MY BRILLIANT PIECE OF A TEXT Environmental globalization refers to the internationally coordinated practices and regulations (often in the form of international treaties) regardingenvironmental protection.[1] [2] An example of environmental globalization would be the series of International Tropical Timber Agreement treaties (1983, 1994, 2006), establishing International Tropical Timber Organization and promoting sustainable management of tropical forests. Environmental globalization is usually supported by nongovernmental organizations and governments of developed countries, but opposed by governments of developing countries which see proenvironmental initiatives as hindering their economic development. Contents
1Definitions and characteristics 2History 3Supporters and opponents 4See also 5References 6Further reading
[hide]
Definitions and characteristics[edit] Karl S. Zimmerer defined it as "the increased role of globally organized management institutions, knowledge systems and monitoring, and coordinated strategies aimed at resource, energy, and conservation issues."[1] Alan Grainger in turn wrote that it can be understood as "an increasing spatial uniformity and contentedness in regular environmental management practices".[2] Steven Yearley has referred to this concept as "globalization of environmental concern".[3] Grainger also cited a study by Clark (2000), which he noted was an early treatment of the concept, and distinguished three aspects of environmental globalization: "global flows of energy, materials and organisms; formulation and global acceptance of ideas about global environment; and environmental governance" (a growing web of institutions concerned with global environment).[4] Environmental globalization is related to economic globalization, as economic development on a global scale has environmental impacts on such scale, which is of concern to numerous
[2][5]
organizations and individuals.
While economic globalization has environmental impacts, [4]
those impacts should not be confused with the concept of environmental globalization. In some regards, environmental globalization is in direct opposition to economic globalization, particularly when the latter is described as encouraging trade, and the former, as promoting proenvironment [6]
initiatives that are an impediment to trade. For that reason, an environmental activists might might be opposed to economic globalization, but advocate environmental globalization.[7]
History[edit] Grainger has discussed that environmental globalization in the context of international agreements on proenvironmental initiatives. According to him, precursors to modern environmental globalization can be found in the colonial era scientific forestry (research into how to create and restore forests).[8] Modern initiatives contributing to environmental globalization include the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,[9] came from the World Bank 1980s requirements that development projects need to protect indigenous peoples and conserve biodiversity.[10] Other examples of such initiative include treaties such like the series of International Tropical Timber Agreement treaties (1983, 1994, 2006).[9][11] Therefore, unlike other main forms of globalization economic, political and cultural which were already strong in the 19th century, environmental globalization is a more recent phenomena, one that begun in earnest only in the later half of the 20th century.[12] Similarly, Steven Yearley states that it was around that time that the environmental movement started to organize on the international scale focus on the global dimension of the issues (the first Earth Day was celebrated on 1970).[6]
Supporters and opponents[edit] According to Grainger, environmental globalization (in the form of proenvironmental international [11][13]
initiatives) is usually supported by various nongovernmental organizations
and
governments of developed countries, and opposed by governments of developing countries (Group of 77), which see proenvironmental initiatives as hindering their economic [10][14][15]
development.
Governmental resistance to environmental globalization takes form or
policy ambiguity (exemplified by countries which sign international proenvironmental treaties and [10][13]
pass domestic proenvironmental laws, but then proceed to not enforce them
) and
collective resistance in forums such asUnited Nations to projects that would introduce stronger regulations or new institutions policing environmental issues worldwide (such as opposition to the forestprotection agreement during the Earth Summit in 1992, which was eventually downgraded from a binding to a nonbinding set of Forest Principles).[14][15] World Trade Organization has also been criticized as focused on economic globalization (liberalizing trade) over concerns of environmental protection, which are seen as impeding the trade.[11][14][16] [17] Steven Yearley states that WTO should not be described as "antienvironmental", but its decisions have major impact on environment worldwide, and they are based primary on economic concerns, with environmental concerns being given secondary [18]
weight .
See also[edit] ●
Environmental racism in Europe
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Natural environment
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United Nations Climate Change conference
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International environmental organizations (category)
References[edit] ● ●
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^ Jump up to:a b Karl S. Zimmerer (2006). Globalization & New Geographies of Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780226983448.
^ Jump up to:a b c Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and
Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 9781317968962. Jump up^ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment". In George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons. p. 246. ISBN 9780470766422. ^ Jump up to:a b Grainger, Alan (1 January 2012). Environmental Globalization. John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog170/full. ISBN 9780470670590. Jump up^ John Benyon; David Dunkerley (1 May 2014). Globalization: The Reader. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 9781136782404. ^ Jump up to:a b Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment". In
George Ritzer.The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons. p. 240. ISBN 9780470766422. Jump up^ Betty Dobratz; Lisa K Waldner; Timothy Buzzell (14 October 2015). Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology. Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 9781317345299. Jump up^ Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 9781317968962.
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^ Jump up to:a b Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and
Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 9781317968962.
^ Jump up to:a b c Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 9781317968962.
^ Jump up to:a b c Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 9781317968962. Jump up^ Peter N. Stearns (20 October 2009). Globalization in World History. Routledge. p. 159.ISBN 9781135259938. ^ Jump up to:a b Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and
Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 9781317968962.
^ Jump up to:a b c Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 9781317968962. ^ Jump up to:a b Alan Grainger (31 October 2013). "Environmental Globalization and
Tropical Forests". In Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills. The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 9781317968962. Jump up^ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment". In George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons. p. 247. ISBN 9780470766422. Jump up^ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment". In George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons. p. 248. ISBN 9780470766422. Jump up^ Steve Yearly (15 April 2008). "Globalization and the Environment". In George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization. John Wiley & Sons. p. 250. ISBN 9780470766422.
Further reading[edit] ●
William C. Clark (1 November 2000). "Environmental Globalization". In Joseph S. Nye; John D. Donahue. Governance in a Globalizing World. Visions of Governance for the 21st Century. pp. 86–108. ISBN 9780815798194. [hide]
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Alterglobalization Antiglobalization Counterhegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship ● education Global governance Global health History of globalization ● archaic ● early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization
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Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis
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Climate justice Developme nt aid Economic inequality Endangere d languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investorsta te disputes New internationa l division of labour North–Sout h divide Offshoring Race to the bottom ● pol luti on ha ve ns Transnation al crime Westernizat ion World war
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Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ● ecological ● history of
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Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher ChaseDunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein
Environmental globalization refers to the internationally coordinated practices and regulations (often in the form of international treaties) regardingenvironmental protection.[1] [2] An example of environmental globalization would be the series of International Tropical Timber Agreement treaties (1983, 1994, 2006), establishing International Tropical Timber Organization and promoting sustainable management of tropical forests. Environmental globalization is usually supported by nongovernmental organizations and governments of developed countries, but
opposed by governments of developing countries which see proenvironmental initiatives as hindering their economic development. Contents
1Definitions and characteristics 2History 3Supporters and opponents 4See also 5References 6Further reading
[hide]
Definitions and characteristics[edit] Karl S. Zimmerer defined it as "the increased role of globally organized management institutions, knowledge systems and monitoring, and coordinated strategies aimed at resource, energy, and conservation issues."[1] Alan Grainger in turn wrote that it can be understood as "an increasing spatial uniformity and contentedness in regular environmental management practices".[2] Steven Yearley has referred to this concept as "globalization of environmental concern".[3] Grainger also cited a study by Clark (2000), which he noted was an early treatment of the concept, and distinguished three aspects of environmental globalization: "global flows of energy, materials and organisms; formulation and global acceptance of ideas about global environment; and environmental governance" (a growing web of institutions concerned with global environment).[4] Environmental globalization is related to economic globalization, as economic development on a global scale has environmental impacts on such scale, which is of concern to numerous [2][5]
organizations and individuals.
While economic globalization has environmental impacts,
those impacts should not be confused with the concept of environmental globalization.[4] In some regards, environmental globalization is in direct opposition to economic globalization, particularly when the latter is described as encouraging trade, and the former, as promoting proenvironment initiatives that are an impediment to trade.[6] For that reason, an environmental activists might might be opposed to economic globalization, but advocate environmental globalization.[7]
History[edit] Grainger has discussed that environmental globalization in the context of international agreements on proenvironmental initiatives. According to him, precursors to modern
environmental globalization can be found in the colonial era scientific forestry (research into how to create and restore forests).[8] Modern initiatives contributing to environmental globalization [9]
include the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, came from the World Bank 1980s requirements that development projects need to protect indigenous peoples and conserve biodiversity.[10] Other examples of such initiative include treaties such like the series of International Tropical Timber Agreement treaties (1983, 1994, 2006).[9][11] Therefore, unlike other main forms of globalization economic, political and cultural which were already strong in the 19th century, environmental globalization is a more recent phenomena, one that begun in earnest only in the later half of the 20th century.[12] Similarly, Steven Yearley states that it was around that time that the environmental movement started to organize on the international scale focus on the global dimension of the issues (the first Earth Day was celebrated on 1970).[6]
Supporters and opponents[edit] According to Grainger, environmental globalization (in the form of proenvironmental international initiatives) is usually supported by various nongovernmental organizations[11][13] and governments of developed countries, and opposed by governments of developing countries (Group of 77), which see proenvironmental initiatives as hindering their economic development.[10][14][15] Governmental resistance to environmental globalization takes form or policy ambiguity (exemplified by countries which sign international proenvironmental treaties and pass domestic proenvironmental laws, but then proceed to not enforce them[10][13]) and collective resistance in forums such asUnited Nations to projects that would introduce stronger regulations or new institutions policing environmental issues worldwide (such as opposition to the forestprotection agreement during the Earth Summit in 1992, which was eventually downgraded from a binding to a nonbinding set of Forest Principles).[14][15] World Trade Organization has also been criticized as focused on economic globalization (liberalizing trade) over concerns of environmental protection, which are seen as impeding the trade.[11][14][16] [17] Steven Yearley states that WTO should not be described as "antienvironmental", but its decisions have major impact on environ