos Come with me to Canterbury. Does Paul still live with his uncle. (Does Paul still live at his uncle’s) She was angry with Joan. 30
•
Prepositions – præpositioner - forholdsord – gruppevis I forbindelse med tid in – for – during – ago – on – at Ex:
Engelsk … ago for on at in in in*
He broke his leg three years ago. My mother-in-law stayed with us for two years. He has promised to come on Saturday. You must be there at two o’clock. We are leaving in a fortnight. He did the job in two hours. I spent a lot of money in/during my summer holidays. Dansk for … siden (i) (på) (til/ved) om på i/under/om
hvor længe siden tiden hvor længe en bestemt dag/dato angivelse af nøjagtigt tidspunkt/klokkeslæt hvornår i fremtiden tiden der medgår tidsrummet inden for hvilket noget foregår/er
Bemærk at nogle tidsprepositioner ofte udelades på dansk – derfor ( ). ”During” kan anvendes, hvis man ønsker at lægge vægt på handlingens udstrækning, forløb eller proces, altså tiden som tidsrum. Der findes situationer, hvor kun den ene af dem med rimelighed kan anvendes.
31
I forbindelse med sted I on – in – at The wine bottles are in the cellar. There was much furniture in the room. The bird was singing in its cage. The boys were standing at the corner. The two lines cross at B. She was at the foot of the staircase. A huge spider was crawling on the ceiling. He was sunbathing on the roof. The pencil was lying on the floor. The portrait was hanging on the wall.
• on NB:
in
at
There was only a little left at the bottom of the ship There were written some numbers on the bottom of the ship. Note the following (fixed) expressions which you often need in daily conversation in class:
Byer - øer in – on – at Ex:Christie’s “Ten little Niggers” takes place on Indian Island 32
a very small island off the Devon Coast. You meet some lovely villages when you travel in Sicily. Ved små eller fjerne eller ukendte øer (“punkter”) bruges on Ved store eller bekendte øer (”områder/flader”) bruges in Ex:In London you will meet people from all over the world. Right now he studies at Cambridge, but he is considering a move to Oxford. Ved mindre byer, der opfattes som “punkter” bruges at Ved større byer, der opfattes som områder bruges in
Note the following use of at/in She is a nurse and works at the hospital He is in hospital now – he has broken his leg Dad is very excited at the thought of working in his new office She is never at the office on Sundays Her father was at the station to meet her While he was in the station his car was stolen 1, Beskæftigelse, adresse 2. Sted, rum (med møbler)
- at - in
I forbindelse med sted II in-into
about-around
between-among
In / into He is standing in his garden The penknife was in his pocket She was in the water
in
towards-against
He went into his garden He put his wallet in(to) his pocket He jumped into the water to join her, but immediately she jumped out of the water.
into
About / around The girl walked about in the wood Man about the house
The ship sailed around the island She wrapped paper round the ball
33
about
around
I forbindelse med sted III over above
under/below
over/above
across/over
at/by
with/at+s
under below
John pulled his blanket over his head. The boy carried his fishing rod over his shoulder. The star was right above his head. The top of the building is 300 yards above sea level. He placed his watch under his pillow. The child hid his book under his bed. The submarine was operating 100 years below the surface. The barometer stood below 29 F. Over, hen over, ofte I kontakt med Over, hĂŚvet i niveau op over Under, neden under, pĂĽ undersiden af Under, i niveau under
= = = =
over above under below
across/over The ship sailed across the Ocean. The car bumped over the rough ground. The girl walked across the floor to fetch her doll. She looked over the hedge at me.
A
B
at/by He was standing at the counter, filling in the form. He was standing by the piano while she was singing. He was sitting at the table, drinking a cup of coffee. 34
He was sitting by the table, reading the magazine. at = betegner placering, beskæftigen sig med by
•
=
betegner udelukkende placering (ved siden af)
He lives at his uncle’s (house) We met at ther father’s (house)
adresse adresse
He lives with his uncle I am staying with friends
i samvær med i samvær med
Conjunctions – konjunktioner - bindeord Bindeord er ord, som knytter ord, led eller sætninger sammen. 35
As
da, fordi, som, ligesom
1. tid As I closed the door the bus passed the house. Fran arrived as I was taking a bath. 2. årsag As I had no money I could not go by bus. 3. I egenskab af, sammenlignende Hugh is working as a waiter in his holidays. She was there as a friend of the family. Elsie was as old as Kit. Sean did it as well as he could.
•
Either - or
enten - eller Our pupils speak either French or Spanish.
Neither – nor
hverken – eller Neither you nor I know the answer.
When
da, dengang da, når Cissy started when she was ten. When I came home, my mother had left. Let us leave when it is over.
While
mens, imens Alan wrote an essay while I slept. While I was doing the housework my wife read a magazine.
Pronunciation – udtale Udtalebetegnelsen står altid I skarpe klammer [ ] 36
[’]
betegner tryk (accent); det sættes foran den stærke (accentuerede) stavelses begyndelse, f.eks. city [’siti] med tryk på første, insist [in’sist] med tryk på anden stavelse. Står tegnet to steder, betyder det ligelig eller vaklende accentuering eller lige stærkt tryk på begge stavelser. betegner at den foregående lyd er lang; f.eks. seat [si·t], mens sit [sit] udtales med kort vokal. som i far [fa·], father [fa·ðə] som I eye [ai] som i how [hau] som i hat [hät] som i bed [bed], ebb [eb] som i do [du·], bed [bed] som i judge [dʒʌdʒ], join [dʒoin] som i then [ðen] som i thin [Þin]
[·]
[a·] [ai] [au] [ä] [b] [d] [dʒ] [ð] [Þ]
•
[f] [g] [h] [i·] [i] [i ə] [j] [k] [l] [m] [n] [ɳ] [ou] [o] [oi]
som i let [let] som i hate [heit] om i hurt [hə·t], her [hə·] som i inner [’in ə], about [ə’baut], hear [hiə], poor [puə], area [’æəriə] som I find [faind] som I go [gou] som i hat [hät] som I feel [fi·l] som i fill (fil) som i hear, here [hiə], som i you [ju·] som i can [kän] som i low [lou], ell [el] som i man [män] som i no [nou] som i singer [’siɳ gə], finger [’fiɳ gə], som i no [nou] som i phonetic [fo’netik] som i boy [boi]
[p] [r] [s] [ʃ] [tʃ] [t] [u·] [v] [w] [z] [ʒ] [æ] [å·] [å] [ʌ] ()
[fr.]
som i pea [pi·] som i red [red], area [’æəriə] som i so [sou] som i she [ʃhi·] som i chin [tʃin] som i toe [tou] som i fool [fu·l] som i vivid [’vivid] som i we [wi·] som i nose [nouz] som i measure [’meʒə] som i hair [hæə], area [’æəriə] som i caught [kå·t], court [kå·t] som i cot [kåt] som i cut [kʌt] omslutter tegn for lyd, som kan medtages eller udelades, f.eks. empty [’em(p)ti], (·) angiver vaklende længde, f.eks. across [ə’krå(·)s] med langt eller kort [å] betegner, at ordet udtales som på fransk
Fejltyper, der skal have Jeres særlige opmærksomhed:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
•
[ e] [ei] [ə·] [ə]
Concord (kongruens) – at grundled og udsagnsled passer sammen Enumerate the tenses of the verb – bøje udsagnsordene i tid Irregular verbs – uregelmæssige verber Spelling – stavning Plural -s and genitive-s – flertals-s og genitiv-s Contractions – sammentrækninger – NEVER in written assignments. Subject before verb – grundled før udsagnsled.
Om at arbejde med skriftlige opgaver a. Skriv straks på engelsk (altså ikke først på dansk og så oversætte til engelsk). b. Lad ordbøger ligge parat, når du skal skrive, benyt ordbøgerne flittigt og rigtigt. 37
c. Læs det, du har skrevet, kritisk igennem, bl.a. er det klogt at se efter, om navneord og stedord, - der bruges som grundled – er i overensstemmelse med udsagnsordenes form (om der er kongruens). Eksempel: The boy was affraid, the girls were afraid x o x o There is one book, there are two books
• x o x The girl who is there, the girls who are there
x o x o The house which is white, the houses which are white x o x o
•
Om at skrive stile med frit eller opgivet emne a. Før du går i gang, er det vigtigt, at du har læst overskriften og den eventuelle instruktion meget nøje, således at du er helt klar over, hvad det er, du vil/skal skrive om. b. Skriv dine ideer ned og prøv at få de vigtigste dele af emnet med. c. Lav en disposition (ofte kan den være som til en dansk stil) 1. Indledning - gerne kort – 3-5 linier er nok 2. Emnet – prøv at give udtryk for din personlige mening og begrund den, hvis emnet giver mulighed derfor. Du må endelig bruge din fantasi her. 3. Slutning – kort, men ikke for brat. d. Sørg for en varieret anvendelse af gode vendinger og overgangsord – sæt i det daglige streg under sådanne udtryk for at vise dig selv, at du har anvendt dem. Optræder der personer i stilen, så giv dem navne. Anvend samme tid i hele stilen, f.eks. datid. Husk at de danske vendinger sjældent kan oversættes direkte til engelsk. Stilens længde fra 350 til 450 ord. Kritisk gennemsyn – de fleste fejl findes i den sidste tredjedel af en engelsk stil. Gem og læs dine rettede stile, før du skriver en ny, derved undgår du lettere at lave samme fejl igen.
• to fall
Fejltyper – udsagnsord she fell down
hun faldt
to make
the carpenter made a chair Tom made a cup
tømreren lavede en stol Tom lavede en
38
of tea she did her homework he did the shopping
kop te hun lavede sit hjemmearbejde han købte ind
she rode by bus every morning she drove to the station in her new car
hun kørte med bus hver morgen hun kørte (selv) til stationen I sin nye bil
to raise
Jim and the sun rose at 5 he raised his hand
Jim og solen stod op klokken 5 han løftede hånden
han lærte sin grammatik han lærte dem engelsk
to shoot
she shot the deer
hun skød hjorten
to shut
she shut the door
hun lukkede døren
she lent me her bike she borrowed a book from the library
hun lånte mig sin cykel (låne ud til) hun lånte en bog på biblioteket (låne af/fra)
to spend
he spent a lot of money he used his new pencil
han brugte en masse penge han brugte sin ny blyant
to lose
he lost an expensive ring
to take
she took the letter to the post office
hun bragte brevet til posthuset (fra)
to drop
he dropped a cup and it broke
han tabte (mistede) en kostbar ring han tabte en kop, og den gik itu
to bring
she brought me the letter
hun bragte mig brevet (til)
noget, en smule
I know a little about I know little about
to feel
she felt sick
hun havde kvalme
to do
to hide
he hid in the wood
to ride
to hit
he hit the tree
han skjulte sig i skoven han ramte træet
to lay
she laid the book on the grass she lay in bed for a week
hun lagde bogen i græsset hun lå I sengen i en uge
to rise
he learnt his grammar he taught them English
to lie to learn to teach to lend to borrow
•
to drive
to use
Fejltyper – andre ord
få a few
nogle stykker
few
meget få
at least
I det mindset, mindst
at last
til sidst, endelig
buy
She had a few books Al had few books
lidt a little little
meget lidt, næsten intet
Al smokes at least 40 cigarettes a day At last she stopped
meat
kød
They like tender meat
meet
mode, mødes
I should like to meet her They meet every night
købe
Hardy buys a pound of cheese
death
død, døden
by
ved, af
dead
død
bye
farvel
The house stood by the river The car was driven by Liz ”Bye.bye”, she shouted.
At his father’s death As pale as death He was dead when the doctor came
died
død
He died of hunger
know
kende, vide
Do you know Perry?
praise
rose, ros
You must praise Rose She was given
39
much praise It was a high price She got the first prize
no now
nej nu
Do not say no Now it is ten o’clock
price prize
pris præmie
passed
passerede
peace
fred
past
forbi
They passed the pub They went past the pub
piece
stykke
still
endnu, stadigvæk
He is still here
their
deres
yet
endnu (sammen med not)
Do not go yet
there
der
these
disse
wait for
vente på
I will wait for you
this
denne, dette
These are my best shirts This is my new shirt
wait on
opvarte
We were waited on by ten waiters
through
igennem
to
at, til
To walk to the hill
though
skønt, selv om
too
også, alt for
thought
tænkte
Pat ran through the wood Though it was very dark Marion thought of Elvis
two
to
These shoes are too big, too Maggie had two brothers
weak
svag
were
var
week
uge
She had a weak heart Every week I go to Leeds
where
hvor
which
som, der
witch
heks
•
We want world peace We want a piece of the cake Here is their house There is their house Their house is there
They were at school Where were they?
The house which is white Here lives an old witch
Brug af ordbog Det gælder om at være fortrolig med følgende: a.
Betydningen af de almindeligste forkortelser og tegn. 40
b.
I hvilken form glosen er opført Ex: Navneord er oftest i ubestemt ental (calf) Tillægsord er i grundformen (good) Udsagnsord er i navnemåde (eat)
c.
At der ofte vil være flere muligheder, man skal derfor give sig tid at finde frem til den rette glose. At man sjældent kan oversætte direkte fra dansk til engelsk, undersøg derfor om vendingen står i ordbogen. Ex: den går ikke – hedder – that will not do (that won’t do) hvordan går det I skolen? – hedder – how are you getting on at school?
til d.
e. At der er en liste med de uregelmæssige udsagnsord sidst i ordbogen.
•
Deling af ord a. b.
Hovedregel: undgå at dele ord Enstavelsesord udtalt som én stavelse kan ikke deles Ex: come, stopped, played
c.
Flerstavelsesord kan i nødstilfælde deles efter deres bestanddele Ex: Englishman = English-man afternoon = after-noon unkind = un-kind
•
Huskeregler til stavning Vi skriver all, till, full med to l’er – men sammen med andre ord eller stavelser, er der kun et l. Ex: almost, already, always, awful, beautiful, wonderful NB:
all right (to ord!)
På dansk skriver vi onkel – på engelsk uncle, mange engelske ord ender på -le Ex: able, apple, little, middle, people
Pas på de ord der er uforandrede I flertal på dansk, men ikke er det på engelsk. Ex:
et år, mange år en sko, mange sko en ting, mange ting
one year, many years one shoe, many shoes one thing, many things 41
ikke at forveksle et flertals-s med et genitive-s Ex:
the boy’s ball the boys play ball
drengens bold drengene spiller bold
Husk at endelsen er ed I frightened og happened Ex:
•
•
It had happened She was frightened
Store bogstaver a. Ex:
Alt fra kalenderen (dage, måneder, højtider) They arrived on a Tuesday de kom en tirsdag I like December jeg kan lide december I wish it was Christmas gid det var jul
b. Ex:
Om nationer, også sproget She likes English He reads a French book The German team played well
c. Ex:
Ordet jeg Peter and I left school together
hunk an godt lide engelsk han læser en fransk bog det tyske hold spillede godt Peter og jeg forlod skolen sammen
Apostrof Ved genitiv (ejefald) (Når du læser, støder du på sammentrækninger) Ex:
•
she doesn’t they can’t it’s big he won’t
she does not they cannot it is big he will not
Komma a.
Efter 1) overskriften i breve og efter 2) brevafslutningen Ex: 1) Dear Joan, 2) Yours faithfully, 42
b.
Foran direkte tale (på dansk bruger vi :). Ex: He said, ”I shall leave London.”
c.
Ofte for at skille indskudte ord fra den øvrige sætning Ex: Sir John, however, did not like beer. Ofte når hovedsætningen kommer efter bisætningen. Ex: When he saw me, he stopped.
d.
•
e.
Omkring en henførende sætning, som kan undværes. Ex: My bike, shich is brown, has cost £100
NB:
Intet komme, hvis bisætningen er nødvendig for at opfatte hovedsætningen rigtigt. Ex: Joan asked me where I lived. He said that he was tired (ikke komma foran that) We are glad (that) you can come (that kan ofte udelades
Ordstilling a.
Ligefrem ordstilling (dvs. grundled før udsagnsled) Ex: I go home jeg går hjem
b.
Omvendt ordstilling (dvs. udsagnsled før grundled) Ex: Are you at home? er du hjemme?
På engelsk er ligefrem ordstilling meget anvendt, også når sætningen indledes med et biled – dette er modsat dansk sprogbrug. Ex: At seven o’clock my mother came home kl. 7 kom min mor hjem Every morning we run a mile hver morgen løber vi en mile
•
Vendinger og overgangsord - alfabetisk
Om tid a few days ago a little time ago a short time ago a little later
for et par dage siden for lidt siden
nowadays
nutildags
now and then on and off on Friday
nu og da på Fredag 43
presently soon after later at that time at this time at two o’clock during early in the morning for hours for a week in March in summer in a minute last night last week lately
lidt efter på den tid på denne tid klokken to I løbet af, under tidligt om morgenen I timevis I en uge I marts om sommeren om et øjeblik I aftes sidste uge for nylig
on 7th May once a year one day some time ago sometimes suddenly this evening tonight tomorrow until, till up to now what time is it? while yesterday
den 7ende maj engang om året en dag for nogen tid siden undertiden pludselig I aften I morgen indtil hidtil hvad er klokken? mens, imens, medens I går
• Andre almindelige overgangsord og vendinger- alfabetisk
actually
almost although anyway finally because because of by the way certainly especially even though everywhere happy ending hardly how nice however indeed in short
i virkeligheden, faktisk næsten skønt, endskønt I hvert fald til sidst, endelig fordi på grund af forresten bestemt, ja vist særligt, især selv om alle vegne, overalt lykkelig slutning næppe hvor dejligt imidlertid virkelig, faktisk, I virkeligheden kort sagt
instead of
i stedet for
in spite of just after last but not least little by little maybe naturally never of course perhaps probably really somehow somewhere unfortunately unless usually
tilt rods for lige efter sidst, men ikke mindst lidt efter lidt måske naturligvis aldrig selvfølgelig måske sandsynligvis virkelig på en eller anden måde et eller andet sted uheldigvis, desværre med mindre sædvanligvis
whenever
når som helst
44