BOMB Issue 110, Winter 2010

CJB7:G &&% $ 8DADB7>6 6C9 K:C:OJ:A6 $ L>CI:G '%&%

,#.* JH $ ,#.* 86C696 ;>A: JC9:G 6GI 6C9 8JAIJG: 9>HEA6N JCI>A B6G8= &*! '%&%

8DCK:GH6I>DCH 7:IL::C 6GI>HIH! LG>I:GH! 68IDGH! 9>G:8IDGH! BJH>8>6CHÅH>C8: &.-&

7DB7 $ CJB7:G &&% $ L>CI:G '%&%

8DCI:CIH

6GI>HIH DC 6GI>HIH :heZgVcoV BVndWgZ Wn ?dh Gj^o Aj\Vg V 9jYVh Wn ?dh Idb{h <^gVaYd CVhX^bZcid $ AdkZgV Wn <VWg^ZaV GVc\Za

)' )) )+

7DB7 HE:8>;>8 6cidc^ZiV HdhV

(%

7A6HI ;GDB I=: E6HI GdWZgid 7daV d Wn 8VgbZc 7djaadhV CjbWZg ,- $ L^ciZg '%%'

,'

I=: L>8@ Wn 6akVgd 7Vgg^dh

.+

>CI:GK>:LH

I]Z 6bZg^XVh >hhjZ ^h bVYZ edhh^WaZ l^i] \ZcZgdjh hjeedgi [gdb i]Z CVi^dcVa :cYdlbZci [dg i]Z 6gih0 i]Z ;jcYVX^ c 8^hcZgdh! 8daZXX^ c EVig^X^V E]Zaeh YZ 8^hcZgdh0 VcY i]Z GZZY ;djcYVi^dc# 8dcig^Wji^c\ ZY^idgh id i]Z &&i] 6ccjVa 6bZg^XVh >hhjZ/ 8VgbZc 7djaadhV! 8Vgadh 7g^aaZbWdjg\! HZg\^d 8]Z_[ZX! ?dh Aj^h ;VaXdc^! ;gVcX^hXd <daYbVc! 8Vgadh <ji^ ggZo! H^akVcV EViZgcdhigd! <VWg^Za E gZo"7VggZ^gd! Aj^h :cg^fjZ E gZo"DgVbVh! <VWg^ZaV GVc\Za! VcY 9Vc^Za H]Ve^gd# Dg^\^cVa ^ciZgk^Zlh ^c HeVc^h] VkV^aVWaZ dc 7DB7h^iZ#Xdb#

dc i]Z XdkZg/ 6cidc^d 8Vgd! >chiVaaVi^dc e]did d[ >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg! 7d\di{ EaVcZiVg^jb! &.,'# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z Vgi^hi#

(

6CIDC>D 86GD Wn K Xidg BVcjZa GdYg \jZo 8Vgd WZa^ZkZh ]^h bdhi ^bedgiVci ldg` id WZ =dbV\Z id BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ! V eZg[dgbVcXZ ^c l]^X] ]Z gZig^ZkZh i]Z ^cY^\Zcdjh ]Zgd [gdb dWa^k^dc# 8Vgd VcY GdYg \jZo YZakZ ^cid LVg]da! Vhigdcdbn! VcY cVi^dcVa eda^i^X`^c\ id ÒcY dji l]n#

&+

:K:A>D GDH:GD Wn 6cidc^d Jc\Vg :kZa^d GdhZgd! i]Z 8dadbW^Vc Vji]dg d[ I]Z 6gb^Zh! hVnh d[ ]^h Vgi/ ÆI]^h bVYcZhh! i]^h `c^[ZÉh ZY\Z l]ZgZ gZVa^in VcY jcgZVa^in iV`Z eaVXZ! VgZ ]ZgZ0 i]Zn WgZVi]Z VgdjcY ZkZgn higZZi XdgcZg! VcY i]Zn VgZ l]Vi egdeZa bn lg^i^c\#Ç

')

8DCK:GH6I>DC/ H:G<>D ;6?6G9D VcY <>6C86GAD B6OO6CI> I]Z bVhiZgb^cY WZ]^cY BZYZaa cÉh jgWVc igVch[dgbVi^dc ^h HZg\^d ;V_VgYd! V bVi]ZbVi^X^Vc! egd[Zhhdg"ijgcZY"bVndg!

VcY V 8dadbW^Vc egZh^YZci^Va ]deZ[ja# L^i] VgX]^iZXi BVooVci^! ]Z Y^hXjhhZh i]Z bZi]dYdad\n d[ ]deZ#

()

9JA8: <âB:O Wn GV[VZa 8Vhi^aad OVeViV 9jaXZ < bZo bV`Zh VhhZbWaV\Zh VcY ^chiVaaVi^dch i]Vi hnci]Zh^oZ XVaXjaVi^dc VcY X]VcXZ# 8Vhi^aad OVeViV fjZg^Zh i]Z Vgi^hi dc hnhiZbh! ehnX]dVcVanh^h! VcY 7Zc_Vb^cÉh ZhhVn dc 7VjYZaV^gZ#

*%

6C6 I:G:H6 IDGG:H Wn 8VgbZc 7djaadhV IdggZh! dcZ d[ KZcZojZaVÉh bdhi gZheZXiZY Vji]dgh VcY ZhhVn^hih! WZ\Vc ]Zg egd[Zhh^dcVa a^[Z Vh V ehnX]dVcVanhi# L^i] [Zaadl cdkZa^hi 7djaadhV! h]Z Y^hXjhhZh i]Z gdaZh d[ bZbdgn VcY a^hiZc^c\! iddah d[ Wdi] igVYZh! ^c ]Zg lg^i^c\#

*-

86GADH 8GJO"9>:O Wn :higZaa^iV 7# 7gdYh`n 6gi^hi 8gjo"9^Zo ]Vh a^kZY ^c 8VgVXVh! 7VgXZadcV! VcY EVg^h# =^h ^ciZgk^Zl ^h ZmXZgeiZY [gdb 7gdYh`nÉh ZmiZch^kZ dgVa ]^hidg^Zh l^i] i]Z hZb^cVa ZmeZg^bZciZg l]dhZ ldg` YZkZadeZY V eVgi^X^eVidgn e]ZcdbZcdad\n d[ Xdadg#

?J6C <67G>:A KÛHFJ:O Wn H^akVcV EViZgcdhigd I]Z cdkZa^hiÉh aViZhi! I]Z >c[dgbZgh! iZaah jcidaY iVaZh# DcZ ^h i]Z hidgn d[ 8dadbW^VÉh <ZgbVc VcY ?Zl^h] b^\g h dc i]Z ZkZ d[ VcY V[iZgbVi] d[ LdgaY LVg >># EViZgcdhigd VcY K{hfjZo ]Vh] dji i]^h VcY di]Zg YVg` X]VeiZgh ^c 8dadbW^VÉh ]^hidgn#

?6K>:G IwAA:O Wn EZYgd GZnZh I aaZo XVhih VcY XdaaVWdgViZh l^i] i]Z bZciVaan Y^hVWaZY id ÆXjgZ i]Z hVcZ d[ i]Z^g ajX^Y^in#Ç GZnZh VcY I aaZo bjhZ dkZg i]Z e]^adhde]^XVa jcYZge^cc^c\h d[ i]ZViZg VcY ÒabÅ[gdb 6g^hidiaZ id <dYVgY#

B6G>D <6A:6CD IDGD Wn BVgX CVhYdg I]Z 8dadbW^Vc"Wdgc bjh^X XjbW^V! VcX]dgZY Wn i]Z hXgVeZ VcY Xa^X` [gdb V \jVX]VgVXV VcY V lddYWadX`! ]Vh WZXdbZ i]Z WaVc` XVckVh [dg V cZl ^ciZgcVi^dcVa \ZcgZ# Bjh^Xdad\^hi VcY aZVYZg d[ i]Z WVcY ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd! BVg^d <VaZVcd Idgd ZmeaV^ch XjbW^VÉh hdc^X Wddb#

+)

;>GHI EGDD;/ 7DB7ÉH A>I:G6GN HJEEA:B:CI

,)

AJ>H :CG>FJ: 7:ABDCI:/ EdZbh

+

86GDA>C6 ADO696/ ÆI]ZiVÇ

-

KÞ8IDG B6CJ:A <6K>G>6/ EdZbh

&%

NDA6C96 E6CI>C/ EdZbh

&'

;:9:G>8D K:<6H/ ;gdb 9^hiVci 8djh^c

&+

=w8IDG 6769 ;68>DA>C8:/ ;gdb ;dg\diiZc LZ H]Vaa 7Z

&.

><DG 76GG:ID/ ;gdb 8ViVbV

''

')

6CIDC>D JC<6G/ ÆBn <gVcY[Vi]ZgÉh 9^h^ciZ\gVi^dcÇ AJ>H BDA>C6"E6CI>C/ Edgi[da^d/ CVgXd" 6gX]^iZXijgZ VcY ^ih 8dcig^Wji^dch id i]Z 8dbbjc^in 7DB7 >HHC %,)(Ä('%) JHEH ,,(Ä&(% ^h ejWa^h]ZY BVgX]! ?jcZ! HZeiZbWZg! VcY 9ZXZbWZg [dg ''#%% eZg nZVg Wn/ C:L 6GI EJ7A>86I>DCH -% =Vchdc EaVXZ! ,%( 7gdd`anc! CN &&'&, ,&-Ä+(+Ä.&%% \ZcZgVa^cfj^g^Zh5WdbWh^iZ#Xdb

-%

EZg^dY^XVah edhiV\Z eV^Y Vi 7gdd`anc!

CN! VcY VYY^i^dcVa bV^a^c\ d[ÒXZh#

EDHIB6HI:G HZcY VYYgZhh X]Vc\Zh id/ 7DB7! HjWhXg^ei^dc 9ZeVgibZci E# D# 7dm '(%') ?VX`hdc! BH (.''*Ä(%') JH6 C:LHHI6C9 9>HIG>7JI>DC CZlhhiVcY X^gXjaVi^dc i]gdj\] 9^hi^" Xdg CZlhhiVcY HZgk^XZh#

;DG BDG: >C;DGB6I>DC/ 8Vaa ,&-Ä+(+".&%% m&%+ :bV^a VaZm^h5WdbWh^iZ#Xdb 7DB7 ^h ^cYZmZY ^c =jbVc^i^Zh >ciZgcVi^dcVa 8dbeaZiZ#

--

I]Z Zci^gZ XdciZcih d[ 7DB7 VcY 7DB7h^iZ#Xdb VgZ Xdeng^\]i '%%.$'%&% Wn CZl 6gi EjWa^XVi^dch! >cX#! VcY bVn cdi WZ gZegdYjXZY ^c Vcn bVccZg! Z^i]Zg ^c l]daZ dg ^c eVgi! l^i]dji lg^iiZc eZgb^hh^dc [gdb i]Z ejWa^h]Zg# 6aa g^\]ih VgZ gZhZgkZY#

7DB7 HJ7H8G>EI>DCH Id dgYZg! XVaa -++Ä(*)Ä%(() HjWhXg^ei^dc 9ZeVgibZci E# D# 7dm '(%') ?VX`hdc! BH (.''*Ä(%') DC: N:6G$;DJG >HHJ:H JH/ ''#%% >ciZgcVi^dcVa/ )'#%% HjWhXg^WZ dca^cZ Vi 7DB7h^iZ#Xdb#

;^ghi Egdd[ ^h hedchdgZY ^c eVgi Wn i]Z 7Zgi]V VcY >hVVX A^WZgbVc ;djcYVi^dc# I]^h ^hhjZ ^h hjeedgiZY ^c eVgi Wn ejWa^X [jcYh [gdb i]Z CZl Ndg` 8^in 9ZeVgibZci d[ 8jaijgVa 6[[V^gh VcY i]Z CZl Ndg` HiViZ 8djcX^a dc i]Z 6gih! V HiViZ V\ZcXn# 7DB7 HjeedgiZgh ^cXajYZ i]Z 6cYn LVg]da 6gih Lg^i^c\ >c^i^Vi^kZ! i]Z I]Vc`h\^k^c\ ;jcY! VcY 7DB7Éh IgjhiZZh# )

',

7DB7 7DB7 HI6;;

8DCIG>7JI>C< :9>IDGH

EJ7A>H=:G! :9>IDG">C"8=>:; 7Zihn HjhhaZg

6GI :9>IDG HVja Dhigdl

6HHD8>6I: EJ7A>H=:G BVgn"6cc Bdc[dgidc

6GI I^cV 7VgcZn! Gdhh 7aZX`cZg! 8ZX^an 7gdlc! 6YVb ;jhh! ?dZ ;n[Z! ?ZgZbn <^aWZgi"Gda[Z! 6WWn <daYhiZ^c! HijVgi =dgdYcZg! 6ci]dcn =jWZgbVc! ?jYn =jYhdc! 9Vk^Y =jbe]gZn! GdWZgid ?jVgZo! H]^gaZn @VcZYV! CZaa BX" 8a^hiZg! ?dh^V] BX:a]Zcn! 6bVcYV BZVch! Daj D\j^WZ! 7gjXZ EZVghdc!

AjXn GVkZc! 8a^[[dgY Gdhh! VcY B^b^ I]dbehdc

H:C>DG :9>IDG B c^XV YZ aV IdggZ B6C6<>C< :9>IDG C^X` Hi^aabVc <:C:G6A B6C6<:G! 9><>I6A B:9>6 B6G@:I>C< EVja L# Bdgg^h B6C6<>C< 9>G:8IDG! 8>G8JA6" I>DC 9:K:ADEB:CI 6aZm^h 7dZ]baZg 8>G8JA6I>DC 8DCHJAI6CI AVjgV =dlVgY 8G:6I>K: 9>G:8IDG! DCA>C: HEDCHDGH=>EH 9Vk^Y <ddYbVc 6HHD8>6I: L:7 :9>IDG AZcV KVaZcX^V 6G8=>K: :9>IDG G^X]VgY <daYhiZ^c 6GI 9>G:8I>DC 9:H><C :kZgni]^c\ HijY^d HeZX^Va Egd_ZXih/ 6WWn <daYhiZ^c L:7 8DCHJAI6CIH ;gZY @gj\]d[[ G^X` ;gVc`Za 7Zc =VcYod 7D6G9 D; IGJHI::H I^b CnZ! 8]V^gbVc 8Vgn 7gdlc":ehiZ^c EVja 8Vcidg GdhZbVgn 8Vggdaa ;gVcXZh 9^iibZg :g^X ;^hX]a @aVjh @ZgiZhh =ZVi]Zg @^gWn B^X] aZ <ZgWZg @aZ^c :YlVgY InaZg CV]Zb <Zdg\Z CZ\gdedciZ :aaZc E]ZaVc ?VcZ GdhZcWajb 7Zihn HjhhaZg 7D6G9 D; 69K>H:GH <VWg^ZaaV 9Z ;ZggVg^ 6cYgZl ;^ZgWZg\ C^XdaZ @aV\hWgjc 6aZmVcYZg H#8# GdlZg 9Vk^Y HVaaZ BZa^hhV HVcYdg >gV H^akZgWZg\ BVYZa^cZ LZ^cg^W

6G8=>I:8IJG: :9>IDG 8Vgadh 7g^aaZbWdjg\ 6G8=>I:8IJG: 9^VcV 6\gZhi! 9ZWdgV] <Vch! 9dcVaY H]^aa^c\Wjg\ ;>AB 6C9 I=:6I:G ?dc GdW^c 7V^io! A^oV 7ZVg! AVlgZcXZ 8]jV! AZdc ;Va`! 7ZiiZ <dgYdc! 8Vgadh <ji^ ggZo! A^cYV =dV\ajcY! Gdbjajh A^ccZn! 8gV^\ AjXVh! BVg` BV\^aa! G^X]VgY BVmlZaa! :kVc\Z" a^cZ Bdge]dh! HjhVc H]VXiZg! EVjaV Kd\Za! VcY BVX LZaabVc BJH>8 9Vk^Y 7ngcZ! 6ci]dcn 8daZbVc! 9Vk^Y @gVhcdl! <Zdg\Z AZl^h! 6aVc A^X]i! B^`Z BX<dc^\Va! I^b CnZ! KZg" cdc GZ^Y! BVgX G^Wdi! CZY HjWaZiiZ! ?ja^V Lda[Z! VcY ?d]c Odgc LG>I>C< :hi]Zg 6aaZc! GdWZgi 6cidc^! 9ZWdgV] 7V`Zg! Idb 7dai! 8VgbZc 7djaadhV! :Yl^Y\Z 9Vci^XVi! 9ZWdgV] :^hZc" WZg\! 9Vc^Za ;adgZh n 6hXZcX^d! 6aVc <^aWZgi! ;gVcX^hXd <daYbVc! @^b^`d =V]c! BVii]ZV =VgkZn! ?d]c =Vh`Zaa! 6bn =ZbeZa! 6# B# =dbZh! EVig^X^V HeZVgh ?dcZh! GVX]Za @jh]cZg! ?dcVi]Vc AZi]Zb! ?V^bZ BVcg^fjZ! EVig^X` BX<gVi]! BVgn Bdgg^h!

H^akVcV EViZgcdhigd! 8Vgna E]^aa^eh!

GdWZgi Eda^id! B^ccV EgdXidg! ;gVc" X^cZ EgdhZ! 9Vc^Za H]Ve^gd! AnccZ I^aabVc! 8dab I ^W c! ;gZYZg^X IjiZc! VcY 7Zc_Vb^c LZ^hhbVc :9>IDGH 6I A6G<: <Vgn >cY^VcV VcY <aZcc DÉ7g^Zc 8DCIG>7JI>C< E=DID<G6E=:GH 6YVb 7Vgidh! HVgV] 8]VgaZhldgi]!

HVaan <Vaa! CVc <daY^c! 7Zc =VcYod! 6g^X BVnZg! :aa^di HX]lVgio! VcY L^a" a^Vb LZ\bVc EG>CI:G LZhi8Vc Eg^ci^c\ <gdje!

Eg^ciZY ^c 8VcVYV

>CI:GCH ?VXanc 6aZmVcYZg! EVdaV <VgX V"8Ve ! @naZ BX6jaZn! EZiZg BdnhVZc`d!

G^Zh Bjge]n! VcY ?VX` EVabZg# K^YZd :Y^i^c\ EgdYjXi^dc/ 8a^cidc @gjiZ#

EGDD;G:69:G <Zdg\^V 8dda

+

,

7DB7

8DCIG>7JIDGH

86GB:C 7DJAADH6 6h V aZVY^c\ BZm^XVc edZi! cdkZa" ^hi! VcY eaVnlg^\]i! 8VgbZc 7djaadhV ^h WZhi `cdlc [dg ]Zg ZXaZXi^X VcY Zc^\bVi^X ldg`# 6ji]dg d[ dkZg ilZakZ cdkZah ^c ÒkZ Y^[[ZgZci aVc\jV\ZhÅ ^cXajY^c\ i]Z WZhihZaaZg I]ZnÉgZ 8dlh! LZÉgZ E^\hÅ7djaadhV ]Vh \VgcZgZY cjbZgdjh VlVgYh! iVj\]i Vi <Zdg\Zidlc! 8dajbW^V! VcY CZl Ndg` Jc^kZgh^i^Zh VcY ^h XjggZcian 9^hi^c\j^h]ZY AZXijgZg Vi 88CN#

:HIG:AA>I6 7# 7GD9H@N DcZ d[ CZl Ndg`Éh aZVY^c\ Vgih e]^aVc" i]gde^hih! :higZaa^iV 7# 7gdYh`n egd" bdiZh i]Z k^h^W^a^in d[ AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Vgi ^c bjhZjbh# GZhedch^WaZ ^c eVgi [dg =VgkVgYÉh VYY^i^dc d[ V AVi^c"6bZg^XVc Vgi heZX^Va^hi edh^i^dc! 7gdYh`nÉh \dVa ^h id ]Zae ndjc\ AVi^c 6bZg^XVch ^c i]Z Jc^iZY HiViZh [ZZa eg^YZ ^c i]Z^g Xja" ijgZhÉ XgZVi^kZ VX]^ZkZbZcih#

G6;6:A 86HI>AAD O6E6I6 6 edZi! XdaaV\Z Vgi^hi! VcY ZhhVn^hi!

GV[VZa 8Vhi^aad OVeViV iZVX]Zh a^iZg" Vgn i]Zdgn Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^YVY 8ZcigVa YZ KZcZojZaV# =^h bdhi gZXZci edZign Wdd` ^h :hiVcX^Vh HiVcoVh # =Z ]Vh lg^iiZc XViVad\jZ ZhhVnh dc ZbZg\" ^c\ Vgi^hih [dg hjX] 8VgVXVh"WVhZY VaiZgcVi^kZ heVXZh Vh AV 8Vgc^XZg V VcY 6aiZgcVi^kV# =^h XjggZci gZhZVgX] [dXjhZh dc AVi^c 6bZg^XV VkVci"\VgYZ bdkZbZcih d[ i]Z É+% VcY É,%h#

<>6C86GAD B6OO6CI> 7VhZY ^c 7d\di{! <^VcXVgad BVooVci^ ^h V aZVY^c\ VgX]^iZXi d[ ejWa^X ldg`h ^c ]^h cVi^kZ 8dadbW^V# =Z heZVg" ]ZVYZY i]Z jgWVc igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ BZYZaa c l^i] egd_ZXih ^cXajY^c\ i]Z a^WgVg^Zh AZ c YZ <gZ^[[ VcY 7^Wa^diZXV YZ :heV V! VcY i]Z Xda^hZjbh [dg i]Z '%&% Hdji] 6bZg^XVc <VbZh# =Z gZXZ^kZY i]Z Òghi eg^oZ ^c i]Z '%%- >WZgd"6bZg^XVc 6gX]^iZXijgZ 7^Zcc^Va ^c A^hWdc#

H>AK6C6 E6I:GCDHIGD 6ji]dg d[ >c i]Z AVcY d[ <dY VcY BVc/ 8dc[gdci^c\ Djg HZmjVa 8jaijgZ VcY Bn 8dadbW^Vc LVg/ 6 ?djgcZn I]gdj\] i]Z 8djcign > AZ[i 7Z]^cY! H^akVcV EViZgcdhigd ]Vh ZVgcZY V cdb^" cVi^dc [dg i]Z E:C$BVgi]V 6WgVbh 6lVgY [dg ;^ghi CdcÒXi^dc VcY V eaVXZ Vbdc\ I^bZ$8CCÉh *% AVi^c 6bZg^XVc AZVYZgh [dg i]Z CZl B^aaZcc^jb [dg ]Zg k^\^aVciZ lg^i^c\h#

E:9GD G:N:H Dg^\^cVaan igV^cZY Vh Vc VgX]^iZXi! EZYgd GZnZh jhZh ]^h jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ VgX]^" iZXijgVa [dgbVa^i^Zh id WaZcY jide^Vc ^YZVa^hb VcY [jcXi^dcVa egV\bVi^hb ^c Vc Z[[dgi id gZaZVhZ XgZVi^k^in [gdb cdg" bVa eVgVbZiZgh# GZnZhÉh ldg` X]Vg\Zh e]nh^XVa heVXZ l^i] hnbWda^X bZVc" ^c\h# GZXZci Zm]^W^i^dch ^cXajYZ i]Z Eg^cX^eaZh d[ HdX^Va Idedad\n Vi Nkdc AVbWZgi <VaaZgn ^c CZl Ndg`#

KÞ8IDG B6CJ:A GD9GÞ<J:O 6 egd[Zhhdg d[ Vgi VcY XjaijgVa hijY^Zh Vi cjbZgdjh jc^kZgh^i^Zh ^c 7d\di{ VcY Fj^id! GdYg \jZo ]daYh V E]9 [gdb i]Z Jc^kZgh^in d[ GdX]ZhiZg VcY Vc B6 [gdb <daYhb^i]Éh 8daaZ\Z# =Z lg^iZh [dg hZkZgVa XjaijgVa hijY^Zh VcY Vgi ejWa^XVi^dch ^c 8dadbW^V VcY VWgdVY# 8jggZcian! ]Z ^h Vc VYk^hdg ^c XjaijgVa egd_ZXih [dg i]Z X^in \dkZgcbZci d[ 7d\di{#

6CIDC>D JC<6G 6cidc^d Jc\Vg ^h Vji]dg d[ i]Z h]dgi" hidgn XdaaZXi^dch IgZXZ X^gXdh XdbjcZh I]^giZZc 8dbbdc 8^gXjhZh VcY 9Z X^Zgidh Vc^bVaZh ig^hiZh D[ 8ZgiV^c HVY 6c^bVah ! VcY i]Z cdkZah OVcV]dg^Vh kdaVYdgVh ;an^c\ 8Vggdih VcY AVh dgZ" _Vh YZa adWd I]Z Lda[Éh :Vgh ! V ÒcVa^hi [dg i]Z WZhi Wdd` ejWa^h]ZY ^c ;gVcXZ ^c '%%-# =Z lg^iZh _djgcVa^hb VcY a^kZh ^c 7d\di{#

B6G8 C6H9DG BVgX CVhYdgÉh bdhi gZXZci Wdd` ^h HdccZiV^a^V! ejWa^h]ZY Wn Gdd[ 7dd`h '%%, # =Z ^h XjggZcian ldg`^c\ dc V hZg^Zh d[ adc\"l^cYZY dcZ"eV\Z edZbh XVaaZY Æ>chjg\ZciZh#Ç CVhYdgÉh Òghi Wdd`"aZc\i] edZb! IgZc^ ^c EVgiZcoV! lVh ejWa^h]ZY ^c IZbWadg ,# =Z ^h Vahd Vc VbViZjg Zi]cdbjh^Xdad\^hi l]d egZhZcih \adWVa YVcXZ bjh^X jcYZg i]Z Va^Vh 9? EddYaZXVccdc#

-

E]did XgZY^ih/ 7djaadhV e]did Wn ?Zggn 7VjZg# 8Vhi^aad e]did Wn A^hWZi] HVaVh# BVooVci^ e]did Wn KZg c^XV GZhigZed# EViZgcdhigd e]did Wn GjkZc 6[VcVYdg# Jc\Vg e]did Wn ?dg\Z BVg^d B cZgV# GZnZh e]did Wn BVg` EdlZaa#

7DB7 C::9H NDJG HJEEDGI

HEDCHDGH

7DB7 ^h V *%& X ( cdcegdÒi dg\Vc^oVi^dc [djcYZY ^c &.-& Vh Vc Vgi^hihÉ VcY lg^iZghÉ fjVgiZgan YZY^XViZY id egZhZci^c\ ldg` ^c ^ih dlc a^\]i VcY Vgi^hihÉ XdckZghVi^dch ^c i]Z^g dlc ldgYh# I]gZZ YZXVYZh aViZg! i]Z^g kd^XZh Xdbeg^hZ Vc dc\d^c\ XdckZghVi^dc i]Vi ]Vh X]Vc\ZY i]Z cVijgZ d[ XjaijgVa Y^h" XdjghZ# 7DB7 ^ciZgk^Zlh VgZ aZ\ZcYVgn#

Ndjg Xdcig^Wji^dch Y^gZXian ]Zae hje" edgi 7DB7Éh b^hh^dc d[ YZa^kZg^c\ i]Z Vgi" ^hihÉ kd^XZ# 6aa YdcVi^dch VgZ iVm"YZYjXi^WaZ VcY l^aa gZXZ^kZ VX`cdlaZY\ZbZci dc djg EVigdch EV\Z ^c eg^ci VcY dca^cZ#

> i]^c` ^i ^h i]Z ^ciZgk^Zl [dgbVi! Vgi^hi"id"Vgi^hi! i]Vi bV`Zh 7DB7 hd eVgi^XjaVg! hd jhZ[ja! hd bjX] [gZh]Zg i]Vc Vcni]^c\ ZahZ# I]Vi VcY i]Z \ZcZgdh^in d[ gVc\Z ^c i]Z Vgi^hih i]Zn [ZVijgZ0 i]Vi ^h ^c ^ihZa[ V h^\c d[ \Zc^jh! id ZbWgVXZ bdgZ i]Vc lZ VagZVYn jcYZghiVcY#

Å:bbZii <dl^c! Egd[Zhhdg d[ E]did\gVe]n ^c i]Z 8djcX^a d[ i]Z =jbVc^i^Zh! Eg^cXZidc Jc^kZgh^in

9dcViZ dca^cZ Vi 7DB7h^iZ#Xdb dg XVaa ,&-#+(+#.&%% m&%+# Ndj XVc bV^a V Xdcig^Wji^dc id/ -% =Vchdc EaVXZ ,%(! 7gdd`anc! CN &&'&,

HjWhXg^WZ dca^cZ Vi 7DB7h^iZ#Xdb$ hjWhXg^ei^dch

&%

7DB7 A:69:GH )%!%%% VcY dkZg

E6IGDCH &!%%% id '!)..

6cYn LVg]da 6gih Lg^i^c\ >c^i^Vi^kZ

H]ZaaZn ;dm 6Vgdch E]^a^e :# 6Vgdch 6cc HiZkZc 6bZh 6cdcnbdjh 6cdcnbdjh 8aVjY^V 6gdcdl BVgn 7ddcZ 8Vgadh 7g^aaZbWdjg\! 6gX]^kZ Egd_ZXi 8ZX^an 7gdlc GdhZbVgn 8Vggdaa ?Vc^XZ <VgYcZg 8ZX^a 8]Z^b GZVY EVjaV 8ddeZg ;djcYVi^dc [dg 8dciZbedgVgn 6gi ;djcYVi^dc [dg ;V^gZg 8Ve^iVa^hb A^cYV 6ci]dcn <gVci 8Vgda <gZZcZ 6bn GdcVaY <jiibVc L^aa^Vb IVaWdii =^aabVc ;djcYVi^dc 7VgWVgV ?V`dWhdc 8ZX^an @V]c 9Vk^Y @Vee C^XdaZ @aV\hWgjc 8]VgaZh BVgn @jWg^X]i JghjaV EVja AdlZggZ Hnak^V Ea^bVX` BVc\daY GdWZgi BVc\daY :YlVgY I# CV]Zb ?ZVc EV\a^jhd 9Vlc B# EVad EVccdc^V ;djcYVi^dc :aaZc E]ZaVc ?dZa H]Ve^gd CVcXn 9ZabVc Edgicdn BVgaV EgVi]Zg ?dcVi]Vc HX]^aaZg @^bWZgan ?ZVc EjioZg ?ZVccZ <gZZcWZg\ Gd]Vinc ?VcZ A# GdhZci]Va 8a^[[dgY Gdhh Idc^ Gdhh 9Vk^Y HVaaZ ;gZY H]ZgbVc EZg H`VghiZYi BZa^hhV GdWZgi Hdgdh HjhVc H# HiVcaZn B^X]VZa Hidji B^b^ I]dbehdc ?VbZh GdhZcfj^hi @Vg^c LV^hbVc 8Vgadh 7g^aaZb" Wdjg\

HEDCHDGH '%!%%% id (.!...

8Vgn 7gdlc":ehiZ^c HiZkZc :ehiZ^c =ZVi]Zg B# @^gWn CZl Ndg` 8^in 9ZeVgibZci d[ 8jaijgVa 6[[V^gh CZl Ndg` HiViZ 8djcX^a dc i]Z 6gih I]Z I]Vc`h\^k^c\ ;jcY 9DCDGH &%!%%% id &.!...

7Zgi]V >hVVX A^WZgbVc ;djcYVi^dc 7addbWZg\ =ZaV^cZ EVja 8Vcidg ;jcYVX^ c 8^hcZgdh! 8daZXX^ c EVig^X^V E]Zaeh 8^hcZgdh! 6bZg^XVh ;gVcXZh 9^iibZg ;Vb^an ;djcYVi^dc =dgVXZ L# <daYhb^i] ;djcYVi^dc 9dgdi]n A^X]iZchiZ^c CVi^dcVa :cYdlbZci [dg i]Z 6gih I^b CnZ I]Z GZZY ;djcYVi^dc! 6bZg^XVh 6aZmVcYZg H#8# GdlZg I]Z L# A# Andch 7gdlc! ?g# 8]Vg^" iVWaZ ;djcYVi^dc EJ7A>H=:GÉH 8>G8A: *!%%% id .!...

AVlidc ;^ii ?VbZh BXAVgZc 7VgWVgV <aVYhidcZ ?VbZh G# =ZY\Zh >K A^Z[ 9# GdhZcWaVii 9Vk^Y IZ^\Zg Lda[ @V]c VcY :b^an BVhdc ;djcYVi^dc

EJ7A>H=:GÉH 8DJC8>A '!*%% id )!...

:higZaa^iV 9Vc^Za 7gdYh`n <^ja^VcV 7gjcd 6cYgZl ;^ZgWZg\ BZakV 7jX`hWVjb GVnbdcY AZVghn 8]Vi]Vb >bedgiZgh! >cX# Bg# Bgh# <jhiVkd 8^hcZgdh I]Z 9Vc^Za :higZaa^iV 7gdYh`n ;Vb^an ;djcYVi^dc! 6bZg^XVh ?Zcc^[Zg 8a^[[dgY 9VccZg L^aa^Vb 9VccZg ;gVcXZh 9^iibZg :be^gZ BZgX]Vcih 6\cZh <jcY HiZe]Zc B# =daa BV]cVo >heV]Vc^ 6YVb 7Vgidh ?^aa EZiZg @gVjh I]Z Ajg^Z ;Vb^an ;djcYVi^dc B^cV\VlV 6gi A^cZh HZaZXi :fj^in <gdje ;Zgc AZcVgY IZhhaZg BVYZa^cZ LZ^cg^W 6c\ZaV LZhilViZg! HeZgdcZ LZhi" lViZg

E6IGDCH 7DB7ÉH 6G8=>K: EGD?:8I

7DB7 ZmegZhhZh ^ih YZZe \gVi^ijYZ id i]Z [daadl^c\ Ydcdgh [dg hjeedgi^c\ i]Z Y^\^i^oVi^dc d[ 7DB7Éh VgX]^kVa ^ciZgk^ZlhÅdkZg .%% VcY Xdjci^c\Å[gZZ dc 7DB7" h^iZ#Xdb# I]^h ^h V ldg` ^c egd\gZhh! id WZ XdbeaZiZY Wn i]Z ZcY d[ '%%.# CZl Ndg` HiViZ 8djcX^a dc i]Z 6gih :g^X ;^hX]a =ZVi]Zg @^gWn 8Vgn 7gdlc":ehiZ^c EVja 8Vcidg ;dg ^c[dgbVi^dc dc ]dl id WZXdbZ V Ydcdg! XdciVXi 7Zihn HjhhaZg Vi ,&-"+(+".&%% m&%(# 7DB7 EG>CI 8AJ7 I]Z [daadl^c\ Vgi^hih \ZcZgdjhan YdcViZY i]Z^g iVaZci id i]Z 7DB7 Eg^ci 8ajW# HiZkZ 9^7ZcZYZiid ?dVccZ <gZZcWVjb H]Vgdc =VgeZg Da^kZg =Zgg^c\ > ^\d BVc\aVcd"DkVaaZ EVja E[Z^[[Zg 7g^Vc IdaaZ Id ejgX]VhZ V eg^ci dg WZXdbZ V bZbWZg d[ i]Z 7DB7 Eg^ci 8ajW! eaZVhZ XdciVXi BVgn"6cc Bdc[dgidc Vi ,&-"+(+".&%% m&%*# 7DB7 EDGIG6>I EGD?:8I I]Z [daadl^c\ Vgi^hih \ZcZgdjhan YdcViZY i]Z^g iVaZci id i]Z 7DB7 EdgigV^i Egd_ZXi# 6YVb ;jhh GdWZgi Eda^Ydg^ 8a^[[dgY Gdhh AVjg^Z H^bbdch ;gZY L^ahdc

7DB7 6GI>HIH 9G6L! '%%.

7:C:;68IDGH *%% id ...

<gZ\dgn 7diih ?dZ 7gVYaZn :X]d :\\ZWgZX]i :g^X ;^hX]a @Vga =VZcYZa 6YVb =Zabh 9Vk^Y @gVbZg @Z^i] BVnZghdc ?VbZh CVgZh 9Vc^XV E]Zaeh 9Vk^Y HVaaZ 7^aan Hjaa^kVc ?Vhdc IdbbZ @VgV LVa`Zg

I]Z =Zn9Vn ;djcYVi^dc ?jY^i] A^c]VgZh BVg^Vc <ddYbVc <VaaZgn 6gaZcZ H]ZX]Zi BVg` :ehiZ^c E]^a^e An[dgY HjhhaZg Hl^hh 6gih 8djcX^a Egd =ZakZi^V L^aa^Vb Ljgb ;G>:C9H '*% id )..

AVjg^Z 8]ZbaV 8VgbZaV 8^jgVgj ?VcZ ?VbZh 8d]Vc 8Vi]Zg^cZ ?# 9dj\aVhh <VaZg^Z AZadc\ 9Vk^Y <ddYbVc 6a^XZ ?jYZahdc I]Z @^iX]Zc 8ajW HjnYVb AVch^c\ 7VgWVgV AdcYdc 6ci]dcn BX8Vaa L^aa^Vb G# EZZaaZ! ?g# HjhVc EZcocZg L^aa^Vb GZZh ?VcZ GdhZ BVgi^cZ GjWZchiZ^c ?^aa HijVgi AVjgZc LVi`^ch GV a Odgg^aaV

;dg ^c[dgbVi^dc dc ]dl id ejgX]VhZ V ( * ^cX] YgVl^c\ id WZcZÒi 7DB7! eaZVhZ XVaa ,&-"+(+".&%% m&%(#

&&

7DB7 <6A6

7DB7 ZmiZcYh ]ZVgi[Zai i]Vc`h id i]Z Vgi^hih l]d \ZcZgdjhan YdcViZY ldg` id 7DB7Éh '-i] 6cc^kZghVgn H^aZci 6jXi^dc VcY <VaV 7ZcZÒi! '%%./ K^id 6XXdcX^ :aaZc 7Zg`ZcWa^i EVja 7addY\ddY GdWZgi 7g^c`Zg 6aZ_VcYgd 8ZhVgXd B^X]ZaaZ 8]VgaZh 9Vk^Y 8aVg`hdc EVig^X^V 8gdc^c 8Vga 9É6ak^V HiZkZc 9^7ZcZYZiid Idcn ;^ioeVig^X` 8]VgaZh <daYbVc ?dVccZ <gZZcWVjb K^XZciZ <gdcYdcV ?dhZÒcV <j^a^hVhi^ GVX]Za =Vgg^hdc BVgn =Z^abVcc AZha^Z =Zl^ii ?jYn =jYhdc ?VXfjZa^cZ =jbe]g^Zh 6a[gZYd ?VVg 7^aa ?VXdWhdc GVh]^Y ?d]chdc GdWZgid ?jVgZo H]^gaZn @VcZYV ?VcZ @Veadl^io 9ZWdgV] @Vhh BZa @ZcYg^X` 8]VgaZh BVgn @jWg^X]i <j^aaZgbd @j^iXV Adj^hZ AVlaZg 8g^hi WVa AZ]ni @Vaje A^con 8]g^h A^edb^ ?dhZe]^cZ BZX`hZeZg BVg^anc B^ciZg ?d]c CZlbVc AdgZcod EVXZ 6ci]dcn 8g^hV[jaa^ Gdmn EV^cZ 7gjXZ EZVghdc ?dnXZ EZchVid Ig^hiVc EZg^X] EVja E[Z^[[Zg BVgi]V GdhaZg 8a^[[dgY Gdhh ?VX`^Z HVXXdXX^d EZiZg HVja G^X]VgY HZggV 6gaZcZ H]ZX]Zi LVgY H]ZaaZn 8^cYn H]ZgbVc <ZY^ H^Wdcn ?VbZh H^ZcV GdbVc H^\cZg CZY Hbni] CVcXn HeZgd EVi HiZ^g 8Vi]Zg^cZ Hjaa^kVc B^X`VaZcZ I]dbVh 6aVc KZ\V AVlgZcXZ LZ^cZg BVii]Zl LZ^chiZ^c =daan OVjhcZg

&'

&)

I]Z [daadl^c\ ^ciZgk^Zl l^i] i]Z 8dadbW^Vc Vgi^hi 6cidc^d 8Vgd XdbW^cZh ild d[ djg XdckZghVi^dch! dcZ [gdb '%%'! VcY V kZgn gZXZci dcZ# 9jg^c\ i]Z aVhi hZkZgVa nZVgh! 8Vgd VcY > ]VkZ WZZc ldg`^c\ dc V XdaaVWdgVi^kZ egd_ZXi Xdch^hi^c\ d[ V hZg^Zh d[ ejWa^X XdckZghVi^dch# I]Z iVa`h [dXjh dc i]Z gZXZei^dc d[ XdcXZeijVa^hb ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV! 8VgdÉh gdaZ Vh V Xg^i^X d[ AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Vgi ^chi^iji^dch Yjg^c\ i]Z 8daY LVg! VcY i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc ]^h ldg` VcY i]Z XdchigjXi d[ cVi^dc]ddY ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV# LZ ViiZbeiZY id XgZViZ V Y^Vad\jZ bZg\^c\ Vgi^hi^X egVXi^XZh VcY XjaijgVa hijY^Zh! VcY i]Z eda^i^Xh Zc\jaÒc\ Wdi]# I]ZhZ XdckZghVi^dch ]VkZ iV`Zc eaVXZ ^c i]Z 8dadbW^Vc X^i^Zh d[ 7d\di{! 8Va^! VcY Ijc_V! VcY i]Z :XjVYdg^Vc X^i^Zh d[ Fj^id VcY <jVnVfj^a# I]Z^g ejWa^XVi^dc ^h [dgi]Xdb^c\#

I]Z Vgi^hi Aj^h 8Vbc^ioZg ]Vh lg^iiZc i]Vi 8VgdÉh higViZ\^Zh VgZ i]dhZ d[ V Æk^hjVa \jZgg^aaV#Ç =^h ldg` fjZhi^dch ]dl 8dadbW^VÉh XjaijgVa ^chi^iji^dch ViiZbeiZY id ZmeZa ^ciZgcVa Y^[[ZgZcXZ [gdb i]Z cVggVi^kZh d[ AVi^c 6bZg^XVc cVi^dch Yjg^c\ i]Z 8daY LVg# 8VgdÉh Òghi lZaa"`cdlc ldg`! ;g^ZcYh/ AViZ =dbV\Z id Ndjg ;g^ZcYh [gdb O^eVfj^g{! BVcVjgZ VcY <VaZgVoVbWV =ZVY d[ AaZgVh Xdch^hiZY d[ V ]ZVY bVYZ d[ hVai! djiÒiiZY l^i] heZXiVXaZh! WZVg^c\ V higdc\ gZhZbWaVcXZ id 8Vgadh AaZgVh GZhigZed! V [dgbZg egZh^YZci d[ 8dadbW^V# I]Z e^ZXZ lVh Òghi h]dlc Vi i]Z &.,% hVadc d[ i]Z CVi^dcVa BjhZjb d[ 8dadbW^V! Vc ^Xdc^X ^chi^iji^dc ^c i]Z XjaijgVa XdchigjXi^dc d[ 8dadbW^V Vh V bdYZgc cVi^dc# >i lVh eaVXZY ^ch^YZ V \aVhh Wdm l]ZgZ i]Z hVai hadlan Y^hhdakZY VcY hVai lViZg gVc Vaa dkZg i]Z bjhZjbÉh Óddg# HdbZ Vgi Xg^i^XhÅVcY i]Z eda^i^XVa aZ[iÅ^ciZgegZiZY i]Z ldg` Vh Vc Vbjh^c\ Xg^i^fjZ d[ ]dl 8dadbW^VÉh gja^c\ XaVhh ]VY XVjhZY djg hdX^ZinÉh YZiZg^dgVi^dc# =ZVY d[ AaZgVh gZXZ^kZY ]dcdgh ^c i]Z hVadc VcY! Vh 8Vgd hVnh! ÆXViVejaiZYÇ ]^b id V edh^i^dc d[ egdb^cZcXZ ^c 8dadbW^V#

6i i]Z i^bZ! i]Z bjhZjbÉh XdaaZXi^dc lVh dg\Vc^oZY VcY cVggViZY Vh ^[ 8dadbW^VÉh ^cY^\Zcdjh eZdeaZ VcY 6[g^XVc haVkZh ]VY Y^hVeeZVgZY Yjg^c\ i]Z Xdadc^Va eZg^dY! bV`^c\ lVn [dg V Xdb[dgiVWan bdYZgc hiViZ# 8Vgd bVYZ =ZVY d[ AaZgVh jh^c\ VcX^Zci ^cY^\Zcdjh iZX]c^fjZh id gZb^cY jh i]Vi hVai ]Vh WZZc Vc ^bedgiVci XjaijgVa =ZgZV[iZg gZ[ZggZY id Vh =ZVY d[ AaZgVh! Vh ^i ^h Xdbbdcan `cdlc#

&+

IG6CHA6I:9 7N 7G6C9DC =DABFJ:HI

6CIDC>D 86GD

Å 7N KÞ8IDG B6CJ:A GD9GÞ<J:O

6GI

>chiVaaVi^dc e]did d[ ;g^ZcYh/ AViZ =dbV\Z id Ndjg ;g^ZcYh [gdb O^" eVfj^g{! BVcVjgZ n <VaZgVoVbWV =ZVY d[ AaZgVh ! &.,%# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z Vgi^hi#

6CIDC>D 86GD

&,

VcY ZXdcdb^X gZhdjgXZ ^c i]Z a^kZh d[ i]Z ^cY^\Zcdjh eZdeaZ [gdb 8dadbW^V i]gdj\]dji ]^hidgn# I]Z ]ZVY d[ GZhigZed Xdchi^ijiZh V bZidcnbn [dg Vaa i]Z 8dadbW^Vc egZh^YZcih l]d! VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z cVggVi^kZ idaY Wn i]Z bjhZjb i]gdj\] Vc Zci^gZ Óddg d[ egZh^YZci^Va edgigV^ih! \VkZ W^gi] id i]Z cVi^dc# I]Z hVai Xdchi^ijiZh V bZidcnbn d[ i]Z ^cY^\Zcdjh edejaVi^dc0 8Vgd bVYZ i]Z hVai Y^hVeeZVg VcY ^ckZgiZY i]Z egdXZhh d[ i]Z cVi^dcÉh [dgbVi^dc#

=dlZkZg! 8Vgd ]Vh hV^Y i]Vi eZg]Veh ]^h bdhi ^bedgiVci Xg^i^fjZ d[ i]Z ^chi^iji^dc VcY i]Z cVggVi^dc d[ i]Z 8dadbW^Vc cVi^dc ^h =dbV\Z id BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ! V eZg[dgbVcXZ ^c l]^X] ]Z gZig^ZkZh i]Z ^cY^\Zcdjh aZVYZg [gdb dWa^k^dc VcY Yjea^XViZh ]^h h^\cVijgZ# Fj^ci c AVbZ heZci ]^h a^[Z YZ[ZcY^c\ ^cY^\Zcdjh eZdeaZh V\V^chi i]Z deegZhh^dc d[ i]Z 8dadbW^Vc hiViZ# ?V^aZY dc cZVgan '%% dXXVh^dch! ]Z WZXVbZ ]^h dlc aVlnZg! hjXXZhh[jaan gZegZhZci^c\ ]^bhZa[ VcY i]Z ^cY^\Zcdjh eZdeaZh# Fj^ci c AVbZ eZg[dgbZY V `^cY d[ b^b^Xgn Wn l]^X] ]Z aZVgcZY i]Z g]Zidg^X VcY aZ\Va h`^aah d[ i]Z bdYZgc hiViZ# =Z Y^Y cdi `cdl ]dl id lg^iZ! VcY i]jh id h^\c lVh V i]ZVig^XVa VXi i]Vi h]djaY WZ jcYZghiddY Vh V XjaijgVa VcY XdaaZXi^kZ k^cY^XVi^dc# B^b^X`^c\ i]Z \dkZgcdgÉh hinaZ! Fj^ci c AVbZ VYYZY WVgdfjZ VgVWZhfjZh id ]^h h^\cVijgZ! jh^c\ hnbWdah d[ ^cY^\Zcdjh e^Xid\gVbh# 8Vgd WZ\Vc i]Z eZg[dgbVcXZ Wn Wjgc^c\ cVi^kZ ]ZgWh# =Z i]Zc gZeZViZY Fj^ci c AVbZÉh h^\cVijgZ dc V WdVgY! dc eVeZg! VcY dc V lVaa# L]Vi 8Vgd Veegdeg^ViZY! ]dlZkZg! lVh cdi i]Z VZhi]Zi^X d[ Fj^ci c AVbZÉh XVaa^\gVe]n Wji gVi]Zg i]Z kZgn higViZ\n d[ b^b^Xgn VcY gZeZi^i^dc l^i] l]^X] Fj^ci c AVbZ XVaaZY ^cid fjZhi^dc i]Z cVi^dcÉh Vji]dg^in# I]gdj\]dji ]^h ldg`! 8Vgd Veegdeg^ViZh bjai^cVi^dcVa XdbbZgX^Va ined\gVe]^Zh! cVi^dcVa ^Xdch! VcY i]Z h^\cVijgZ d[ V cdc"cVi^dcVa aZVYZgÅVh lZaa Vh ^cY^\Zcdjh bZY^jbh VcY iZX]c^fjZhÅ Wg^c\^c\ id a^\]i i]Z [gV\bZcih! h]VgYh! VcY eViX]Zh jhZY id XgZViZ V hZchZ d[ cVi^dcVa Xdbbjc^in#

ÅK Xidg BVcjZa GdYg \jZo

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

K Xidg BVcjZa GdYg \jZo/ AZiÉh WZ\^c Wn WgdVX]^c\ V ide^X i]Vi b^\]i WZ d[ Vh bjX] ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z JH Vh ^i ^h ^c 7d\di{/ i]Z 6cYn LVg]da Zm]^W^i^dc i]Vi gZXZcian XadhZY Vi i]Z 6gi BjhZjb d[ i]Z 7Vc` d[ i]Z GZejWa^X ^c 7d\di{! i]Z Òghi W^\ LVg]da Zm]^W^" i^dc ^c 8dadbW^V# 6cidc^d 8Vgd/ I]Z LVg]da Zm]^W^i^dc ^h V hj[ÒX^Zcian jc^kZghVa ide^X! dcZ i]Vi ]Zaeh jh Vkd^Y WZ^c\ idd adXVa" ^hi dg eVgdX]^Va! hdbZi]^c\ kZgn Xdbbdc ^c 8dadbW^V# 6ai]dj\] > hZZ ÓVlh ^c i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc! i]Z bZY^V ^beVXi lVh Vc ^cY^hejiVWaZ [VXi# 7ji edejaVg^in ^h dcZ i]^c\ VcY XjaijgVa V[[ZXi ^h Vcdi]Zg# > ldcYZg! [dg ZmVbeaZ! ]dl >ÅVi V\Z +%ÅXVc XdbeVgZ i]^h Zm]^W^i! l]^X] XdbZh id bn X^in l^i] Vi aZVhi V )%"nZVg YZaVn! l^i] i]Z ^begZh" h^dch > ]VY Vi '% l]Zc > kV\jZan ]ZVgY i]ZgZ lVh V bVc cVbZY 6cYn LVg]da#

KBG/ LZ ]VkZ iVa`ZY VWdji i]Z Y^[ÒXjain d[ Zm]^W" ^i^c\ LVg]da idYVn! l]Zc bjX] d[ i]Z ^ciZgZhi ]Vh h]^[iZY [gdb V [dgbVa^hi gZVY^c\ d[ ]^h ldg` id V Y^Vad\jZ l^i] ^ih XdciZmi# >iÉh Y^[ÒXjai [dg jh id VXXZhh i]Z YZWViZh VcY XjaijgVa higj\\aZh LVg]da eVgi^X^eViZY ^c# =dl ldjaY ndj XjgViZ Vc Zm]^W^i hd i]Vi i]ZhZ VheZXih XVbZ id a^\]i4 >ÉY a^`Z id ]ZVg bdgZ dc ndjg eZgXZei^dc d[ i]Z gZhedchZh d[ Wdi] Vgi^hih VcY ejWa^X! i]Zc VcY cdl# 68/ >Éb i]^c`^c\ d[ V edhh^WaZ i^iaZ [dg i]^h ^ciZgk^Zl/ ÆI]Z A^\]i [gdb i]Z HiVgh#Ç 6higdcdbZgh hZZ V a^\]i i]Vi ^h hjeedhZYan V hiVg VcY i]Zn VcVanoZ i]Z e]Zcdb" ZcV i]^h a^iiaZ a^\]i ^bea^Zh! Wji i]Zn Vahd `cdl i]Vi i]Z bVhh i]Vi egdYjXZY i]^h a^\]i XdjaY ]VkZ adc\ h^cXZ Y^hVeeZVgZY# >Éb hjgZ LVg]da ldjaY ]VkZ adkZY i]Z XdbeVg^hdc# >i hZZbh i]Vi lZÉgZ a^`Z VhigdcdbZgh l]Zc lZ iVa` VWdji LVg]da ^c 7d\di{ ^c '%%.# =^h a^iiaZ a^\]i ]Vh gZVX]ZY jh# 7ji l]ZgZÉh ]^h bVhh4 I]Z LVg]da lZ hZZ idYVn cd adc\Zg Zm^hih ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ d[ Vgi0 ]ZÉh cdl ^c i]Z jc^kZghZ d[ XjaijgZ! l^i] i]Z VYYZY V\\gVkV" i^dc! [dg ]^b! i]Vi i]^h ^h i]Z [dgbVa jc^kZghZ! i]Z XjaijgZ ÆZhiVWa^h]bZci#Ç

KBG/ > ldjaY a^`Z id ed^ci dji! ]dlZkZg! i]Vi i]Z XjaijgZ ndj heZV` d[ ^h cdi i]Z XdciZmi ^c l]^X] ]^h egd_ZXi dg^\^cViZY VcY l]^X] \dZh dc gZYZÒc" ^c\ ^i! Wji gVi]Zg i]Z XjaijgZ ndj XVaa ÆZhiVWa^h]" bZci!Ç l]^X] ^h Vahd bZY^V XjaijgZ# 68/ NZh# Ndj XVc cZkZg hZZ V XjaijgVa e]ZcdbZcdc hZeVgViZan [gdb ^ih hdX^Va Zck^gdcbZci# HdbZi]^c\ i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc jc[dgijcViZan Y^YcÉi iZaa jh ^h i]Vi i]Z Zck^gdc" bZci ^c l]^X] LVg]da a^kZY ]Vh eVhhZY0 ^iÉh Vh ^[ lZ lZgZ add`^c\ Vi e]did\gVe]h d[ :\nei^Vc [gZhXdh# I]Z LVg]da Zm]^W^i^dc ^c 7d\di{ ^c '%%. lVh Vh YZXdciZmij" Va^oZY Vh Xdadg eaViZh d[ egZ]^hidg^X XVkZh#

KBG/ NZh# 8dciZbedgVgn gZVY^c\h d[ ]^h Vgi^hi^X egd_ZXi ^c gZaVi^dc id i]Z XdciZmi d[ ]^h ZgV ]VkZ gZkZVaZY ]^h a^c`h! [dg ZmVbeaZ! l^i] i]Z fjZZg hjWXjaijgZh d[ CZl Ndg`# >iÉh WZZc YZbdchigViZY i]Vi i]Z db^hh^dc d[ i]Z ÒgbVbZciÅi]Vi ^h! Ædi]Zg a^\]ih! WaVX` ]daZh! VcY XZaZhi^Va WdY^ZhÇ ^c i]Z gZVY^c\ d[ ]^h ldg` Wn Æi]Z ZhiVWa^h]bZci!Ç Vh ndj XVaa ^iÅ^h V eda^i^XVa bViiZg# I]Z ZhiVWa^h]" bZci XVc cd adc\Zg ^\cdgZ i]^h XdciZmi# =dlZkZg

&-

6GI

6CIDC>D 86GD

l]Zc ^i XdbZh id ^cigdYjX^c\ ^i l^i]^c Vc Zm]^W^i^dc! ^i ^h bdhian jhZY id egdYjXZ V [dgbVa^hi gZVY^c\ VcY ]^h fjZZg Zi]^X ^h XdckZgiZY ^cid eVi]dad\n# 6i i]Z ZcigVcXZ d[ i]Z hZXdcY Óddg d[ i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc ^c 7d\di{! l]ZgZ l]Vi i]Z dg\Vc^oZg jcYZghiddY Vh ]^h ÆfjZZgÇ ldg`h lZgZ h]dlc! i]ZgZ lVh i]^h hiViZbZci/ Æ6cYn LVg]da XgZViZY Vc Vgi^hi^X Zbe^gZ# =^h eVi]dad\n VaadlZY ]^b id jcYZghiVcY ]dl ^bV\Zh \^kZ h]VeZ id YZh^gZ! [VciVh^Zh! ^YZci^ÒXVi^dc! bdcZn! VcY edlZg# =Z jhZY Xgdhh"YgZhh" ^c\ Vh V lVn id ZmeadgZ hZmjVa^in VcY ^YZci^in! Vh lZaa Vh id XdbbZci VcY X]VaaZc\Z i]Z eViiZgch d[ ]^\] VgiÉh iVhiZ# 6bZg^XV XgZViZY Vc ^YZVa^oZY ^bV\Z d[ ^ih dlc ]Z\Zbdcn# 8djaY ^i WZ i]Vi i]Z YgZVb LVg]da ZbWdY" ^ZY i]gdj\] ]^h a^[Z VcY ldg` ^h VXijVaan i]Z ^bV\Z d[ Vc Zbe^gZ ^c YgV\4Ç 68/ > YdcÉi `cdl ^[ i]^h XVc WZ ZVh^an igVchaViZY id :c\a^h]!

Wji i]Z hVn^c\ ^c HeVc^h] ^h/ hZ kZc aVh XVgVh eZgd cd hZ kZ Za XdgVo c lZ hZZ eZdeaZÉh [VXZh Wji cdi i]Z^g ]ZVgih # > bZVc i]Vi i]ZgZ VgZ kZgn XadhZY XdcY^i^dch [dg k^Zl^c\ Vgi VcY lZ hZZ dcan i]Z hjg[VXZ# >c LVg]daÉh XVhZ! lZ hZZ [VXZh Wji lZ YdcÉi hZZ ]ZVgih! l]^X] ldjaY WZ i]Z hdX^Va e]ZcdbZcV ^c]ZgZci id i]Vi bdbZci#

KBG/ Hi^aa! ^c Vcdi]Zg hZchZ [VXZh lZgZ ]ZVgih [dg LVg]da# Ndj ^ch^hi dc i]Z bZiVe]dg id XVaa ViiZci^dc id i]Z VWhZcXZ d[ XdciZmi! Wji i]^h VWhZcXZ YdZhcÉi ]Zae jh jcYZghiVcY l]n ]Z V[ÒgbZY! Æ>[ ndj lVci id `cdl VWdji 6cYn LVg]da! _jhi add` Vi i]Z hjg[VXZ d[ bn eV^ci" ^c\h VcY Òabh VcY bZ! VcY i]ZgZ > Vb# I]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ WZ]^cY ^i#Ç 68/ > bjhi ^ch^hi# >c 8dadbW^V! i]Zn iZVX] jh id hZZ i]Z hjg[VXZ# 6gi WZXdbZh Vc dW_ZXi i]Vi XdbbVcYh ZmigZbZan ]^\] eg^XZh gZaVi^kZ id i]Z ZkZgnYVn ZXdcdbn# 6h V 7jYY]^hi ldjaY hVn! lZ hZZ i]Z ^aajh^dc d[ V [dgb! Wji cZkZg l]ViÉh i]ZgZ WZ]^cY i]Vi [dgb# 6gi]jg 9Vcid Vh`ZY l]Vi i]Z Y^[[Zg" ZcXZ lVh WZilZZc i]Z 7g^aad Wdm eV^ciZY Wn LVg]da VcY i]Z dcZ [gdb i]Z hjeZgbVg`Zi# > bZci^dc i]^h id ed^ci dji i]Vi ^c 8dadbW^V! k^ZlZgh hZZ i]Z hjg[VXZÅi]Z [VXZ! cdi i]Z ]ZVgi#

KBG/ I]ViÉh l]n i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc d[[Zgh jh hjg[VXZh id WZ [dgbVaan VcVanoZY! VcY cdi i]Z eda^i^XVa hiViZbZcih i]Vi

LVg]da bVYZ VWdji i]Z fjZZg ldgaY ]Z lVh ViiZbei" ^c\ id XgZViZ dg VWdji i]Z bdYZgc^hi aZ\VXn d[ Vgi VcY XjaijgZ# IZaa jh VWdji i]Z eZgXZei^dc d[ LVg]daÉh ldg` )% nZVgh V\d# 68/ >Éb kZgn ^ciZgZhiZY ^c iVa`^c\ VWdji i]^h# 8dadbW^Vch d[ bn \ZcZgVi^dc `cdl VcY XVc hVn kZgn egZX^hZ i]^c\h VWdji LVg]da# I]Zn iVa` l^i]dji `cdl^c\ Vcni]^c\ VWdji i]Z k^hjVa Vgih0 i]Zn VeegdVX] ]^b Vh Ede# >c^i^Vaan! 8dadbW^Vc ]^\] Xja" ijgZ Y^Y cdi VXXZei ]^b#

KBG/ AZiÉh iVa` V a^iiaZ bdgZ VWdji ndjg ^ciZgZhi ^c LVg]daÉh Zc\V\ZbZci d[ bVhh XjaijgZ# 68/ AZiÉh eji djghZakZh ^c i]Vi gZbdiZ eVhi/ > lVh V ndjc\ bVc l^i]dji Vcn d[ i]Z hde]^hi^XVi^dc d[ i]Z ]^\] XjaijgZ i]Vi XVbZ [gdb :jgdeZ VcY lVh \gdl^c\ ^c i]Z JH# 6ai]dj\] ^iÉh bVnWZ V gZÓZXi^dc d[ l]Vi LVg]da ldjaY aViZg WZXdbZ! > [Zai ^i Vi i]Vi i^bZ# I]ZgZ VgZ eZdeaZ l]d VgZ eVgVY^\bh! aZVYZgh d[ XjaijgVa X]Vc\Zh! VcY V \gdje dg V \ZcZgVi^dc hjWb^ih id i]Zb Vabdhi VjidbVi^XVaan# > YdcÉi i]^c` ^i XdbZh [gdb gVi^d" cVa Vhh^b^aVi^dc dg V egdXZhh d[ gZÓZXi^dc# HZZc [gdb idYVn! ^[ LVg]da lVh hVn^c\! ÆI]^h ^h 6bZg^XV!Ç i]^h VXi^dc jcXdc" hX^djhan \VkZ dcZ i]Z YZh^gZ id hVn! ÆI]^h ^h 8dadbW^V#Ç > WZa^ZkZ ^c h^b^aVg^i^Zh VcY gZhdcVcXZh# 6 [Zl ]djgh V\d > lVh i]^c`^c\ÅVai]dj\] ]ZÉh :c\a^h]Åd[ V [Vbdjh e]gVhZ d[ ?d]c AZccdcÉh l]^X] >Éaa eVgVe]gVhZ/ i]Z egdWaZb l^i] gdX` ^h i]Vi ndj [ZZa ^i ^c ndjg hidbVX]# LVg]da lVh Vc ^Yda! VcY cdWdYn fjZhi^dch Vc ^YdaÅeZdeaZ h^bean VeeaVjY VcY ^b^iViZ# =Z lVh V hiVg! ]ZcXZ bn gZ[ZgZcXZ id a^\]i [gdb i]Z hiVgh# 6ahd! id ÓViiZg ]^b [jgi]Zg! h^cXZ > ValVnh a^`ZY i]^h VWdji ]^b! ]Z gZXd\c^oZY i]Vi Vc Vgi^hi lVh cd adc\Zg i]Z &.i]"XZcijgn Wd]Zb^Vc dg V gZÒcZY Vg^hidXgVi! i]Z :jgdeZVc bdYZah#

KBG/ L]Vi VWdji LVg]daÉh a^c`^c\ d[ ]^h egd_ZXi id ZmigV"Vgi^hi^X i]^c\h4 Ndj ]VkZ hV^Y i]Vi i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ ndjg ldg` ^h i]Vi ^i gZhdcViZh djih^YZ i]Z Vgi ldgaY# 68/ > gZbZbWZg V LVg]da EdaVgd^Y d[ 8Vhh^jh 8aVn! l]d ]VY gZXZcian ldc i]Z \daY bZYVa Vi i]Z Danbe^Xh# L]ViÉh ^ciZg" Zhi^c\ VWdji LVg]da ^h l]ZgZ ]Z lVh/ ^c i]Z higZZi! ^c i]Z YV^an gZVa^in d[ i]Z JH# Id XdbZ WVX` id i]Z '%%. Zm]^W^i ^c 7d\di{! i]Vi ^h l]Vi lZ cZkZg hVl/ l]ZgZ LVg]da lVh# > lVh iVa`^c\ l^i] hdbZWdYn idYVn l]d hV^Y i]Vi bn ldg` lVh

8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV! &.,+! ZcVbZa dc i^c# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z Vgi^hi#

&.

H>C8: DJG 8DCK:GH6I>DC =6H HJ8= 6 =6G9"A>C: HINA:! > 6B <D>C< ID H6N I=>H DE:CAN/ > =6K: 6 H:8G:I L:6EDC# I=: :A:B:CIH D; BN 9>H8DJGH: 6G: K6A>9! G:6A! 6C9 8DC8G:I: >C HD8>:IN! HE:8>;>86AAN 8DADB7>6C HD8>:IN#

kZgn dW_ZXi^kZ# I]Vi i]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ ^ckZciZY# LVg]da deZcZY i]Vi Yddg0 ]Z Y^YcÉi ^ckZci Vcni]^c\# 6aa i]Z X]VgVXiZgh VcY i]^c\h lZgZ i]ZgZ VcY ]Z h^bean eV^ciZY i]Zb# A^`Z LVg]da! > Vahd bVYZ V ldg` dc i]Z ide^X d[ BVd# I]Z ^bedgiVci i]^c\ ^hcÉi LVg]daÉh ldg` VWdji BVd dg bn ldg` VWdji BVd! i]Z ^bedgiVci i]^c\ ^h BVd I]Z YVn"id"YVn bZY^V gZVa^in ^h l]ViÉh ^bedgiVci! Vh V gZ[ZgZcXZ#

KBG/ 8djaY ndj iZaa jh VWdji ndjg BVd ldg`4 68/ I]Z e^ZXZ lVh XVaaZY >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg! eVgVe]gVh^c\ BVd# >i Xdch^hiZY d[ eVeZg i^\Zg h^a]djZiiZh ]Vc\^c\ [gdb i]Z XZ^a^c\ d[ 7d\di{Éh eaVcZiVg^jb! Vai]dj\] hdbZ lZgZ \ajZY id i]Z lddY"eVcZaZY lVaa i]Vi [gVbZY i]Z ZcigVcXZ id i]Z \VaaZgn# I]Z h^a]djZiiZh [VXZY BVdÉh [Vbdjh e]gVhZ lg^iiZc dc V WVccZg VcY ]Vc\^c\ dc i]Z deedh^iZ lVaa# I]Z e^ZXZ \ZcZgViZY V YZWViZ Vbdc\hi aZ[i^hi Vgi^hih! l]d i]dj\]i > lVh bdX`^c\ 8]^cVÉh XjaijgVa gZkdaji^dc#

KBG/ LZÉkZ WZZc heZV`^c\ VWdji i]Z cZZY id eji LVg]daÉh ldg` ^c Y^Vad\jZ l^i] ]^h hdX^Va VcY eda^i^XVa XdciZmih id YZXdYZ l]n ]Z gZbV^ch ^bedgiVci# L]Vi Yd ndj hZZ Vh i]Z eaVXZ d[ Vgi idYVn4 68/ > i]^c` LVg]daÉh he^g^i ldjaY Y^Z Vaa dkZg V\V^cÅ^[ he^g^ih Y^ZÅid hZZ i]Z ]dgg^[n^c\ hiV\^c\ d[ ]^h ldg` ^c 7d\di{# 7ji bVnWZ ]^h he^g^i ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc ]Veen ^c i]Z hidgZ i]Vi lVh =dbV\Z id BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ! &.,'! YgVl^c\ dc XVgYhidX`# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z Vgi^hi#

hZaa^c\ bZgX]VcY^hZ d[ ]^h ldg`# EZdeaZ \di i]Z^g bdcZn dji!

VcY ]Z ldjaY ]VkZ a^`ZY i]Vi# :kZgndcZ XVgg^ZY d[[ V a^iiaZ e^ZXZ d[ LVg]da# > i]^c` Vgi ^h ^c i]Z ^chiVci l]Zc eZdeaZ hVn! Æ> lVci#Ç

KBG/ L]Vi VWdji ndjg ZVgan ldg`4 L]ZgZ lZgZ ndj

i]Zc4 68/ > XVc hVn i]Vi > ]VkZ cZkZg jhZY i]ZdgZi^XVa ZaZbZcih V eg^dg^! dcan V edhiZg^dg^ ^c bn ldg`# > _jhi idd` i]Zb Vh i]Zn lZgZ \^kZc id bZ# >c &.,% hdbZWdYn lgdiZ i]Vi dcZ d[ bn e^ZXZh lVh edkZgV Vgi! i]Vi ^i lVh V XdcXZeijVa VcY eda^i^XVa ZmegZhh^dc# I]Z cZmi YVn > `cZl/ > Vb XdcXZeijVa! bn Vgi YdZh ]VkZ V edkZgV iZcYZcXn! VcY eda^i^Xh ^ciZgZhi bZ# 6aa i]^h > Y^Y cdi `cdl jci^a ^i lVh hiViZY# 8aVhh^ÒZY Vh hjX]! > ]VY id iV`Z ^i dc# EVgian! WZ^c\ eda^i^XVa lVh [Vh]^dcVWaZ0 gZbZbWZg i]Z eZdeaZ l]d lZgZ VgdjcY Yjg^c\ i]Z aViZ É+%h VcY ZVgan É,%hÅ8Vgadh <gVcVYV! JbWZgid <^Vc\gVcY^! i]Z eZdeaZ [gdb i]Z 8jVigd Gd_d ldg`h]de! ZheZX^Vaan 8aZbZcX^V AjXZcV# I]Zn Vaa egdYjXZY aZ[i^hi Vgi# >i lVh ZVh^Zg [dg bZ id bV`Z eda^i^XVa Vgi i]Vc id bV`Z Zgdi^X Vgi# >i hdjcYh a^`Z V _d`Z! Wji ^iÉh igjZ0 Vi i]Z i^bZ i]ZhZ lZgZ i]Z igZcYh VcY i]Z eda^i^XVa igZcY lVh ZVh^Zg id VhhjbZ#

KBG/ I]Z eda^i^XVa lVh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z aZ[iÅi]Vi lVh i]Z h^YZ [dg l]^X] ^i lVh [Vh]^dcVWaZ4

'%

6GI

6CIDC>D 86GD

68/ NZh! WZ^c\ [gdb i]Z aZ[i lVh a^`Z V eaZdcVhb WZXVjhZ ^i lVh VhhjbZY i]Vi eda^i^Xh ]VY id XdbZ [gdb i]Z aZ[i# 6cn eZghdc l]d `cZl l]Vi lVh \d^c\ dc ]VY id heZV` hiVgi^c\ [gdb BVgm^hb! BVd^hb! VcY d[ XdjghZ! l^i] V ]ZVgi ÒaaZY Wn i]Z 8jWVc gZkdaji^dc# I]Z g^\]i lVh Xdch^YZgZY id WZ bVYZ je d[ Wdgc Vg^hidXgVih dg da^\VgX]h# >i lVh Vc VWhdajiZ BVc^X]VZ^hb# ?jhi bZci^dc^c\ i]Z ldgY h]dlh i]Vi > a^kZY ^c V i^bZ d[ BVc^X]VZ^hb0 dcZ lVh eda^i^XVa! dWk^djhan [gdb i]Z aZ[i! XaZVgan kZgn ^ciZaa^\Zci! Zk^YZcian a^k^c\ VXXdgY^c\ id dcZÉh eg^cX^eaZh! dg dcZ lVh V aVX`Zn id ^beZg^Va^hb! V eVg^V]! gZkdai^c\! gZVXi^dcVgn! Vc ^Y^di# >c ÒcZ Vgih! i]ZgZ lVh Vahd BVc^X]VZ^hb d[ i]^h hinaZ/ ndj lZgZ VWhigVXi dg gZVa^hi^X0 ^i XVc cdl WZ hV^Y i]Vi V XjWZ ^h V gZVa^in! Wji! Vi i]Vi i^bZ! V XjWZ lVh cdi V gZVa^in#

KBG/ >i lVh VWhigVXi! V Ò\bZci# 68/ NZh# >c &.,+! > lVh Vh`ZY VWdji bn e^ZXZ =ZVY d[ AaZgVh VcY > gZhedcYZY i]Vi ^i fjZhi^dcZY 8dadbW^Vc eda^i^X`^c\# I]Z k^XZh d[ djg cVi^dcVa eda^i^X`^c\ VgZ Y^[ÒXjai id jcYZghiVcY djih^YZ d[ 8dadbW^V! Wji ]ZgZ lZ jcYZghiVcY i]Zb kZgn lZaa# > gZÓZXiZY dc i]Z fjZhi^dc VcY hV^Y i]Vi > lVh cdi VWaZ id ZmiZcY bnhZa[ id V eda^i^XVa aZkZa# > ]VkZ cZkZg ]VY V XaZVg! g^\" dgdjh! dg bZi]dY^XVa eda^i^XVa [dgbVi^dc# =ZVY d[ AaZgVh XVbZ bdgZ [gdb hdV`^c\ je Vc Zck^gdcbZci i]Vc [gdb bZciVa Y^hX^ea^cZ dg eda^i^XVa VXi^k^in# > lVh cZkZg ^ckdakZY ^c eda^i^XVa VXi^k^i^Zh! > cZkZg ]VY V eda^i^XVa djiadd`! Wji > Y^Y i]^c\h i]Vi XVc WZ Xdch^YZgZY eda^i^XVa dcan WZXVjhZ d[ ^cZgi^V# GZijgc^c\ id i]Z _d`Z! WZXVjhZ bn Vgi YdZhcÉi ]VkZ Zgdi^X XdbedcZcih!

VcY eZg]Veh WZXVjhZ d[ bn bnde^V! > lVh cdi \ZdbZig^X# > lVh eda^i^XVa i]gdj\] V egdXZhh d[ Za^b^cVi^dc#

KBG/ :kZc i]dj\] ndj hVn i]Vi ndjg ldg` WZXVbZ eda^i" ^XVa WZXVjhZ d[ ^cZgi^V! ^i lVh i]Z ^ciZaaZXijVa Xa^bViZ i]Vi h]VeZY ^i# 68/ > Vb ZmV\\ZgVi^c\ ha^\]ian0 > ]dcZhian ig^ZY id a^hiZc id i]Z eZdeaZ l]d lZgZ ^ckdakZY ^c i]Z ^hhjZ d[ eda^i^XVa VgiÅi]Z^g fjZhi^dc^c\# >c bn lVn! cdi kZgn hijY^djh dg higjXijgZY! > [da" adlZY i]Z YZWViZh VcY XdcigdkZgh^Zh i]Vi lZgZ hd [gZfjZci ^c i]Z jc^kZgh^in# > a^hiZcZY id i]Z cZlh d[ i]Z 8jWVc gZkdaji^dc l]Zc > lVh Z^\]i nZVgh daY0 > ]ZVgY i]Vi ;^YZa ]VY egZkV^aZY ^c =VkVcV! i]Vi i]Zn lZgZ gZkdaji^dcVg^Zh# 6h V X]^aY! > ]VY i]Vi ^bV\Z d[ gZkdaji^dc! VcY! Vai]dj\] i]^h hdjcYh [jccn! d[ Hejic^` Vh lZaa# 6i i]Vi i^bZ! i]ZgZ lVh Vc ^bV\Z d[ gZkd" aji^dcÅWZVgYZY \ZciaZbZc a^k^c\ ^c 8jWVÅi]Vi lVh egZiin id hdbZ VcY j\an id di]Zgh# IZc nZVgh aViZg! >! cV^kZ VcY Vaa! ldjaY \d id i]Z YZWViZh Vi i]Z jc^kZgh^in dc Vgi VcY eda^i^Xh#

HZkZgVa nZVgh hZeVgViZ bn e^ZXZh =ZVY d[ AaZgVh VcY >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg# L]Zc dcZ ^h ndjc\! dcZ a^kZh bVcn i]^c\h ^c V nZVg# 6c ^bedgiVci [VXi ^h i]Vi! WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z [dgij^idjh XdcigdkZghn hjggdjcY^c\ =ZVY d[ AaZgVh! > lVh XViVejaiZY kZgn fj^X`an id V XZgiV^c aZkZa! Wji > Y^YcÉi ]VkZ bjX] ZYjXVi^dc# 6[iZg i]Vi XVbZ ig^Va VcY Zggdg# > Vb kV^c VcY Yd cdi iV`Z Wa^cY ejcX]Zh# > bVYZ Zggdgh l^i] bn [dgb! dg gVi]Zg l^i] bn hjg[VXZh! WZXVjhZ XdcXZeijVa^hb VcY higjX" ijgVa^hb lZgZ igZcYn# > lVh hZVgX]^c\ higjXijgVaan l^i] [dgb! l^i] edkZgV! l^i] i]Z Ze]ZbZgVa! l^i] e]didXde^Zh VcY i]Z a^`Z# I]gdj\] Xdci^cjVaan hZVgX]^c\! V ldcYZg[ja egZbdc^i^dc d[ =dbV\Z id BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ XVbZ id bZ ^c &.,'# > Y^Y V kZgh^dc d[ ^i kZgn bjX] ^c i]Z [Vh]^dc d[ ^c[dgbVi^dc Vgi! ign^c\ id WZ dW_ZXi^kZ! l^i] XdcX^hZ ^c[dgbVi^dc i]Vi lVh ajX`^an lZaa egZhZciZY VcY YZXdgViZY l^i] i]Z h^\cVijgZ d[

Fj^ci c AVbZ# 7ZilZZc =ZVY d[ AaZgVh VcY >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg! Vadc\ l^i] hdbZ di]Zg hbVaa e^ZXZh! XVbZ i]Z VXijVa BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ# Hd i]Vi eZdeaZ YdcÉi i]^c` i]Vi > Vb hd kV^c! >Éaa hVn i]^h/ >ÉkZ ValVnh hV^Y i]Vi Fj^ci c AVbZ ^h Vc ZmXZaaZci e^ZXZ WZXVjhZ d[ ]^b! cdi bZ# =ZVY d[ AaZgVh lVh Vc ^cij^i^kZ VeegdVX] idlVgY hdbZi]^c\ eda^i^XVa# Fj^ci c AVbZ lVh V [dgijcViZ VeegdVX] l^i]dji i]Zdg^Zh VcY! ^c i]Z hig^Xian bZi]dYdad\^XVa hZchZ! l^i]dji egZXdc" XZ^kZY ^YZVh# I]Zn lZgZ bZZi^c\ ed^cih# 6aa bn ldg`h ]VkZ WZZc# >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg lVh egZhhjgZY Wn egZXdc" XZ^kZY ^YZVh0 > hVn ÆegZXdcXZ^kZYÇ ^c V ]ZVai]n hZchZ! h^bean gZ[Zgg^c\ id i]Z bZi]dYdad\n# >i lVh cdi i]Z ^YZVa bZZi^c\ ed^ci i]Vi V ldg` d[ Vgi h]djaY WZ# >i lVh V bZZi^c\ ed^ci ^c fjdiZhÅ[dgij^idjh# > Y^Y ]VkZ i]Z egZXdcXZ^kZY ^YZV id bV`Z V eda^i^XVa e^ZXZ! Wji i]Z gZhjai Y^Y cdi Xdck^cXZ i]dhZ ^c eda^i^XVa X^gXaZh# >i lVh V kZgn XgjX^Va bdbZci! id WZ gZ_ZXiZY Wn i]Z eda^i^XVa dgi]dYdmn#

KBG/ I]Z dgi]dYdmn d[ i]Z aZ[i4 68/ NZh! id WZ gZ_ZXiZY [gdb aZ[i^hi eda^i^XVa dgi]dYdmn VcY Vahd id WZ Vhh^b^aViZY Wn i]Z g^\]i WZXVjhZ i]Z aZ[i Y^Y gZ_ZXi ^i VcY i]Z g^\]i VXXZeiZY ^i# > VjidbVi^XVaan hideeZY WZ^c\ VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z aZ[i! edhh^Wan WZXVjhZ > lVhcÉi gZVaan ldg`^c\ Vi V eda^i^XVa aZkZa# >i bVYZ bZ i]^c` VWdji l]n dcZ ldjaY bV`Z eda^i^XVa Vgi ^[ ^i Y^YcÉi Xdcig^WjiZ Vcni]^c\ eda^i^" XVaan# L]Vi dcZ h]djaY Yd ^h bV`Z Vgi! _jhi bV`Z Vgi i]Vi XdjaY ]VkZ eda^i^XVa ^bea^XVi^dch# >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg lVh V e^ZXZ ^ciZcY^c\ V eda^i^XVa gZhjai! VcY ^i lVh gZ_ZXiZY Wn aZ[i^hi dgi]dYdmn# >c hdbZ hZchZ i]^h a^WZgViZY bZ [gdb dgi]dYdmn# 7ZndcY bn eZghdcVa XVhZ! > WZa^ZkZ ^i lVh V egd" XZhh i]Vi bVcn eZdeaZ lZgZ ZmeZg^ZcX^c\# BdgZ gZXZcian! lZ XdjaY iV`Z V hl^eZ Vi ÛakVgd BZY^cV! l]d XjgViZY 6gi VcY K^daZcXZ Vi i]Z BjhZjb d[ BdYZgc 6gi ^c 7d\di{ ^c &...# =Z XdjaY ]VkZ egZhZciZY V eda^i^XVa egd\gVb l^i] fjZhi^dch VcY VcVanh^h! Wji ]^h Xg^i^fjZ lVh [dXjhZY dc [dgbVa^hi ^hhjZh# >iÉh [jccn! JbWZgid <^Vc\gVcY^ Vahd fjZhi^dcZY i]Z Zm]^W^i^dcÉh ZmXZhh^kZ [dgbVa^hb0 Bg# <^Vc\gVcY^! l]d > cZkZg \di Vadc\ l^i]! ZcYZY je heZV`^c\ dc i]Z h]dl ^c i]Z hVbZ kZ^c Vh bZ# 6[iZg '* nZVgh d[ eda^i^XVa Y^[[ZgZcXZh! > [djcY bnhZa[ WZh^YZ Bg# <^Vc\gVcY^! Vg\j^c\ V\V^chi V XjgVidg l]d ]VY V [dgbVa" ^hi djiadd` [dg V egdWaZb i]Vi h]djaY ]VkZ WZZc eji [dglVgY eda^i^XVaan#

KBG/ =dl Y^Y ndj WZXdbZ ^ckdakZY l^i] i]Z Ò\jgZ d[ BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ4 I]^h h]dlh i]Vi ndjg hZVgX] ^h cdi hZfjZci^Va# 6ai]dj\] >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg XVbZ V[iZg BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ! i]Z aViiZg gZÓZXih Vc ^bedgiVci ijgc ^c ndjg VeegdVX] l]^X] ldjaY WZ [jgi]Zg YZkZadeZY ^c 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV# BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ ^h Vc ^bedgiVci ijgc^c\ ed^ci cdi hd bjX] ^c V [dgbVa hZchZ Wji ^c i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Vgi VcY eda^i^Xh# L]Zc ndj hVn i]Vi ndj VWVcYdcZY eda^i^Xh! ^i hZZbh a^`Z l]Vi ndj VWVcYdcZY lVh V eVgi^XjaVg lVn d[ jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Vgi VcY eda^" i^Xh# >i ^h XaZVg i]Vi BVcjZa Fj^ci c AVbZ VcY 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV VgZ e^ZXZh l^i] Zmea^X^i eda^i^XVa ed^cih d[ k^Zl# I]gdj\] i]Zb ndj hZZbZY id gZ_ZXi i]Z ^YZV i]Vi V eda^i^XVa ldg` d[ Vgi cZZYh id WZ ÆaZ[i^hi#Ç 68/ NZh# AZiÉh gZijgc id i]Z 8jWVc gZkdaji^dc# > hijY^ZY ^c i]Z CVi^dcVa Jc^kZgh^in VcY i]Z gZkdaji^dc lVh Vc ^bedgiVci [VXidg l^i]^c i]Z 7d\di{ XVbejh0 [dg i]gZZ nZVgh > VhhjbZY

'&

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

i]Z eda^i^XVa hiVcXZ i]Vi Zm^hiZY i]Zc! eVgi^X^eVi^c\ ^c i]Z Y^hXdjghZ# Jedc hZZ^c\ bn [V^ajgZ Vh V eda^i^XVa Vgi^hi! > VWVc" YdcZY i]Vi gdjiZ VcY WZ\Vc id ldg` l^i]dji i]Z egZhhjgZ d[ V eda^i^XVa eg^cX^eaZ# > ig^ZY id Xdcig^WjiZ bdgZ id Vgi i]Vc id eda^i^Xh#

KBG/ =dlZkZg! ndj egdYjXZY 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV V[iZg i]Vi YZX^h^dc! hd eZg]Veh ndj h]^[iZY i]Z iZgbh id gZaViZ Vgi id hdX^Zin# LVh ^i V bdY^ÒXVi^dc d[ higViZ\n4 68/ >iÉh ^ciZgZhi^c\! Vabdhi Vh ^[ V[iZg ZVX] fjZhi^dc lZ gZijgc id i]Z egdXZhhZh d[ dcZÉh a^[Z# >i hdjcYh V a^iiaZ gdbVci^X Wji ^i ^h hi^aa WZVji^[ja# 6cY ^i gZijgch id V WVh^X eg^cX^eaZ i]Vi ldjaY WZ \ddY id bZci^dc/ > ldg`ZY ^c V ejWa^X^in V\ZcXn! V [VXi i]Vi ^h kZgn ^bedgiVci id bn ldg`# I]ZgZ! > VXfj^gZY bVcn ldg` ZaZbZcih i]Vi XVc WZ hZZc ^c 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV# > Vb cdi gZhedcY^c\ id i]Z ZhhZcXZ d[ ndjg fjZhi^dc! Wji > lVci id bZci^dc i]Vi ldg`^c\ ^c V ejWa^X^in V\ZcXn bZVci i]Vi > lVh [Vb^a^Vg l^i] ZaZbZcih d[ bViZg^Va Xdbbjc^XVi^dc# I]^h `Zei bZ ^c[dgbZY! ^i \VkZ bZ V [dgbVa ZYjXVi^dc i]Vi ÒaaZY Vc VXV" YZb^X ]daZ# 8]VcXZ VcY ^cij^i^dc ^cigdYjXZY bZ id ^bedgiVci ide^Xh#

KBG/ DcXZ ndj XdbbZciZY id bZ i]Vi higViZ\^Zh hjX] Vh jh^c\ ^Xdcd\gVe]n [gdb V bVhh k^hjVa XjaijgZ VaadlZY ndj id Xdbbjc^XViZ bdgZ Y^gZXian# Ndj hV^Y i]Vi eZdeaZ XdjaY gZaViZ id i]ZhZ ^bV\Zh ^c V Y^[[Zg" Zci lVn# H^cXZ lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji gZkdaji^dc! > ldjaY a^`Z id Vh` ndj VWdji BVn É+-# Ndj dcXZ idaY bZ i]Vi ^i YZhigdnZY ZkZgni]^c\ VcY LddYhidX` gZXdchigjXiZY ^i Vaa V\V^c# L]Vi Y^Y ndj bZVc VcY ]dl ]VkZ i]ZhZ ^bV\^cVg^Zh higjXijgZY ndjg ldg`4 68/ 9dcÉi aZi bZ [dg\Zi ndjg fjZhi^dc! WZXVjhZ ^iÉh V \ddY dcZ! Wji > lVci id gZijgc V a^iiaZ id i]Z egZk^djh dcZ# Bn a^[Z ^h a^`Z i]^h! hd bn ^ciZgk^Zl h]djaY WZ Vh lZaa# > h]djaY bZci^dc i]Vi WZilZZc >beZg^Va^hb >h V EVeZg I^\Zg VcY 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV i]ZgZ lVh BVgaWdgd! VcY hdbZdcZ dcXZ Vh`ZY bZ Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ fjZhi^dc ^c ehZjYd"ejWa^X^in iZgbh ^c gZaVi^dc id ÆXVeijg^c\ V bVg`Zi#Ç L^i] BVgaWdgd > lVh gZ[Zgg^c\ id hbd`Zgh# > hbd`ZY i]Z 8dadbW^Vc WgVcY E^Zagd_V Wji egdYjXZY V e^ZXZ dc BVgaWdgd# I]^h lVh Y^gZXian idjX]^c\ hbd`Zgh! Wji ad\^XVaan! i]Z e^ZXZ ]VY di]Zg gZeZgXjh" h^dch# HdbZdcZ hV^Y id bZ i]Vi l^i] 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV > ^cXgZVhZY 8dXV"8daV Xdchjbei^dc# 8dXV"8daV! lZ XVc hVn l^i]dji ]Zh^iVi^dc! ^h egVXi^XVaan jc^kZghVa#

Ndjg egZk^djh fjZhi^dc ^h ^ciZgZhi^c\# > lVh ^c ]^\] hX]dda! V 8]g^hi^Vc hX]dda d[ ;gZcX] dg^\^c! Yjg^c\ BVn É+- VcY i]Zn ig^ZY id ]^YZ ^i WZXVjhZ ^i lVh i]Z ]ZgZhn d[ i]Z^g kZgn dlc KVi^XVc ^c EVg^h# :kZgni]^c\ X]Vc\ZY# >i XdjaY WZ XdbeVgZY l^i] i]Z Il^c IdlZgh igV\ZYn ^c i]Vi i]Z idl" Zgh i]ZbhZakZh [Zaa! Wji i]Z ^YZdad\^Zh i]Vi hjhiV^cZY i]Zb Xdci^cjZY# BVn É+- YZhigdnZY ZkZgni]^c\! Wji bjX] d[ l]Vi ^i YZhigdnZY hi^aa Zm^hih# L]Zc > bVYZ eda^i^XVa Vgi > Y^Y hd l^i] V hinaZ [gdb WZ[dgZ BVn É+- WZXVjhZ i]Z egZXdcXZ^kZY ^YZVh hjWh^hiZY adc\Zg i]Vc i]Z e]nh^XVa [VXi# >iÉh a^`Z VbejiVi^dc/ V[iZg h^m bdci]h ndj hi^aa iVa` VWdji ]dl bjX] ndjg aZ\ ]jgih Vai]dj\] ^i YdZhcÉi Zm^hi VcnbdgZ# I]Z gZVXi^dc id LddYhidX` lVh/ lZ lVci id WZ Y^[[ZgZci# > WZa^ZkZ i]Vi WZ^c\ djih^YZ VXVYZb^V! ]Vk^c\ i]Z aZ[i gZ_ZXi bn ldg`! VcY i]Z aViZg Z[[ZXi d[ LddYhidX` bVYZ bZ jcYZghiVcY i]^c\h# >i XdjaY WZ i]Vi 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV lVh bn Òghi ldg` ^c l]^X] > lVh i]ZgZ ^c i]Z bdbZci# > ]VYcÉi hZZc ^i a^`Z i]Vi ^c &.,+#

KBG/ AZiÉh Xdci^cjZ l^i] i]Z gZegZhZciVi^dch d[ i]Z gZkdaji^dc VcY i]Z egdXZhhZh d[ Vgi VcY eda^i^Xh# DcXZ > Vh`ZY ndj VWdji ndjg gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] Vgi ^chi^iji^dch VcY l^i] i]Z bV_dg kd^XZh d[ 8dadbW^Vc Vgi Xg^i^X^hb VcY ]^hidgn# Ndj hed`Z d[ ndjg Vgildg` cdi Vh Vci^"Vgi Wji Vh jc"Vgi# AZiÉh ZmeVcY i]^h# 68/ > lVh V cV kZ X]^aY0 BVgaWdgd WZ^c\ gZ_ZXiZY ^c i]Z cVi^dcVa hVadc ^c &.,) ]^i bZ ]VgY# > lVh [dgXZY id X]Vc\Z VcY jcYZghiVcY di]Zg edh^i^dch# BVnWZ i]^h jc"Vgi ^h cdi _jhi ^c i]Z Vgi ldgaY! ^i ^h Vahd ^c bn eZghdcVa a^[Z# BVg`Zi^c\ eZdeaZ ldjaY hVn ]dl > ÆVXXdbbdYViZ V hZXidg!Ç ]dl > iV`Z je hdX^Va edh^i^dc^c\# ÆJcÇ ]Vh XdkZgZY bn l]daZ a^[Z VcY ZcXdbeVhhZh bn Vgi Vh lZaa# >c V kZgn gZYjXi^dc^hi lVn ^i ^hÅ i]^h XdcXjgh l^i] l]Vi Aj^h 8Vbc^ioZg hVnhÅV k^hjVa \jZgg^a" aV# L^i] kZgn [Zl i]ZdgZi^XVa ZaZbZcih! kZgn [Zl gZhdjgXZh! > ViiVX` VcY VXi# >i ^h ]dl ndj XVc VX]^ZkZ V adi l^i] kZgn a^iiaZ# 7n cdl ^iÉh V ]VW^i# ÆJcÇ ^h a^`Z ]Vk^c\ bn dlc aVcY l]ZgZ > XVc WZ `^c\# >i ^h V hbVaa hedi l]ZgZ > Vb cdi kjacZgVWaZ# BV`^c\ i]^h VcVad\n! ^iÉh a^`Z Vgi^hi^X _jYd dg V^`^Yd#

KBG/ DcXZ ndj YZÒcZY ndjghZa[ Vh V iVc\Zci^Va Vgi" ^hi! VcY ndjg iVXi^X d[ jc"Vgi XgZViZh V Xg^i^XVa Y^Vad\jZ l^i] i]Z eda^i^XVa Vgi higViZ\^Zh [gdb i]Z É+%h VcY É,%h VcY egdkd`Zh! l^i] BVn É+- VcY LddYhidX`! V Y^hi^cXi lVn id gZaViZ ndjghZa[ id i]Z egVXi^XZ d[ Vgi# > i]^c` d[ i]Z iZgb Æjc"VgiÇ Vh V egZX^hZ iZgb Vh ^i ^h kZgn XadhZ id i]Z YZÒc^i^dc i]Vi 8Vbc^ioZg bVYZ d[ ndj Vh i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci eda^i^XVa"XdcXZeijVa a^k^c\ Vgi^hi [gdb AVi^c

''

:kZgni]^c\ ^h KZgn :meZch^kZ! &.,-! lddYXji! )% (' ^cX]Zh# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z Vgi^hi#

6GI

6CIDC>D 86GD

6bZg^XV# Ndjg ldg` VXih l^i]^c i]Z ]Z\Zbdc^X Vgi X^gXaZh VcY ^chi^iji^dch ^chdbjX] Vh ndj bV`Z ndjg Vgi ^c dgYZg id YZbdchigViZ i]Z a^b^ih d[ i]ZhZ ^chi^iji^dch# 68/ 6ai]dj\] bVcn nZVgh ]VkZ eVhhZY! lZ gZijgc id i]Z [VXi i]Vi > jcYZgiV`Z ZaZbZcih V edhiZg^dg^# :kZgni]^c\ i]Vi ndj ]VkZ bZci^dcZYÅVcY i]^h h]djaY WZ hV^Y l^i]dji V hZX" dcY i]dj\]iÅ]Zaeh bZ# H^cXZ djg XdckZghVi^dc ]Vh hjX] V ]VgY"a^cZ hinaZ! > Vb \d^c\ id hVn i]^h deZcan/ > ]VkZ V hZXgZi lZVedc# I]Z ZaZbZcih d[ bn Y^hXdjghZ VgZ kVa^Y! gZVa! VcY XdcXgZiZ ^c hdX^Zin! heZX^ÒXVaan ^c 8dadbW^Vc hdX^Zin# =ZVY d[ AaZgVh ]Vh lZ^\]i cdi hd bjX] WZXVjhZ ^iÉh Ze]ZbZgVa Vgi dg Vci^"Vgi0 ^i Xdjcih WZXVjhZ d[ 8Vgadh AaZgVh GZhigZed# 8dadbW^V 8dXV"8daV Xdjcih WZXVjhZ d[ V \ddY YZh^\c VcY i]Z Xd^cX^YZcXZ d[ Z^\]i aZiiZgh VcY WZXVjhZ ZkZgndcZ Yg^c`h 8dXV"8daV# 6gi^hi^X Y^hXdjghZ ]Vh WZXdbZ hd gVgZÒZY i]ZhZ YVnh# Bn ldg` Xdjcih WZXVjhZ i]Z Y^hXdjghZ i]Vi > jhZ id Y^h\j^hZ ^i Vh Vgi ^h hi^aa kVa^Y l^i]dji Vgi# > WZa^ZkZ i]Vi i]Z Vgi^hi^X kVajZ d[ bn Vgi XdbZh [gdb djih^YZ d[ Vgi#

KBG/ 7ji i]^h iZgg^idgn i]Vi ndj iVa` VWdji ^h i]Z iZgg^" idgn d[ Vgi/ i]Vi l]^X] Vaadlh ndj id Xdbbjc^XViZ# 7ZXVjhZ d[ i]^h! ^i XdjaY WZ XVaaZY jc"Vgi# L^i] i]Z aZiiZgh d[ 8dadbW^V VcY 8dXV"8daV VaiZg^c\ ZVX] di]Zg! i]ZgZ XVcÉi WZ ÆjcÇ l^i]" dji Vgi VcY k^XZ kZghV# I]^h ^h dcan edhh^WaZ YjZ id i]Z gZaV" i^dch]^e d[ bjijVa cZXZhh^in VcY cZ\Vi^dc WZilZZc ÆjcÆ VcY Vgi# Ndj ldg` l^i] i]Z ^chi^iji^dc Wji ValVnh gZY^gZXi^c\ i]Z ldg` ^c V iVc\Zci^Va lVn# 68/ NZh i]ViÉh igjZ! Wji >Éb cdi hd ]Zgd^X#

KBG/ > hVn i]^h WZXVjhZ i]^h higViZ\n higZVba^cZh V lVn id ^ciZgkZcZ ^c djg hdX^Zin! Wji ^c Yd^c\ hd VcY hZgk^c\ i]Z Vgi ^chi^iji^dc! ^i Vahd heZV`h d[ i]^h ^chi^iji^dc/ fjZh" i^dc^c\ ^i! Xg^i^X^o^c\ ^i! gZ"egdedh^c\ ^i# 68/ Ndj bZci^dc kZgn gZVa i]^c\h# >c gZ\VgY id bn e^ZXZ Egd_ZXi *%%! > i]dj\]i/ >[ > eaVXZY bnhZa[ ^c i]Z VXVYZb^X ldgaY! ZkZgndcZ ldjaY aVj\]0 i]Zn ldjaY i]gdl idbVidZh Vi bZ WZXVjhZ bn Y^hXdjghZ ^hcÉi higjXijgZY [dg i]Z VXVYZb^X ldgaY# >[ > hVn ^i ^c V ejWa^X eaVoV! > Vb _jhi Vcdi]Zg XgVon eZg" hdc# =dlZkZg! Y^h\j^hZY! dg l^i] Vc Vgi^hi^X edhijgZ! eZdeaZ hVn! ÆI]^h eZghdc hVnh kZgn ^ciZgZhi^c\ i]^c\h#Ç I]Z ÆjcÇ YdZhcÉi Zm^hi dc ^ih dlc# L]Zc > XdaaZXiZY X]Vc\Z! > lVh V XgVon eZghdc l]d ldjaY \d [gdb h]de id h]de VXXjbjaVi^c\ X]Vc\Z dg l]d `cdlh l]Vi di]Zg VWhjgY i]^c\# 7ji > iV`Z i]^h VWhjgY^in l^i] bZ id i]Z Vgi ldgaY VcY i]Z ÆjcÇ hVkZh bZ# >iÉh Vc Zc_dnVWaZ hX]^ode]gZc^V i]Vi Zm^hih ^c bn a^[Z0 ^[ > XdjaYcÉi eji bn i]^c\h ^c i]Z Vgi ldgaY > ldjaY WZ V XgVon bVc! Wji > bVcV\Z id eji i]Zb ^c i]Z Vgi ldgaY VcY i]Zn VgZ VeeaVjYZY# =dlZkZg! bVnWZ i]Zn VeeaVjY bZ ^c i]Z Vgi ldgaY WZXVjhZ d[ hdbZ Zmdi^X fjVa^in i]Vi > Wg^c\ id ^i# Æ:mdi^XÇ ^hcÉi i]Z bdhi Veegdeg^ViZ ldgY! Wji ^i ]Vh hdbZ igji] ^c ^i# BVnWZ ^[ l]Vi > Y^Y lVhcÉi Zmdi^X ^c i]Z Vgi ldgaY! > ldjaY WZ adhi Vbdc\ Vaa i]Z VkZgV\Z eZdeaZ l]d VgZ dji i]ZgZ# >[ > lZgZ Vc Zgdi^X dg VWhigVXi dg dgi]dYdm XdcXZeijVa Vgi^hi dg dcZ d[ i]dhZ l]d ldg` ^c i]Z bZY^V! > ldjaY WZ ZfjVaan bZY^dXgZ a^`Z Vaa i]Z di]Zg bZY^dXg^i^Zh# >iÉh i]^h Y^X]didbn/ > Vb ldgi]l]^aZ ^c i]Z Vgi ldgaY WZXVjhZ d[ l]Vi > Wg^c\ id ^i0 [jgi]ZgbdgZ! eZdeaZ ZmeZXi i]Vi > l^aa bV`Z dg Yd hdbZi]^c\ higVc\Z# >[ > h]dlZY Xdbbdc i]^c\h ^c i]Z Vgi ldgaY! > ldjaY cdi WZ VXXZeiZY#

KBG/ Ndjg ldg` idYVn ^h Y^gZXiZY idlVgYh cdc"Vgi^hi^X heVXZh VcY ^h [jcYVbZciVaan dg^ZciZY id ldg`^c\ l^i] eZdeaZ [gdb i]Z X^in! l^i] l]db ndj YZkZade XgZVi^kZ

ldg`h]deh# L]Vi gZÓZXi^dc V edhiZg^dg^ ]VkZ ndj bVYZ VWdji i]^h4 68/ > WZ\Vc i]Z ldg`h]deh ^c &..%# >c &..- > ejWa^Xan egZ" hZciZY i]Z gZhjaih d[ i]Z ldg`h]deh! VcY cdi adc\ V\d! l]Zc > lVh lg^i^c\ je bn g hjb ! > idd` dji bn aVhi egZhZciVi^dch d[ i]ZhZ ldg`h]deh VcY lgdiZ V hZeVgViZ X]VeiZg VWdji i]Zb# Je jci^a &..- i]ZhZ ldg`h]deh lZgZ hZXdcYVgn# H^cXZ &..- i]Zn ]VkZ WZXdbZ bn ldg`! VcY cdl! bdgZ bdYZhian! > hVn i]Vi i]Zn VgZ bn VXi^k^in# ;dg Vaa d[ jh l]d VgZ bdgZ i]Vc *%! i]Z ldgaY ^h X]Vc\^c\ V adi# > l^aa ZmeaV^c bnhZa[/ i]^c` d[ ]dl Vaa i]dhZ eZdeaZ ldg`ZY id XdchigjXi :Vhi <ZgbVcn# Cdl :Vhi <ZgbVcn YdZhcÉi Zm^hi# > lVh V BVc^X]VZ^hi VcY Vaa i]dhZ Yd\bVh XZVhZY id Zm^hi# ;dg i]Z eZdeaZ l]d WZa^ZkZY ^c ^YZdad\^Zh! Vaa i]Z^g jide^Vh XZVhZY id Zm^hi# I]Z ldgaY ^h X]Vc\^c\ V adi VcY i]Z Vgi ldgaY ^h X]Vc\^c\ V adi# ;dg ZmVb" eaZ! i]Z XgZVidg d[ ldg`h hi^aa VXih! Wji YdZhcÉi Zm^hi# >c i]Z XdciZbedgVgn ldgaY! i]ZgZ VgZ hi^aa i]Z e]ZcdbZcV d[ i]^c\h!

Wji i]Z^g ZhhZcXZh YdcÉi Zm^hi# Cdl i]ZgZ VgZ V adi d[ eZdeaZ l]d VgZ egd[Zhh^dcVah0 i]^h hjeZghiVg"Vgi^hi bdYZa XVccdi WZ d[[ZgZY je VcnbdgZ# Hd ^iÉh _jhi cdi bn egdXZhh# Bn +% nZVgh VcY bn YZXVYZcXZ 6c Vgi^hiÅV\V^c! ^c fjdiZhÅ]Vh X]Vc\ZY# > i]^c` i]Z W^\ bjhZjbh ]VkZ WZ\jc id WZ dWhiVXaZh ^c X^i^Zh# 7ji i]Zn Yd add` egZiin#

HJ7H8G>7: 6I 7DB7H>I:#8DB

'(

:K:A>D GDH:GD

IG6CHA6I:9 7N 6CC: B8A:6C

Å 7N 6CIDC>D JC<6G

')

ejghj^ih l^i] cd ed^ci d[ gZijgc#

IgVchaViZY ^cid V YdoZc :jgdeZVc aVc\jV\Zh! ejWa^h]ZY Wn i]Z ÒcZhi ]djhZh ^c HeV^c VcY AVi^c 6bZg^XV! egV^hZY Wn Xg^i^Xh! hijY^ZY ^c jc^kZgh^i^Zh! GdhZgdÉh YVg` ldgaYh ]VkZ bVcV\ZY id gZVX] V l^YZ VjY^ZcXZ# =Z ^h Vc dYY^in ^cYZZY! V lg^iZg l]d ^c he^iZ d[ i]Z Xdch^YZgVWaZ gZXd\c^i^dc ]Z ]Vh ViiV^cZY ]Vh cZkZg XdbZ dji d[ ]^Y^c\! l]d ]Vh ValVnh YZ[ZcYZY ]^h VWhdajiZ ^cYZeZcYZcXZ! l]d cZkZg aZi ]^bhZa[ WZ ^begZhhZY Wn edejaVg^inÉh \adhhn ig^c`Zih# =Z V[Ògbh jcVh]VbZYan i]Vi a^iZgVijgZ XVc VcY h]djaY X]Vc\Z hdX^Va gZVa^in! VcY i]Vi i]^h ^h dcZ d[ ^ih bV^c [jcXi^dch! hdbZi]^c\ egVXi^XVaan cdcZ d[ ]^h XdaaZV\jZh ldjaY cdl YVgZ id hVn! Vi g^h` d[ hZZb^c\ idd Zc\V\ZY#

8dcÒcZY id bn VeVgibZci Wn V YVc\Zgdjh gZhe^gVidgn ^aacZhh [ZZa^c\ Vabdhi a^`Z > lVh Vi i]Z ZcY d[ Vc VYkZcijgZ lg^iiZc Wn GdhZgd > XdcYjXiZY i]^h ^ciZgk^Zl k^V ZbV^a [gdb Vcdi]Zg cZ^\]Wdg]ddY d[ i]Z \^\Vci^X X^in d[ 7d\di{# 6 [Zl YVnh V\d! GdhZgd lgdiZ ^c dcZ d[ ]^h bZhhV\Zh i]Vi aViZan ]ZÉY adhi ]^h Zci]jh^Vhb [dg lg^i^c\# GZVY^c\ ]^h Wdd`h ^ciZchZ! iVji! h^cXZgZ! jcXdb[dgiVWaZ! jcXdbegdb^h^c\ VcY ZheZX^Vaan \^kZc ]dl bVcn ]ZÉh lg^iiZc! bV`Zh ^i ]VgY id WZa^ZkZ ]^b# :c\a^h]"heZV`^c\ gZVYZgh cZZY cdi ldggn0 GdhZgdÉh gZXZcian ejWa^h]ZY I]Z 6gb^Zh! l]^X] gZXZ^kZY i]Z egZhi^\^djh IjhfjZih >ciZgcVi^dcVa Eg^oZ VcY i]Z '%%. >cYZeZcYZci ;dgZ^\c ;^Xi^dc Eg^oZ! ^h i]Z Òghi d[ V hjgZan adc\ a^hi d[ ]^h cdkZah id WZXdbZ VkV^aVWaZ ^c igVchaVi^dc#

Å6cidc^d Jc\Vg

:kZa^d GdhZgd ^h Vc dYY^in Vbdc\ 8dadbW^Vc lg^iZgh d[ ]^h \ZcZgVi^dc# =Z YdZhcÉi lg^iZ [dg cZlheVeZgh! YdZhcÉi lg^iZ [dg bV\Vo^cZh! YdZhcÉi \Zi ]^h e]did iV`Zc Vi ejWa^X ZkZcih! YdZhcÉi ]VkZ V lZZ`an Xdajbc! YdZhcÉi VXXZei WjgZVjXgVi^X dg Y^eadbVi^X edhih! YdZhcÉi ViiZcY XdX`iV^a eVgi^Zh dg Wdd` aVjcX]Zh! YdZhcÉi Zc_dn i]Z eV\ZVcign d[ Wdd` [V^gh VcY a^iZgVgn \Vi]Zg^c\h# =^h [VXZ ^h cdi [Vb^a^Vg id i]Z VkZgV\Z X^i^oZc# =Z ^h V lg^iZg! eZg^dY! dcZ l]d ]Vh YZkdiZY (% nZVgh id lg^i^c\ VcY cdi]^c\ ZahZ! l^i]dji hidee^c\ id ldcYZg l]Zi]Zg i]Z XjaijgVa egZhhÅi]Z ÆeVggdih!Ç Vh ]Z XVaah i]ZbÅ iV`Zh Vcn cdi^XZ d[ ]^b dg cdi#

GdhZgd hZi dji id bV`Z ]^h a^k^c\ Vh V lg^iZg [gdb V kZgn ZVgan V\Z! VcY Wn lg^i^c\ i^gZaZhhan VcY hjWb^ii^c\ ldg` id Vaa hdgih d[ a^iZgVgn XdbeZi^i^dch ]Vh \gVYjVaan bVcV\ZY id Yd hd# =Z ]Vh ejWa^h]ZY cdkZah [dg ndjc\ gZVYZgh! edZign! adc\ cdkZah! h]dgi cdkZah! Vaa `^cYh d[ hidg^Zh# =^h c^cZiZZc i^iaZh ejWa^h]ZY VcY hZkZc eg^oZh ldc ^c ilZcin"ÒkZ nZVgh bV`Z ]^b dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi egda^ÒX AVi^c 6bZg^XVc lg^iZgh d[ ]^h \ZcZgVi^dc! XdbeVgVWaZ dcan ^c i]^h hZchZ l^i] hdbZdcZ a^`Z i]Z ZkZg"VWjcYVci 8 hVg 6^gV#

:YjXViZY ^c 8Vi]da^X hX]ddah ^c i]Z 6cYZVc X^in d[ EVhid ^c hdji]Zgc 8dadbW^V! VcY ^c 7d\di{! i]Z X^in l]ZgZ ]Z ]Vh heZci bdhi d[ ]^h a^[Z! GdhZgd gZXd\c^oZh i]Vi ]^h nZVgh l^i] i]Z eg^Zhih ]VkZ aZ[i V YZZe gV\Z! dcZ ]Z ]Vh WZZc VWaZ id bZVhjgZ dji VcY jhZ id ]^h VYkVciV\Z ^c i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ hZkZgVa d[ ]^h Wdd`h# AjgZY Wn i]Z h^gZc hdc\ d[ :jgdeZ! a^`Z Vcn cjbWZg d[ hZa[" gZheZXi^c\ AVi^c 6bZg^XVc lg^iZgh! ]Z a^kZY ^c 7VgXZadcV [dg V [Zl nZVgh Vh lZaa Vh ^c EVg^h! l]^X] dcan hZgkZY id XdcÒgb ]dl bjX] eaZVhjgZ ]Z \di [gdb a^[Z ^c 8dadbW^V# ;dg nZVgh cdl ]^h YV^an a^[Z ]Vh WZZc Vh VjhiZgZ VcY dgYZgan Vh ]^h lg^i^c\/ ]Z a^kZh ^c V b^YYaZ"XaVhh VeVgibZci XdbeaZm dkZgadd`^c\ V aV`Z l^i] l^aY W^gYh! g^YZh ]^h W^`Z VgdjcY 7d\di{! VcY ^h ^c V hiVWaZ gZaVi^dch]^e# =Z hZZbh id ]VkZ iVbZY i]Z bdchiZgh! id ]VkZ XdcÒcZY i]Zb id i]dhZ Wdd`h d[ ]^h ^c[ZhiZY l^i] hda^iVgn! b^hjcYZghiddY WZ^c\h! l]d VgZ d[iZc Vahd YZheZgViZ! ^aa! ^chVcZ! dg hZc^aZ# 6aa d[ i]Zb VgZ 8dadbW^Vc ]ZgdZh jcYZgiV`^c\! Vabdhi ValVnh! [gj^iaZhh '*

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

6cidc^d Jc\Vg/ Ndj heZci eVgi d[ ndjg X]^aY]ddY ^c i]Z jeeZg 6cYZh! ^c i]Z hdji] d[ 8dadbW^V# IZaa bZ l]Zi]Zg ndjg a^iZgVijgZ ]Vh WZZc V[[ZXiZY Wn i]Z X^in d[ EVhid VcY i]Z \Zd\gVe]n d[ i]Z gZ\^dc d[ CVg^ d# :kZa^d GdhZgd/ NZh! d[ XdjghZ# 8]^aY]ddY ^h i]Z bdhi [dgbV" i^kZ hiV\Z ^c V lg^iZgÉh a^[Z! dg VcndcZÉh# :heZX^Vaan i]Z k^aaV\Zh >ÉkZ YZe^XiZY ^c bn cdkZah! >ÉkZ cdi^XZYÅV[iZg i]Z lg^i^c\Å XdggZhedcY id i]Z bZbdgn d[ i]dhZ k^aaV\Zh ^c i]Z 6cYZh i]Vi bn [Vb^an jhZY id k^h^i# Hd! ^c bn ÒXi^dc! i]Z^g YZhXg^e" i^dc ^h a^c`ZY id Vc VcXZhigVa bZbdgn/ i]Z^g gjgVa heVXZh VcY Vibdhe]ZgZh! i]Z^g ^cY^\Zcdjh [VXZh! i]Z^g \Zd\gVe]^XVa VcY ]jbVc VWnhhZh! ^h jcXdchX^djh#

6J/ BVcn d[ ndjg Wdd`h VgZ [dg V ndjc\ gZVYZgh]^e VcY nZi! ^c hdbZ d[ ndjg cdkZahÅ^c :c Za aZ_Zgd >c i]Z Y^hiVcXZ VcY ^c hdbZ hXZcZh d[ I]Z 6gb^ZhÅ\gdjeh d[ X]^aYgZc VgZ i]gZViZc^c\ XgZVijgZh0 i]Zn X]VhZ i]Z egdiV\dc^hih! i]gdl hidcZh Vi i]Zb! bV`Z [jc d[ i]Zb# >c I]Z 6gb^Zh! V \gdje d[ `^Yh eaVnh l^i] V \gZcVYZ VcY i]gZViZch id e]nh^XVaan Vcc^]^aViZ dcZ d[ i]Z bV^c X]VgVXiZgh# L]n4 6gZ i]ZhZ _jhi Xd^cX^YZcXZh i]Vi VgZcÉi ldgi] heZcY^c\ idd bjX] i^bZ dc4 :G/ 8]^aYgZc VgZ Vahd i]gZViZc^c\ ^c hdbZ d[ bn ÆX]^aYgZcÉh Wdd`h#Ç 8gjZain ^c X]^aYgZc ^h V gZVa^in! _jhi a^`Z i]Z^g ^ccd" XZcXZ# > Vb VlVgZ d[ Vaa i]ZhZ eVhh^dch! Vh ZaZbZciVa Vh i]Zn b^\]i WZ! l]Zc lg^i^c\Ål]Zi]Zg V X]^aYgZcÉh hidgn! dg V [jaa"aZc\i] cdkZa# L]Zc > lg^iZ [dg X]^aYgZc! dg l]Zc > jhZY id lg^iZ! WZXVjhZ > hZZb id ]VkZ adhi i]Z _dn ^c Yd^c\ i]^h! > YdcÉi i]^c` >Éb VYYgZhh^c\ bVgkZadjh! l^c\ZY XgZVijgZh# 6h V Wdn > hj[[ZgZY! Vh X]^aYgZc hj[[Zg ^c i]^h a^[Z! Vh ^ciZchZan dg bdgZ hd i]Vc \gdlc"jeh# I]Z Xd^cX^YZcXZ i]Vi ndj ed^ci dji id bZ hZZbh! [dg i]^h gZVhdc! kZgn ^bedgiVci# >i ]VY ejooaZY bZ i]Vi cd dcZ ZahZ hZZbZY id ]VkZ cdi^XZY#

6J/ >h i]ZgZ Vcn gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc ndjg ldg`h [dg ndjc\ eZdeaZ VcY i]dhZ [dg VYjaih4 >h i]ZgZ Vcn ^ciZg" eaVn WZilZZc i]Z ild4 6gZ i]Zn ^cYZeZcYZci jc^kZghZh4 :G/ >ciZgeaVn ]Vh id Zm^hi! WZXVjhZ lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji i]Z ldg`h d[ V h^c\aZ Vji]dg# I]Vi hV^Y! > ]VkZcÉi Wdi]ZgZY id jcgVkZa i]Z a^c`h# > `cdl i]Vi hZkZgVa d[ i]Z X]^aYgZc ^c bn cdkZah [dg VYjaih VgZ Vahd XZcigVa id di]Zg hidg^Zh [dg ndjc\ eZdeaZ# I]Vi! > i]^c`! \^kZh V \gZViZg lZ^\]i id i]Z^g XdjciZ" cVcXZ! Vii^ijYZh! VcY iZcVX^in# >c bn cdkZa :c Za aZ_Zgd! i]Z X]^aYgZc l]d ejghjZ i]Z egdiV\dc^hi i]gdj\] i]Z higZZih d[ i]Z idlc lZgZ VagZVYn [Vb^a^Vg id bZÅi]Zn lZgZ i]Z hVbZ X]^aYgZc Vh i]Z dcZh ^c hdbZ d[ bn di]Zg cdkZah# 7ji > cZkZg Wdi]ZgZY id iZaa VcndcZ#

6J/ IZaa bZ l]Vi gdaZ 7d\di{ eaVnh ^c ndjg a^[Z VcY ldg`# 9d ndj i]^c` ndjÉaa a^kZ ]ZgZ [dg i]Z gZhi d[ ndjg a^[Z4 >c i]^h X^in d[ Vabdhi Z^\]i b^aa^dc ^c]VW^iVcih ndj a^kZ V adc\ lVn [gdb i]Z ]^hidg^X XZciZg VcY i]Z eaVXZh l]ZgZ Vgi^hi^X ZkZcih VgZ ]ZaY VcY l]ZgZ i]Z hd"XVaaZY ÆXjaijgVa cZlhÇ ^h bVYZ# >h i]^h Vc VXX^YZci d[ gZVa ZhiViZ dg V YZa^WZgViZ VXi4 :G/ >[ EVhid lVh bn X]^aY]ddY! 7d\di{ lVh bn VYdaZhXZcXZ# >c [VXi! > lVh Wdgc ^c 7d\di{! VcY aZVgcZY id gZVY VcY lg^iZ ^c V gZa^\^djh hX]dda! ^c 7d\di{# EVhid! CVg^ d! cdjg^h] bn hbVaa idlch VcY k^aaV\Zh! i]Z gjgVa eVgi d[ bn ldg`# 7d\di{ ^h i]Z bZigdeda^h# 6XijVaan! ^iÉh i]Z dcan 8dadbW^Vc bZigdeda^h0 i]Z di]Zg X^i^Zh! 8Va^! 7VggVcfj^aaV! BZYZaa c! VgZ a^`Z W^\ k^aaV\Zh# 7d\di{! VcY i]^h ^h Vahd ^ckdajciVgn! cdi Vi Vaa dc ejgedhZ!

^h i]Z bdhi gZegZhZciVi^kZ X^in d[ bn jgWVc hidg^Zh! VcY d[ dcZ cdkZa Eaji c Eajid ! l]^X] ^h Vabdhi )%% eV\Zh adc\# 7ji > Vahd a^kZY [dg hdbZ bdci]h ^c EVg^h! VcY i]gZZ nZVgh ^c 7VgXZadcV/ > `cdl hdbZ d[ bn jgWVc hidg^Zh dg^\^cViZ [gdb i]Z b^a^Zjh d[ EVg^h VcY 7VgXZadcV b^mZY l^i] di]Zgh [gdb 7d\di{0 i]dhZ VgZ i]Z hdgih d[ XdX`iV^ah a^iZgVijgZ d[[Zgh# 7d\di{ [VhX^cViZh bZ! Vai]dj\] ^i Vahd iZgg^ÒZh VcY Y^h\jhih bZ# >iÉh V X^in > adkZ! ZheZX^Vaan [dg bZbdg^Zh d[ bn i^bZ Vi i]Z jc^kZgh^in! cdi ]^\] hX]dda! l]^X] lVh XdbeaZiZan ]dg" g^WaZ# I]Z X^in ^h eZgbVcZcian VYk^h^c\ jh d[ djg eVhi l^i]^c ^i# 6cn higZZi! V a^iiaZ hfjVgZ! V X]jgX]! XVc iV`Z jh WVX` id V XdckZghVi^dc! V `^hh! dg V iddi]VX]Z# > lVa` VgdjcY 7d\di{ V adi0 > XnXaZ Vaa dkZg i]Z X^in0 > d[iZc k^h^i i]Z Aj^h Ûc\Za 6gVc\d a^WgVgn! ^c i]Z ]^hidg^X XZciZg! Wji Vgi^hi^X ZkZcih! > YdcÉi `cdl l]n! YdcÉi eVgi^XjaVgan ^ciZgZhi bZ# >chiZVY d[ [daadl^c\ XjaijgVa cZlh! dg ]Vk^c\ ^ih eVggdih [daadl bZ! >ÉY gVi]Zg \d id i]Z X^cZbV! dg higZiX] dji l^i] V Wdd` dc i]Z \ZciaZ ]^aah d[ >cYZeZcYZcX^V EVg`! l]ZgZ WZVji^[ja ldbZc higdaa Wn! dg ZkZc bZY^iViZ#

6J/ BVcn d[ ndjg hidg^Zh iZaa d[ dYnhhZnh ^c l]^X] V hda^iVgn ]Zgd [VXZh! a^`Z JanhhZh! i]Z Xdche^gVXn d[ YVg` [dgXZh! ^beaVXVWaZ gZVa VcY ^bV\^cVgn ZcZb^Zh! VcY ]^h dlc ]jbVc lZV`cZhhZh/ ^i ]VeeZch [dg ZmVbeaZ id >hbVZa EVhdh ^c I]Z 6gb^Zh! id ?ZgZb Vh 6cYgVYZ ^c :c Za aZ_Zgd! VcY id V XZgiV^c ZmiZci id i]Z cVbZaZhh cVggVidg d[ Adh :hXVeVYdh I]Z ZhXVeZY dcZh # 6gZ YZhigjXi^dc VcY WgZV`Ydlc \ddY bViZg^Va [dg i]Z cVggV" i^kZ igVYZ4 :G/ GZbZbWZg i]Vi i]^c\h VgZ \d^c\ lZaa [dg ?ZgZb Vh 6cYgVYZ Vi i]Z ZcY d[ :c Za aZ_Zgd0 i]Z idlc ^ihZa[ gZijgch ]^h \gVcYYVj\]iZg! l]d ]VY WZZc `^YcVeeZY# I]^h cdkZa ^h kZgn bjX] a^c`ZY id i]Z dcZ i]Vi [daadlh ^i! I]Z 6gb^Zh# >i ^h! ^c V lVn! ^ih ÆegZeVgVi^dc!Ç ^ih egZajYZ# I]Z egdiV\dc^hih d[ Wdi] cdkZah VgZ ,%"nZVg"daY bZc# I]Z k^Zled^ci ^h h^b^aVg! Wji cdi i]Z hVbZ# LZ XdjaY hVn i]Vi i]Z a^iZgVgn Y^hhVi^h[VXi^dc > [Zai dkZg i]Z Òghi dcZ! lVh i]Z \ZcZh^h d[ I]Z 6gb^Zh# I]Z Òghi ^h V iZgg^WaZ YgZVb! V c^\]ibVgZ lZ ign id h]V`Z d[[ l^i] eV^c! l^i] hVYcZhh! jci^a lZ lV`Z je# I]Z hZXdcY ^h cd c^\]ibVgZ! ^i ^h gZVa^in ^ihZa[ `cdX`^c\ dc ndjg Yddg l^i] ^ih `cjX`aZh! i]gZZ ]VgY `cdX`h! `cdX`h l^i] i]Z hdjcY WdcZh bV`ZÅ YZVi]# > XdjaYcÉi WZ hVi^hÒZY l^i] l]Vi > ]VY gZVX]ZY :c Za aZ_Zgd# I]ZgZ i]Z c^\]ibVgZ idd` Xdcigda d[ ZkZgni]^c\! a^`Z ^c HZ dg fjZ cd XdcdXZ aV ajcV I]Z bVc l]d Y^Y^cÉi `cdl i]Z bddc ! Vcdi]Zg ineZ d[ VaaZ\dgn# 7ji ^i Y^YcÉi \d WZndcY i]Vi/ V c^\]ibVgZ# >i lVhcÉi igjZ# > ]VY id [dgXZ bnhZa[ id igVch[Zg bn gZVa [ZVg! bn hedgVY^X iZggdg Vh V X^i^oZc! id i]Z eV\Zh d[ V Wdd`! Vh V gZWZaa^dc# > cZkZg ZkZg i]dj\]i YZhigjXi^dc VcY WgZV`Ydlc ldjaY WZ \ddY bViZg^Va [dg bn igVYZ# >iÉh i]Vi > hj[[ZgZY i]^h YZhigjXi^dc bdgZ VcY bdgZ0 > hj[[ZgZY ^i YZZe Ydlc ^ch^YZ! ^c bn lVn! Vh > `cdl i]Vi Y^gZXian dg ^cY^gZXian ZkZgndcZ ^c i]Z Xdjcign hj[[Zgh ^i! ZmXZei i]Z egZh^YZci VcY i]Z bV\^higViZh! ZmXZei i]Z \ZcZgVah VcY i]Z \jZgg^aaV Xdb" bVcYZgh VcY i]Z eVgVb^a^iVgn X]^Z[h0 > hj[[ZgZY ^i Wn _jhi lViX]^c\ i]Z cZlh Vi ajcX]i^bZ/ V bdi]Zg iZaa^c\ d[ ]Zg bVhhVXgZY X]^aYgZc! i]Zc i]Z XdjcignÉh ^cY^[[ZgZcXZ0 V bdYZa iVa`^c\ VWdji hdVe deZgVh! i]Zc i]Z a^hi d[ i]Z b^hh^c\0 i]Z hd" XVaaZY [VahZ edh^i^kZh X^k^a^Vch bjgYZgZY Wn i]Z b^a^iVgn VcY hjWhZfjZcian Y^h\j^hZY Vh YZVY \jZgg^aaV Ò\]iZgh ! l]^X] hi^aa \d dc l^i] cd dcZ Yd^c\ Vcni]^c\ id hide i]Zb0 VcY i]Zc i]Z

'+

FEAR One time he called home and he himself answered the phone. He couldn’t believe it, and hung up.

He tried again and again heard his own voice answer. Then he gathered the courage to ask for himself and his own voice told him not to keep insisting because he was never coming back.

“Whom am I speaking with?” he asked, finally, and heard, dumbfounded, what he should never have heard. What did he hear? Nobody knows, but it must have been something terrible because he could not control the laughter rising in his throat, suffocating him. The next day the news wasn’t in the papers, a shame if you bear in mind that all true journalism consists in going beyond appearances, to total truth, and even more if it perhaps had to do with a metaphysical problem in the telephone company. You could inquire into the reality of this event, exposing yourself—it’s true, at your own risk—to the possibility that all the telephones might conspire against you one afternoon and silence you, definitively.

—Evelio Rosero

:K:A>D GDH:GD 8dadbW^Vc cVi^dcVa hdXXZg iZVb! l]^X] ^h Vcdi]Zg Y^h\gVXZ a^`Z i]Z XdjcignÅVaa i]Vi \ZcZgViZh V cdkZa# > ]deZ ]jbdg VcY _dn b^\]i h]VeZ Vcdi]Zg cdkZa! ^[ ^i XdbZh id eVhh# >i ldjaY WZ _jhi Vh ^ciZgZhi^c\ Vc ZmeZg^ZcXZ Vh i]Z di]Zg#

6J/ BVcn d[ ndjg ]ZgdZh VgZ X]VgVXiZgh l]d VgZ WZhZi Wn YZVi]! ^aacZhh! V ldgaY i]Vi hZZbh id Xdche^gZ V\V^chi i]Zb# 9dZh i]^h ]VkZ hdbZi]^c\ id Yd l^i] i]Z gZVa ZmeZg^ZcXZ d[ i]Z lg^iZg :kZa^d GdhZgd4 >h ^i _jhi V iZX]" c^XVa YZX^h^dc i]Vi ^beZah i]Z hidg^Zh ndj lVci id iZaa4 :G/ I]Z lg^iZg ^h V ]jbVc XdchZfjZcXZ d[ i]dhZ VgdjcY ]^b! dg i]dhZ l]d lZgZ VgdjcY ]^b# >Éb hjgZ > ]VkZcÉi dcan lg^iiZc VWdji bnhZa[# I]dhZ i]^c\h ndj bZci^dc! YZVi] VcY ^aacZhh! i]Z ldgaY Xdche^g^c\ V\V^chi V eZghdc! VgZ jc^kZghVa ^c Vcn a^iZgVijgZ! ]ZgZ dg ^c 8joXd! BdhXdl! dg 9Zigd^i#

6J/ >c hdbZ d[ ndjg Wdd`h i]Z bV^c X]VgVXiZg! XaZVgan

Y^hi^cXi [gdb i]Z gZhi! ]Vh Xdbbjc^XVi^dc egdWaZbh

l^i] i]Z^g hjggdjcY^c\ ldgaY# >c :c Za aZ_Zgd i]Z egdiV"

\dc^hiÅVcY i]Z gZVYZg l^i] ]^bÅYdZh cdi ZVh^an

Y^hi^c\j^h] WZilZZc i]Z gZVa^in d[ i]Z hZchZh VcY i]Z

gZVa^in d[ i]Z b^cY VcY l]Zc ]Z YdZh Y^hi^c\j^h]! ^iÉh

i]Z i]^gY"eZghdc cVggVidg l]d iV`Zh X]Vg\Z d[ Wajgg^c\

i]Z WdjcYVg^Zh # >c I]Z 6gb^Zh! bVYcZhh VcY YZheZgV"

i^dc \gVYjVaan hZ^oZ i]Z egdiV\dc^hi! iV`^c\ ]^b

]deZaZhhan [jgi]Zg VlVn [gdb i]Z gZVa ldgaY# IZaa jh V

a^iiaZ VWdji Vcn a^iZgVgn Xdch^YZgVi^dch i]Vi b^\]i ]VkZ

aZY ndj id jhZ i]Vi gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc ^cY^k^YjVah VcY

i]Z^g hjggdjcY^c\h# :G/ 6aa > `cdl ^h i]Vi i]^h bVYcZhh! i]^h `c^[ZÉh ZY\Z l]ZgZ gZVa^in VcY jcgZVa^in iV`Z eaVXZ! VgZ ]ZgZ! i]Zn WgZVi]Z VgdjcY ZkZgn higZZi XdgcZg! VcY i]Zn VgZ l]Vi egdeZah bn lg^i^c\#

6J/ Ndj a^kZY ^c EVg^h VcY ^c 7VgXZadcV# L]Vi lVh i]Vi a^`Z4 L]n Y^Y ndj YZX^YZ id gZijgc id 8dadbW^V4 :G/ 8dadbW^V ^h bn Xdjcign# Bn eVgZcih! bn \gVcYeVgZcih! bn Òghi adkZ VcY i]Z aVhi! VgZ Vaa [gdb ]ZgZ# 7Zh^YZh! > Xdc[Zhh i]Vi i]^c\h lZgZ fj^iZ Y^[ÒXjai [dg bZ ^c EVg^h# Cdi hd ]VgY ^c 7VgXZadcV! Wji Y^[ÒXjai i]ZgZ idd# >c EVg^h > ]VY id Wjh` ^c i]Z bZigd! eaVn^c\ i]Z ÓjiZ# DcZ i^bZ i]Z Yddgh deZcZY VcY > hVl ild \^gah! ]daY^c\ ]VcYh# I]Z Yddg d[ i]Z hjWlVn XVg XadhZY! i]Zn Y^hVeeZVgZY! VcY > lVh aZ[i l^i] V cdkZa d[ ild \^gah l]d adkZ ZVX] di]Zg# > XVaaZY ^i ?ja^VcV adh b^gV ?ja^VcV lViX]Zh i]Zb # L^i]dji Òc^h]^c\ i]Z cdkZa > lZci id 7VgXZadcV! ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z hjbbZg# >ÉY Vgg^kZY ^c EVg^h ^c i]Z l^ciZg# I]ViÉh egdWVWan l]n > a^`Z 7VgXZadcV hd bjX]# >c 7VgXZadcV > Òc^h]ZY ?ja^VcV! VcY heZci i]gZZ nZVgh a^k^c\ d[[ k^cd eZa^ c! Vh bn [g^ZcYh VcY > XVaaZY i]Z X]ZVe l^cZ lZ jhZY id Yg^c`# > lgdiZ :a ^cXZcY^VYd I]Z Wjgc^c\ X]^aY Åi]Z hidgn d[ i]Z YZVi] d[ V X]^aY Vi i]Z ]VcYh d[ ild WV`Zgh# DcZ YdZhcÉi lg^iZ Vcn WZiiZg Wn aZVk^c\ i]Z XdjcignÅi]ViÉh l]Vi > i]^c`! Wji > ]VY id \d VlVn id jcYZghiVcY i]Vi# >i ldjaY WZ V h]VbZ id ]VkZ id aZVkZ i]^h Xdjcign! l^i] ^ih eaVciV^c hdje!

XjbW^V! VcY 6cYZVc ÓjiZh# > XVbZ WVX` id 8dadbW^V! VcY V[iZg aZhh i]Vc V lZZ` ^c 7d\di{ > [Zaa ^c adkZ VcY lZci id a^kZ ^c 8] V! ^c i]Z 8ZgXV YZ E^ZYgV Y^hig^Xi! Vbdc\ Xdlh VcY X]^X`Zch# I]Z a^iiaZ Wg^X` ]djhZ hZZbZY g^\]i dji d[ V [V^gn iVaZ! Wji Vahd dji d[ c^\]ibVgZh# > hiVnZY i]ZgZ h^m nZVgh! VcY > lgdiZ HZ dg fjZ cd XdcdXZ aV ajcV! WZXVjhZ WZ[dgZ > a^kZY ^c 8] V >ÉY cZkZg gZVaan hZZc i]Z bddc! Vh h^beaZ Vh i]Vi! > Y^YcÉi \Zi id `cdl i]Z bddc ^c EVg^h dg ^c 7VgXZadcV# >Éaa Y^Z ]ZgZ! > lVh Wdgc ]ZgZ#

',

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

6J/ >i hZZbh a^`Z ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV i]ZgZ VgZ ild kZgn higdc\ a^iZgVgn igVY^i^dch! dcZ XadhZg id gZVa^hb BVg^d KVg\Vh AadhV! GZ^cVaYd 6gZcVh! <j^aaZgbd 8VWgZgV >c[VciZ! Vabdhi Vaa d[ 8Vgadh ;jZciZh! ZiX# VcY Vcdi]Zg XadhZg id [VciVhi^X a^iZgVijgZ ?dg\Z Aj^h 7dg\Zh! 6aZ_d 8VgeZci^Zg! ?ja^d 8dgi{oVg! ;Za^hWZgid =Zgc{cYZo! 6Yda[d 7^dn 8VhVgZh! ZiX# =dl Yd ndj adXViZ ndjg ldg` l^i] gZheZXi id i]dhZ VciZXZYZcih4 :G/ > VYb^gZ KVg\Vh AadhV! ]^h Y^hi^cXi^kZ lVn d[ VhhZbWa^c\ ]^h cdkZah! ]^h iZX]c^fjZ# ;jZciZh ^h cdi V lg^iZg >Éb eVgi^Xj" aVgan [dcY d[# ;Za^hWZgid =Zgc{cYZo VbVoZY bZ! nZVgh V\d! a^`Z 7dg\Zh VcY Gja[d# >ÉkZ Zc_dnZY AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Wdd`h l^i]dji hidee^c\ id ldcYZg l]Zi]Zg i]Zn Òi ^cid i]Z [VciVhi^X dg gZVa" ^hi \ZcgZ# >iÉh VWdji ÒcY^c\ \ddY a^iZgVijgZ VcY Zc_dn^c\ ^i! Vh V gZVYZg! VcY iV`^c\ ^i dc WdVgY! Vh V lg^iZg# DcZ aZVgch [gdb ZkZgnWdYn! cd4 I]Zn VgZ jc^kZghVa kd^XZh i]Vi dcZ ^cZk^iVWan ^cXdgedgViZh ^cid dcZÉh dlc kd^XZ# >ÉkZ cdi^XZY i]Vi > lVh ^ciZgZhiZY ^c [VciVhi^X a^iZgVijgZ l]Zc > lVh hiVgi^c\ dji! (% nZVgh V\dÅ> ]VkZ V adi d[ h]dgi hidg^Zh ^c i]^h kZ^cÅWji Vahd! VcY h^bjaiVcZdjhan! ^c gZVa^hb# > d[iZc XdbW^cZY i]Z ild Vc\aZh ^c V h^c\aZ Xdbedh^i^dc! Wji cZkZg YZa^WZgViZan# > WZa^ZkZ bdgZ ^c hedciVcZ^in ^c XgZVi^dc! i]Vc ^c ZmeZg^bZciVa ^ciZci^dch#

I]dj\]! d[ XdjghZ! > Xdch^YZg a^iZgVgn ZmeZg^bZciV" i^dc ^bedgiVci# > Zc_dn ZmZgX^hZh i]Vi ]Zae bZ id \a^behZ edhh^W^a^i^Zh i]Vi > aViZg ign id YZkZade! Wji _jhi [dg bnhZa[# > YdcÉi i]^c` i]Z gZhjaih YZhZgkZ id WZ h]VgZY# ;dg bZ! i]ZnÉgZ ZciZgiV^cbZci# =dlZkZg! i]ZgZÉh Vcdi]Zg ineZ d[ ZmeZg^bZciV" i^dc! l]^X] > b^\]i XVaa ]^YYZc! VcY l]^X] ^h egZhZci ^c ZkZgn cdkZa# ;dg V hidgn! dg V edZb! id ZcY je a^c`ZY id V ÓZZi^c\ Ze^hdYZ ^c V cdkZa! id V Wg^Z[ eVgV\gVe]! ^h V g^h`n ZmeZg^bZc" iVi^dc# >c [VXi! i]Z Òghi Wdd` > lgdiZ lVh ZmeZg^bZciVa! VcY > egdWVWan bVYZ V b^hiV`Z ^c Vaadl^c\ ^i id WZ ejWa^h]ZY# > lVh WVgZan '% nZVgh daY# > \Vi]ZgZY je Vaa i]Z edZbh >ÉY lg^iiZc je i^aa i]Zc! VcY! a^`Z V YZÒc^i^kZ [VgZlZaa id edZign! YZX^YZY id igVch[dgb i]Zb ^cid egdhZ! VcY k^k^hZXi VcY Y^hÒ\jgZ i]Zb VgdjcY V h^c\aZ X]VgVXiZg/ Aad Vc ^ckZciZY ldgY i]Vi ^c HeVc^h] hdjcYh a^`Z Ænd!Ç l]^X] bZVch > # > hjWi^iaZY ^i/ V cdkZa^oZY edZb# L^i] i]^h Wdd` > eji Vc ZcY id bn egZiZc" h^dch id WZ V edZi# > ZcYZY je Y^hXdkZg^c\ i]Vi > lVh! > Vb! V hidgniZaaZg# > [ZZa ^c bn ZaZbZci l^i] V cdkZa# EdZign lVh Vc jcXdchjbbViZY adkZ#

6J/ >c i]Z XdciZmi d[ i]Z aVhi fjZhi^dc! ^h <VgX V B{gfjZo V lg^iZg l]d ^ciZgZhih ndj4 :G/ D[ XdjghZ# =ZÉh V a^k^c\ XaVhh^X! dcZ d[ i]Z [Zl lZÉkZ \di aZ[i# 6 \daYhb^i] d[ ldgYh# =Z VX]^ZkZh i]Vi eZg[ZXi WVaVcXZ WZilZZc [dgb VcY ^YZV! id bn lVn d[ i]^c`^c\ i]Z \dVa id VX]^ZkZ# 6cY cdi _jhi ]^h ldg`/ ]^h a^[Z VcY Vii^ijYZ VgZ ZmZb" eaVgn# Hd ]ZÉh i]Z WZhi hjhiZcVcXZ [dg Vcn ediZci^Va lg^iZg# > Xdch^YZg 8]gdc^XaZ d[ V 9ZVi] ;dgZidaY id WZ Vh ^bedgiVci Vh DcZ =jcYgZY NZVgh d[ Hda^ijYZ# 7di] d[ i]Zb! Vadc\ l^i] Cd DcZ Lg^iZh id i]Z 8dadcZa! VgZ ]^h bVhiZge^ZXZh# I]Z 6jijbc d[ i]Z EVig^VgX]! Vaa ^c Vaa! hig^`Zh bZ Vh V [V^aZY ViiZbei! Wji Vc ViiZbei i]Vi bVcn d[ i]Z bdhi VXXaV^bZY lg^iZgh XdjaYcÉi ZkZc bViX]# L]Zc V lg^iZg gZVYh V Wdd` ]Z gZVX]Zh i]Z ]^\]Zhi YZ\gZZ d[ hjWa^bVi^dc l]Zc ]Z [dg\Zih i]Vi ]ZÉh V lg^iZg gZVY^c\ V Wdd`! jcgVkZa^c\ edhh^WaZ bZi]dYh dg a^iZgVgn Y^gZXi^dch# I]Vi hdgi d[ gZVY^c\ YZa^\]i > dcan ZmeZg^ZcXZ l^i] V kZgn [Zl lg^iZgh/ <VgX V B{gfjZo ^h Òghi Vbdc\ i]Zb# 9dg^h

AZhh^c\! l^i] I]Z ;^[i] 8]^aY! bVYZ bZ [dg\Zi > lVh V lg^iZg0 > gZVY i]^h Wdd` h]dX`ZY! ldjcYZY! gZk^kZY! a^`Z l]Zc > gZVY ?jaZh KZgcZ VcY 9Vc^Za 9Z[dZ Vh V Wdn! dg l]Zc > ÒcVaan XVbZ id i]Z \gZVi &.i]"XZcijgn Gjhh^Vc bVhiZgh! ^c VYdaZhXZcXZ# I]dhZ gZVY^c\h lZci WZndcY a^k^c\#

6J/ I]Z 8Vi]da^X X]jgX] VcY ^ih VedhiaZh ^c 8dadbW^V ]Vh V egZYdb^cVci gdaZ i]gdj\]dji ndjg Zci^gZ dZjkgZ# L]Vi gdaZ ]Vh i]Z X]jgX] eaVXZY ^c i]Z a^[Z d[ :kZa^d GdhZgd4 =dl ]Vh i]^h ZmeZg^ZcXZ V[[ZXiZY ndjg ldg`4 :G/ > heZci Vaa d[ eg^bVgn hX]dda VcY bdhi d[ ]^\] hX]dda ^c gZa^\^djh ^chi^iji^dch# I]Vi ZmeaV^ch i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ eg^Zhih VcY gZa^\^dc ^c hdbZ d[ bn ldg`h# 7ji i]ZgZ lVh cd ZcXdjg" V\ZbZci id gZVY ^c Vcn d[ i]dhZ hX]ddah# ?jhi i]Z deedh^iZ# > `cZl ]dgg^WaZ iZVX]Zgh! \gdiZhfjZh d[ i]Z ^ciZaa^\ZcXZ! XgjYZ bZc \^k^c\ aZXijgZh! VcY kZgn egdiZXiZY Vh lZaa Wn i]Z^g gZa^\^djh aZVYZgh# > ]VkZ cd ZY^[n^c\ bZbdg^Zh d[ i]Vi a^[Z# Bn Y^hX^ea^cZ! bn g^\dg! ^[ > edhhZhh i]Zb! > \di i]Z ]VgY lVn! eZg]Veh Wn [daadl^c\ i]Z ZmVbeaZh d[ i]Z a^iZgVgn ]ZgdZh d[ bn ndji]! Wji cZkZg [gdb i]dhZ ajmjg^djh hZZYn YZch d[ ZYj" XVi^dc l]ZgZ hijYZcih VgZ igV^cZY [dg ZkZgni]^c\! ZmXZei [dg i]Z he^g^i! ZmXZei [dg ]jbVc \ZcZgdh^in# I]Z 8Vi]da^X X]jgX]!

Vadc\ l^i] i]Z eda^i^X^Vch! dg i]Z Òghi Æ[Vi]Zgh d[ i]Z cVi^dc!Ç WZVg Vaa gZhedch^W^a^in [dg i]Z X^k^a Y^h\gVXZ d[ djg Xdjcig^Zh! ^[ lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ ]^hidg^XVaan# GZVXi^dcVg^Zh! igd\adYniZh! bZY^" ZkVa! Vh lZaa Vh eZgkZgiZY! i]Z bV_dg^in d[ eg^Zhih ^c djg ZYj" XVi^dcVa ]^hidgn Y^Y cdi]^c\ Wji egZeVgZ V bVhh d[ [ddah [dg eZgeZijVa gZh^\cVi^dc! VcY i]Z^g aZVYZgh [dg ZmigZbZ Z\di^hb# Cdi id bZci^dc i]Z VXi^kZ eVgi^X^eVi^dc d[ i]Z 8Vi]da^X X]jgX] ^c i]Z Y^hig^Wji^dc d[ lZVai]! l]^X] ]Vh ValVnh WZZc jc_jhi#

6J/ 9d ndj i]^c` lg^iZgh! VcY Vgi^hih ^c \ZcZgVa! XVc ]VkZ Vcn ^cÓjZcXZ dc XdaaZXi^kZ gZVa^in4 :G/ D[ XdjghZ > i]^c` hd# >[ cdi lZ ldjaYcÉi WZ ]ZgZ! iVa`^c\ VWdji Wdd`h# A^iZgVijgZ X]Vc\Zh gZVa^in! bdY^ÒZh gZVYZghÉ Vii^ijYZh VcY XdchX^ZcXZ# LZ djghZakZh ]VkZ WZZc X]Vc\ZY! igVch[dgbZY! Wn XZgiV^c Wdd`h! [dg \ddY dg [dg ^aa# I]Z Xdc" hZfjZcXZh d[ a^iZgVijgZ VgZ cdi ^bbZY^ViZ! a^`Z l]Vi V cZlh gZedgi! V Òab! Vc Vgi^XaZ b^\]i VX]^ZkZ! Wji ^i eZgkVYZh i]Z bZbdgn bdgZ! ^iÉh bdgZ egd[djcY! bdgZ YZZean ]jbVc VcY he^g^ijVa# I]Z lg^iiZc ldgY idjX]Zh i]Z hdjaÉh bVggdl#

'-

I=: 7DB7 9><>I6A 6G8=>K: EGD?:8I >H CDL 8DBEA:I: Å =JC9G:9H D; >CI:GK>:LH ;GDB I=: A6HI I=G:: 9:869:H DCA>C: Å 7DB7H>I:#8DB

LZ ldjaY a^`Z id VX`cdlaZY\Z 7DB7Éh 7dVgY d[ IgjhiZZhÅZheZX^Vaan 8Vgn 7gdlc! EVja 8Vcidg! :g^X ;^hX]a! VcY =ZVi]Zg B# @^gWnÅI]Z 6cYn LVg]da 6gih Lg^i^c\ >c^i^Vi^kZ! VcY i]Z CZl Ndg` HiViZ 8djcX^a dc i]Z 6gih! V HiViZ 6\ZcXn [dg i]Z^g \ZcZgdh^in! Vh lZaa Vh 7DB7Éh ^ciZgch dkZg i]Z aVhi i]gZZ nZVgh! l^i]dji l]dhZ YZY^XVi^dc i]Z 6gX]^kZ Egd_ZXi ldjaY cdi WZ edhh^WaZ# I]Vc`h bdhi d[ Vaa id i]Z Vgi^hih! lg^iZgh! VgX]^iZXih! VXidgh! Y^gZXidgh! VcY bjh^X^Vch l]dhZ kd^XZh Xdbeg^hZ i]Z dc\d^c\ XdckZghVi^dc i]Vi ^h 7DB7#

'.

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

6CIDC>:I6 HDH6 Å

:A 8>:AD 9: 86G686H/ AD FJ: ND K:D 6A H6A>G 9: B> 86H6 I=: H@N DK:G 86G686H/ L=6I > H:: JEDC A:6K>C< BN =DJH:

BdcYVn! ?VcjVgn &'! '%%. $ '/)' EB

(%

7DB7 HE:8>;>8

6CIDC>:I6 HDH6

IjZhYVn! ?VcjVgn &(! '%%. $ */&( EB

LZYcZhYVn! ?VcjVgn &)! '%%. $ )/'+ EB

(&

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

I]jghYVn! ?VcjVgn &*! '%%. $ */(+ EB

;g^YVn! ?VcjVgn &+! '%%. $ */%+ EB

GZVY Vc ^ciZgk^Zl l^i] 6cidc^ZiV HdhV Wn ;gVc`a^c ;Zgc{cYZo dc 7DB7h^iZ#Xdb#

('

7DB7 HE:8>;>8

6CIDC>:I6 HDH6

HVijgYVn! ?VcjVgn &,! '%%. $ &&/** 6B

HjcYVn! ?VcjVgn &-! '%%. $ */'( EB

((

7DB7

IG6CHA6I:9 7N E=>AA>E E:C>M"I69H:C

8DCK:GH6I>DC Å

H:G<>D ;6?6G9D 6C9 <>6C86GAD B6OO6CI>

VWdkZ/ :miZg^dg k^Zl d[ i]Z a^WgVgn 7^Wa^diZXV AZ c YZ <gZ^[[! BZ" YZaa c# 9Zh^\cZY Wn <^VcXVgad BVooVci^# WZadl/ :cigVcXZ id i]Z a^WgVgn 7^Wa^diZXV :heV V! BZYZaa c# 9Z" h^\cZY Wn <^VcXVgad BVooVci^#

()

dg^\^cViZh ^c ejWa^X XdbeZi^i^dch i]Vi VgZ deZc id 8dadbW^VÉh ndjc\Zhi VgX]^iZXih#

>c i]Z aViZ É.%h! i^gZY d[ ]^h X^inÉh Xdggjei^dc! ;V_VgYd [dgbZY i]Z <gjed 8dbegdb^hd 8^jYVYVcd 8^i^oZch 8dbb^ibZci BdkZbZci ! l]^X] hdj\]i id igVch[dgb i]Z X^in VcY XgZViZ \gZViZg deedgijc^i^Zh [dg ^ih X^i^oZch# I]^h V^b ldjaY XVggn i]Z \gdje id i]Z bVndgÉh d[ÒXZ! l]ZgZ i]Zn ldjaY jcYZgiV`Z dcZ d[ i]Z WZhi ZmVbeaZh ^c i]Z ldgaY d[ jgWVc igVch[dgbVi^dc! WVh^c\ i]Z^g eda^X^Zh dc i]Z had\Vc ÆBZYZaa c/ [gdb [ZVg id ]deZ#Ç I]Zn ldg`ZY id YZXgZVhZ edkZgin VcY k^daZcXZ Wn XgZVi^c\ deedgijc^i^Zh [dg ZbeadnbZci VcY ZcigZegZcZjgh]^e! Vaa l]^aZ gZYjX^c\ hdX^Va ^cZfjVa^in i]gdj\] ZYjXVi^dcVa eda^Xn gZ[dgb# >c i]^h lVn! i]Zn YZXgZVhZY i]Z ^cYZmZh d[ k^daZcXZ VcY ^chZXjg^in VcY gZYjXZY i]Z ^hdaVi^dc d[ i]Z ^ccZg X^inÉh eddgZhi VgZVh i]gdj\] ^ciZ\gVi^dc"[dXjhZY VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXih a^`Z eVg`h! a^WgVg^Zh! VcY bdYZgc^oZY hX]ddah#

Id WZ ^c i]Z cZl BZYZaa c ^h id ÒcY dcZhZa[ ^c i]Z hjgeg^h^c\ Dgfj^YZdgVbV VcY i]Z hdWZg ZcignlVn d[ i]Z 7diVc^XVa <VgYZc! i]Z EaVoV YZ aV Ajo! i]Z :meadgV EVg`! i]Z EaVoV YZ adh E^Zh 9ZhXVaodh! i]Z

>c gZXZci nZVgh! BZYZaa c ]Vh WZXdbZ V cZXZhhVgn hide [dg VgX]^iZXih k^h^i^c\ 8dadbW^V! VcY ^cYZZY! Vcnl]ZgZ ^c Hdji] 6bZg^XV# 8dc[ZgZcXZh VcY ZkZcih VgZ ]ZaY id Y^heaVn VcY egdbdiZ i]Z X^inÉh cZl VgX]^iZXijgZ! hijYZci ZmXjgh^dch VgZ dg\Vc^oZY VgdjcY k^h^ih id i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\h! bV\Vo^cZh VgZ cdi^X^c\ i]Zb! VcY i]Z h^iZh VgZ hadlan WZ^c\ XdckZgiZY ^cid hnbWdah [dg i]Z X^in! i]Z ^bV\Zh i]Vi Ydc ^ih edhiXVgYh# BZYZaa c ]Vh WZXdbZ Vc ZmVbeaZ d[ ]dl jgWVc igVch[dgbVi^dc WVhZY dc \ddY VgX]^iZXijgZ XVc gZh]VeZ i]Z bZciVa^in d[ ^ih ^c]VW^iVcih#

I]Z bVhiZgb^cY WZ]^cY i]Z X^inÉh igVch[dgbVi^dc ^h i]Z bVi]ZbVi^X^Vc VcY jc^kZgh^in egd[Zhhdg HZg\^d ;V_VgYd! l]d lVh ZaZXiZY bVndg d[ BZYZaa c ^c '%%( VcY hZgkZY jci^a '%%,# =Z ^h V egZh^YZci^Va XVcY^YViZ ^c 8dadbW^VÉh '%&% ZaZXi^dc# Jh^c\ V Xd]ZgZci VcY ^cXajh^kZ jgWVc higViZ\n! ]Z ]Vh X]Vc\ZY i]Z [VXZ d[ V X^in i]Vi ^c i]Z É.%h lVh Xdch^YZgZY Vbdc\ i]Z bdhi k^daZci ^c i]Z ldgaY# ;V_VgYd ]Vh ^cigdYjXZY V edh^i^kZ hiViZ egZhZcXZ ^c i]Z eddgZhi VcY bdhi k^daZci VgZVh Wn ^c^i^Vi^c\ bjai^"aZkZa jgWVc egd_ZXih! i]Z [djcYVi^dc d[ l]^X] ^h VgX]^iZXijgZ! bdhi d[ l]^X]

>c"egd\gZhh k^Zl d[ i]Z '%&% Hdji] 6bZg^XVc <VbZh 8da^hZjbh# 9Zh^\cZY Wn <^VcXVgad BVooVci^#

(*

>c i]Z DeZc/ 6gi VcY 6gX]^iZXijgZ [dg EjWa^X HeVXZh ^h hedchdgZY Wn 8Vgn 7gdlc":ehiZ^c HiZkZc :ehiZ^c VcY l^i] ejWa^X [jcYh [gdb i]Z CZl Ndg` HiViZ 8djcX^a dc i]Z 6gih! V HiViZ V\ZcXn#

BdgVk^V 8ZciZg! VcY i]Z :EB A^WgVgn# I]ZgZ VgZ ÒkZ cZl a^WgVg^Zh! iZc cZl hX]ddah! cZl eZYZhig^Vc higZZih! VcY bdgZ i]Vc Ò[in cZl jgWVc VcY VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXih X]VgVXiZg^oZY Wn X]VaaZc\^c\ XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgZ# >i ^h cdi Zcdj\] h^bean id Yd ldg`h ^[ i]Zn VgZ cdi YdcZ lZaa! hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi XVc WZ bZVhjgZY Wn i]Z YZ\gZZ d[ eg^YZ i]Vi i]Z X^inÉh ^c]VW^iVcih [ZZa [dg ^ih cZl [VXZ Vh lZaa Vh Wn i]Z [VXi i]Vi BZYZaa c ]Vh WZXdbZ V X^in id hZZ Vh deedhZY id dcZ id Vkd^Y#

BZYZaa cÉh cZl VgX]^iZXijgZ gZegZhZcih V cdkZa lVn d[ bV`^c\ V X^in dji d[ eda^Xn0 ^i Vahd gZegZhZcih V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXih [VX^c\ i]Z ldgaY! XdcXZgcZY l^i] YZkZade^c\ Y^hXdjghZh VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c \gZViZg Va^\cbZci l^i] i]Z egZhZci bdbZci# I]Z^g VgX]^iZXijgZ ldg`h l^i] i]Z eaVXZh ^cid l]^X] ^i ^chZgih ^ihZa[! l^i] i]Z XjaijgZ VcY ]^hidg^XVa bdbZci ^i WZadc\h id# I]Z VgX]^iZXih d[ i]Z cZl BZYZaa c Yd cdi hZZ` id YZkZade V idiVa^o^c\ VcY hda^iVgn Y^hXdjghZ# I]Z^gh ^h Vc VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ hnci]Zh^h! l]^aZ gZheZXi[ja d[ Y^[[ZgZcXZh# I]ZhZ VgZ VgX]^iZXijgZh ^c l]^X] i]Z \adWVa VcY i]Z adXVa VgZ jc^iZY VcY XgdhhZY! gZÓZXi^c\ i]Z eajgVa^hb!

ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc! VcY gZheZXi ZcVXiZY Wn BVndg ;V_VgYd#

Å<^VcXVgad BVooVci^

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ: kZgn ^ciZgZhi^c\ id \d [gdb WZ^c\ V egd[Zhhdg id Xdc" higjXi^c\ V eda^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ# HdX^Zi^Zh VgZ X]Vc\ZY i]gdj\] eda^i^Xh VcY ZYjXVi^dc# H;/ I]Z h]VeZ lZÉkZ iV`Zc ^h cd b^hiV`Z! WZXVjhZ > Vb V egd[Zhhdg VcY l^aa Xdci^cjZ id WZ V egd[Zhhdg! VcY bdgZdkZg >Éb V bVi]ZbVi^X^Vc! l]^X] ^h V eVgi^XjaVg lVn d[ add`^c\ Vi i]Z ldgaY# ;dg bZ! eda^i^XVa ldg` ]Vh ValVnh ]VY V bV_dg eZYV\d\^XVa XdccdiVi^dc# EZdeaZ ^c ejWa^X edlZg VgZ i]Z Òghi ZYjXVidgh d[ V hdX^Zin# >c eVgZci]ZhZh! l]ViÉh \d^c\ dc ]ZgZ ^h V egdXZhh d[ Y^h"ZYjXVi^dc0 i]Z i]^c\h iV`^c\ eaVXZ dc i]Z eda^i^XVa hiV\Z VgZcÉi eVgi d[ V eZYV\d\^XVa X^k^X egdXZhh d[ XdchigjXi^dc d[ X^i^oZc X^k^a^in! Wji hdbZi]^c\ gVi]Zg YgVbVi^X! VcY Vi i^bZh eVi]Zi^X#

<B/ > i]^c` i]ViÉh dcZ d[ i]Z [jcXi^dch i]Vi Vaa egd[Zh" h^dcVah ZcY je ]Vk^c\ id Xdbean l^i]# Bn dWhZhh^dc cdlVYVnh ^h ]dl id igVch[dgb ZYjXVi^dc ^cid VgX]^" iZXijgZ ^c dgYZg id XgZViZ WZiiZg VgX]^iZXih# I]ZgZ ^h V egd[djcY ZYjXVi^dcVa Xg^h^h! ZheZX^Vaan ^c 7d\di{ l]ZgZ ndjc\ egd[Zhh^dcVah VgZ cdi WZ^c\ igV^cZY ^c dgYZg id ]VkZ XjaijgVaan Y^kZghZ k^Zlh# I]Z^g [dgbVi^dc ^h cdi YZkd^Y d[ egZ_jY^XZh V\V^chi cZl lVnh d[ a^[Z VcY i]ZgZ" [dgZ V\V^chi XdciZbedgVgn VgX]^iZXijgZ# >c BZYZaa c VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ ^h bdgZ hda^YÅ>Éb heZV`^c\ ^c iZgbh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ WZXVjhZ ^iÉh i]Z dcan lVn > XVc i]^c` VWdji i]ZhZ i]^c\h# I]ZgZ ^h cd adc\Zg dcZ lVn id VeegdVX] VgX]^iZXijgZ0 Yd\bV VcY i]Z cdi^dc d[ Vc dbc^ediZci XgZVidg ]VkZ WZXdbZ dWhdaZiZ# H;/ > a^`Z id ZmeaV^c Vaa d[ i]^h ^c i]Z [daadl^c\ lVn/ > XdbZ [gdb V ldgaY d[ eg^k^aZ\Z# L]Zc > Òc^h]ZY ]^\] hX]dda ^c BZYZaa c! > lVciZY id hijYn bVi]# > lVh i]Z dcan dcZ d[ Vaa d[ bn [g^ZcYh i]Vi lVciZY id Yd hdbZi]^c\ d[ i]Vi cVijgZ0 Vaa i]Z di]Zgh lVciZY id WZ VgX]^iZXih! VYb^c^higVidgh! Zc\^cZZgh! YdXidgh! ZXdcdb^hih! VcY i]dhZ `^cYh d[ i]^c\h# > lVciZY id hijYn bVi] VcY > XVbZ id hijYn ]ZgZ ^c 7d\di{ Vi i]Z Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ adh 6cYZh! V kZgn \ddY eg^kViZ jc^kZgh^in# > \di bn YZ\gZZ VcY > lVciZY id `ZZe hijYn^c\! hd > lZci [dg V bVhiZgÉh# > lVciZY id `ZZe bdk^c\ [dglVgY VcY \Zi id i]Z ]Z^\]ih d[ i]Z VXVYZb^X"hX^Zci^ÒX ldgaY! hd > \di V YdXidg" ViZ ^c i]Z JH# L]Vi YdZh i]Z eg^k^aZ\Z Xdch^hi d[4 > ]VY deZc Yddgh ^c [gdci d[ bZ# ;dg bdhi eZdeaZ ^c djg hdX^Zin i]dhZ Yddgh YdcÉi Zm^hi# DcZ d[ bn \gZViZhi bdi^kVi^dch ]Vh ValVnh WZZc id bV`Z i]dhZ Yddgh cdi YZeZcY dc hdX^Va XdcY^i^dch0 id bV`Z i]Zb cdi V eg^k^aZ\Z Wji V g^\]i ^c V _jhi hdX^Zin# 6cY V eZghdcVa XdcXZgc d[ b^cZ ^h ]dl id \d WZndcY i]Z eaZi]dgV d[ XdbbdceaVXZh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] ZYjXVi^dc VcY bV`Z ZYjXVi^dc jcYZghiddY ^c V WgdVYZg hZchZ# =dl XVc lZ bV`Z V ineZ d[ ZYjXVi^dc i]Vi ^cXdgedgViZh hX^ZcXZ! iZX]cdad\n! ^ccdkVi^dc! XgZVi^dc! VcY XjaijgZ4 =dl XVc lZ bV`Z i]Z ^beZijh [dg i]Vi igVch[dgbVi^dc WZ i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ ]jbVc XVeVX^in id bV`Z V WZiiZg hdX^Zin4

>i lVh XaZVg id jh i]Vi lZ lZgZ \d^c\ id ]VkZ id Xdc" [gdci V jc^fjZ b^mijgZ d[ egdWaZbh ^c 8dadbW^V/ hdX^Va ^cZfjVa^in VcY YZZe"gddiZY k^daZcXZ# =dl XVc lZ Y^b^c^h] k^daZcXZ ZkZgn YVn! Wji Vahd YZa^kZg hdX^Va deedgijc^i^Zh l^i] ZVX] ^cY^k^YjVa Za^b^cVi^dc d[ k^daZcXZ4 BVcn eZdeaZ ^c djg hdX^Zin ]VkZ V hda^Y lVaa ^c [gdci d[ i]Zb/ Vi dcZ ZcY ^h V Yddg id ZciZg ^cid i]Z ldgaY d[ ^aaZ\Va^in# 9gj\ igV[ÒX`^c\ ]Vh iV`Zc dc hdbZ ZmigVdgY^cVgn Y^bZch^dch! bdgZ hd ^c BZYZaa c i]Vc Vcnl]ZgZ ZahZ# 6cdi]Zg Yddg aZVYh id ^c[dgbVa^in VcY

^VcXVgad BVooVci^/ L]ZgZ Y^Y i]Z bdYZa d[ i]Z < BZYZaa c i]Vi ]Vh WZZc XgZViZY ^c gZXZci nZVgh XdbZ [gdb4 > `cdl ^i ]Vh V adi id Yd l^i] XZgiV^c iZmih ndjÉkZ gZVY Wn ?dgY^ 7dg_V! dcZ d[ i]Z HeVc^h] jgWVc eaVc" cZgh l]d YZkZadeZY 7VgXZadcV ^c i]Z É-%h# L]Vi di]Zg VeegdVX]Zh VgZ i]ZgZ4 HZg\^d ;V_VgYd/ >c aViZ &...! i]Z <gjed 8dbegdb^hd 8^jYVYVcd dg\Vc^oZY djghZakZh eda^i^XVaan Vh Vc ^cYZeZcYZci X^k^X bdkZbZci ^c dgYZg id XdbZ id edlZg# ;dg hd bVcn nZVgh! i]Z bdhi i]Vi bVcn eZdeaZ ^c djg hdX^Zin VX]^ZkZY lVh id hVn ]dl i]^c\h h]djaY WZ ^c i]Z^g Vgi^XaZh! i]Z^g hijY^Zh! i]Z^g eVgi^X^eVi^dc ^c hdbZ Xdbb^iiZZ dg bZZi^c\# 6[iZg Vaa i]dhZ nZVgh d[ VXXZei^c\Ål]Zi]Zg lZ a^`ZY ^i dg cdiÅi]Vi i]Z eda^i^X^Vch lZgZ i]Z dcZh l]d bVYZ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci YZX^h^dch [dg hdX^Zin! lZ YZX^YZY id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c eda^i^Xh djghZakZh# LZ gZVa^oZY i]Vi lZ lZgZ i]Z dcZh WZ^c\ eVhh^kZ! WZXVjhZ ZkZgni]^c\ lZ Y^Y ZcYZY je ^c i]Z ]VcYh d[ di]Zg eZdeaZ l]d YZiZgb^cZY ^ih [ViZ# DcXZ ^c edlZg! gVi]Zg i]Vc Xdci^cjZ id hVn! ÆI]^c\h h]djaY WZ i]^h lVn!Ç lZ XdjaY hVn! ÆI]^h ^h ]dl ^iÉh YdcZ#Ç

<B/ >i hZZbh id bZ i]Z dcZh l]d bV`Z YZX^h^dch VgZ i]Z eda^i^X^Vch VcY egd[Zhhdgh# Id Wj^aY eda^i^XVa edlZg! ndj ]VkZ id Wj^aY ZYjXVi^dcVa edlZg! hd id heZV`# >iÉh

(+

6G8=>I:8IJG:

H:G<>D ;6?6G9D

]dbZaZhhcZhh# Djg X]VaaZc\Z ]Vh WZZc id deZc Yddgh ^c i]Vi hZVaZY lVaa! Yddgh hd i]Vi eZdeaZ XVc eVhh i]gdj\] VcY \d dc eVgi^X^eVi^c\ ^c i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ ]deZ# L]Vi ^h ]deZ4 L]Zc hdbZdcZ ^c i]Z Xdbbjc^in hZZh V eVi] i]Zn XVc [da" adl# >[ i]Zn VgZ a^k^c\ l^i] dcan V lVaa ^c [gdci d[ i]Zb VcY XVcÉi hZZ Vcn dei^dch di]Zg i]Vc ^aaZ\Va^in VcY ^c[dgbVa^in! i]Zn ]VkZ cd gZVa VaiZgcVi^kZh#

<B/ 6cY i]ViÉh V egdXZhh i]Vi iV`Zh eaVXZ ^c i]Z Zci^gZ Xdjcign! cdi _jhi ^c BZYZaa c# H;/ NZh! ^iÉh igjZ [dg Vaa d[ 8dadbW^V! Vai]dj\] d[ XdjghZ BZYZaa c ]Vh ^ih dlc eVgi^XjaVg XdciZmih#

<B/ Ndj ÒcY \^gah ^c i]Z 8Vg^WWZVc ^c ]dgg^WaZ XdcY^" i^dch d[ egdhi^iji^dc! VcY ^c 7d\di{ ndj ]VkZ \Vc\h# H;/ 6cY ^c BZYZaa c lZ ]VkZ V ]j\Z Zmeadh^dc ^c Vaa i]dhZ VgZVh! Wji Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ V lZVai] VcY higZc\i] i]Vi bV`Z ^i jc^fjZ# LZ ]VY id ^chZgi djghZakZh ^cid Vaa i]Z X^inÉh heVXZh Wn Wj^aY^c\ deedgijc^i^ZhÅi]Vi lVh i]Z X]VaaZc\Z# Id iV`Z VlVn k^daZcXZ VcY deZc bdgZ Yddgh# Id XadhZ hdbZ Yddgh ndj ]VkZ id deZc di]Zgh#

<B/ LZ ldg`ZY dc i]^h cZl bdYZa d[ V X^in l^i] i]Z eZdeaZ VcY l^i] Xdbbjc^in aZVYZgh! ^c i]Z gZVabh d[ Vgi VcY VgX]^iZXijgZ# Djg egdXZhh ^h gZÓZXiZY ^c i]Z lVn eZdeaZ ]VkZ VXXZeiZY i]Z eda^X^Zh VcY Wj^aY^c\h i]Vi igVch[dgbZY BZYZaa c# H;/ I]ViÉh l]ZgZ >Éb ]ZVYZY# LZ `cZl i]Z cZZYh d[ Vaa i]Z X^inÉh heVXZh WZXVjhZ lZ egVXi^XZY eda^i^Xh dc djg [ZZi# > bnhZa[ lVa`ZY BZYZaa c [gdb h^YZ id h^YZ \Zd\gVe]^XVaan0 ^i lVhcÉi a^`Z > Vgg^kZY ^c Vc VgbdgZY XVg VcY \di dji dc V XZgiV^c WadX` id add` VgdjcY# Djg lVn d[ Yd^c\ eda^i^Xh lVh

egZX^hZan id ZciZg ^cid Y^gZXi XdciVXi l^i] eZdeaZ VcY i]Z^g Xdbbjc^i^Zh ^c Vaa i]Z^g heVXZh# I]Vi ^h kZgn edlZg[ja0 > ]VY i]Z X^in jcYZg bn h`^c! ^c bn ]ZVgi! VcY ^c bn b^cY# I]Z hVbZ l^i] i]Z Xdjcign# Ndj ]VkZ id ]VkZ ^i jcYZg ndjg h`^c id [ZZa ^i! hZZ ^i! idjX] ^i# >c ndjg ]ZVgi! id adkZ ^i0 VcY ^c ndjg b^cY! id jcYZghiVcY ^i# Djg X]VaaZc\Z lVh ^c YZiZgb^c^c\ ]dl lZ lZgZ \d^c\ id ^ciZgkZcZ# I]ZgZ ]VY id WZ V gjeijgZ [gdb Vc ZhiVWa^h]ZY XjaijgZ! V lVn d[ a^[Z i]Vi ^h d[iZc eV^c[ja VcY [gVbZY Wn k^daZcXZ#

<B/ > a^`Z ndjg jhZ d[ i]Z ldgY ÆgjeijgZ!Ç lZ Vh VgX]^" iZXih Vahd XdchigjXi gjeijgZh# H;/ 6cY i]ViÉh l]ZgZ VgX]^iZXijgZ XdbZh ^c0 i]Z XdcXZei lVh Æi]Z bdhi WZVji^[ja [dg i]Z bdhi ]jbWaZ#Ç >i ^bea^ZY V gjeijgZ [gdb i]Z ^YZV i]Vi Vcni]^c\ ndj \^kZ id i]Z eddg ^h V eajh# LZ egdedhZY i]Vi i]Z WZhi d[ hdX^Zin lVh l]ZgZ i]Z \gZViZhi cZZYh Zm^hiZY# I]Z eddg VgZ ]VW^ijVaan \^kZc XgjbWh! Wji djg egdedhVa lVh id \^kZ i]Zb i]Z kZgn WZhi# LZ ]VY id WgZV` VlVn VcY h]dl Vcdi]Zg lVn# LZ `cZl i]Vi [ZVg ZcXVehj" aViZh! [ZVg ^hdaViZh0 [ZVg VcY k^daZcXZ YZhigdn Vaa hdX^Va XVe^iVa#

<B/ Ndj `cdl! l]Vi lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji ^h dcZ d[ bn \gZVi eVhh^dch# >i ]Vh V adi id Yd l^i] i]Z Y^hXdjghZ i]Vi bVcn d[ jh ndjc\ VgX]^iZXih ]VkZÅd`Vn! bVnWZ lZÉgZ cdi hd ndjc\ 6gX]^iZXijgZ ^c i]^h Xdjcign ^h WVhZY dc [ZVg/ Æ8VgZ[ja! YdcÉi egdedhZ# 8VgZ[ja! ndj XVcÉi Yd i]Vi WZXVjhZ ^iÉh cdi g^\]i#Ç >[ ZYjXVi^dc gZkdakZh VgdjcY [ZVg! lZ igV^c [ZVg[ja! jc^bV\^cVi^kZ eZdeaZ ^cXVeVWaZ d[ \ZcZgVi^c\ hdbZi]^c\ cZl# I]Z dcan lVn id \Zi X]Vc\Z ^h id XdchigjXi gjeijgZh#

> gZbZbWZg kZgn lZaa l]Zc ndj XVbZ id bn d[ÒXZ#

HZg\^d ;V_VgYd#

(,

6G8=>I:8IJG: DCAN B6@:H H:CH: ID I=: :MI:CI I=6I >I >H 86E67A: D; EGD9J8>C< L:AA"7:>C<! L=:I=:G >I >H :CK>GDCB:CI6A DG HD8>6A#

> lVh ZmigZbZan ZmX^iZY WZXVjhZ i]Z bVndg lVh Xdb" ^c\! Wji ndj XVbZ ^c kZgn ldgg^ZY! heZX^ÒXVaan VWdji i]Z VgX]^iZXijgZ lZ lZgZ eaVcc^c\ ^c i]Z bjc^X^eVa^in VcY ^c HVcid 9db^c\d WZXVjhZ ^i Wgd`Z h^\c^ÒXVcian l^i] XaVh" h^X bdaYh# > gZbZbWZg kZgn lZaa i]Vi ndj hV^Y! Æ> lVci V hnbWda!Ç VcY > idaY ndj! Æ>[ ndj lVci V hnbWda! ndj ]VkZ id VhhjbZ i]Z g^h`#Ç 6cY i]Z g^h` lVh egdYjX^c\ V `^cY d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ i]Vi lVh cdi bVYZ ^c i]Z lVn i]Vi ejWa^X VgX]^iZXijgZ lZÉgZ VXXjhidbZY id bV`^c\ ]VY WZZc YdcZ# H;/ 6cY i]Z hnbWda lVh i]Vi lZ ]VY id h]dl eZdeaZ i]ZgZ lVh Vcdi]Zg eVi]# 6gX]^iZXijgZ Òih eZg[ZXian l^i] Vaa i]^h!

WZXVjhZ ^i Vaadlh jh id WgZV` [gdb i]Z igVY^i^dc d[ \^k^c\ XgjbWh Wn YZbVcY^c\ i]Z bdhi WZVji^[ja XdchigjXi^dch! [gdb Vc VZhi]Zi^X eZgheZXi^kZ! [dg i]Z bdhi cZZYn#

<B/ Je id i]Zc > ]VY cZkZg gZVa^oZY i]Vi i]Vi Y^hXdjghZ lVh hd XadhZan a^c`ZY id i]Z edh^i^dc d[ Vc ^bedgiVci \ZcZgVi^dc d[ VgX]^iZXih ^c BZYZaa cÅa^`Z 8VX]d! VcY i]Z GZhigZedh# I]Vi lVh bVgkZadjh# H;/ I]ZgZ ^h V Xd^cX^YZcXZ WZ]^cY Vaa d[ i]^h! g^\]i4 >Éb i]Z hdc d[ Vc VgX]^iZXi0 > lVh i]Z ZaYZhi VcY i]Z XadhZhi id bn [Vi]Zg# > hVl i]Z eaVXZh l]ZgZ ]Z ldg`ZY VcY > jcYZghiddY l]Vi ]Z lVh Yd^c\Å^i lVh V lVn d[ add`^c\ Vi i]Z ldgaY# Bn [Vi]Zg ^c eVgi^XjaVg lVh V eZghdc l]d ]VY V adi id Yd l^i] VgX]^iZX" ijgVa h^iZh ^c BZYZaa c# =Z idd` eVgi ^c i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z Jc^kZgh^YVY YZ 6ci^dfj^V! l]^X] lVh hjX] Vc ^bedgiVci ejWa^X hnbWda [dg i]Z X^in# ;gdb i]Z i^bZ > lVh V X]^aY! ^i lVh XaZVg id bZ l]Vi VZhi]Zi^Xh bZVci Vh V idda [dg hdX^Va igVch" [dgbVi^dc! Vh V bZhhV\Z d[ ^cXajh^dc# I]Vi ^h hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi ^h d[iZc b^hjcYZghiddY ]ZgZ# JcYZgcZVi] ^i Vaa ^h i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci ldgY ^c Vaa d[ i]dhZ jgWVc ^ciZgkZci^dch ^c l]^X] VgX]^iZXijgZ eaVnh Vc ^bedgiVci gdaZ/ Y^\c^in#

<B/ I]Z gdaZ i]Vi VgX]^iZXijgZ ]Vh eaVnZY ^c Vaa d[ i]Vi ^h jcYZghiddY# H;/ L]Vi ejWa^X heVXZh lZgZ lZ i]^c`^c\ VWdji4 EVg`h VcY a^WgVg^Zh! hX]ddah! XjaijgVa XZciZgh! i]Z hX^ZcXZ eVg`! i]Z WdiVc^XVa \VgYZc! XZciZgh [dg gZVY^c\ VcY bjh^X# 6aa i]^h :miZg^dg k^Zl d[ i]Z 7^Wa^diZXV :heV V! BZYZaa c#

gZkdakZY VgdjcY i]Z iVc\^WaZ i]^c\! l]^X] lVh ZYjXVi^dc jcYZghiddY ^c V WgdVY hZchZ# L]Vi lZÉkZ YdcZ ^h Wj^aY cZl hnbWdah! cZl heVXZh l]ZgZ hdX^Va bdW^a^oVi^dc XVc iV`Z eaVXZ VgdjcY VgX]^iZXijgZ Vh V edlZg[ja hdX^Va ZmegZhh^dc# EZdeaZ VgZ ValVnh hVn^c\! ÆI]ViÉh _jhi XZbZci#Ç I]ViÉh h^bean cdi igjZ

<B/ 6cY ^iÉh cdi _jhi Yd^c\ Vaa d[ i]Vi i]Vi ^h ^bedgiVci! Wji ]dl ^i ^h YdcZ [gdb Vc VZhi]Zi^X eZgheZXi^kZÅ l]Vi ^h i]Vi VgX]^iZXijgZ a^`Z4 > i]^c` ^i idd` Vc deZc VYb^c^higVi^dc id Vaadl [dg egd_ZXih a^`Z i]Z hX]ddah! i]Z Dgfj^YZdgVbV ^c i]Z 7diVc^XVa <VgYZc# L]Vi >Éb eVhh^dcViZ VWdji! VcY i]Z ]ZVgi d[ l]Vi > ign id Yd! ^h id VYVei VgX]^iZXijgZ id bV`Z ^i XVeVWaZ d[ X]Vc\^c\ WZ]Vk^dg VcY igVch[dgb^c\ i]Z lVnh ^i ^h jhZY# L]Zc lZ iVa` VWdji ZYjXVi^dc! i]Z egdWaZb ^h cdi _jhi ^c ]dl ndj XdchigjXi ZYjXVi^dcVa heVXZh! l]ZgZ V XaVhh iV`Zh eaVXZ! Wji ]dl i]Z heVXZ ^ihZa[ XVc WZ eZYV\d\^XVa# ;dg ^chiVcXZ! i]Z \gdjcY d[ V eaVn\gdjcY ^c V hX]dda XVc WZ bdge]ZY ^cid YjcZh hd i]Vi X]^aYgZc bVn eaVn l^i] hd[i VcY ]VgY bViZg^Vah VcY aZVgc id Y^[[ZgZci^ViZ i]Zb#

I]^h cZl Y^hXdjghZ \V^cZY igVXi^dc i]Vc`h id i]Z deedgijc^in ndjg iZcjgZ Vh bVndg d[ BZYZaa c \VkZ jh id Wj^aY V cZl X^in# >i ^hcÉi _jhi i^ZY id ]dl VgX]^iZX" ijgZ ^h bVYZ Wji Vahd id l]ZgZ ^i ^h eaVXZY# I]Z kVajZ d[ edh^i^dc^c\ ^h ZmigZbZan h^\c^ÒXVci# Ndj lZgZ kZgn ^ciZaa^\Zci ^c eaVX^c\ i]ZhZ Wj^aY^c\h ^c i]Z WVgg^dh l]ZgZ i]Zn lZgZ bdhi cZZYZY! Wji Vahd l]ZgZ i]ZnÉY WZ k^h^WaZ Zcdj\] [dg eZdeaZ id [ZZa i]Zn lZgZ eVgi d[ i]Z Xdbbjc^in# H;/ LZ `cZl l]ZgZ i]Z eZdeaZÉh cZZYh lZgZ# I]Vi lVh Vaa gZhZVgX]ZY/ l]ZgZ ^i h]djaY ZcY je! l]Vi i]Z hjggdjcY^c\h lZgZ a^`Z! l]Vi i]Z XdcY^i^dch lZgZ# >i lVhcÉi Vc VgW^igVgn ^ciZgkZci^dc! Wji gVi]Zg V hdX^Va ^ciZgkZci^dc#

<B/ 6gX]^iZXijgZ dcan bV`Zh hZchZ id i]Z ZmiZci i]Vi ^i ^h XVeVWaZ d[ egdYjX^c\ lZaa"WZ^c\! l]Zi]Zg ^i ^h Zck^gdcbZciVa dg hdX^Va# >[ cdi! ^i ]Vh cd bZVc^c\! ^i WZXdbZh V \VbZ d[ Z\dh! h]VeZh! VcY Wj^aY^c\h#

(-

6G8=>I:8IJG:

H:G<>D ;6?6G9D

H;/ I]Z Òghi hiZe idlVgY fjVa^in ^h i]Z Y^\c^in d[ i]Z heVXZ! ^ih lVn d[ h]dl^c\ Vcdi]Zg eVi]#

<B/ I]Z hnbWda egdYjXZh Y^\c^in# L]Zc > iVa` VWdji BZYZaa cÉh a^WgVg^Zh VcY egd_ZXih! > ValVnh hVn i]Vi eZdeaZ idYVn VgZ egdjY d[ l]ZgZ i]Zn a^kZ! l]ZgZVh ^c i]Z É-%h i]ZnÉY WZ iZgg^ÒZY id VYb^i i]Zn a^kZY ^c i]Z hVbZ VgZV l]ZgZ EVWad :hXdWVgÉh jcXdcfjZgVWaZ Xdb" edjcY lVh# EZdeaZ ldjaY hVn! Æ> YdcÉi a^kZ i]ZgZ#Ç IdYVn eZdeaZ adkZ hVn^c\! Æ> a^kZ dkZg i]ZgZ! l]ZgZ ndj XVc hZZ i]Vi#Ç H;/ 6cY ^iÉh WZXdbZ V idjg^hi ViigVXi^dc# > gZbZbWZg l]Zc i]Zn idaY jh i]Vi id gZkZghZ i]Z cZ\Vi^kZ ^bV\Z d[ BZYZaa c ^c i]Z egZhh lZ ]VY id \Zi ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XdchjaiVcih id X]Vc\Z djg ^bV\Z# >i lVh ValVnh kZgn XaZVg id bZ i]Vi i]Z egdWaZb ^c BZYZaa c lVh cdi WgVcY^c\ÅlZ Y^YcÉi cZZY id XdbZ je l^i] V hinaZ XVbeV^\c/ ÆBZYZaa c! a^[Z"h]V`^c\ cVijgVa WZVjin#Ç Djg igVYZbVg` ^h i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ i]Z XdcY^i^dch lZ ]VY VcY

h]dl^c\ i]Vi ndj XVc iV`Z V X]VcXZ! i]Vi lZÉgZ XVeVWaZ d[ Yd^c\ ^i! Wj^aY^c\ ^i! VcY ijgc^c\ ^i dkZg! VcY gZVX]^c\ dji id Vc Zci^gZ hdX^Zin id Wj^aY ]deZ#

<B/ >iÉh ^cXgZY^WaZ ]dl i]^h X^in ]Vh WZZc igVch[dgbZY# H;/ I]ViÉh igjZ! VcY ^iÉh \d^c\ id aVhi bVcn bdgZ XZcijg^Zh# I]ViÉh l]n l]Zc i]Zn Vh` l]Vi lZÉkZ YdcZ! > gZhedcY i]Vi lZÉkZ X]Vc\ZY i]Z a^kZh d[ bVcn eZdeaZ0 > ]VkZ VWhdajiZan cd YdjWi d[ i]Vi# HdbZ eZdeaZ XdbeaV^c i]Vi k^daZcXZ ]Vh ^cXgZVhZY# LZaa! a^`Z >ÉkZ VagZVYn hV^Y! lZ ]VkZ eV^c[ja hdX^Va ^cZfjVa^i^Zh VcY YZZe"gddiZY k^daZcXZ ]ZgZ# > l^h] ^i lZgZcÉi i]Vi lVn# I]ZgZ ^h Vc deZc YddglVn id i]Z ldgaY d[ XdcÓ^Xi! VcY i]Z dcan lVn id XadhZ ^i ^h id deZc di]Zgh# I]Vi lVh l]Vi lZ Y^Y! cdi bV`^c\ i]dhZ l]d lZgZ Vi lVg aZVkZ lVg[VgZ WZ]^cY! Wji hig^k^c\ id bV`Z ^i hd i]Vi [ZlZg VcY [ZlZg eZdeaZ ldjaY ZciZg ^cid ^i dkZg i^bZ# LZ bVYZ ^i hd i]Vi ZkZgni]^c\ iV`^c\ eaVXZ ^c i]Z EVgfjZ 7^Wa^diZXV A^WgVgn EVg` Y^YcÉi ]VkZ id ZcY je WZ^c\ Xg^b^cVa# I]dhZ eaVXZh lZ Wj^ai VgZ ejW" a^X VcY i]Zn VgZ i]Z eg^YZ d[ i]Z X^i^oZch VcY Xdbbjc^i^Zh#

<B/ I]Z aZkZa d[ kVcYVa^hb dc i]Z ejWa^X ldg`h ndjÉkZ YdcZ ^c BZYZaa c ^h kZgn adl XdbeVgZY l^i] l]Vi >ÉkZ hZZc ^c di]Zg X^i^Zh ^c i]^h Xdjcign# > _jhi Yd ejWa^X ldg`0 id bZ! eg^kViZ ldg` hZZbh ]^\]an YZÒcZY Wn \gZZY# >i YdZhcÉi egdbdiZ hdX^Va lZaa"WZ^c\! l]^X] hVnh V adi VWdji V eaVXZ a^`Z i]Z JH! l]ZgZ ejWa^X VgX]^iZXijgZ d[ cdiZ ^h heVghZ XdbeVgZY id i]Z h^oZ d[ i]Z Xdjcign# 6cnlVn! i]Z YZiZg^dgVi^dc d[ ejWa^X Wj^aY^c\h ^c di]Zg X^i^Zh ^h bjX] \gZViZg! Vai]dj\] dcZ d[ i]Z i]^c\h >ÉkZ aZVgcZY ^h i]Vi l]Zc ndj \^kZ eZdeaZ i]Z WZhi ndj XVc \^kZ! i]Zn iV`Z XVgZ d[ ^i# H;/ :heZX^Vaan l]Zc ndj ^cXajYZ i]Z Xdbbjc^in ^c i]Z XdchigjXi^dc! l]Zc i]ZnÉgZ eVgi d[ i]Z hdX^Va egdXZhh# >[ i]Zn YdcÉi eVgi^X^eViZ VcY ndj bV`Z WZVji^[ja i]^c\h ^c V \^kZc eaVXZ [dg i]Zb! ^iÉh cdi i]Z^gh! i]Zn YdcÉi ]VkZ dlcZgh]^e# I]ViÉh ]dl lZ lZci VWdji Wj^aY^c\ Vaa i]dhZ eVg`hÅ> lZci id i]Z EVgfjZ 7^Wa^diZXV ,%% i^bZh WZ[dgZ ^i deZcZY LZ ldjaY \d VWdji iV`^c\ i]Z Xdbbjc^in Wn i]Z ]VcY0 i]Z Xdbbjc^in \gZl Vadc\ l^i] i]Z egd_ZXi# Dc ide d[ Vaa i]Vi! i]ZgZ lVh V cZl! igVcheVgZci lVn d[ \d^c\ VWdji ejWa^X V[[V^gh0 lZ Y^YcÉi hiZVa V h^c\aZ eZhd#

<B/ I]Vi iV`Zh bZ WVX` id bn ZmeZg^ZcXZ l^i] ejWa^X ldg`h/ ndj d[iZc ]VkZ id Ò\]i hd i]Vi i]Z Wj^aYZg l^aa Yd i]^c\h! VcY hZaYdb Yd ndj ]VkZ i]Z hjeedgi d[ V ejWa^X Zci^in# >c i]Z EVgfjZ 7^Wa^diZXV :heV V VcY i]Z di]Zg egd_ZXih > Y^Y ^c BZYZaa cÅi]Z AZ c YZ <gZ^[[ A^WgVgn VcY i]Z '%&% Hdji] 6bZg^XVc <VbZh 8da^hZjbhÅlZ ]VY i]Z hjeedgi d[ i]Z bVndgÉh d[ÒXZ id Yd i]^c\h Vh WZhi lZ XdjaY! ZkZc ^c i]Z b^Yhi d[ \gZVi Y^[ÒXjai^Zh#

AZi bZ Vh` V fjZhi^dc i]Vi ^h kZgn ^bedgiVci id bZ Vh V hiVjcX] YZ[ZcYZg d[ VgX]^iZXijgVa XdbeZi^" i^dch# DcZ d[ i]Z ^bedgiVci hjXXZhhZh i]Vi idd` eaVXZ ^c BZYZaa c lVh i]Vi V \gZVi YZVa d[ i]Z egd_ZXih lZgZ X]dhZc i]gdj\] ejWa^X XdbeZi^i^dc! i]Z dcan igjan deZc VcY YZbdXgVi^X bZVch d[ Vaadl^c\ cZl lVnh d[ Yd^c\ VgX]^iZXijgZ id YZkZade# Id \^kZ i]Z ZmVbeaZ d[ i]Z Dgfj^YZdgVbV ^c i]Z 7diVc^XVa <VgYZc! i]Z dgX]^Y Y^heaVn i]Vi ^h V hZg^Zh d[ ]ZmV\dch a^c`ZY dg\Vc^XVaan Vbdc\hi i]Zb VcY ^h ^ciZ\gViZY l^i] i]Z \VgYZcÉh igZZh/ ^i ^h dcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ^ciZgZhi^c\ ldg`h d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c gZXZci nZVgh ^c 8dadbW^V! VcY lVh i]Z gZhjai d[ V ejWa^X

VWdkZ/ 9^\^iVa gZcYZg^c\ d[ i]Z 7^Wa^diZXV :heV V! BZYZaa c# WZadl/ :miZg^dg k^Zl d[ i]Z 7^Wa^diZXV :heV V! BZYZaa c#

(.

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

XdbeZi^i^dc# H;/ 8Vc > iZaa ndj l]Vi ^i lVh a^`Z4 LZ lZgZ idaY lZ cZZYZY id \Zi Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa ÒgbÅi]Z dcZ i]Vi YZh^\cZY i]Z <j\\Zc]Z^b# >i lVh E^aVg KZa^aaV l]d Y^Y Vc ZmigVdgY^cVgn _dW YZ[ZcY^c\ i]Z ^YZV d[ XdbeZi^i^dch! cdi ># > idaY ]Zg! Æ;dg\Zi VWdji ^i I]ZgZÉh eaZcin d[ iVaZci ]ZgZ#Ç I]Zc i]Zn ]ZaY V Xdb" eZi^i^dc! V XdbeZi^i^dc d[ ^YZVh#

<B/ I]Z hiViZ h]djaY hjeedgi YZX^h^dch VWdji ejWa^X Vgi! VgX]^iZXijgZ! \gVe]^X VcY ^cYjhig^Va YZh^\c WZ^c\ bVYZ i]gdj\] XdbeZi^i^dc# >iÉh i]Z dcan lVn# H;/ L]Zc > lVh V iZZcV\Zg i]ZgZ lZgZ V adi d[ ldg`h ^c 8dadbW^V bVYZ i]gdj\] ejWa^X XdbeZi^i^dc# 8dciZhih jcYdjWiZYan VlV`Zc V XdbeZi^i^dc i]Vi Wg^c\h VWdji i]Z ]^\]Zhi fjVa^in! i]Z \gZViZhi d[ ]jbVc ZmegZhh^dc#

<B/ 6cY ^i ^h i]Z dcan lVn id deZc heVXZh [dg ndjc\ eZdeaZ VcY cZl egdedhVah# I]ViÉh l]n > lVh kZgn ^ciZgZhiZY ^c i]Z cdi^dc d[ gjeijgZ i]Vi ndj bZci^dcZY WZ[dgZ# 8dbeZi^i^dc ^h i]Z dcan dei^dc ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ [dg egdYjX^c\ gjeijgZh! WZXVjhZ l]Zc ndjÉgZ ]^gZY ndjÉgZ cdgbVaan idaY l]Vi id Yd# L^i] XdbeZi^i^dch! dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! ndj hVn! ÆI]ZhZ VgZ i]Z edhh^WaZ eVi]h# Ndj X]ddhZ#Ç H;/ LZ b^mZY id\Zi]Zg XdbeZi^i^dch d[ Vaa hdgih# L^i] i]Z hX]ddah! [dg ZmVbeaZ! ]dl lZgZ i]Zn Wj^ai4 > XVaaZY iZc VgX]^" iZXih gZXd\c^oZY ^c i]Z X^in [dg i]Z^g iVaZci! VcY Vh`ZY i]Zb ^[ i]Zn lVciZY id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dc d[ BZYZaa c# I]Zn hV^Y! ÆNZh! lZ lVci id eVgi^X^eViZ#Ç :VX] dcZ d[ i]Zb ldjaY Wj^aY V hX]dda VcY ldjaYcÉi X]Vg\Z [dg i]Z^g ldg`# H^cXZ lZ XdjaYcÉi ]daY iZc Y^[[ZgZci XdbeZi^i^dch [dg ZVX]

hX]dda! lZ ]ZaY V gV[ÓZ id YZiZgb^cZ l]^X] VgX]^iZXi ldjaY \Zi ZVX] hX]dda# I]ViÉh ]dl lZ Y^Y ^i! b^m^c\ id\Zi]Zg Y^[[Zg" Zci lVnh d[ Yd^c\ i]^c\h! Wji ValVnh gZan^c\ dc XgZVi^k^in#

<B/ I]ZgZÉh V ldgaYl^YZ eVhh^dc [dg eVgVbZig^X hijY" ^Zh VcY > hZZ hdbZ W^\ VgX]^iZXijgVa Ògbh Yd^c\ ^i/ OV]V =VY^YÉh! [dg ^chiVcXZ# >iÉh WZXdbZ a^`Z V \VbZ d[ Vaadl" ^c\ i]Z XdbejiZg egd\gVbh VcY Vaa i]^c\h eVgVbZig^X id bV`Z VgX]^iZXijgZ# H;/ > lVh cZkZg gZVaan ^cid ^i# > WZa^ZkZ i]ZgZ VgZ eZdeaZ l]d `cdl ]dl id XgZViZ# BVi] XVc WZ V eVgi d[ i]Z XgZVi^kZ egd" XZhh# >[ ndj VgZ V XgZVidg ^c ndjg dlc he]ZgZ VcY bVi] ^h jhZ" [ja id ndj! i]Zc jhZ ^i I]Z fjZhi^dc ^h ]dl id jhZ ndjg iddah id egdYjXZ hdbZi]^c\# > ldjaYcÉi ^bedhZ bVi] dc VcndcZ [dg Vcn gZVhdc#

<B/ L]Vi egd_ZXih ^c BZYZaa c Yd ndj ]VkZ dc i]Z WVX` WjgcZg4 L]Vi VgZ hdbZ ndj Y^YcÉi \Zi id Yd i]Vi ndj ldjaYÉkZ a^`ZY id Yjg^c\ ndjg VYb^c^higVi^dc4 H;/ I]ZgZ gZVaan lZgZcÉi Vcn ### lZaa! i]ZgZÉh i]Z BZigdeajh! i]Z bVhh igVch^i hnhiZb l^i] i]Z WjhZh ^ciZ\gViZY ^cid BZYZaa cÉh hjWlVn hnhiZb# I]ViÉh V W^\ egdWaZbÅlZ ]VY V adi d[ X]VaaZc\Zh ^c dg\Vc^o^c\ i]^c\h# >i lVh i]Z Òghi i^bZ Vc ^cYZeZcYZci X^k^X bdkZbZci ]VY XdbZ id edlZg ^c BZYZaa c# LZ YZ[ZViZY i]Z bdhi edlZg[ja igVY^i^dcVa eda^i^XVa bVX]^c" Zgn d[ Vaa! g^\]i4 > ]VY cZkZg ]ZaY ejWa^X d[ÒXZ# LZ lZgZ VWaZ id Xdck^cXZ eZdeaZ d[ djg h^\c^ÒXVcXZ! Wji lZ hi^aa Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcni]^c\ id h]dl# L]Zc lZ XVbZ id edlZg lZ ]VY Vc dWa^\Vi^dc id bV`Z Vc jg\Zci igVch[dgbVi^dc id h]dl i]Vi ZkZgni]^c\ lZÉY egdedhZY XdjaY WZ bVYZ ^cid gZVa^in# I]^h lVh Vc Zcdgbdjh X]VaaZc\Z [dg jh#

>ciZg^dg k^Zl d[ i]Z AZ c YZ <gZ^[[ A^WgVgn! BZYZaa c#

)%

6G8=>I:8IJG:

H:G<>D ;6?6G9D

<B/ I]Z ^cXgZY^WaZ i]^c\ ^h i]Vi! Xdb^c\ [gdb VXV" YZb^V VcY l^i]dji Vcn ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c ejWa^X d[ÒXZ! ndj bVcV\ZY id WZ kZgn Z[ÒX^Zci! kZgn YZX^h^kZ VWdji ZkZgni]^c\# H;/ I]ViÉh V ed^ci d[ eg^YZ [dg jh# LZ ]VY V iZVb l^i] ÒkZ X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh/ lZ lZgZ Vaa XdbeaZiZan ]dcZhi ^c i]Z igj" Zhi hZchZ d[ i]Z ldgY# HZXdcY! lZ ]VY `cdlaZY\Z VcY lZ lZgZcÉi bV`^c\ ^i je# I]^gY! lZ ldg`ZY l^i] eVhh^dcÅ^[ ^i lVh XVaXjaViZY! lZ Y^YcÉi Yd ^i# ;djgi]! lZ ]VY V egd[djcY hdX^Va hZch^i^k^in# 6cY Ò[i]! lZ ldg`ZY l^i] YZXZcXn# LZ ]VY hdbZ XdaaZXi^kZ X]VaaZc\Zh! Wji ^i lVh djg a^kZh i]Vi lZ lZgZ a^k^c\! hd ^c i]Z b^Yhi d[ Vaa d[ i]Z Y^[ÒXjai^Zh lZ ]VY! lZ Y^Y hdbZi]^c\ heZXiVXjaVg# I]ViÉh l]n lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ ]ZgZ#

<B/ >Éb kZgn bdkZY Wn i]Z kVajZ d[ i]Z ldgYh ^c ndjg eda^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ VcY ^c ndjg Y^hXdjghZ d[ XdchigjX" i^dc# 6cY >Éb cd adc\Zg iVa`^c\ _jhi VWdji VgX]^iZXijgZ! Wji VWdji ]dl ldgYh hjX] Vh Æ]dcZhin!Ç ÆYZXZcXn!Ç VcY ÆeVhh^dcÇ VgZ XVeVWaZ d[ bV`^c\ i]^c\h ]VeeZc# I]ZgZ ^h V i]^c`Zg! G^X]VgY Gdgin! l]d lg^iZh VWdji ]dl ldgYh igVchÒ\jgZ VcY XdchigjXi cZl edhh^W^a^i^Zh [dg i]^c`^c\ VWdji VgX]^iZXijgZ# >i ldjaY WZ idd bjX] id \d ^cid ]^h ldg`! Wji >ÉkZ Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi V adi d[ i]^c\h WZ\^c Vh eda^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ VcY ZcY je WZXdb^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ# IZgbh lZÉkZ WZZc jh^c\ hjX] Vh ÆgjeijgZÇ VcY Æ[ZVgÇ VeeZVg YZa^WZgViZan ^c eda^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ Vh lZaa Vh VgX]^iZXijgVa Y^hXdjghZ# I]ZgZ VgZ V cjbWZg d[ i]^c\h i]Vi VgX]^iZXih d[ djg \ZcZgVi^dc ]VkZ WZZc i]^c`^c\ VWdji VcY ldg`^c\ dc i]Vi ]VkZ WZXdbZ i^ZY id eda^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ# EZg]Veh i]ViÉh l]ZgZ i]Z higZc\i] VcY hjXXZhh d[ VgX]^iZXijgZ ^c BZYZaa c XVc WZ [djcY# H;/ I]Z [jccn i]^c\ VWdji Vaa i]^h ^h i]Vi lZ VgZcÉi ejii^c\ ^c eaVXZ V eVgi^XjaVg [dgbjaV0 lZÉgZ ^begdk^h^c\! XgZVi^c\ ^c V eda^i^XVa VcY V hdX^Va hZchZ# I]ViÉh ]dl ^i XdbZh Vadc\ ^c gZVa^in# I]Z `Zn id Vaa d[ i]^h ^h i]Vi ndjÉkZ \di id ]VkZ eg^c" X^eaZh# Bn aZVYZgh]^e Vh V bVi]ZbVi^X^Vc YdZhcÉi ]VkZ id Yd l^i] hjbh VcY i]^c\h a^`Z i]Vi0 ^iÉh ^c eg^cX^eaZ VcY ^c i]Z Xd]ZgZcXZ d[ bn eg^cX^eaZh# 6 bVi]ZbVi^XVa egdd[ ^h V hZg^Zh d[ hiZeh ^c l]^X] ZVX] ^h _jhi^ÒZY Wn i]Z egZk^djh dcZh! VcY l]ZgZ ZVX] hiZe XVc cZkZg XdcigVY^Xi dg k^daViZ XZgiV^c Vm^" dbh# I]^h \jVgVciZZh i]Vi i]Z hdaji^dc d[ Vc ZfjVi^dc l^aa WZ Xd]ZgZci VcY XdggZXi#

<B/ Ild fjZhi^dch/ Yd ndj i]^c` VgX]^iZXih h]djaY ]VkZ V eda^i^XVa edh^i^dc i]Vi igVchaViZh ^cid i]Z^g egd_ZXih4 6cY Yd ndj i]^c` VgX]^iZXih XVc egdbdiZ YZbdXgVXn l^i] i]Z^g ldg`4 H;/ > ]VkZ cd YdjWi i]Vi ^c dgYZg id iV`Z eVgi ^c l]Vi lZ Y^Y! lZ ]VY id iV`Z V eda^i^XVa hiVcXZ Va^\cZY l^i] djg egVXi^XZh# >[ lZ Y^YcÉi ]VkZ V eda^i^XVa edh^i^dc! i]Zc ZkZgni]^c\ i]Vi lVh YdcZ ldjaY adhZ ^ih XdccZXi^dch id i]Z Xdbbjc^in! VcY i]ViÉh l]ZgZ VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY eda^i^Xh XdbZ id\Zi]Zg#

<B/ I]Z XdcXZeijVa edh^i^dch d[ i]dhZ l]d idd` eVgi ^c BZYZaa cÉh VgX]^iZXijgVa egd_ZXih! i]Z ^ch^hiZcXZ dc gje" ijgZ! i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z kVajZ d[ ldgYh! ^cXajh^dc!

Y^\c^inÅi]dhZ Y^hXdjghZh lZgZ VagZVYn ^c eaVXZ# I]Z jcZmeZXiZY i]^c\ lVh [dg i]Zb id bZg\Z l^i] eda^i^XVa Y^hXdjghZ#

6 [Zl ÒcVa fjZhi^dch i]Vi VgZ ldgi] i]^c`^c\ VWdji/ l]Zc *% eZgXZci d[ i]Z X^inÉh YlZaa^c\h VgZ

^begdk^hZY! l]Vi eda^X^Zh h]djaY WZ ^beaZbZciZY4 L]Vi h]djaY '&hi"XZcijgn YlZaa^c\h WZ a^`Z4 H;/ I]ZgZ ]VkZ WZZc Z[[dgih ^c i]Z gZVab d[ hdX^Vaan Xdbb^i" iZY YlZaa^c\h# I]Zn lZgZ Vahd eVgVY^\bVi^X! VcY i]Zn lZgZ Vahd gjeijgZh# EZdeaZ ^c i]dhZ heVXZh cZkZg YgZVbZY d[ l]Vi ZcYZY je ]VeeZc^c\ i]ZgZ#

<B/ > i]^c` ^iÉh cZXZhhVgn id hZZ` dji bdYZah i]Vi XVc WZ gZeZViZY! Vh ^[ i]Zn lZgZ hnhiZbh! dg ZaZbZcih d[ hnhiZbh# >[ i]^c\h VgZ Wj^ai i]gdj\] hZa["XdchigjXi^dc! l]Vi > cZZY id Yd ^h ZYjXViZ eZdeaZ VWdji i]Z lVnh id dg\Vc^oZ heVXZ ^c ine^XVa jgWVc XdcY^i^dch# I]ZgZ XdjaY WZ V egdidXda i]Vi XdjaY WZ ^ciZgegZiZY ^c Y^[[ZgZci lVnh VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ XdjaY deZgViZ ^c Y^kZghZ lVnh# I]^h ldjaY Vaadl jh id Wg^c\ VWdji igVch[dgbVi^dch ^c i]Z lVn i]^c\h VgZ Wj^ai VcY WZ bdgZ Z[[ZXi^kZ dkZgVaa! cdi _jhi ^c iZgbh d[ eVgi^XjaVg egd_ZXih# L]Vi > bZVc ^h! ]dl XVc lZ V[[ZXi i]Z lVn ]dbZh VgZ Wj^ai ^[ *% eZgXZci d[ i]Zb VgZ ^begdk^hZY4 H;/ 6aa i]dhZ jgWVc ^ciZgkZci^dch d[ V Xdbbjc^in cVijgZ VgZ \d^c\ id ]VkZ V igZbZcYdjh ^beVXi dc Vcn di]Zg ineZ d[ YlZaa^c\ i]Vi ^h bVYZ! h^cXZ i]ZnÉgZ \d^c\ id gZkdakZ VgdjcY i]Z eZdeaZ i]Vi Wj^ai ^i# I]Vi aZVkZh ^ih bVg`#

<B/ NZh! WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ egd_ZXih i]Vi VgZ XdchigjXiZY [gdb i]Z Òc^h]ZY egdYjXi! l]^aZ X^i^Zh VgZ ValVnh Wj^ai [gdb jcÒc^h]ZY egdYjXih# >iÉh kZgn ^ciZgZhi^c\0 edejaVg YlZaa^c\h VgZ cZkZg Òc^h]ZY# H;/ 6cn `^cY d[ edejaVg a^k^c\ heVXZ i]Vi ^h bVYZ cdl ^c i]dhZ VgZVh ]Vh id iV`Z ^cid VXXdjci l]ViÉh VagZVYn WZZc YdcZ# I]Z ineZ d[ edejaVg YlZaa^c\ i]Vi ^h XgZViZY l^aa WZ YZiZgb^cZY Wn l]Vi lZÉkZ hZi ^cid bdi^dc#

)&

:HE:G6CO6 B6ND7G:

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

Å 7N ?DHw GJ>O

AV ajX]V edg aV adX]V kh# 6cdi]Zg YVn Vcdi]Zg YdaaVg! '%%.! ^chiVa" aVi^dc k^Zl Vi i]Z :a HVakVYdg 6gi BjhZjb# E]did Wn LVaiZg^d >gV]ZiV#

)'

VWdkZ/ ;gdb i]Z hZg^Zh : eZgVcoV! '%%(Ä%*! b^mZY bZY^V# WZadl/ Hnbe]dcn d[ Cdi]^c\! '%%.! ^chiVaaVi^dc k^Zl Vi AB88 Ldg`heVXZ GZh^YZcXn# E]did Wn Gdc^ BdXVc#

6GI>HIH DC 6GI>HIH

:HE:G6CO6 B6ND7G:

:heZgVcoV BVndWgZ XgZViZh eVhhldgYh# I]ZhZ VgZ cdi VXih d[ hZXgZXn dg ZmXajh^k^in# I]Zn egdedhZ Vc Zcign ^cid V WdYn d[ ldg` i]Vi YZ[jhZh YZXZei^kZ XjaijgVa ]^ZgVgX]^Zh# =Zg egd_ZXih egd\gZhh l^i] ^ci^bViZ bdbZcih d[ ZbeVi]n VcY ^cYZeZcYZcXZ# ;dg i]^h 8VgVXVh"Wdgc VcY 7gdd`anc"WVhZY Vgi" ^hi! eVhhldgYh VgZ WnlVnh [dg ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch i]Vi ViiZbei id YZXdYZ i]Z igVjbV d[ Y^heaVXZbZci#

BVndWgZÉh egdXZhh ^h h^b^aVg id V lg^iZgÉh0 h]Z jcYZg" \dZh adc\ eZg^dYh d[ gZhZVgX] ^c dgYZg id b^cZ cVggVi^kZh VcY YgV[i egdedh^i^dch# 6 KZcZojZaVc! ]Zg ^chi^cXih VgZ gddiZY ^c i]Z igVY^i^dch d[ AVi^c 6bZg^XVc a^iZgVijgZ! bjh^X! VcY k^hjVa Vgi i]Vi ]VkZ ValVnh WZZcÅVcY hi^aa VgZÅ^cÓjZcXZY Wn i]Z bdge]^c\ XjaijgZ! XdcY^i^dcVa eda^i^Xh! VcY eVig^di^X aZ^hjgZ i]Vi YZÒcZ i]Z Zci^gZ Xdci^cZci# H^cXZ BVndWgZ Vgg^kZY ^c CZl Ndg` ^c '%%)! h]Z ]Vh VYdeiZY cZl aZkZah d[ XdcigVhi Wn ^bbZgh^c\ ]ZghZa[ ^c CZl Ndg`Éh dlc hVijgViZY aVcYhXVeZ! VcY ^i ^h [gdb i]^h heVXZ d[ ^i^cZgVcXn i]Vi BVndWgZ XgZViZh Zck^gdcbZcih VcY ^bV\Zh i]Vi jcXdkZg ]dl XjaijgZh VcY ^YZdad\^Zh bZg\Z VcY dkZgaVe#

BVndWgZÉh Vgi eaVnh l^i] i]Z YjVa^in d[ WZ^c\ W^a^c\jVa VcY XdchiVcian h]^[i^c\ WVX` VcY [dgi] WZilZZc i]^c`^c\! heZV`^c\! VcY ZmegZhh^c\ ]ZghZa[ ^c :c\a^h] VcY HeVc^h]# I]Z YdjWaZ bZVc^c\ d[ XZgiV^c e]gVhZh VcY i]Z dWijhZcZhh d[ XZgiV^c ldgYh b^b^X ]Zg XdchiVci! igVch^i^dcVa VXih d[ igVchaV" i^dc# I]^h ^h Zk^YZci ^c ]Zg gZXZci ^chiVaaVi^dc! AV ajX]V edg aV adX]V kh# 6cdi]Zg YVn Vcdi]Zg YdaaVg! l]dhZ i^iaZ d[ eVgi^Va had\Vch ^c ild aVc\jV\Zh Zkd`Zh ild Y^[[ZgZci XdccdiVi^dch i]Vi X]Vci i]Z hVbZ bZhhV\Z/ V XVaa id Vgbh [dg ^bb^\gVcih XVj\]i ^c VgZcVh d[ hdX^dZXdcdb^X VcY eZghdcVa Xdbegd" b^hZ# 6 X]Va`WdVgY l^i] V ]VcYlg^iiZc a^hi d[ Xdc[jh^c\ igVkZa k^hV ineZh ]Vc\h VWdkZ V egVnZg `cZZaZg XdciV^c^c\ V aVhZg" Zc\gVkZY ^chigjXi^dc Wdd` dc ]dl id Veean [dg aZ\Va gZh^" YZcXZ ^c i]Z JH# CZVgWn! V \gZZc ÓV\ ZgZXiZY dc V bde VcY ZbWaVodcZY l^i] i]Z ldg`Éh i^iaZ ldWWaZh ^ch^YZ V WjX`Zi# >ih hdaZ VjY^ZcXZ ^h Vc daY [Vc i]Vi cd^h^an kd^XZh ^ih hjeedgi#

A^`Z ^ih i^iaZ hj\\Zhih! i]Z ^chiVaaVi^dc b^b^Xh i]Z Y^[" ÒXjain d[ deZgVi^c\ ZfjVaan ^c ild XjaijgZh# >ih gZhjai ^h V h^iZ l^i] YjVa ed^cih d[ Zm^hiZcXZ# Dc i]Z dcZ ]VcY! ^i ^h dWk^djh i]Vi i]Z heVXZ ]Vh WZZc jhZY! Wji ^ih eVgi^X^eVcih ]VkZ Y^hVe" eZVgZY# EZg]Veh i]Zn ig^ZY id aZVgc i]Z WnoVci^cZ aZ\Va^i^Zh d[ ^bb^\gVi^dc VcY \VkZ je# EZg]Veh i]Z WjgZVjXgVXn d[ i]Z egdXZhh [dgXZY i]Zb id ^bb^\gViZ ^aaZ\Vaan# Dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! ^i ^h Vahd V iVWaZVj d[ ]deZ0 ^ih W^oVggZ g^ijVa^hb ^bea^Zh i]Vi ^[ cdi VXXdbeVc^ZY Wn VXi^dc! ]deZ dc ^ih dlc ^h i]Z gddi d[ jide^Vc ^bedhh^W^a^in#

6cdi]Zg higV^c d[ BVndWgZÉh egVXi^XZ hdgih i]Z Xdc\gj" ZcX^Zh WZilZZc kZgi^XVa^in! Y^h^ciZ\gVi^dc! VcY eZgXZei^dc! g^[Òc\ dc bdYZgc^hi VgX]^iZXijgZ VcY jgWVc YZkZadebZci# I]dj\] hZYjXi^kZ ^c ^ih k^hjVa^in! i]Z hZg^Zh ^hcÉi a^b^iZY Wn V ejgZan VWhigVXi dg ang^XVa XdckZghVi^dc0 ^i YZg^kZh ^ih edZign i]gdj\] h^iZ heZX^ÒX^in# Hnbe]dcn d[ Cdi]^c\! V \gVe]^iZ VcY X]VgXdVa lVaa YgVl^c\ bVYZ Yjg^c\ BVndWgZÉh gZXZci AdlZg BVc]ViiVc 8jaijgVa 8djcX^a gZh^YZcXn! WVaVcXZh i]Z hnbeidbh d[ egd\gZhh VcY [V^ajgZ# 6 aVcYhXVeZ hZi l^i]^c i]Z egZXVg^djh hZii^c\ d[ idlZg^c\ h`nhXgVeZgh gZÓZXih i]Z Vbdge]djh VcY ^c\Zc^djh Zc\^cZZg^c\ d[ AVi^c 6bZg^XVc h]Vcinidlch! l]ZgZ YlZaa^c\h VgZ Wj^ai! Wg^X`"Wn"Wg^X`! Vi i]Z hVbZ gViZ Vh i]Z^g dlcZghÉ ^cÓjm d[ ^cXdbZ# I]Z YgVl^c\Éh adXVi^dcÅVc VWVcYdcZY d[ÒXZ Wj^aY^c\ dc LVaa HigZZiÅVcY

^ih hdVg^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa WVX`Ygde egdedhZh V eVgVaaZa ^ciZg" egZiVi^dc0 V MZgdm d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc ÒcVcX^Va ^cYjhignÉh ^cVW^a" ^in id Xdcigda ^ih \gZZY#

I]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z ;^cVcX^Va 9^hig^Xi VcY V h]Vcinidlc ^h XgjX^Va# BVndWgZ XdjaY Vabdhi WZ hV^Y id WZ iVbeZg^c\ l^i] \adWVa ^hhjZh ^c ]Zg ldg`# I]^h ^h Zk^YZci ^c : eZgVcoV! l]ZgZ h]Z hnbWda^XVaan eV^Y d[[ i]Z YZWi d[ Vaa i]^gY"ldgaY Xdjcig^Zh Wn eg^ci^c\ VaiZgZY KZcZojZaVc W^aah! l^i] ]Zg dlc ^ch^\c^V! bViX]^c\ i]Z Vbdjci d[ VXXjbjaViZY YZWi# I]Z W^aah lZgZ iV`Zc Wn \VaaZgn k^h^idgh VcY ZkZcijVaan Y^hVeeZVgZY# =Zg ^ciZglZVk^c\ d[ gZVa^in! VWhjgY^in! XdbZYn! VcY igV\ZYn ^h V Y^gZXi VcY edZi^X Vci^i]Zh^h i]Vi YZÓViZh egdeV\VcYV VcY Wg^c\h i]Z Y^hXjhh^dc WVX` id V ]jbVc aZkZa#

BVndWgZÉh eVhhldgYh \gVci bdgZ i]Vc _jhi Vc ^ck^iVi^dc id ^ciZgegZi ]Zg de^c^dch dc XaVhh higj\\aZ! i]Z edaVg^oVi^dc d[ edlZg! dg ]Zg ejghj^i id a^kZ je id ]Zg cVbZ! l]^X] ^c :c\a^h] bZVch Æ]deZÇ Vh XVc WZ hZZc ^c ]Zg kVg^djh hZa["cVggViZY ldg`h [gdb '%%(Ä'%%, # I]Z XdYZh i]Vi hd d[iZc Y^k^YZ hdX^" Zin VgZ YZXgneiZY hd i]Vi i]Z k^ZlZg XVc gZXdch^YZg ]^h dg ]Zg gdaZ Vh egdiV\dc^hi! VciV\dc^hi! eVgi^X^eVci! dg Xdcig^Wjidg# DcXZ V ed^ci d[ Zcign ^h [djcY! i]Z eVgVbZiZgh i]Vi gZlVgY VXXZhh VgZ gZhZi# >c Yd^c\ hd! BVndWgZ VaiZgh V [gVbZldg` d[ hdX^Va edaVg^oVi^dc VcY XgZViZh V ]nWg^Y heVXZ ÒaaZY l^i] ]Vgbdc^X XdcigVhiÅV Y^gZXi ZmiZch^dc d[ ]Zg dlc ]^hidgn Vh V bVaaZVWaZ gZ[gVXidg d[ XjaijgZ#

Å?dh Gj^o ^h V CZl Ndg` 8^in"WVhZY Vgi^hi VcY XjgV" idg! Wn lVn d[ A^bV0 7gVh^a^V0 LVh]^c\idc! 980 VcY HVc ;gVcX^hXd# =Z ldg`h XdaaZXi^kZan! eg^bVg^an l^i] cdcegd[" ^i! VaiZgcVi^kZ heVXZh! VcY ]^h ^ciZgY^hX^ea^cVgn egd_ZXih ]VkZ WZZc h]dlc cVi^dcVaan VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVaan dkZg i]Z eVhi hZkZgVa nZVgh#

)(

AJ<6G 6 9J96H

7DB7 Aj\Vg V 9jYVh ^h Vc ^cYZeZcYZci cdcegdÒi eaVi[dgb ^c^i^ViZY Wn Vgi^hih DhXVg Bj do VcY HVaan B^ogVX]^ ^c 8Va^! 8dadbW^V# H^cXZ ^ih ^cXZei^dc ^c '%%*! i]Z heVXZ ]Vh fj^X`an WZXdbZ V cZ^\]Wdg]ddY XjaijgVa XZciZg hi^gg^c\ l^i] VXi^k^in/ Òab hXgZZc^c\h! Zm]^W^i^dch! iVa`h VcY ldg`h]deh! VcY Vc ^ciZgcV" i^dcVa gZh^YZcXn egd\gVb [dg Vgi^hih! XjgVidgh! VcY gZhZVgX]" Zgh# 6 XdciZbedgVgn Vgi a^WgVgn VcY VgX]^kZ ^h VkV^aVWaZ [dg ejWa^X jhZ VcY Aj\Vg V 9jYVh bV^ciV^ch V higZZi"aZkZa! hidgZ" [gdci \VaaZgn XVaaZY aV k^ig^cVÅV l^cYdl Y^heaVn i]Vi h]dlh Vgi^hihÉ ldg` Vh lZaa Vh XVaXdh! dg `Zn e^ZXZh ^c ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XdciZbedgVgn Vgi! gZXdchigjXiZY Wn gZh^YZcih VcY i]Z heVXZÉh dg\Vc^oZgh# 6[iZg _jhi [djg nZVgh! Aj\Vg V 9jYVh ]Vh WZXdbZ V bV_dg gZ[ZgZcXZ ed^ci [dg i]Z egdYjXi^dc VcY gZhZVgX] d[ k^hjVa Vgih ^c 8dadbW^V#

Aj\Vg V 9jYVhÉh ]ZVYfjVgiZgh ^h V ]djhZ cZVg Ydlc" idlc 8Va^# I]Z VXi^k^i^Zh i]ZgZ ]VkZ V Y^hi^cXi^kZ iZbed0 ZkZcih jc[daY ^c V jc^fjZan aV^Y"WVX` Vibdhe]ZgZ# 6 WZVji^[ja WVX` \VgYZc ^h V hdX^Va ]jW VcY bZVa heVXZ# Aj\Vg V 9jYVh ^h [jcYVbZciVaan V eaVXZ d[ ^ciZgVXi^dcÅXgdhh"Y^hX^ea^cVgn Y^hXjhh^dc ^h eZg]Veh i]Z bdhi XgjX^Va \dVa d[ ^ih gZh^YZcXn egd\gVb# L]Zc > Òghi k^h^iZY Aj\Vg V 9jYVh ^c '%%*! > lVh bdhi hjgeg^hZY Wn ^ih igVch^i^dcVa hiViZ# I]Z ]djhZ lVh egVXi^XVaan Zbein! VcY Vabdhi Vaa d[ ^i lVh VkV^aVWaZ0 ]VgYan Vcn d[ ^ih gddbh ]VY ÒmZY ejgedhZh# I]^h gVY^XVa Zi]dh d[ cdc"YZÒc^i^dc hiVcYh ^c XaZVg XdcigVhi id i]Z igZcY ^c l]^X] XjaijgVa egd_ZXih VgZ h]VeZY ^cid hi^[[! Xdchig^Xi^c\ V\ZcYVh

:miZg^dg d[ Aj\Vg V 9jYVh l^i] ?jVc EVWad :X]ZkZgg^Éh B^hh ;did_Ve c ^c aV k^ig^cV#

Å 7N ?DHw IDBÛH <>G6A9D

))

6GI>HIH DC 6GI>HIH

AJ<6G 6 9J96H VcY B^ogVX]^ VgZ ldg`^c\ l^i] h^b^aVg"b^cYZY AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Vgi heVXZh id XgZViZ V gZ\^dcVa cZildg` d[ Vgi^hih VcY XjaijgVa egVXi^i^dcZgh l]d h]VgZ Aj\Vg V 9jYVhÉh VeegdVX] id VgibV`" ^c\ VcY i]Z Y^hhZb^cVi^dc d[ XjaijgZ# Aj\Vg V 9jYVh [ZZYh [gdb i]Z djih^YZ0 ^i ^h higZc\i]Zc^c\ i]Z [djcYVi^dch d[ adXVa XjaijgZ Wn bV`^c\ VkV^aVWaZ V ÓddY d[ Vgi VcY ^YZVh l]dhZ jc^[n^c\ XaV^b ^h i]Vi jcXZgiV^cin ^h VXXZeiVWaZ VcY i]Vi ^ih dlc ^YZci^in ^h Xdci^c\Zci dc ^ih XdaaVWdgVidgh# 6gi h]VeZh i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dc ^chiZVY d[ i]Z XdckZci^dcVa deedh^iZ! h]dl^c\ ]dl i]ZgZ XVc WZ ^cXajh^kZcZhh VcY XdbbjcVa XgZVi^k^in ^c YdjWi#

Å?dh Idb{h <^gVaYd ^h Vc Vgi^hi [gdb 7d\di{ l]d ^h XjggZcian a^k^c\ VcY ldg`^c\ ^c 8Va^# =^h ldg` ]Vh WZZc h]dlc ^c Vgi^hi"gjc XZciZgh ^c KVcXdjkZg! HVc ;gVcX^hXd! 7d\di{! VcY ^c bV_dg XjaijgVa ^chi^iji^dch ^c 8dadbW^V# =Z ldg`h l^i] YgVl^c\! iZmi! VcY YZh^\c#

VcY Y^hXdjghZh# >i [Zai a^`Z i]Z heVXZ lVh h^cXZgZan VkV^aVWaZ id WZ h]VeZY Wn l]dZkZg eVhhZY i]gdj\]#

Ild nZVgh aViZg! ^c '%%,! > WZXVbZ eVgi d[ i]Z Òghi \gdje d[ gZh^YZcih VcY hiVnZY [dg ÒkZ bdci]h# > egdedhZY id WZXdbZ eVgi d[ i]Z ldg`^c\ hiV[[! id ]Zae ^ih iZVb YZkZade i]Z XdcXZeih VcY e]nh^XVa VY_jhibZcih cZZYZY id VYkVcXZ i]Z eaVch d[ i]Z heVXZ# > ]VY WZZc ldg`^c\ l^i] hZkZgVa hbVaa" hXVaZ! ^cYZeZcYZci \VaaZg^Zh ^c 7d\di{ VcY lVh ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Zmeadg^c\ VcY gZhZVgX]^c\ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Vgi^hih VcY dg\Vc^oVi^dch# DkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ ÒkZ bdci]h Vi Aj\Vg V 9jYVh! lZ Wj^ai [jgc^ijgZ! YZk^hZY h^\cV\Z! lgdiZ hdbZ d[ i]Z dg\Vc^oVi^dcÉh XdgZ iZmih! ]dhiZY k^h^idgh! VchlZgZY fjZhi^dch [dg i]Z bZY^V! VcY YZa^kZgZY iVa`h VcY ldg`h]deh# 9jg^c\ bn gZh^YZcXn! > WZXVbZ i]Z \jVgY^Vc d[ i]Z ]djhZ#

Aj\Vg V YjYVh ^h V Y^[ÒXjai e]gVhZ id igVchaViZ/ i]Z gZhjai d[ igjcXVi^c\ i]Z ZmegZhh^dc d[ XZgiV^cin! h^c aj\Vg V YjYVh l^i]dji V YdjWi ! ^i XgZViZh Vc ^bV\Z i]Vi XVc WZ gZVY Vh ÆV eaVXZ hjW_ZXi id YdjWih!Ç dg bdgZ h^bean! ÆeaVXZ id YdjWi#Ç I]^h egdeZch^in id YdjWi ^h i]Z hiVgi^c\ ed^ci [dg i]Z^g VXXZeiVcXZ d[ cZl ^YZVh# 6[iZg V hZg^Zh d[ YZWViZh Yjg^c\ bn gZh^YZcXn! ^i lVh YZX^YZY i]Vi [dg i]Z cZmi i]gZZ nZVgh! Aj\Vg V 9jYVh ldjaY WZ jhZY eg^bVg^an Vh V eaVi[dgb [dg gZhZVgX]! ZYjXVi^dc! VcY egd[Zhh^dcVa ^ciZgVXi^dc ^chiZVY d[ Vh V igVch^Zci Zm]^W^i^dc heVXZÅbdgZ aVWdgVidgn i]Vc \VaaZgn# I]^h ^h jcegZXZYZciZY cdi dcan [dg 8Va^Éh XdciZbedgVgn Vgi XjaijgZ! Wji Vahd ^c i]Z X^inÉh \ZcZgVaan gdj\] hdX^deda^i^XVa Zck^gdcbZci0 Aj\Vg V 9jYVh WZX`dch i]Z ejWa^X id hiVn# Hi^aa iZcYZY Wn ^ih [djcYZgh! i]Z heVXZ ^h hig^k^c\ id WZXdbZ bdgZ hiVWaZ l^i]dji adh^c\ ^ih ^begdk^hVi^dcVa! Vgi^hi"gjc [ZZa^c\ ^c V Xa^bViZ l]ZgZ adXVa [jcY^c\ ^h hXVgXZ# >c gZhedchZ! Bj do VWdkZ/ >ciZg^dg d[ Aj\Vg V 9jYVh# E]did Wn ?dh Idb{h <^gVaYd# WZadl/ ?dh Idb{h <^gVaYd# 8dbejiZg"\ZcZgViZY Óddg eaVc d[ Aj\Vg V 9jYVh! '%%+#

)*

VWdkZ/ >ciZg^dg d[ Aj\Vg V 9jYVh# E]did Wn ?dh Idb{h <^gVaYd# WZadl/ ?dh Idb{h <^gVaYd# 8dbejiZg"\ZcZgViZY YgVl^c\ bVYZ Yjg^c\ Aj\Vg V 9jYVh gZh^YZcXn! '%%,#

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

C6H8>B:CID $ ADK:G6 Å 7N <67G>:A6 G6C<:A

>i ^h &..- VcY I]Z :mdgX^hi ^h WZ^c\ hXgZZcZY ^c 8VgVXVh# I]Z i]ZViZg ^h! ^c [VXi! V bdk^c\ Wjh0 i]Z VjY^ZcXZ bZbWZgh VgZ ndjc\ VcY b^YYaZ"V\ZY l]^iZ"XdaaVg egd[Zhh^dcVah# I]Z Wjh WZadc\h id V KZcZojZaVc XdbeVcn i]Vi d[[Zgh ViigVXi^kZ eVX`V\Z YZVah dc ^ciZgjgWVc gdjiZh# Id cdcZ d[ i]Z k^ZlZghÉ `cdlaZY\Z! I]Z :mdgX^hi ]Vh WZZc gVY^XVaan gZ"ZY^iZY Wn i]Z XdaaZXi^kZ 9Vc^ZaV AdkZgV VcY ?jVc CVhX^bZcid! Vahd `cdlc Vh i]Z Yjd CVhX^bZcid$AdkZgV#

CVhX^bZcid$AdkZgV ]VkZ hiViZY i]Vi i]Z^g ldg` [jcX" i^dch l^i]^c V higjXijgVa VcY i]ZbVi^X bdY^ÒXVi^dc d[ egd" idine^XVa cVggVi^kZ hnhiZbh# ;dg i]Zb ÒXi^dc ^h Zfj^kVaZci id ]^hidgnÅ=^hidgn l^i] V XVe^iVa = i]Vi! Vh V cVggVi^kZ XdchigjXi^dc! deZgViZh ^c XdcigVY^Xidgn iZgbh l^i] VaiZgcV" i^kZ b^Xgd"]^hidg^Zh# I]Z^g Vgi YZVah l^i] egdXZhhZh d[ gZXZe" i^dc deZgVi^c\ l^i]^c V \adWVa^oZY ZXdcdbn! Wji idaY [gdb V eZg^e]ZgVa eZgheZXi^kZ# I]Z lVnh ]^hidgn ^h eZgXZ^kZY [gdb V XdgcZg d[ i]Z ldgaY ^c l]^X] ZYjXVi^dc VcY a^iZgVXn VgZ ajmjg^Zh ]VkZ WZXdbZ i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ i]Z^g Vgi^hi^X egd_ZXi# CVhX^bZcid$AdkZgVÉh egVXi^XZ ^h ^cZmig^XVWan gZaViZY id i]Z^g adXVa XdciZmi# >c dgYZg id d[[Zg V \Zcj^cZan VaiZgcVi^kZ `^cY d[ hidgniZaa^c\Åb^Xgd"]^hidg^ZhÅi]Zn bVc^ejaViZ gZegZhZciV" i^kZ Òabh VcY k^YZdh [gdb i]Z Ydb^cVci XjaijgZ/ =daanlddY bdk^Zh! adXVa WadX`WjhiZg Òabh! VcY XdbbZgX^Va iZaZk^h^dc hZg^Zh# I]Zn ]VkZ Vahd Veea^ZY i]Z iZX]c^fjZ id ^cYZeZcYZci egdYjXi^dch# >bea^X^i ^c i]^h \ZhijgZ ^h i]Z k^Zl i]Vi ZkZc V KZcZojZaVc ^cYZeZcYZci Òab l^i] V gZaVi^kZan bdYZhi gZVX] Zbeadnh i]Z hVbZ cVggVi^kZ egdXZYjgZh Yg^kZc Wn i]Z bVg" `ZiÉh egdidXdah#

6ai]dj\] CVhX^bZcid$AdkZgVÉh ZY^ih ine^XVaan egZhZgkZ i]Z dg^\^cVaÉh cVggVi^kZ Xdci^cj^in! hdbZi^bZh i]Zn Zbeadn Y^h_jcXi^kZ gdj\]"Xji ZY^i^c\! Y^hgjei^c\ i]Z ehnX]dad\^XVa bZX]Vc^hbh d[ X^cZbV! VcY igVch[dgb^c\ Òabh i]Vi ]VY egZk^djhan [jcXi^dcZY Vh XdbbdY^i^Zh ^cid gVY^XVaan VWhigVXi e^ZXZh# I]Z^g YZX^h^dc id h]dl gZ"ZY^iZY bdk^Zh dc WjhZh XViZg^c\ id b^YYaZ"XaVhh XdbbjiZgh ^h V Y^gZXi XdchZfjZcXZ

d[ i]Z^g l^h] id egZhZci i]Z^g cZl kZgh^dch id i]Z hVbZ VjY^" ZcXZh [dg l]^X] i]Z dg^\^cVah lZgZ ^ciZcYZY# I]Zn Vahd ^chZgi i]Z^g ldg` ^cid k^YZd"gZciVa hidgZh VcY i]Z WaVX` bVg`ZiÅVc VXi^kZ ]jW [dg WddiaZ\ k^YZd hVaZhÅVcY ]VkZ WgdVYXVhi i]Z^g k^YZdh dc ejWa^X iZaZk^h^dc#

AdkZgV VcY CVhX^bZcid VgZ edhi"cVi^dcVa^hi^X Vgi^hih [dg l]db hnbWda^X edlZg higjXijgZh VcY bZX]Vc^hbh VgZ Y^heZghZY ZkZgnl]ZgZ# >c i]Z^g jhZ d[ ^ciZgiZmijVa VcY Vci^" Y^hXjgh^kZ higViZ\^Zh! ^cXajY^c\ i]dhZ d[ Veegdeg^Vi^dc VcY gZVYnbVYZh ZbeadnZY Wn i]Z^g XdcXZeijVa egZYZXZhhdgh! i]Zn VgZ ldg`^c\ l^i]^c V ndjc\Zg \ZcZgVi^dcÉh \adWVa Vgi^hi^X a^c\jV [gVcXV# I]Z^g '%%% e^ZXZ Lji]Zg^c\ =Z^\]ih! WVhZY dc V iZaZcdkZaV egdYjXZY Yjg^c\ i]Z &.,%h Wn KZcZk^h^dc! gZegZhZcih V h]^[i ^c i]Z^g XdcXZeijVa V\ZcYV# Lji]Zg^c\ =Z^\]ih ^h V WaVX`"VcY"l]^iZ k^YZd adde egd_ZXiZY dcid V [djg"eVgi hXgZZc! a^`Z V \g^Y ^c V bdYZgc^hi eV^ci^c\# 9^[[ZgZci bdbZcih d[ i]Z hidgn YZkZade h^bjaiVcZdjhan/ =ZVi]Xa^[[!

8Vi]n! ]Zg Ygjc`Zc Wgdi]Zg! VcY i]Z di]Zg X]VgVXiZgh i]^c`! l]^heZg! bdVc! ^bV\^cZ! nZaa! dg h^bean \Zhi^XjaViZ l^i]dji ]Vk^c\ h^\c^ÒXVci heZV`^c\ eVgih# I]Z e^ZXZ YZXdchigjXih V egdYjXi d[ i]Z hd"XVaaZY \daYZc V\Z d[ KZcZojZaVc iZaZk^h^dc! l]Zc adXVa egdYjXi^dc XdbeVc^Zh edgigVnZY i]ZbhZakZh Vh V\Zcih d[ Zca^\]iZcbZci! Wg^c\^c\ XjaijgZ VcY ZciZgiV^cbZci id i]Z bVhhZh# Id ZX]d EZiZg 7gdd`h! id X]ddhZ Lji]Zg^c\ =Z^\]ih Vh VYVeiVWaZ XdciZci ^h id Veegdeg^ViZ i]Z VZhi]Zi^Xh d[ Vhidc^h]bZci i]Vi Xdchi^ijiZ bZadYgVbV# A^`Z CVhX^bZcid$ AdkZgVÉh! i]^h ^h V ]nWg^Y \ZcgZ! Y^hi^aaZY [gdb i]Z bdgVa ^bV\^cVi^dc#

Å<VWg^ZaV GVc\Za ^h i]Z Y^gZXidg d[ k^hjVa Vgih VcY XjgVidg Vi i]Z 6bZg^XVh HdX^Zin# H]Z lVh egZk^djhan V Òab XjgVidg Vi i]Z ;jcYVX^ c 8^cZbViZXV CVX^dcVa ^c 8VgVXVh! XjgVidg Vi i]Z BjhZd 6aZ_VcYgd DiZgd! VcY Vhh^hiVci XjgVidg Vi i]Z BjhZjb ;^cZ 6gih =djhidc# H]Z ^h V [gZfjZci lg^iZg dc XdciZbedgVgn Vgi! ^cXajY^c\ [dg ejWa^XVi^dch hjX] Vh IgVch VcY EVg`Zii#

)+

6GI>HIH DC 6GI>HIH

I]Z :mdgX^hi! &..,! hi^aah [gdb V Xdadg k^YZd# IdiVa gjcc^c\ i^bZ/ +* b^cjiZh#

C6H8>B:CID $ ADK:G6

),

VWdkZ/ K^YZd hidgZ XVggn^c\ CVhX^bZcid$AdkZgVÉh K=H iVeZh# WZadl/ Lji]Zg^c\ =Z^\]ih! '%%%! hi^aah [gdb V WaVX`"VcY"l]^iZ k^YZd# ("b^cjiZ adde#

;G6C8>H8D HJC>6<6 6C9 ;:9:G>8D K:<6H

CDL DC 7DB7H>I:#8DB

Å L:7 :M8AJH>K:

;gVcX^hXd Hjc^V\V/ 6gZ lg^iZgh a^Vgh4 ;ZYZg^Xd KZ\Vh/ > i]^c` hd# ;^ghi! WZXVjhZ igji] YdZh cdi Zm^hi!

VcY ^[ ^i YdZh! > YdcÉi `cdl ^i# I]Z di]Zg YVn > ]ZVgY V [Vh" X^cVi^c\ e]gVhZ# HdbZdcZ lVh iZaa^c\ V hidgn/ Æ6h a^iiaZ Vh > WZa^ZkZ ^c <dY###Ç HdbZdcZ ZahZ X]^bZY ^c hVn^c\! Æ7ji l]Zc ^i XdbZh id <dY! WZa^Zk^c\ ^c ]^b V a^iiaZ ^h hd bjX] Ç I]ViÉh ]dl > [ZZa VWdji i]Z igji]ÅWZa^Zk^c\ ^c ^i V a^iiaZ ^h VagZVYn V adi# 6X`cdlaZY\^c\ i]Vi ndjÉgZ an^c\ l]Zc lg^i^c\ bV`Zh [dg V bjX] XaZVcZg \VbZ#

;H/ LZÉgZ Vaa hdbZl]Vi a^b^iZY Wn i]Z ^bedhh^W^a^in d[ i]Z igji]# >iÉh WZhi id hiVgi d[[ l^i]! ^[ cdi V a^Z! V ÒXi^dc# ;K/ L^i]dji i]Z WjgYZc d[ i]Z igji]#

;H/ :heZX^Vaan ndj VcY >! h^cXZ lZÉkZ Wdi] lg^iiZc cdk" Zah YZVa^c\ l^i] ]^hidgn# > YdcÉi a^`Z id hVn i]Vi bn cdkZa :a eVhV_Zgd YZ IgjbVc IgjbVcÉh eVhhZc\Zg ^h V ]^hidg^" XVa dcZ# ;K/ I]Zn Yd hZaa bdgZ# 9d ndj ]VkZ V egdWaZb l^i] i]Vi4 aVj\]iZg Cdl l^i] 8]{kZo! ZkZgndcZ lVcih id \Zi V WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[ ]^hidgn#

;H/ > ]VkZ cdi]^c\ V\V^chi i]Z \ZcgZ eZg hZ# >iÉh _jhi i]Vi > [dXjhZY bjX] bdgZ dc bn X]VgVXiZgÉh Y^aZbbV! l]^X] ldjaY ]VkZ WZZc i]Z hVbZ gZ\VgYaZhh d[ i]Z ]^hidg^XVa eZg^dY ^c l]^X] i]Z cdkZa lVh hZi# ;K/ L]Vi cdkZa ^hcÉi ]^hidg^XVa4 >c HZVgX] d[ Adhi I^bZ ^h ]^hidg^XVa! Wji ^i YZVah l^i] V bng^VY d[ di]Zg i]^c\h WZh^YZh ]^hidgn# Cdi id heZV` d[ ?dnXZÉh JanhhZh! l]^X] ^h V ]^hidg^XVa igZVin [dXjh^c\ dc dcZ YVn ^c i]Z X^in d[ 9jWa^c# L]Zc lg^i^c\ bn cdkZa Sumario (Summary)! > ]VY id gZhdgi id V [Zl ig^X`h h^cXZ > cZZYZY ^i id ZcY ^c &..-# > Y^YcÉi lVci bn X]VgVXiZg id ]VkZ id YZVa l^i] i]Z ig^jbe] d[ 8]Vk^hbd! hd > ]VY ]^b Y^Z dc V YViZ eg^dg id i]Vi d[ ]^h VXijVa YZVi]# > ]deZ ]^h l^Ydl [dg\^kZh bZ

GZVY ;gVcX^hXd Hjc^V\V VcY ;ZYZg^Xd KZ\VhÉh Zci^gZ ^ciZg" k^Zl dc 7DB7h^iZ#Xdb#

;gVcX^hXd Hjc^V\V# E]did Wn :[g c =Zgc{cYZo#

)-

;ZYZg^Xd KZ\Vh# E]did Wn :[g c =Zgc{cYZo#

C:L 6C9 JE8DB>C< DC 7DB7H>I:#8DB

6CC A6JI:G768= Wn ?d]c GZZY ;daadl^c\ ]Zg Z^\]i] edZign Wdd`! AVjiZgWVX] Y^hXjhhZh! Vbdc\ di]Zg i]^c\h! i]Z Vgi d[ i]Z YZY^XVi^dc VcY l]Zi]Zg iZX]cdad\n ^h `cdlaZY\Z# VWdkZ/ E]did d[ 6cc =Vb^aidc IdlZg! <ZnhZgk^aaZ! 8Va^[dgc^V! Wn 6cc AVjiZgWVX]! '%%-#

6CIDC>:I6 HDH6 Wn ;gVc`a^c ;ZgcVcYZo DcZ d[ KZcZojZaVÉh [dgZbdhi eZg[dgbVcXZ Vgi^hih dc i]Z a^b" ^ih d[ eV^ci^c\ VcY ]dl i]Z ZmVXi bZVhjgZbZcih d[ ]Zg dlc WdYn WZXVbZ eVgi d[ V eZgbVcZci XdaaZXi^dc#

L=6I HI6I: 67HIG68I>DC ÆL]Vi ^h i]Z XjggZci hiViZ d[ VWhigVXi^dc4Ç EV^ciZg ?VX`^Z HVXXdXX^d edhZY i]Z fjZhi^dc id &' [Zaadl eV^ciZgh [dg V gdjcYiVWaZ ZbV^a Y^hXjhh^dc# GZVY i]Z^g XdckZghVi^dc jc[daY lZZ`an dc 7DB7AD<# VWdkZ/ E]^a^e IVV[[Z! =ZgXjaVcZjb! &..&! b^mZY bZY^V dc a^cZc! &&' &)* ^cX]Zh#

;>8I>DC ;DG 9G>K>C< HjWhXg^WZ id i]Z ;^Xi^dc [dg 9g^k^c\ 6Xgdhh 6bZg^XV edY" XVhi! [ZVijg^c\ Vji]dgh gZVY^c\ eaVXZ"heZX^ÒX ldg`h hZi ^c V kVg^Zin d[ 6bZg^XVc adXVaZh# AnY^V EZZaaZ! ;gZYZg^X IjiZc! 7Zc :]gZcgZ^X]! VcY di]Zgh Xdcig^WjiZ# VWdkZ/ E]did Wn 6cYgZl 7jh]! &.-.! XdjgiZhn d[ Ndhh^ B^ad <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg`! VcY ?ja^Z HVja <VaaZgn! CZl Ndg`#

7DB7AD<

7DB7AD<<:GH 6 gdjcYje d[ hdbZ d[ djg eZghe^XVX^djh Wad\\Zgh/ 7DB7 dc i]Z >ch^YZ/ 9Vk^Y <ddYbVcÉh ^ciZgk^Zlh l^i] i]Z Vgi ldgaYÉh k^h^dcVg^Zh0 hjWI:MI/ Hjh^Z 9Z;dgYÉh ^ciZgk^Zlh l^i] edZih ZhiVWa^h]ZY VcY je"VcY"Xdb^c\0 X^cZ7gVi/ EVja 7gjc^X`Éh lZZ`an gZk^Zlh d[ CN8 Òab hXgZZc^c\h VcY egZ" b^ZgZh0 LdgY 8]d^XZ/ EZiZg BdnhVZc`dÉh lZZ`an edZign e^X`h VcY F 6h# VWdkZ/ ?VbZh 9ZHVcV! '%%.# 8djgiZhn d[ 6 BV\Vo^cZ#

DJG ;>GHI 7>GI=96N 7DB7AD< ^h dcZ nZVg daY =ZVY dkZg [dg YV^an YdhZh d[ 7DB7 k^YZd! edYXVhih! ^ciZgk^Zlh! VcY bdgZ# VWdkZ/ CVi GjhhZaa ^aajhigViZh eVigdchÉ VaiZgcViZ jc^kZghZh# E]did Wn 8]g^hi^cZ AV\dg^d! [gdb Æ8]ZahZV dc G^iVa^c/ DV`aVcYÉh 6gi Bjgbjg!Ç edhiZY -$&,$%.#

$ <:I DJG ED986HIH 6C9 K>9:DH/ AnY^V EZZaaZ! GdWZgi <gZZcZ! 6`gVb @V]c! VcY bVcn bdgZ#

).

9JA8: <âB:O

IG6CHA6I:9 7N 8A>CIDC @GJI:

Å 7N G6;6:A 86HI>AAD O6E6I6

VWdkZ VcY deedh^iZ/ [gdb i]Z hZg^Zh IZbegVcd Zc aV bV VcV :Vgan ^c i]Z Bdgc^c\ ! '%%+! VXgna^X dc XVckVh bdjciZY dc lddY! +( m ** ^cX]Zh# 6aa ^bV\Zh XdjgiZhn d[ i]Z Vgi^hi VcY i]Z EVig^X^V E]Zaeh YZ 8^hcZgdh 8daaZXi^dc#

*%

6GI

9JA8: <창B:O

*&

7DB7

E^cijgV :beVXVYV EVX`V\ZY EV^ci^c\ ! '%%&! XVckVh lgVeeZY ^c eV^ciZY WjWWaZ"lgVe! '- ') ^cX]Zh#

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

*'

9JA8: <âB:O

6bdc\ i]Z e]ZcdbZcV i]Vi LVaiZg 7Zc_Vb^c VYYgZhhZh ^c ]^h hijYn dc 7VjYZaV^gZ! i]Z dcZ gZaViZY id i]Z egZhZcXZ d[ i]Z X]^[[dc^Zg ^c I]Z ;adlZgh d[ :k^a hZZbh eVgi^XjaVgan gZaZkVci l]Zc ign^c\ id jcYZghiVcY bdYZgc VgiÉh egdXZhhZh# 7n ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z gj^ch d[ bZgX]VcY^hZ! i]Z X]^[[dc^Zg gZegZhZcih V edhh^WaZ bZaVcX]da^X hnci]Zh^h d[ XVe^iVa^hb# :kZc 7VjYZaV^gZ! Wn add`^c\ [dg edZign a^cZh Vb^Y i]Z YZig^ijh d[ EVg^h^Vc higZZih! b^\]i ]VkZ [jcXi^dcZY Vh V X]^[[dc^Zg ]^bhZa[#

A^`Z 7VjYZaV^gZ! '%i]"XZcijgn eV^ciZgh XdbedhZY VhhZbWaV\Zh l^i] i]Z Y^hXVgYZY dW_ZXih i]Zn \Vi]ZgZY# 8daaV\Z! VhhZbWaV\Zh! VcY gZVYnbVYZh Vaa gZhedcY id i]Z edZi^X [dgXZ d[ Vgi^hihÉ higViZ\^X ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc d[ igVh] ^c bdYZgc hdX^Zin# 6c ^bedgiVci eVgi d[ 9jaXZ < bZoÉh ldg` ^h ^chXg^WZY ^c i]^h igVY^i^dc# ;gdb kZgn ZVgan dc ^c ]Zg XVgZZg! h]Z ]Vh WZZc ldg`^c\ l^i] i]Z gZbV^cYZgh d[ ZkZgnYVn dW_ZXih Zmig^XViZY [gdb i]Z^g ]VW^ijVa XdciZmih# =Zg eV^ciZgan hjg[VXZh ]VkZ gVc\ZY [gdb i]Z je]dahiZgn d[ daY [jgc^ijgZ id ^cYjhig^Va iVge VcY eaVhi^X XdkZg^c\h!

XVgYWdVgY! VcY eVX`^c\ bViZg^Va# H]Z Vahd ]Vh jhZY ZkZgnYVn dW_ZXih a^`Z ^c` WadiiZgh VcY cZZYaZh ^c jcZmeZXiZY lVnh i]Vi WgZV` VlVn [gdb i]Z^g VjidbVi^oZY jhZ VcY egdYjXZ VaaZ\dg^Zh d[ i^bZÉh eVhhV\Z VcY i]Z YncVb^Xh d[ a^\]i#

L^i] i]ZhZ bViZg^Vah! < bZo bV`Zh VhhZbWaV\Zh VcY ^chiVaaVi^dch i]Vi VgZ edlZg[ja hnci]ZhZh d[ XVaXjaVi^dc VcY X]VcXZ# >c \ZcZgVa! ]Zg ldg` ]Vh WZZc YZiZgb^cZY Wn V Y^VaZXi^XVa gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z egd\gVbbZY VcY i]Z gVcYdb! i]Z YZa^WZgViZ VcY i]Z jcZmeZXiZY# I]^h ^h bVc^[Zhi ZkZc ^c ]Zg bdgZ igVY^i^dcVaan eV^ciZgan egd_ZXih! hjX] Vh ]Zg hZg^Zh :Vgan ^c i]Z Bdgc^c\#

6h V bdYZgc X]^[[dc^Zg! < bZo gZXnXaZh VcY gZdg\Vc^oZh i]Z ldgaY jedc ^ih gZ[jhZ# =Zg VhhZbWaV\Zh! eV^ci^c\h!

VcY ^chiVaaVi^dch VgZ bVYZ l^i] V eVhh^dc [dg ^ciZ\gVi^dc i]Vi Vaadlh ]Zg id XdchigjXi ]nWg^Y XdchiZaaVi^dch! g]ni]b^XVa hZg^Zh! VcY Xdch^hiZci X]gdbVi^X WdY^Zh#

ÅGV[VZa 8Vhi^aad OVeViV

GV[VZa 8Vhi^aad OVeViV/ Add`^c\ Vi ndjg Òghi ldg`h je id i]Z egZhZci! V XdjeaZ d[ gjcc^c\ i]gZVYh WZXdbZ VeeVgZci# DcZ gZaViZh id i]Z ^YZV d[ hnhiZbh! d[ hZg^Zh! d[ Xdci^cj^in# 6cdi]Zg ]Vh id Yd l^i] i]Z gVcYdb! i]Z jcegZY^XiVWaZ! i]Z [dgbh [djcY ^c i]Z egdXZhh d[ Zmeadg" ^c\ Vc ^bV\^cVgn ldgaY# =dl VgZ i]ZhZ ild i]gZVYh eVgi d[ ndjg egdXZhh4 9jaXZ < bZo/ > XVc k^hjVa^oZ i]dhZ i]gZVYh bdgZ XdcXgZiZan cdl! WZXVjhZ > ]VY i]Z deedgijc^in id ldg` ^c V Y^[[ZgZci eaVXZ i]Vc bn cdgbVa ldg` heVXZ ^c 8VgVXVh i]^h eVhi nZVg Yjg^c\ bn gZh^YZcXn Vi i]Z 7gdcm BjhZjb# > Vahd eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]Z 6gi^hi ^c i]Z BVg`ZieaVXZ egd\gVb i]ZgZ! VcY lVh VWaZ id ^ciZgVXi l^i] di]Zg Vgi^hih! XjgVidgh! Xg^i^Xh! VcY bjhZjb hiV[[# >c i]Z 7gdcm! > hVl XaZVgan i]Vi > ValVnh hiVgi l^i] i]Vi hZa[hVbZ ad\^X! l]ZgZ ZcXdjciZg^c\ bViZg^Vah Vi gVcYdb ^h Vc ^ciZ\gVa eVgi d[ i]Z ldg`# I]Z bdgZ XVaXjaViZY eVgi d[ i]Z egdXZhhÅl]^X] ^h bdgZ g^\dgdjh WZXVjhZ >Éb bdgZ Xdc" hX^djh d[ ^iÅgZkZVah ^ihZa[ ^c i]Z Òc^h]ZY e^ZXZ#

G8O/ 9d i]dhZ i]gZVYh WZXdbZ bVc^[Zhi h^bjaiVcZdjhan i]Z Zci^gZ i^bZ dg VgZ i]ZgZ bdbZcih d[ XgZVi^kZ ZmeZg^" ZcXZ ^c l]^X] dcZ lZ^\]h bdgZ i]Vc i]Z di]Zg4 9</ I]Zn VgZ ValVnh ^ciZgVXi^c\# Bn ldg` ]Vh V h^\c^ÒXVci bddY"gZaViZY X]Vg\Z# > bZVc Wn i]^h i]Vi ZkZc i]dj\] > Vhe^gZ id Vgg^kZ Vi Vc ^bV\Z > ]VkZ ^c b^cY l]Zc WZ\^cc^c\ V ldg`! > Vahd ]VkZ id YZVa l^i] V bddYÅdcZ i]Vi > hdbZi^bZh higj\\aZ l^i] V a^iiaZ hd i]Vi ^i YdZhcÉi XdbeZiZ l^i] dg iV`Z VlVn [gdb i]Z ^bV\Z# Cd YdjWi i]ZgZ VgZ e^ZXZh Vbdc\ i]Z cjbWZg d[ bZY^jbh i]Vi > ldg` l^i]ÅeV^ci^c\! VhhZbWaV\Z! VcY ^chiVa" aVi^dcÅ^c l]^X] i]Z gZhdaji^dc d[ i]^h higj\\aZ ^h [Vhi# I]ZgZ VgZ di]Zg e^ZXZh i]Vi iV`Z bdgZ i^bZ id ZmZXjiZ VcY VX]^ZkZ k^V i]Z YncVb^X WZilZZc X]VcXZ VcY hnhiZb ÒaiZgZY i]gdj\] bn [ZZa^c\h VcY Zbdi^dch#

G8O/ >c i]^h Y^VaZXi^X dg \VbZ WZilZZc egd_ZXi! XVaXjaV" i^dc! VcY X]VcXZ! > ^bV\^cZ i]Vi i]Z bdbZci d[ ÒcY^c\ ^h [jcYVbZciVa [dg ndj# I]Vi ^h id hVn! i]Z XdcÓjZcXZ WZilZZc l]Vi ndj ^bV\^cZ i]Z e^ZXZ XdjaY WZ VcY i]Z VXijVa egdXZhh d[ bV`^c\ ^i XVgg^Zh l^i] ^i i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ Y^hXdkZgn# 9</ EgZX^hZan# > ValVnh WZ\^c l^i] V egdedh^i^dc dg V fjZhi^dc!

V egdXZhh ^cÓjZcXZY Wn i]Z XdchiVci ehnX]dVcVani^X ldg` >ÉkZ WZZc Yd^c\ [dg i]Z aVhi &+ nZVgh! VcY l]^X] cdl bV`Zh je V eVgi d[ bn ldg`# Ndj b^\]i hVn i]Vi bn XgZVi^kZ egVXi^XZ ^h egdXZhhZY i]gdj\] VcVanh^h# I]^h lVhcÉi V XdchX^djh YZX^" h^dc0 i]Z hnhiZbVi^X ehnX]dVcVanh^h \VkZ bZ V higjXijgZÅi]Z higdc\ VcY lZV` eVgih d[ bn X]VgVXiZg VgZ Wdi] XdccZXiZY l^i] bn ldg`# > bV`Z gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc bViZg^Vah VcY XdcXZeih! Vh lZaa Vh VhhdX^Vi^dch l^i] ^YZVh VcY h]VeZh i]Z lVn i]Zn h]djaY WZ bVYZ! VcY > XVc Yd ^i fj^X`an#

Hd ZkZc i]dj\] > ]VkZ V gVi^dcVa h^YZ i]Vi `cdlh ZmVXian l]Vi >Éb add`^c\ [dg! > ign id Vaadl X]VcXZ VcY ZmeZg^bZciV" i^dc id n^ZaY i]Z jcZmeZXiZY# >c i]Z ZcY! ]dlZkZg! > ]VkZ id X]ddhZ VcY Y^hXg^b^cViZ hd i]Vi dcan i]Z eVgih i]Vi ^ciZgZhi bZ gZbV^c#

G8O/ >ÉkZ ]ZVgY ndj iVa` VWdji XgjX^Va bdbZcih ^c ndjg YZkZadebZci Vh Vc Vgi^hi# 8djaY ndj ed^ci dji hdbZ d[ i]Zb Wn iVa`^c\ VWdji heZX^ÒX e^ZXZh VcY ZmeaV^c^c\ ]dl i]Zn bVg` V ed^ci d[ ^cÓZXi^dc dc ndjg igV_ZXidgn4 9</ 6i i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z É.%h > Y^Y V ig^ad\n i]Vi WZ\Vc l^i] V e^ZXZ [gdb É.) Zci^iaZY 9^Wj_d Zc Gd_d 9gVl^c\ ^c

*(

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

GZY # >i lVh bVYZ d[ ild eVcZah d[ gVl lddY * Wn +#* [ZZi adc\! dc l]^X] > VggVc\ZY V gdl d[ YgdeeZgh ÒaaZY l^i] gZY ^c`# I]Z eVcZah ]VY WZZc an^c\ dc i]Z Óddg VcY l]Zc i]Zn lZgZ ÒcVaan ^chiVaaZY dc i]Z lVaa d[ i]Z BjhZd 6aZ_VcYgd DiZgd ^c 8VgVXVh! i]Z ^c` Yg^eeZY dji VcY Ydlc i]Z WdVgYh# I]Vi e^ZXZ ]Vh WZZc h]dlc i]gZZ dg [djg i^bZh! ^[ > gZbZb" WZg XdggZXian! VcY ZkZgn i^bZ Vaa i]Z YgdeeZgh ZmXZei i]dhZ WadX`ZY je l^i] hda^Y^ÒZY ^c` VgZ gZÒaaZY# 9gVl^c\ ^c GZY ]Vh V egdXZhh i]Vi ^h hi^aa Va^kZ#

6jidggZigVid 6c c^bd 6cdcnbdjh HZa["EdgigV^i ! [gdb É.*! ^h V eViiZgc XjiiZg# Dc i]Z lVaa d[ i]Z BjhZd YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd > VggVc\ZY i]Z gZhjai^c\ hZg^Zh d[ a^c`ZY eVeZg X]V^ch! a^`Z X]V^ch d[ X]^aYgZcÉh eVeZg Ydaah# I]Z bjhZ" jbÉh k^h^idgh XdjaY iV`Z V e^ZXZ d[ i]Z X]V^c VcY eji ^i ^cid V eVeZg h]gZYYZg# 9jg^c\ i]Z i]gZZ bdci]h i]Z Zm]^W^i lVh je! k^h^idgh Xdcig^WjiZY id i]Z ^chiVaaVi^dc Wn VYY^c\ id i]Z bdjcY d[ h]gZYYZY eVeZg# 6 cZl! h]VeZaZhh [dgb lVh XgZViZY! V egdXZhh i]Vi ijgcZY i]Z e^ZXZ ^cid V eVgi^X^eVidgn ZkZci d[ XdaaZXi^kZ XgZVi^dc# >i ]Vh WZZc Zm]^W^iZY dc i]gZZ Y^[[ZgZci dXXVh^dch VcY Vahd XdciV^ch V YZk^XZ i]Vi `ZZeh ^ih egdXZhh Va^kZ# >iÉh Vh ^[ ^i WZXdbZh cZl V\V^c ZVX] i^bZ#

I]Z i]^gY e^ZXZ ^h XVaaZY >cbZgh^ c >bbZgh^dc ! VcY ^h V hZg^Zh d[ &% 8^WVX]gdbZ eg^cih i]Vi gZXdgY i]Z ^bbZgh^dc d[ V iVWaZ! bVYZ id hXVaZ! ^c V Òh] iVc` ^cid l]^X] > ]VY edjgZY WajZ ^c`# I]Z ^YZV lVh id gZXdgY i]Z egdXZhh d[ i]Z ^c` hadlan Xdadg^c\ i]Z Zci^gZin d[ i]Z Òh] iVc`Éh ^ciZg^dgÅ^cXajY^c\ i]Z lViZg VcY i]Z iVWaZ#

Hd! >bbZgh^dc! 9gVl^c\ ^c GZY! VcY 6cdcnbdjh HZa[" EdgigV^i VgZ i]gZZ e^ZXZh i]Vi h]dl bn VlVgZcZhh d[ egdXZhh! i]Z a^kZ YZkZadebZci d[ i]Z dc\d^c\ e^ZXZ! bdgZ dWk^djhan# 6[iZg i]Vi > bVYZ e^ZXZh i]Vi lZgZ bdgZ ÒmZY! a^`Z C^kZa > AZkZa > / i]ZgZ VgZ a^cZh dc i]Z XVckVh! VcY VWdkZ i]Zb i]ZgZÉh V aZkZa! a^`Z i]Z dcZh i]Vi Wj^aYZgh VcY VgX]^iZXih jhZ id bV`Z hjgZ i]Vi ZkZgni]^c\ ^h eZg[ZXian aZkZa# I]^h e^ZXZ ^hcÉi bdW^aZ ^c i^bZ! Wji ^i YdZh VaajYZ id i]Z egdXZhh d[ ^ih dlc ]Vc\^c\ Wn bV`^c\ k^h^WaZ i]Z idda l^i] l]^X] dcZ kZg^ÒZh

l]Zi]Zg dg cdi ^i ]Vh WZZc ]jc\ egdeZgan#

G8O/ BVcn d[ i]ZhZ e^ZXZh VgZ VggVc\ZY VgdjcY V bZX]Vc^XVa ZaZbZci djih^YZ d[ igVY^i^dcVa bZY^jbh/ YgdeeZgh! V eVeZg h]gZYYZg! V Òh] iVc`! VcY V aZkZa# Ndj XdjaY hVn i]^h ^h gZaViZY id i]Z i]gZVY d[ hnhiZb^oVi^dc!

Xdcigda! VcY XVaXjaVi^dc! VcY id ndjg ^ciZgZhi ^c YZk^XZh d[ bZX]Vc^XVa Vgi^XjaVi^dc! h^cXZ i]Z ldg`h VgZ cdi bZgZan \ZhijgVa# 9</ NZh# IZc nZVgh V\d > lVh aZhh XdchX^djh d[ i]Z bdbZci ^c l]^X] V e^ZXZ lVh deZc id i]dhZ cdcXdcigdaaZY h^ijV" i^dch! i]dj\] >ÉkZ ValVnh WZZc ^ciZgZhiZY ^c i]Z jcZmeZXiZY i]Vi b^\]i WZ Vh hjgeg^h^c\ [dg i]Z heZXiVidg Vh ^i ^h [dg bZ# I]dj\] >Éb hi^aa dc i]Vi hVbZ hZVgX] [dg V XZgiV^c Xdcigda dkZg bn bViZg^Vah VcY i]Z ZaZbZcih l^i] l]^X] > XgZViZ! > ]VkZ bdgZ Y^hiVcXZ idYVn! VcY i]^h Vaadlh bZ id bV`Z bdgZ e^ZXZh i]Vi WZ\^c hedciVcZdjhan# >c bn aViZhi ldg`! XVaXjaVi^dc ^hcÉi Vh egZhZci! > Vaadl hedciVcZ^in id Y^XiViZ i]Z XgZVi^kZ egd" XZhh# I]Z aVhi e^ZXZ > Y^Y! E^ch! ^h V Xdci^cjVi^dc d[ i]Vi ig^ad\n [gdb i]Z É.%h# >i ^h WVhZY dc i]Z eZg[dgVi^dc d[ i]Z ]ZVY d[ V e^c0 >Éb cV^a^c\ i]Z h]VYdl! ndj XdjaY hVn# I]Z h]VYdl YZeZcYh dc i]Z a^\]i! VcY i]Z a^\]i ^h eaVXZY Vi V XZgiV^c Y^h" iVcXZ [gdb i]Z e^ZXZ# ;^ghi > cV^a V bVe e^c ^cid i]Z hjg[VXZ# I]Zc > cV^a i]Z cZmi bVe e^c ^cid i]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z h]VYdl i]gdlc Wn i]Z Òghi# :kZcijVaan > ZcY je l^i] V YgVl^c\! V ÒcVa ^bV\Z# I]Z e^ZXZ ^h hjhiV^cZY Wn i]Z eaVn WZilZZc i]Z bViZ" g^Va fjVa^in d[ i]Z e]nh^XVa bVe e^c VcY i]Z ^bbViZg^Va^in d[ ^ih h]VYdl#

G8O/ 6cY nZi! ^c E^ch! i]Z ^YZV d[ i]Z hZg^Zh ^h Ydb^" cVci WZXVjhZ i]Z XdbedhZY hZfjZcXZ ^h V X]V^c l]ZgZ ZVX] igVXZ ^h YZg^kZY [gdb i]Z egZk^djh ZaZbZci# >i XdchigjXih V `^cY d[ k^hjVa bZadYn ^c l]^X]! nZh! fj^iZ V adi d[ X]VcXZ ^h ^ckdakZY! Wji ^i Vahd ^ckdakZh V adi d[ Xdcigda! ZkZc V \ZdbZig^X Xdcigda d[ i]Z hXZcZ ndjÉgZ gZegZhZci^c\# > i]^c` i]dhZ ild VeegdVX]Zh VgZ jcVkd^Y" VWaZ ^c ndjg ldg`# EZg]Veh i]Z Zbe]Vh^h dc i]Z gVcYdb cVijgZ d[ i]Z \ZhijgZ ^h bdgZ eVaeVWaZ ^c i]Z ha^\]ian bdgZ ZmegZhh^dc^hi^X e^ZXZh! l]ZgZ i]Z Xdcigda ^hcÉi hd Zk^YZci# 7ji ndj Vahd ]VkZ V iZcYZcXn id dg\Vc^oZ i]Z ÒcVa dW_ZXi gVi^dcVaan# >i ^h V Y^VaZXi^X i]Vi egdYjXZh ^bedgiVci Z[[ZXih ^c ndjg ldg`Åndj bVYZ gZ[ZgZcXZ id i]Z ^bedgiVcXZ d[ ndjg VcVanh^h! i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z jcXdchX^djh i]gdj\] i]Z bZY^Vi^dc d[ aVc\jV\Z# >c ndjg ldg` i]ZgZ b^\]i Vahd WZ Vc ViiZbei id ZmeadgZ i]Vi Ædi]ZgÇ l]^X] Zm^hih ^c ZmeZg^ZcXZ Wji YdZhcÉi gZkZVa ^ihZa[ Vi Òghi \aVcXZ# >i hZZbh id bZ i]Vi i]Z egVXi^XZ d[ gZVY^c\ WZilZZc i]Z a^cZh b^\]i ]VkZ Vc Z[[ZXi dc ]dl ndj XdcXZ^kZ d[ hdbZ ldg`h# DcZ XdjaY hVn i]Vi ^i egdYjXZh Z[[ZXih Vi i]Z aZkZa d[ gZegZhZciVi^dc ^c ndjg eV^ci^c\# >Éb i]^c`^c\ VWdji hdbZ d[ ndjg ldg`h l]ZgZ ndj eaVn V \VbZ l^i] i]Z k^h^W^a^in d[ i]Z ^bV\Z VcY i]Z hjeZg^bedh^c\ d[ hjg[VXZh! l]ZgZ ndj ViiZbei id ^ckZci igVcheVgZcXn i]gdj\] YZk^XZh a^`Z eaVhi^X! [dg ZmVbeaZ# I]dhZ k^hjVa \VbZh ^cY^XViZ Vcdi]Zg i]gZVY gjcc^c\ i]gdj\] ndjg ldg`/ i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ k^h^W^a^in i]gdj\] i]Z jhZ d[ ^aajh^dc dg h^bjaVXgjb# 9</ NZh! i]ZgZ VgZ ldg`h a^`Z E^cijgV :beVXVYV EVX`V\ZY EV^ci^c\ ! V e^ZXZ ^c igVY^i^dcVa bZY^V l^i] hedih d[ eg^bVgn VcY hZXdcYVgn Xdadg eV^ciZY gVcYdban# I]Z XVckVh lVh higZiX]ZY dkZg V [gVbZ VcY aViZg XdkZgZY l^i] 7jWWaZ LgVe#

G bdgV =^cYgVcXZ ! &..,! ^chiVaaVi^dc l^i] hiZZa h^\ch! ,& ',+ ^cX]Zh#

*)

6GI

9JA8: <âB:O XadhZY WdYn d[ i]Z Wdd`# I]^h \gdje d[ eV^ci^c\h XZciZgh dc V gZ_ZXi^dc d[ bZVc^c\ i]Vi bV`Zh je V aVg\Z eVgi d[ bdYZgc Vgi#

G8O/ I]^h Vahd Wg^c\h id b^cY i]Vi ldg` d[ ndjgh [gdb É.,! G bdgV =^cYgVcXZ ! l]^X] ]Vh id Yd! i]dj\] ^iÉh cdi ^bbZY^ViZan VeeVgZci! l^i] 6cdcnbdjh HZa[" EdgigV^i ^c i]Z hZchZ i]Vi i]Z VXXjbjaVi^dc d[ bViZg^Va ^c i]Z XdgcZg VcY i]Z h]gZYY^c\ d[ i]Z e^ZXZ XdckZgi ^YZc" i^in ^cid lVhiZ! V ]^cYgVcXZ# 6cdcnbdjh HZa["EdgigV^i VcY =^cYgVcXZ VgZ XdccZXiZY VXgdhh V Y^hiVcXZ d[ i^bZ# DcZ d[ i]Z \gZVi X]Vgbh d[ ndjg dZjkgZ ^h i]Vi! dkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ ndjg XVgZZg! dcZ XVc hZZ hZa["ZkdXVi^dch d[ ndjg dlc ldg`# 6 e^ZXZ [gdb É., ^bea^X^ian X^iZh V e^ZXZ [gdb É.'# > YdcÉi i]^c` i]Vi ^iÉh ValVnh V XdchX^djh egdedh^i^dc! i]^h XVeVX^in d[ ndjg ldg` id Zkd`Z ^ih dlc eVhi ^c ^ih cZl bVc^[ZhiVi^dch! Wji ^i YdZh h]dl i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h Vc ^bedgiVci [dgXZ d[ Xdci^cj^in! d[ hiVW^a^in l^i]^c l]^X] ndjg gZXjggZci ZmeZg^bZciVa^hb Zm^hih# Id \ZcZgVa^oZ! ndj XdjaY Vg\jZ i]Vi edZi^Xh VgZ dg^\^cVaan [dgbZY ^c ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc VcY i]Zc WZXdbZ hda^Y^ÒZY dkZg i^bZ# >iÉh Vh ^[ ndj ]VkZ Xdchda^YViZY V Æ< bZo^VcÇ edZi^Xh# aVj\]iZg 9</ >i hZZbh V a^iiaZ gVh] id XVaa ^i i]Vi! i]dj\]! ^c Vcn XVhZ! >Éb ÓViiZgZY# >[ > ]VY id Vgi^XjaViZ V edZi^Xh! ^i ldjaY WZ i]Vi d[ Yd^c\ i]Z WZhi edhh^WaZ ldg`! hd i]Vi Vc jcYZgan^c\ Xdc" XZeijVa VcY k^hjVa hZch^W^a^in ^h [dg\ZY dkZg i]Z XdjghZ d[ bn XVgZZg#

=^cYgVcXZ ^h bVYZ je d[ i]Z XVaa^\gVe]^X aZiiZgh jhZY id cVbZ ]djhZh ^c 8VgVXVh ^c i]Z É*%h ZheZX^Vaan! Wji i]Z igVY^" i^dc ^h hi^aa ^c egVXi^XZ idYVn# I]Z cVbZh VaajYZ id i]Z hdX^Va [VWg^X Wn gZ[Zgg^c\ id [Vb^an kVajZh VcY XaVhh# I]Z eVgVYdm d[ hdbZi]^c\ ^ci^bViZ WZ^c\ gZkZVaZY dc i]Z [V VYZ ViigVXiZY bZ id bV`^c\ i]^h ^chiVaaVi^dc# I]Z cVbZh XdjaY WZ XdbW^cZY dg b^\]i XdbZ [gdb hV^cih dg [gdb VcZXYdiZh heZX^ÒX id i]Z [Vb^an i]Vi a^kZh ^c i]Z ]djhZ# >c bn e^ZXZ! > ^cXajYZY cVbZh i]Vi gZaViZY id bn eg^kViZ ^bV\^cVi^dc! cVbZh l^i] V eZghdcVa h^\c^ÒXVcXZ# L]Zc > XgZViZY i]^h ^chiVaaVi^dc > lVh ^ck^iZY id WZ V eVgi d[ Vc Zm]^W^i XVaaZY I]Z >ckZci^dc d[ 8dci^cj^in# 6XXdgY^c\ id Aj^h :cg^fjZ E gZo DgVbVh! i]Z XjgVidg! bn ^chiVaaVi^dc Òi dcZ d[ i]Z a^cZh d[ ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc i]Vi ]Z lVh

I]^h lVh gZVaan V `^cY d[ bVig^m WZXVjhZ i]Z eaVhi^X XdbZh l^i] i]dhZ ^cYjhig^Va"h^oZY X^gXaZh# > XgZViZY V k^hjVa \VbZ WZilZZc l]Vi > ]VY eV^ciZY WZ]^cY gVcYdban VcY i]Z eaVhi^X bVig^m ^c [gdci! igVX^c\! Xden^c\! eV^ci^c\! VcY Òaa^c\ ^c i]Z hjeZg^bedhZY X^gXaZh VcY Wg^c\^c\ i]Z ild heVXZh ^cid eaVn l^i] ZVX] di]Zg# I]^h e^ZXZ XVeijgZh i]Z \VbZ ndj bZci^dcZY WZilZZc h^bjaVXgjb VcY bViZg^Va^in0 > YdcÉi lVci id hZeVgViZ i]Z bViZg^Vah [gdb i]Z^g dlc fjVa^i^Zh! cdg hZeVgViZ bnhZa[ [gdb i]Z gZVa^in d[ i]Z i]^c\h > jhZ# >c bn ldg`! lddY ^h lddY VcY eaVhi^X ^h eaVhi^X# I]Z Y^heaVXZbZci dXXjgh ^c dgYZg id XgZViZ V Y^[[ZgZci Y^bZch^dc! V hZchZ d[ ^aajh^dc# >c EVX`V\ZY EV^ci^c\! i]Z eaVhi^X i]Vi ^h cdgbVaan jhZY id egdiZXi Vc Vgi" ldg` ^h jhZY ^chiZVY id \ZcZgViZ V YncVb^X h^ijVi^dc#

G8O/ >c e^ZXZh a^`Z EVX`V\ZY EV^ci^c\! i]Z XdchigjXi^dc d[ i]Z ^aajh^dc d[ YZei] eVgVYdm^XVaan XdbZh id ]^\]a^\]i i]Z kZgn [VXi d[ XdciVXi WZilZZc ild hjg[VXZh! dcZ d[ l]^X] ^h igVcheVgZci VcY! Wn WZ^c\ hjeZg^bedhZY! XgZ" ViZh i]Z jcZmeZXiZY hZchVi^dc d[ YZei]# >iÉh Vc ^gdc^X Z[[ZXi! ZkZc ]jbdgdjh VcY eaVn[ja# I]ZgZ ^h V a^\]i]ZVgi" ZY ZaZbZci ^c ndjg ZmeadgVidgn ldg`! VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z eaZVhjgZ d[ ZmeZg^bZci^c\ l^i] [dgb VcY [VciVhn i]gdj\] X]gdbVi^X VcY \ZdbZig^X VhhdX^Vi^dch# 6aa i]^h ^h ÒaiZgZY i]gdj\] V XdcXZeijVa ^bV\^cVi^dc bVYZ bVc^[Zhi ^c! [dg ZmVbeaZ! ndjg i^iaZh! l]^X] ^c bVcn ^chiVcXZh VgZ Vaajh^dch d[ V YdjWaZ bZVc^c\ i]Vi ^ckdakZ i]Z k^ZlZg# 9</ I]ZgZ ^h i]Z hZg^Zh d[ eV^ci^c\h GZVY^c\! CZ\ViZY! [gdb É., ^c l]^X] > gZegZhZciZY Wdd` _VX`Zih dc h]ZakZh! VaajY^c\ id Zb^cZcian kZgWVa XdchigjXi^dch Wji Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ cZ\Vi" ^c\ i]Z aZ\^W^a^in d[ i]Z aVc\jV\Z! l]^X] lVh XdkZgZY Wn i]Z 8dbd Zc Zaad hZ Xdci^ZcZ =dl >i 8dciV^ch >ihZa[ >c >i ! &..*! lddY! ^c`! YgdeeZgh! eVgV[Òc! +& )& ^cX]Zh#

**

C^kZa > AZkZa > ! '%%%! VXgna^X dc XVckVh l^i] aZkZa! (& &$' (& &$' ^cX]Zh#

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

egdedh^c\/ i]Z jgWVc aVcYhXVeZ# 6ahd eVgVYdm^XVaan! i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc egZhZciZY i]Vi hVbZ hnbWda^X Y^heaVXZbZci d[ i]Z eg^kViZ id i]Z ejWa^X#

G8O/ I]Z ^YZV d[ i]Z gZh^YjVa! i]Vi l]^X] gZbV^ch! ]Vh V adi id Yd l^i] ehnX]dVcVanh^h VcY eZg]Veh Vahd l^i] V XZgiV^c hjggZVa ZmeZg^ZcXZ! i]Vi VXXjbjaVi^dc d[ jcXdc" hX^djh i]^c\h l]^X] VgZ i]Zc eaVXZY ^c i]Z heVXZ d[ i]Z gZVa ^c Vc jcZmeZXiZY lVn# >c =^cYgVcXZ i]Z cVbZh hj\" \Zhi ZaZbZcih d[ YdbZhi^X ^ci^bVXn Wji VgZ Y^heaVnZY dc i]Z ZmiZg^dg lVaah# 9</ 6cY ^c i]Z deZc#

G8O/ I]ViÉh V \VbZ i]Vi [dgbh eVgi d[ l]Vi b^\]i WZ XVaaZY ndjg XdcXZeijVa `cdi! V kZgn ^bedgiVci VheZXi d[ ndjg ldg` VcY dcZ [gdb l]^X]! ^i hZZbh id bZ! ndj bdkZY VlVn [gdb ^c i]Z '%%+ e^ZXZh# I]ZhZ e^ZXZh gZijgc! ^c V kZgn [gZh] VcY eaZVhjgVWaZ lVn! id ÆeV^ciZghÉ eV^ci^c\#Ç I]Zn Vahd ]^\]a^\]i Vcdi]Zg i]gZVY i]Vi gjch i]gdj\] ndjg ldg`/ Xdadg VcY i]Z eaVhi^X ediZci^Va d[ ejgZ X]gdbVi^X VhhdX^Vi^dch# 9</ NZh! lZaa! i]ZgZ lVh hdbZi]^c\ V a^iiaZ W^i ZVga^Zg idd! V hZg^Zh d[ &' eV^ci^c\h ^c É.' XVaaZY BjZaaZh E^Zgh # > hiVgiZY l^i] V heVXZ [dg XdciZbeaVi^dc ^c i]Z adlZg XdgcZgh d[ i]Z eV^ci^c\h# I]ZhZ eV^ci^c\h lZgZ V egd[djcY jaigVbVg^cZ WajZ l^i] V gZXiVc\jaVg [dgbVi! VcY ]VY V hjggZVa add`# ;dg V ]dg^odc! > jhZY i]Z YZÒc^c\ ediZci^Va d[ i]Z Xdadg# >c i]Z hZg^Zh IZbegVcd Zc aV bV VcV :Vgan ^c i]Z Bdgc^c\ ! > gZijgcZY V\V^c id i]^h e^Xidg^Va aVc\jV\Z! jh^c\ Xdadg Vh i]Z ZaZbZci i]Vi YZÒcZh i]Z [dgb d[ i]Z ldg`! jh^c\ X]gdbVi^X XdbW^cV" i^dc VcY X]VcXZ id ZmZXjiZ ZVX] ldg` ^c dgYZg id h]dl i]Z egZX^h^dc d[ i]Z a^cZ VcY i]Z Xdci^cj^in d[ i]Z [dgbh ^cY^k^Yj" Vaan Vh lZaa Vh id\Zi]Zg ^c Vc ^chiVaaVi^dc# > ValVnh ign id hj\" \Zhi V e^Xidg^Va eaVhi^X^in ^c bn XdcXZeijVa ldg`0 eV^ci YlZaah dc i]Z XVckVh VcY ejh]Zh ndj ^c V XZgiV^c Y^gZXi^dc# 6i i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! ^iÉh V a^b^i^c\ bZY^jb# I]Z e^Zgh Y^YcÉi gZegZhZci gZVa e^Zgh0 i]Zn dcan Zm^hiZY ^c bn ^bV\^cVi^dc VcY ]ZcXZ i]Z^g hjggZVa fjVa^in# I]Z eV^ci^c\h i]Vi > Y^Y &* nZVgh aViZgÅ:Vgan ^c i]Z Bdgc^c\ Vbdc\ i]ZbÅVgZ i]Z hVbZ h^oZ Vh i]Z e^Zgh [gdb É.'# > bZci^dc h^oZh WZXVjhZ > YdcÉi i]^c` ^iÉh V Xd^cX^" YZcXZ i]Vi > jhZ i]dhZ ild h^oZh! +( Wn ** ^cX]Zh VcY (&#* Wn (&#* ^cX]Zh! ^c i]Z bV_dg^in d[ bn ldg`# H^oZ ^h XdchiVciÅ

G8O/ 6 bVi]ZbVi^XVa XdchiVci# 9</ :kZc 9gVl^c\ ^c GZY ]Vh i]dhZ Y^bZch^dch# I]Z hZg^Zh :Vgan ^c i]Z Bdgc^c\ YdZh XdciV^c ZaZbZcih d[ hjggZVa^hb ^cVhbjX] Vh ^ih ZmZXji^dc ^ckdakZY V e^Xidg^Va VjidbVi^hb# D[ XdjghZ ^iÉh jcYZghiddY i]Vi VjidbVi^hb lVh V W^\ eVgi d[ hjggZVa^hb! Wji hd lVh \ZhijgZ# I]ZhZ eV^ci^c\h VgZ cZ^i]Zg \ZhijgVa cdg \ZdbZig^X# I]ZgZ ^h Vc dg\Vc^X fjVa^in id i]Z ZY\Zh0 i]Z a^cZ d[ Xdadg YZa^cZViZh iZgg^idg^Zh dg heVXZh l^i]^c i]Z eV^ci^c\ ^ihZa[# 6h [Vg Vh ^ih ZmZXji^dc! > Y^YcÉi ]VkZ idd XaZVg Vc ^YZV ]dl ^i ldjaY ijgc dji! > dcan `cZl i]Vi > cZZYZY hedciVcZ^in ^c dgYZg id gZ]ZVghZ bn h`^aah VcY i]Z hda^Y^in d[ i]Z [gZZ]VcY a^cZ# I]Z eV^ci^c\h ]VY Vc VjidbVi^X ZaZbZci d[ gVe^Y ZmZXji^dc hd i]Vi i]Z e^ZXZh ldjaY WZ [gZZ d[ iZmijgZh dg \ZhijgZh VcY XdjaY dcan WZ gZVY i]gdj\] i]Z^g [dgbh VcY ZY\Zh#

G8O/ I]Z i^iaZ d[ i]^h hZg^Zh XVaah id b^cY V kZgn heZX^ÒX adXjh d[ ZcjcX^Vi^dc! Vh lZaa Vh Vc ]djg d[ i]Z YVn VcY V eVgi^XjaVg a^\]i# L]Vi ^h i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]^h hZg^Zh VcY i]Z heVXZ VcY a^\]i d[ ndjg X^in4 L]ZgZ Y^Y

ndj XgZViZ i]ZhZ e^XijgZh4 9d i]Zn ]VkZ hdbZi]^c\ id Yd l^i] ndjg ZmeZg^ZcXZ l^i] i]Z BdciZ Ûk^aV i]Vi hjggdjcYh 8VgVXVh! V eaVXZ ndj eZg^dY^XVaan k^h^i4 >iÉh V eaVXZ i]Vi [Zl X^i^Zh ^c i]Z ldgaY ]VkZ i]Z eg^k^aZ\Z d[ edhhZhh^c\# >c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ Vaa i]Vi XdcXgZiZ! kZ\ZiV" i^dc eZcZigViZh i]Z X^in# I]Z ]j\Z bdjciV^c Vahd VXih Vh V `^cY d[ egdiZXi^kZ lVaa hjggdjcY^c\ ^i# 9</ ;gdb bn hijY^d > ]VkZ V k^Zl d[ i]Z kdaXVcd i]Vi h^ih ^c i]Z hdji]ZVhi eVgi d[ 8VgVXVh# >i [dgbh V eVgi d[ bn ^bV\^cV" i^dc WZXVjhZ bn hijY^d ^h i]Z ]djhZ ^c l]^X] > lVh Wdgc VcY gV^hZY# 6h V X]^aY > ZmeadgZY i]Z bdjciV^ch l^i] bn [Vi]Zg0 lZ ldjaY ]jci [dg bVc\dh id bV`Z _Zaan# > ]VkZ Vc Zbdi^dcVa gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] i]Z VXi d[ ]^`^c\ ^c i]Z bdjciV^c! l]^X]! ^[ > ]VY bn lVn! > ldjaY cZkZg hide Yd^c\# >iÉh ^ciZgZhi^c\ id i]^c` VWdji i]Z bdkZbZci d[ ]^`^c\ Vh bZY^iVi^dc! idd# :Vgan ^c i]Z Bdgc^c\ ]Vh ild XdccZXi^dch/ dcZ l^i] bn VcVanh^h! l]^X] ^h ^c i]Z bdgc^c\! VcY Vcdi]Zg l^i] i]Z XaVg^in ndj ZmeZg^ZcXZ jedc lV`^c\! l]^X] Vaadlh ndj id bV`Z V YZX^h^dc# > lVciZY id ]VkZ i]Vi bdbZci d[ Wg^\]icZhh egZhZci Vh > eV^ciZY i]ZhZ ldg`h#

G8O/ >iÉh V bdbZci d[ higVc\Z ajX^Y^in# 9</ 7ZXVjhZ ^iÉh V hjheZcYZY bdbZci# I]^h ed^cih id Vcdi]Zg [ZVijgZ d[ bn ldg`! l]^X] ^h i]Z hjheZch^dc d[ hZchZ! i]Z i]ZbZ d[ YdjWi# I]Z eaVX^c\ d[ i]Z ldg` ^c V X^gXjbhiVcXZ d[ XZgiV^c bdW^a^in! d[ V XZgiV^c ###

G8O/ 6bW^\j^in# I]ZgZ ^h ndjg hZg^Zh AVcY Z hXVeZ >> i]Vi Vahd gZaViZh l^i] i]Z aVcYhXVeZ! Wji ^c V bdgZ VWhigVXi [dgb# I]Zn hZZb id ]VkZ WZZc \ZcZgViZY Wn V egdXZhh h^b^aVg id ZgVh^c\ i]Z hjg[VXZ# I]Z Z[[ZXih XdbZ XadhZ id XVaa^\gVe]n! Vc ZgVhZY XVaa^\gVe]n# =dl bVcn eV^ci^c\h VgZ ^c i]Vi hZg^Zh4 9</ ;^kZ# AVcY Z hXVeZ lVh i]Z i^iaZ d[ bn Òghi hdad h]dl! ^c É.)# > bVYZ V gjWWZg hiVbe d[ i]Vi ^ckZciZY ldgY#

G8O/ >iÉh V aVcYhXVeZ! Wji Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZÅ 9</ :hXVeZ [gdb i]Z aVcY# > lVciZY V i^iaZ i]Vi XdjaY WZ gZVY ^c HeVc^h] VcY :c\a^h] VcY l]^X] ldjaY ]VkZ V XdbeaZiZ bZVc^c\ ^c i]Z ild aVc\jV\Zh# > ldg`ZY l^i] ^c` [gdb eZch i]Vi > ]VY iV`Zc VeVgi# >c i]Z ^bbVXjaViZ heVXZ d[ i]Z l]^iZ XVckVhZh! > gZaZVhZY i]Z ^c`! ldg`^c\ Wn X]VcXZ! VjidbVi^XVa" an# EZc ^c` jhjVaan ]Vh V heZX^Va eaVhi^X^in/ ndj eji i]Z ed^ci Ydlc VcY V `^cY d[ hegZVY^c\ Ygde VeeZVgh# > hiVgiZY id eaVn l^i] i]dhZ Ygdeh! hZZ^c\ l]ZgZ i]Zn ldjaY \d! VcY > bVYZ V `^cY d[ XdchiZaaVi^dc d[ ^c`# AViZg! > XgZViZY V bdgZ e^Xid" g^Va egdXZhh ^c l]^X] > Y^hXg^b^cViZY WZilZZc l]Vi lVh V YZa^WZgViZ hiV^c VcY l]Vi lVh VXX^YZciVa# > lVciZY id XgZViZ V Xdbedh^i^dc i]Vi! ^c i]Z ZcY! ldjaY ]VkZ i]^h YjVa^in# >c AVcY Z hXVeZ >>! V hZg^Zh > bVYZ jh^c\ eV^ci! > bVYZ i]Z hVbZ hiV^ch VcY ZgVhZY i]Zb l^i] lViZg# 6[iZg > lVh]ZY i]Zb dji! dcan kZ^aZY igVXZh VcY ^begZhh^dch gZbV^cZY# >iÉh Vaa VWdji i]Vi egdXZhh d[ jckZ^a^c\ VcY XdkZg^c\! gZbdk^c\ VcY XdkZg^c\# > ValVnh eji V hiVbe dc ZVX] d[ i]ZhZ e^ZXZh id \^kZ i]Zb! ndj XdjaY hVn! i]Z ^begZhh^dc d[ hdbZi]^c\ Òc^h]ZY#

G8O/ AZiÉh iVa` V a^iiaZ VWdji ^cÓjZcXZh# > ^bbZY^ViZan VhhdX^ViZ AVcY Z hXVeZ l^i] 8n IldbWan# 9</ I]ZgZ ^h V h^b^aVg^in i]ZgZ! Vc Veegdm^bVi^dc! V XadhZcZhh# I]ZgZ VgZ Vgi^hih >ÉkZ a^`ZY h^cXZ > hiVgiZY dji! VcY id l]db > hi^aa gZijgc/ 8 oVccZ! EdaadX`! BjcX] VcY! bdgZ gZXZcian!

IldbWan# > lVh VWaZ id VeegZX^ViZ ]^h ldg` Y^gZXian ^c É.(!

*+

>É9 A>@: ID I=>C@ I=6I I=:G: >H 6 B:9>I6I>DC <:C:G6I:9 >C I=: JC8DCH8>DJH! DC: I=6I >H 6AHD E=NH>86A 6C9 7>DAD<>86A 6C9 9D:HCÉI =6K: 6CNI=>C< ID 9D L>I= >CI:AA:8IJ6A 8DCHIGJ8IH 6C9 I=:G:;DG: >HCÉI B:9>6I:9 7N I=: EG>CI:9 LDG9# l]Zc > bVYZ bn Òghi k^h^i id CZl Ndg`# ?ja^Vc HX]cVWZa VcY ?dh] Hb^i] VgZ di]Zg Vgi^hih >Éb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c# KZcZojZaVch! iddÅGZkZg c! [dg ZmVbeaZ! ]Vh ValVnh [VhX^cViZY bZ [dg i]Z lVn ]^h ldg` hjhiV^ch ^ihZa[ i]gdj\] i]Z bViZg^Va# >Éb ^begZhhZY Wn i]Z [dgXZ d[ ]^h l]^iZ aVcYhXVeZh VcY ]dl ]Z bVYZ i]Z _jiZ VcY i]Z e^\bZci heZV`# =Z XgZViZY aVcYhXVeZh l^i] Vabdhi cdi]^c\# > Vahd a^`Z Hdid V adi/ bdkZbZci ^h Vcdi]" Zg ZaZbZci i]Vi ^h Vahd ^c bn ldg`# >c [VXi! ^i lVh V ]Veen Xd^cX^YZcXZ l]Zc 6cdcnbdjh HZa["EdgigV^i lVh h]dlc ^c É.* ^c [gdci d[ V eZgbVcZci bjgVa d[ HdidÉh! i]Z BjgVa 8VgVXVh Egd\gZhh^dc '# I]ZgZ ^h Hdid! l^i] ]^h hZVgX] [dg bdkZbZci i]gdj\] `^cZi^X Vgi! VcY i]Zc bZ! ^c XdcigVhi! l^i] i]Z Xdc" XZeijVa YZk^XZ d[ eaVX^c\ i]Z XgZVi^dc$YZhigjXi^dc d[ i]Z ldg` ^ihZa[ ^c i]Z ]VcYh d[ i]Z heZXiVidg# >[ lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji ^cÓjZcXZh! > h]djaY Vahd hVn i]Vi i]ZgZ VgZ bVcn edZih l]dhZ VW^a^in id Zkd`Z ^ci^bVXn l^i] ldgYh >ÉkZ VYb^gZY \gZVian/ GV[VZa 8VYZcVh! NdaVcYV EVci^c! ndjghZa[! G^a`Z! Aj^h :cg^fjZ E gZo DgVbVh# Bn XdciVXi l^i] ÛakVgd Hdi^aad VcY! ^c i]Z aVhi ÒkZ nZVgh! V [g^ZcYh]^e l^i] 6gijgd =ZggZgV ]VkZ Vahd WZZc ^cÓjZci^Va#

G8O/ Ndj VgZ Vahd ldg`^c\ dc ndjg i]Zh^h [dg V YZ\gZZ ^c k^hjVa Vgih# >ih i^iaZ ^bbZY^ViZan gZXVaah LVaiZg 7Zc_Vb^c/ Æ6c >bedhh^WaZ ;adlZg#Ç 8djaY ndj iVa` V a^iiaZ VWdji i]Vi ZmeadgVi^dc! VWdji i]ZdgZi^XVa gZÓZXi^dc dc Vgi4 L]n i]Z Ò\jgZ d[ 7Zc_Vb^c4 9</ Bn ZYjXVi^dc lVh gVi]Zg jcXdckZci^dcVa# > hijY^ZY Vi i]Z :hXjZaV 8g^hi WVa Gd_Vh [dg i]gZZ nZVgh ^c V egd\gVb XVaaZY i]Z ÆZmeZg^bZciVa eaVcÇ l^i] ZmXZaaZci egd[Zhhdgh/ CZYd ;ZggVg^d! :j\Zc^d :he^cdoV! 6cidc^ZiV HdhV! VcY HVci^V\d Eda! id cVbZ V [Zl# 7ji i]Zc > YZX^YZY i]Vi ^i ldjaY WZ WZiiZg [dg bZ id ldg` Vi i]Z a^WgVgn d[ i]Z BjhZd YZ 6giZ 8dciZbedg{cZd! ^c i]Z gZhZVgX] YZeVgibZci! Vh > lVciZY id bdkZ dji d[ bn eVgZcihÉ ]djhZ# NZVgh lZci Wn VcY i]Zc ild nZVgh V\d > YZX^YZY i]Vi > lVciZY id [dgbVa^oZ bn ZYjXVi^dc# > ZcgdaaZY Vi i]Z >chi^ijid 6gbVcYd GZkZg c id \Zi V YZ\gZZ ^c k^hjVa Vgih# 6h [dg ^ciZaaZXijVa hi^bjajh! > lVh ajX`n id iV`Z ndjg hZb^cVg ÆDYgVYZ`Ç l^i] `ZZc VcY Y^kZghZ eVgi^X^eVcih VcY Vb^Y i]Z ZmigZbZan Xdbea^XViZY h^ijVi^dc djg Xdjcign XjggZcian [VXZh/ i]Z eda^i^XVa edaVg^oVi^dc i]Vi ]Vh ZkZc gZVX]ZY i]Z bjhZjbh VcY i]Z ZkZg"g^h^c\ ^cÓVi^dc ^c i]Z eVhi ild nZVgh# I]Vc`h id ndjg ZmigVXjgg^XjaVg hZb^cVg! lZ lZgZ VWaZ iVa` VWdji djg de^c^dch dc H^ijVi^dc^hb! i]Z VkVci"\VgYZ! VcY i]Z gZijgc d[ gZkdai# >i Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcni]^c\ id Yd l^i] VXVYZb^X hijY^Zh# >i lVh V [dgijcViZ h^ijVi^dc! V egd[djcY dcZ# > gZbZbWZg dcXZ! g^\]i V[iZg i]Z hXgZZc^c\ d[ V 9ZWdgY Òab! Yjg^c\ dcZ d[ i]ZhZ kZgn XVhjVa XdckZghVi^dch! ndj Vh`ZY dji d[ cdl]ZgZ VcY ^c V adjY kd^XZ ]dl! id fjdiZ 7Zc_Vb^c! Æ^c i]Z aVcY d[ iZX]cda" d\n!Ç lZ XVcÉi VeegZX^ViZ gZVa^in bdgZ! \^kZc i]Vi ^c gZVa^in i]ZgZ VgZ hd bVcn dWhiVXaZh ^beZY^c\ djg k^h^dc# 6cY ]ZgZ ndj VaajYZY id i]Z ^bedhh^WaZ ÓdlZg#

G8O/ G^\]i! ^c i]Z aVcY d[ iZX]cdad\n! gZVa^in ]Vh WZXdbZ Vc ^bedhh^WaZ ÓdlZg# 9</ :mVXian# I]Vi ^cfj^gn dg fjZhi^dc gZhdcViZY [dg bZ# 6[iZg bn gZh^YZcXZ Vi i]Z 7gdcm BjhZjb i]^h nZVg! > hiVgiZY id i]^c` XdcXgZiZan VWdji l]Vi > lVh gZVaan ^ciZgZhiZY ^c# L]Vi 7Zc_Vb^c hV^Y ^h hi^aa kVa^Y# >i hi^bjaViZY bZ id gZVY

]^b VcY di]Zg gZaViZY iZmih# I]Z ÆDYgVYZ`Ç egd_ZXi! l]^X] dcan aVhiZY ild bdci]h! aZY bZ id bdgZ gZ[ZgZcXZh! bdgZ ldg`h d[ Xg^i^X^hb! bV\Vo^cZ Vgi^XaZh! Vgi^hihÉ lg^i^c\h# 6cY ^i bVYZ bZ i]^c` VWdji di]Zg e]^adhde]Zgh > ]VY gZVY dc bn dlc! 9ZaZjoZ [dg ZmVbeaZ# > gZVY Egdjhi VcY H^\ch WZXVjhZ > lVh ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ZkZgni]^c\ ]Vk^c\ id Yd l^i] i]Z ^YZV d[ i]Z ldgY! l^i] i]Z hijYn d[ aVc\jV\Z VcY a^c\j^hi^X h^\ch Vh ZaZbZcih ^c]ZgZci ^c XdcXZeijVa Vgi! Wji Vaa d[ ^i Vh Vc Vjid" Y^YVXi# Bn a^WgVgn ^h egZiin jcjhjVa WZXVjhZ ^iÉh dg\Vc^oZY VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z ejgZ eaZVhjgZ d[ gZVY^c\ Wdd`h# I]Z ild e]^adhde]Zgh >ÉkZ WZZc i]^c`^c\ VWdji aViZan VgZ C^ZiohX]Z VcY 7Zc_Vb^c# 6cY! d[ XdjghZ! i]Z ldg`h d[ ;gZjY WZXVjhZ bn VcVanh^h ]Vh WZZc i]Z bdhi g^\dgdjh [dgbVa ZmeZg^ZcXZ > ]VkZ ZkZg ]VY# >iÉh ]ZaeZY bZ id WZiiZg Vgi^XjaViZ bn i]^c`^c\ l]Zc > Y^hXjhh bn ldg`# 6gi ^h hd XdbeaZm! ^c eVgi! WZXVjhZ d[ ^ih hjW_ZXi^kZ WV\\V\Z#

G8O/ Hd ]dl Yd ndj VchlZg i]Vi ^bea^ZY fjZhi^dc d[ 7Zc_Vb^cÉh4 >h ^i igjZ i]Vi Æ^c i]Z aVcY d[ iZX]cdad\n! gZVa^in ]Vh WZXdbZ Vc ^bedhh^WaZ ÓdlZg!Ç dg ]VkZ ndj Vgg^kZY Vi Vcdi]Zg XdcXajh^dc4 9</ Dc i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ bZY^Vi^dc! i]ZgZ ^h V XZgiV^c cdhiVa\^V dg bZaVcX]da^V! \^kZc i]Vi bZY^Vi^dc egZkZcih ndj id VXXZhh hdbZi]^c\ bdgZ gZVa i]Vc i]Vi l]^X] ndj eZgXZ^kZ i]gdj\] ^i# > b^\]i Y^hV\gZZ l^i] i]^h0 >ÉY a^`Z id i]^c` i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h V bZY^Vi^dc \ZcZgViZY ^c i]Z jcXdchX^djh! dcZ i]Vi ^h Vahd e]nh^XVa VcY W^dad\^XVa VcY YdZhcÉi ]VkZ Vcni]^c\ id Yd l^i] ^ciZaaZXijVa XdchigjXih VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ ^hcÉi bZY^ViZY Wn i]Z eg^ciZY ldgY# I]ViÉh l]Vi > Vgg^kZY Vi l]Zc > gZÓZXiZY dc bZY^Vi^dc VcY i]Z gZXZei^dc d[ bn ldg` Yjg^c\ bn hiVn ^c CZl Ndg`# Bn i]^c`^c\ WZ[dgZ ]VY WZZc ^cij^i^kZ VcY cV kZ! kZgn ^ccdXZci#

G8O/ Ndj i]dj\]i ndj XdjaY VeegdVX] ^i e]ZcdbZcdad\^XVaan# 9</ NZh#

G8O/ 9d ndj hi^aa i]^c` i]Vi4 9</ > YdcÉi `cdl# >Éb \d^c\ id iV`Z ndjg hZb^cVg ÆI]Z H^ijVi^dc^hi JcXdchX^djhÇ V\V^c! id hZZ ^[ > XVc gZVX] hdbZ cZl ^ch^\]i# > hi^aa i]^c` i]ZgZ VgZ i]^c\h i]Vi ]VeeZc ^c V YncVb^X Y^bZch^dc i]Vi VgZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan XdchX^djh VcY jcXdchX^djh# >c bn ZmeZg^ZcXZ l^i] VcVanh^h! >ÉkZ WZZc VWaZ id XdcÒgb i]Vi l]Vi ^h XVaaZY jcXdchX^djh ^h VXijVaan hnh" iZbVi^X! i]Vi ^i ^hcÉi hZeVgViZY [gdb i]Z XdchX^djh b^cY# I]Z jcXdchX^djh ^h [dg\ZY ^c i]Z h^beaZhi VXih d[ djg YV^an a^kZh l^i]dji jh ZkZc cdi^X^c\ ^i# >c bn Vgi! > ign id XVeijgZ i]Z Ze]ZbZgVa bdbZci i]Vi a^Zh WZilZZc l]Vi > i]^c` VcY l]Vi > [ZZa# 6 adi ]Vh WZZc hV^Y VWdji gZVa^in! ^iÉh V hjW_ZXi i]Vi XVc WZ egZiin WVggZc Vi i]^h ed^ci# NZi > Yd i]^c` i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h V [dgb d[ gZVa^in Vaadl^c\ jh id VeegZX^ViZ i]^c\h Vh i]Zn VgZ#

G8O/ AZiÉh ]deZ ^iÉh V gZVa^in i]ViÉh gZVa

*,

L]Vi 7Zc_Vb^c XVaah ÆY^Z WaVjZ 7ajbZÇ ^c i]Z dg^\^cVa <ZgbVc d[ ÆI]Z Ldg` d[ 6gi ^c i]Z 6\Z d[ BZX]Vc^XVa GZegdYjXi^dc!Ç VcY WZXdbZh Vc ÆdgX]^YÇ ^c =Vggn Od]cÉh :c\a^h] igVchaVi^dc#

6C6 I:G:H6 IDGG:H

IG6CHA6I:9 7N B:A>HH6 <DCOÛA:O

Å 7N 86GB:C 7DJAADH6

E]did Wn A^hWZi] HVaVh#

*-

7dgc ^c 8VgVXVh ^c &.)*! i]Z cdkZa^hi 6cV IZgZhV IdggZh ^h Vh bjX] V hidgniZaaZg Vh h]Z ^h Vc ^ciZaaZXijVa! V ine^XVaan AVi^c 6bZg^XVc YjVa^in [Vb^a^Vg id Vcn gZVYZg d[ 7dg\Zh dg 7daV d# H]Z ^h V ehnX]dad\^hi l^i] V YZ\gZZ [gdb i]Z Jc^kZgh^YVY 8Vi a^XV 6cYg h 7Zaad VcY ]Vh lg^iiZc hZkZgVa Wdd`h dc ide^Xh gZaViZY id ehnX]dVcVanh^h! ^cXajY^c\ :a Vbdg Xdbd h cidbV AdkZ Vh hnbeidb &..( VcY IZgg^idg^dh Zg i^Xdh :gdi^X iZgg^idg^Zh &..- ! Vbdc\ di]Zgh# DcZ d[ i]Z bdhi ZhiVWa^h]ZY XdciZbedgVgn lg^iZgh ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV! h]Z gZXZ^kZY i]Z CdkZa Eg^oZ [gdb i]Z 7^Zcc^Va BVg^Vcd E^X c"HVaVh Vh lZaa Vh i]Z BdW^a EZ\Vhjh Eg^oZ [dg A^iZgVijgZ [dg ]Zg cdkZa 9d V >c h XdcigV Za dak^Yd! l]^X] lVh hjWhZfjZcian igVchaViZY Vh 9d V >c h kh# DWa^k^dc/ 6 CdkZa Wn <gZ\dgn GVWVhhV VcY ejWa^h]ZY ^c i]Z JH ^c '%%%# H]Z Vahd gZXZ^kZY i]Z 6ccV HZ\]Zgh Eg^oZ! VlVgYZY ^c 7Zga^c! [dg ]Zg WdYn d[ ldg`# 7Z[dgZ bdk^c\ id i]Z Òghi ^ciZgk^Zl fjZhi^dc! > X^iZ V eVhhV\Z [gdb ]Zg ZhhVn ÆEV^hV_Zh YZ cdkZaVÇ ÆCdkZa AVcYhXVeZhÇ / Æ> XVccdi heZV` VWdji bn gZaVi^dch]^e id cdkZah l^i]dji YZhXg^W^c\ bn ZcXdjciZg l^i] i]Zb! VcY cdl! dcXZ VcY [dg Vaa! > ]VkZ \diiZc id i]Z ^hhjZ/ ^c dgYZg id i]^c` VWdji hdbZi]^c\ > cZZY id ^cXdgedgViZ ^i ^cid cVggVi^dc! iZaa ^i a^`Z Vc ZkZci! XdciV^c ^i l^i]^c i^bZ0 Wji! ^c l]Vi i^bZ YdZh dcZ gZVY dg lg^iZ V cdkZa4 7ZndcY i]Z ÒmZY ]djgh h^\cVaZY Wn i]Z XadX`! ^c l]Vi Y^bZch^dc Yd lZ ÒcY djghZakZh! l]Zc lZ VgZ i]ZgZ! ^ch^YZ d[ ^ih Ze^hdYZh4 > Yd cdi ]VkZ! d[ XdjghZ! Vc VchlZg# > Vb gZeZVi^c\ i]Z hVbZ fjZhi^dc i]Vi > Vh`ZY bnhZa[ Vh V ndjc\ \^ga/ l]Vi >Éb gZVY^c\! l]Zc YdZh ^i ]VeeZc4 L]Vi ^i hVnh ]ZgZ! l]ZgZ YdZh ^i ]VeeZc4 9jg^c\ X]^aY]ddY lZ egdedhZ bnhiZg^Zh i]Vi lZ l^aa cZkZg bVcV\Z id jcYZghiVcY# 6h VYjaih! dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! lZ egZ[Zg id Vh` djghZakZh fjZhi^dch i]Vi ]VkZ VchlZgh#Ç

Å8VgbZc 7djaadhV

6C6 I:G:H6 IDGG:H

8VgbZc 7djaadhV/ >c bn \ZcZgVi^dc! ^c i]Vi XadhZY X^gXaZ ^c l]^X] > lVh igV^cZY! lZ lg^iZgh Vgg^kZY Vi i]Z egd[Zhh^dc Y^gZXian i]gdj\] djg eVhh^dc [dg a^iZgVijgZ# LZ Y^YcÉi gZXZ^kZ igV^c^c\ ^c Vcn di]Zg egd[Zhh^dc# DgY^cVg^an! lZ lZci Vadc\ hX]dda^c\ djghZakZh ^c di]Zg Vgih# Ndjg XVhZ ]Vh ValVnh ^cig^\jZY bZ! h^cXZ > WZ\Vc id gZVY ndj! WZXVjhZ YZhe^iZ i]Z Y^hiVcXZ WZilZZc jhÅaZiÉh gZ[Zg id ^i Vh i]Z EVcVbV 8VcVa! ^[ ndj V\gZZÅ> ÒcY ndj kZgn XadhZ id bZ! i]dj\] ndj ]VkZ V cdca^iZgVgn WVX`\gdjcY# NdjÉgZ V ehnX]dad\^hi Vh lZaa Vh V lg^iZg# NdjÉkZ lg^iiZc/

> ]VkZ i]Z ^begZhh^dc i]Vi > a^hiZc id X]VgVXiZgh heZV`# > XdjaYcÉi hVn ^[ ^i ^h V ]VW^i! V bZi]dY VXfj^gZY i]gdj\] bn ldg` Vh V ehnX]dVcVanhi! dg ^[! dc i]Z XdcigVgn! > WZXVbZ V ehnX]dVcVanhi WZXVjhZ > ]VY YZkZadeZY i]Z ]VW^i d[ a^hiZc^c\# 6i Vcn gViZ! > Xdc[Zhh i]Vi i]Z \^ga > ]VkZ WZZc iVa`^c\ VWdji ]ZgZ ]Vh ValVnh ]VY i]Z WVY ]VW^i d[ ZVkZhYgdee^c\ dc i]Z XdckZghVi^dch d[ higVc\" Zgh ^c kVg^djh eaVXZh! V XV[ ! i]Z Wjh! i]Z a^cZ djih^YZ d[ V i]ZViZg! V lV^i^c\ gddb# > Vb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ]dl eZdeaZ heZV`! l]Vi ZmegZhh^dch i]Zn jhZ! l]Vi i]Zn iZaa! l]Vi hidg^Zh XVc WZ ^c[ZggZY [gdb V [gV\bZci d[ i]Z^g XdckZghVi^dc! l]Vi ]nedi]ZhZh VWdji i]Z^g a^kZh > XVc bV`Z#

I]^h ZmeaV^ch id i]Z gZVYZg l]n ndj X]dhZ id hijYn

ehnX]dad\n! VcY ^i ZmeaV^ch id bZ ]dl ndj XVbZ id i]Z

cdkZa# 7ji iZaa jh! ]dl VgZ ndjg ild egd[Zhh^dch gZaViZY

id dcZ Vcdi]Zg4 6cV IZgZhV IdggZh/ > ]VkZcÉi ldg`ZY Vh V ehnX]dad\^hi [dg &* nZVgh! Wji > WZa^ZkZ i]Vi i]ZgZ VgZ hZkZgVa h^b^aVg^i^Zh WZilZZc lg^i^c\ VcY ehnX]dVcVanh^h! bn VgZV d[ heZX^Va^oV" i^dc# Eg^bVg^an! i]Z [VXi i]Vi ehnX]dVcVanh^hÉ bZi]dYdad\n ^h WVhZY ZmXajh^kZan dc aVc\jV\Z! dc i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ a^hiZc^c\ id i]Z VXXdjci d[ i]Z di]Zg Vh V iZmi i]Vi cZZYh id WZ jcYZg" hiddY VcY hdbZ]dl igVchaViZY! ^c dgYZg id gZijgc id ^i l^i] cZl bZVc^c\h# 7di] VcVanh^h VcY lg^i^c\ Vahd ^ckdakZ iV`^c\ V XZgiV^c Vii^ijYZ idlVgY l]Vi lZ XVaa ÆgZVa^in!Ç i]Vi ^h! V lVn d[ hZZ^c\ VcY a^hiZc^c\ id i]Z ldgaY i]Vi WZhidlh ^i l^i] V bZVc^c\ Vaadl^c\ jh id VXXZhh ^i# 6aa d[ i]Vi ^h V egdYjXi d[ aVc\jV\Z! d[ ]jbVc gZaVi^dch Vh cVggVi^dch# Bn hiVgi^c\ ed^ci ^h i]Z ^YZV i]Vi ^YZci^in ^h cdi]^c\ bdgZ i]Vc V cVggVi^kZ i]Vi lZ bV`Z d[ djg dlc hZakZh i]Vi dg^\^cViZh ^c i]Z cVggVi^kZh i]Vi di]Zgh egdYjXZ VWdji jh# Hd! l]Zc > lg^iZ! > edh^i^dc bnhZa[ WZ[dgZ V b^cdg [gV\bZci d[ gZVa^in i]Vi XVeijgZh bn ^ciZgZhiÅV hidgn! Vc VcZXYdiZ! V h^ijVi^dcÅVcY! [gdb i]ZgZ! > hZZ` id XgZViZ V bZVc^c\ i]Vi l^aa jc[daY ^c i]Z iZmi# I]ViÉh ]dl > ]VkZ Vgg^kZY Vi bdhi d[ bn cdkZah# >Éaa \^kZ ndj Vc ZmVbeaZ [gdb i]Z Òghi dcZ! :a Zm^a^d YZa i^Zbed I]Z Zm^aZ d[ i^bZ ! l]^X] lVh ejWa^h]ZY ^c &..%/ I]Z YVn dc l]^X] lZ lZgZ VWVcYdc^c\ i]Z ]djhZ [dg \ddY! > lZci je id bn bdi]ZgÉh gddb WZ[dgZ aZVk^c\0 i]Z l^cYdlh lZgZ deZc VcY i]Z kd^aZ XjgiV^c! hlZaaZY Wn i]Z WgZZoZ! ZhXVeZY ^c WZilZZc i]Z WVgh dc i]Z l^cYdl a^`Z i]Z ZmiZcY" ZY ]VcY d[ hdbZdcZ l]d lVh ]jga^c\ ^i ^cid i^bZ# I]ViÉh i]Z aVhi hZciZcXZ ^c i]Z cdkZa! Wji! VXijVaan! ^i ^h i]Z

*.

> H:: B:BDGN 6H 6C :M8::9>C<AN ;G6<>A: >CHI6C8: I=6I >H >C 8DCHI6CI G:K>H>DC# CDI=>C< 67DJI L=6I L: G:B:B7:G >H =DL >I IGJAN L6H! 6C9 :K:C I=: H6B: B:BDGN >H 7DJC9 ID 8=6C<: L>I= I=: E6HH>C< D; I>B:# ^c^i^Va ^bV\Z [gdb l]^X] i]Z Zci^gZ iZmi dg^\^cViZY! VcY i]Z dcZ i]Vi > VhhdX^ViZY l^i] aZVk^c\ bn X]^aY]ddY ]dbZ#

87/ > jcYZghiVcY ndjg a^cZ d[ gZVhdc^c\/ [dg V cdkZa" ^hi aVc\jV\Z ^h bjX] bdgZ ^bedgiVci i]Vc h^aZcXZh# =dlZkZg! > h]djaY XaVg^[n i]Vi i]Z edlZg d[ ndjg egdhZ a^Zh cdi dcan ^c ^ih WZVjin! Wji Vahd ^c i]Z jchV^Y! ^c ^ih XVeVX^in id aZVkZ deZc i]dhZ heVXZh WZndcY aVc\jV\Z dg V edhh^WaZ kZgWVa ZmeaVcVi^dc d[ i]Z ldgaY# 8dci^cj^c\ bn fjZhi^dc/ h^cXZ ldgYh VgZ l]Vi ]dd`ZY ndj dg l]Vi ndj ]dd`ZY dc id ! l]n X]ddhZ a^iZgVijgZ! VcY heZX^Ò" XVaan! ÒXi^dc! VcY cdkZah ^chiZVY d[ ehnX]dVcVanh^h4 L]n cdi hZiiaZ dc i]Z gZVa ^bV\^cVgn d[ ÓZh] VcY WdcZh eZdeaZ/ dc l]Vi ndj XVaa Æi]Z cVggVi^kZh i]Vi di]Zgh egdYjXZ VWdji jhÇ4 L]Vi YdZh i]Z \ZcgZ d[[Zg ndj4

a^b^iVi^dc d[ WZ^c\ ZVX] dcZ d[ jh# Lg^i^c\ cdkZah ^h V lVn d[ WZ^c\ Vcdi]Zg! d[ a^k^c\ ^c Vc Ædi]ZgÇ eaVXZ# > hjbbVg^oZ i]^h ^c i]Z ZhhVn ÆId 7Z HZkZgVa EZdeaZ Vi DcXZÇ ^c Edg fj ZhXg^" WZc adh ZhXg^idgZh L]n lg^iZgh lg^iZ / I]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ YgVl^c\ je Y^kZghZ hXZcVg^dh VcY edh^" i^dc^c\ l^i]^c i]Zb i]dhZ X]VgVXiZgh gZegZhZci^c\ jh ^c Vaa d[ djg kVg^Zin# Cdi WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ eVgih d[ djghZakZh Wji WZXVjhZ i]Zn gZegZhZci i]Z eVi]h lZ Y^Y cdi [daadl! i]dhZ edhh^W^a^i^Zh lZ VWVcYdcZY [dg hd bVcn gZVhdch! eZg]Veh h^bean WZXVjhZ i]Zn lZgZ idd bjX] [dg jh Vi V \^kZc i^bZ dg hZZbZY idiVaan [dgZ^\c# I]gdj\] lg^i^c\! i]dhZ WdjcYVg" ^Zh Y^hVeeZVg VcY lZ XVc XdcXZ^kZ d[ i]Z h^ijVi^dch i]Vi lZ bdbZciVg^an YZh^gZ½ ;^Xi^dc \^kZh jh i]Vi a^XZchZ! i]Vi \^[i d[ XdZm^hi^c\ ^c heVXZ VcY i^bZ#

6II/ ;dg bZ! a^iZgVijgZ XdbZh [gdb WZ^c\ V ndjc\ gZVYZg l]d [djcY V hdgi d[ eVgVaaZa gZVa^in ^c hidg^Zh! hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi! i]dj\] aVX`^c\ ^c bn gZVa a^[Z! > WZa^ZkZY Zm^hiZY ZahZl]ZgZ# > lVh Xdck^cXZY i]Vi i]Z Òghi X]^aYgZcÉh hidg^Zh > gZVY lZgZ cdi ÒXi^dc! l]^X] ^h Vc VYjai XdcXZei! Wji gVi]Zg ÆhdbZi]^c\Ç i]Vi lVh ]VeeZc^c\ ^c ÆhdbZÇ eaVXZ i]Vi > ldjaY VXXZhh ÆhdbZÇ YVn# I]^h lVh bn Zcign ed^ci ^cid a^iZgVijgZ# > Vb i]^c`^c\ d[ i]Z edejaVg 7gdi]Zgh <g^bb hidgn ÆI]Z Lda[ VcY i]Z HZkZc A^iiaZ <dVih#Ç > ]VkZ lg^iiZc dc i]Z bZbdgn d[ i]Vi gZVY^c\ ^c bn Wdd` d[ ZhhVnh Ed i^XV YZ aV cdkZaV EdZi^Xh d[ i]Z cdkZa /

87/ NdjÉkZ lg^iiZc i]Vi ÆbZbdgn ^h cdi Vc VgX]^kZ d[ kZg^ÒXVi^dch P###R =dl bjX] kZg^ÒVWaZ gZVa^in ^h i]ZgZ ^c i]Z gZXdchigjXi^dc d[ bZbdgn4 =dl bjX] cdc"Zm^hiZci ÒXi^dc ^h i]ZgZ ^c i]Z ^ckZci^dc4 P½R EgdWVWan! l]Zc > XgZViZ! > Vb gZbZbWZg^c\! ^ckZci^c\! VcY l]Zc > i]^c` > Vb ^ckZci^c\! > Vb gZXdkZg^c\ V [dg\diiZc ZmeZg^ZcXZ#Ç I]^h hiViZbZci d[ ndjgh bV`Zh XaZVg ndjg gZaVi^dch]^e id [dg\Zii^c\ VcY bZbdgn! id ]^hidgn VcY ^ih gZlg^i^c\# L]Vi ^h i]Z eaVXZ d[ i]Z cdkZa ^c gZaVi^dc id i]^h Y^hXjh" h^dc4 I]^h Wg^c\h je 9d V >c h kh# DWa^k^dc/ 6 CdkZa! ^c l]^X] ndj XdkZg (%% nZVgh ^c i]Z a^[Z d[ V KZcZojZaVc [Vb^an# 8Vc ^i WZ gZVY Vh i]Z cdkZa d[ KZcZojZaV! d[ V eVgi d[ KZcZojZaVc ]^hidgn4 6II/ ;dg V i^bZ > i]dj\]i i]Vi i]Z cdkZa XdjaY gZlg^iZ ]^h" idgn ^c ^ih hZchZ Vh d[ÒX^Va! cVi^dcVa hidgn VcY d[[Zg Vcdi]Zg eZgheZXi^kZ# I]^h ^h egdWVWan igjZ! nZi idYVn > hZZ ]^hidgn Vh dcZ d[ bVcn di]Zg eaVXZh l]ZgZ > ÒcY bViZg^Va [dg lg^i^c\# 6cY ZkZc ]^hidgn XVc gZ[Zg id eVhi ]^hidgn! Vh lVh i]Z XVhZ ^c 9d V >c h! [dg l]^X] > ]VY id gZVY bVcn ]^hidgn Wdd`h! VcY dc\d^c\ ]^hidgn! Vh lVh i]Z XVhZ [dg CdXijgVbV! [dg l]^X] > gZVY cZlheVeZgh! VcY VWdkZ Vaa! gZVY VWdji l]Vi i]Z a^kZh d[ KZcZojZaVch VgZ a^`Z Vh d[ aViZ \^kZc i]Z nZVgh d[ VXjiZ eda^i^XVa Xdc[gdciVi^dc ^c djg Xdjcign# > Wgdj\]i id CdXijgVbV ^bV\Zh d[ k^daZcXZ/ i]Z YZVi] d[ V iZZcV\Zg ^c V eaVoV! h]di Wn Vc ^chVcZ eZghdc! VcY i]Z [jcZgVa bVgX] i]Vi V ]j\Z \gdje d[ jh [daadlZY! ^c VWhdajiZ h^aZcXZ! l]^aZ hdbZWdYn ^c V Wj^aY" ^c\ eaVnZY i]Z cVi^dcVa Vci]Zb dc V igjbeZi0 i]Z h]ddi^c\h ^c VWVcYdcZY VcY ^ckVYZY Wj^aY^c\h0 i]Z idm^X \Vh ViiVX`h V\V^chi eda^i^XVa YZbdchigVidgh0 i]Z ]dbZaZhh eZdeaZ l]d a^kZ dc i]Z WVc`h d[ i]Z <jV^gZ g^kZg! WZadl i]Z ]^\]lVnh0 VcY ZkZc i]Z XZcigVa hidgn d[ i]Z egdiV\dc^hi l]d lV`Zh je l^i]dji `cdl^c\ l]d ]Z ^h! Vh ]Vh ]VeeZcZY ^c bVcn XVhZh l]Zc eZdeaZ VgZ Ygj\\ZY ^c dgYZg id WZ gdWWZY dg `^aaZY# CdXijgVbV ^h cdi V ]^hidg^XVa cdkZa! Wji ^i eaVXZh ^ihZa[ l^i]^c egZhZci ]^hidgn# 7ZiiZg nZi! ^i ^h ÒXi^dcVaan XdbedhZY i]gdj\] i]Z jc^ÒXVi^dc d[ hXViiZgZY [VXih#

=^hidgn ^h V kZgh^dc ^bV\^cZY Wn egd[Zhh^dcVa ]^hidg^" Vch! VcY i]Z ]^hidg^XVa cdkZa! dg i]Z cdkZa WVhZY dc ]^hidg^" XVa ZkZcih! ^h V kZgh^dc ^bV\^cZY Wn egd[Zhh^dcVa lg^iZgh# 9Zhe^iZ i]Z [VXi i]Vi bVcn Xg^i^Xh ]VkZ XViVad\ZY bZ Vh V cdkZa^hi d[ bZbdgn! > hZZ bZbdgn Vh Vc ZmXZZY^c\an [gV\^aZ

>i h]djaY ]VkZ WZZc i]Z adc\! Wdg^c\ V[iZgcddc d[ Vc dcan X]^aY# > Vb VadcZ! ^c i]Z VWhdajiZ XdbeVcn d[ i]Z e^XijgZ Wdd` i]Vi hdbZdcZ ]Vh \^kZc bZ# >i ]Vh V XVgYWdVgY XdkZg l^i] aVg\Z Xdadg ^aajhigVi^dch# I]Z cVggVi^kZ hjWbZg\Zh bZ ^c V hiViZ d[ eVc^X/ i]ZgZ ^h cdi idd bjX] d[ V Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z a^iiaZ \dVih i]Vi i]Z lda[ YZkdjgh VcY bZ# > ldjaY a^`Z id hXgZVb Vi i]Zb id cdi deZc i]Z Yddg! id iZaa i]Zb i]Vi i]Z lda[ ^h an^c\ VcY ^beZghdcVi^c\ Vcdi]Zg# > Vb i]Z ^bediZci l^icZhh d[ V Xg^bZ! d[ k^daZcXZ! d[ YZXZ^i# > Ògban WZa^ZkZ i]Vi l]Vi ^h ]VeeZc^c\ ^h igjZ# 6h igjZ Vh i]Z a^\]i i]Vi ÒaiZgh i]gdj\] i]Z \gZZc eaVhi^X d[ i]Z Wa^cYh# > ign id XdkZg i]Z ]ZVY d[ i]Z lda[ ÓVh]^c\ ]^h hVa^kV"Yg^ee^c\ [Vc\h# > eaVXZ bn ]VcY dc i]Z Wdd`Éh eV\Zh! VcY i]Z lda[ Y^hVeeZVgh0 > a^[i ^i! VcY ]ZÉh i]ZgZ V\V^c! YZÒc^iZan hiVg^c\ Vi bZ# > Xdci^cjZ gZVY^c\ VcY! ÒcVaan! i]Z iZggdg hideh# > ]VkZ WZZc gZlVgYZY# I]Z hidgn ZcYh lZaa# I]Z lda[ ^h Y^hXdkZgZY! i]Z a^iiaZ \dVih VgZ hVkZY! i]Z bdi]Zg gZijgch# Bn bdi]Zg ZciZgh i]Z gddb VcY Vh`h bZ ^[ > ]VkZ iV`Zc V cVe# I]^h gZaViZh id bn eZgheZXi^kZ dc gZVa^hi lg^i^c\0 >Éb cdi ^ciZg" ZhiZY ^c l]Vi gZVaan ]VeeZch Vh bjX] Vh ^c l]Vi > Vb Xdc" k^cXZY XdjaY VXijVaan ]VeeZc# EjgZ ÒXi^dc i^gZh bZ hdbZ]dl VcY! [jgi]ZgbdgZ! >Éb cdi hjgZ ^[ ^i ZkZc Zm^hih# :kZc i]Z bdhi [VciVhi^X hidgn XdciV^ch ^cY^XVidgh d[ l]ZgZ ^i XdbZh [gdb# 6cnlVn! > WZ\Vc id lg^iZ WZXVjhZ > lVciZY id bV`Z ldg`h d[ ÒXi^dc a^`Z i]Z dcZh > hd Zc_dnZY gZVY^c\# > WZ\Vc! a^`Z bVcn cdkZa^hih! lg^i^c\ h]dgi hidg^Zh! Wji V[iZg lg^i^c\ bn Òghi cdkZa > egVXi^XVaan VWVcYdcZY i]Vi \ZcgZ#

IdYVn! i]Z cdkZa [dg bZ gZegZhZcih [dg bZ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ XgZVi^c\ VcY WZa^Zk^c\ ^c di]Zg a^kZh! ^c VaiZgcVi^kZh id i]Z

+%

A>I:G6IJG:

6C6 I:G:H6 IDGG:H

^chiVcXZ i]Vi ^h ^c XdchiVci gZk^h^dc# Cdi]^c\ VWdji l]Vi lZ gZbZbWZg ^h ]dl ^i igjan lVh! VcY ZkZc i]Z hVbZ bZbdgn ^h WdjcY id X]Vc\Z l^i] i]Z eVhh^c\ d[ i^bZ# >c di]Zg ldgYh! lg^i^c\ ]^hidgn VcY lg^i^c\ cdkZah VgZ higViZ\^Zh [dg XgZVi^c\ ^bV\^cVg^Zh VWdji i]Z eVhi! VcY i]dhZ ^bV\^cVg^Zh VgZ cZXZh" hVgn! [dg l^i]dji i]Zb! i]Z eVhi ldjaY gZbV^c Zbein! VcY hd ldjaY eVgi d[ djg ^YZci^in#

87/ 9dZh ^i bV`Z ndj Vi Vaa jcXdb[dgiVWaZ i]Vi 9d V >c h ]Vh WZZc XaVhh^ÒZY Vh V ]^hidg^XVa cdkZa4 Id l]Vi YZ\gZZ ^h i]^h cdkZa! l]dhZ hjWeadi ^h i]Z ]^hidgn d[ KZcZojZaV! V ]^hidg^XVa cdkZa ^c i]Z hig^XiZhi hZchZ d[ i]Z iZgb4 Id l]Vi ZmiZci ^h ^i cdi! VcY Xdch^hih! [gdb ndjg Vji]dg^Va ed^ci d[ k^Zl! d[ i]Z hidgn d[ V eVgi^XjaVg [Vb^an4 6II/ >iÉh YZÒc^iZan V ]^hidg^XVa cdkZa! dg Vi aZVhi i]ViÉh ]dl ^i ]Vh WZZc XaVhh^ÒZY! VcY ^iÉh ed^ciaZhh id YZWViZ i]ViÅ^i [jaÒaah i]Z gZfj^gZbZcih d[ i]Z \ZcgZ# Cdl! l]Zi]Zg ^i iZaah i]Z hidgn d[ V [Vb^an dg i]Z hidgn d[ V cVi^dc hZZbh i]Z gZaZkVci fjZh" i^dc# D[ XdjghZ! > XdcXZ^kZY d[ ^i Vh V [Vb^an hidgn! hd ]^hidgn lVh! Vh ndj hd VXXjgViZan hVn! V hjWeadi# I]Z W^\ X]VgVXiZgh d[ KZcZojZaVc ]^hidgn VeeZVg! Wji ValVnh ^c i]Z WVX`\gdjcY! VcY i]Z ÒXi^dcVa egdiV\dc^hih d[ i]Z cdkZaÉh eadi VeeZVg ^c i]Z [dgZ\gdjcY# I]^h ^h YZa^WZgViZ# > lVh i^gZY i]Zc! VcY cdl bdgZ i]Vc ZkZg! d[ i]Z YZ^ÒXVi^dc d[ djg ]^hidgn! VcY i]Z egZXVg^" djh igZVibZci i]Vi i]Z dgY^cVgn eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZ! jai^bViZan! XdchigjXiZY i]Z Xdjcign! Xdch^hiZcian gZXZ^kZ# >c i]Z cdkZa > ig^ZY id eV^ci V hdgi d[ [gZhXd ^c l]^X] i]Z X]VgVXiZgh VeeZVg ^c i]Z^g Y^[[ZgZci XaVhhZh VcY XVhiZh! l^i] i]Z^g aVlhj^ih! i]Z^g Xdc[gdciVi^dch! i]Z^g ]VigZYh VcY i]Z^g adnVai^Zh# Id i]Vi ZcY! i]Z higViZ\n d[ [dXjh^c\ dc i]Z [Vb^an hV\V lVh kZgn jhZ" [ja WZXVjhZ ^i VaadlZY bZ id a^c` [VXih! bV^ciV^c i]ZbZh! VcY Vahd VXXdjci [dg ^ih jcgVkZa^c\ l^i] i]Z eVhhV\Z d[ i^bZ# 7ZXVjhZ i]Z cdkZa XdkZgh Vc ZmiZcYZY eZg^dY d[ i]gZZ XZcijg^Zh! ^i lVh cZXZhhVgn id XdccZXi id hdbZ d[ i]Z [jcYV" bZciVa [VXih d[ KZcZojZaVc ]^hidgn# I]^h ^h gZaViZY ^c i]Z cdkZa i]gdj\] i]Z edhhZhh^dch d[ i]Z egdiV\dc^hiÉh [Vb^an0 i]gdj\] i]Z YZhXg^ei^dc d[ i]Z YZhigjXi^dc d[ i]Z^g ]VX^ZcYVh ^c i]Z LVg d[ >cYZeZcYZcXZ! i]Z^g hjWhZfjZci eVgi^Va gZXdchigjXi^dc ^c i]Z b^Y"&.i] XZcijgn! VcY i]Z^g Zmegdeg^Vi^dc Wn i]Z \dk" ZgcbZci Vi i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z &.i] XZcijgn0 ^c i]Z eajbbZi^c\ d[ i]Z XdXdV igVYZ0 VcY ^c i]Z hVaZ V\gZZbZci gZVX]ZY WZilZZc i]Z ^c]Zg^idgh d[ i]Z aVcY VcY i]Z gZ\^dcÉh bVndg Vi i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z '%i] XZcijgn! l]Zc i]Z aVcYÉh kVajZ cd adc\Zg YZeZcYh dc V\g^XjaijgZ Wji gVi]Zg dc idjg^hb# 6cdi]Zg ^bedgiVci i]ZbZ ^h i]Z ^cXdgedgVi^dc d[ i]Z Ydb^cViZY XaVhhZh d[ i]Z Xdadcn ^cid i]Z YZbdXgVi^X a^[Z d[ i]Z b^Y"'%i] XZcijgn! l]^X] ^h cVggViZY i]gdj\] V hV\V eVgVaaZa id i]Vi d[ i]Z aVcYZY XaVhh# >iÉh i]Z hV\V d[ i]Z haVkZ [Vb^an i]Vi egd\gZhh^kZan ZciZgh i]Z ldgaY d[ X^i^oZch]^e! VXfj^g^c\ g^\]ih VcY ZkZc ViiV^c^c\ eda^i^XVa edhih# I]Z i]ZbZ d[ ldbZc ^h Vahd XdkZgZY! Vh 9d V >c h iZaah d[ i]Z X]Vc\Zh i]Vi VgZ eji ^cid eaVXZ [gdb i]Z i^bZ d[ ]Zg Xdadc^Va a^[Z id i]Z Xjhidbh i]Vi h]Z dWhZgkZh Vbdc\ '%i]"XZcijgn ldbZc# I]Z Zci^gZ hidgn ^h cVggViZY Wn ]Zg! ^c i]Z kd^XZ d[ V \]dhi l]d igVkZah i]gdj\] i]Z XZcijg^Zh VcY hZZh [gdb ]Zg dlc eZgheZXi^kZ! cVijgVaan! i]Z igVch[dgbVi^dch i]Vi iV`Z eaVXZ#

I]Z ^YZV d[ hZVgX]^c\ dji i]Z hidg^Zh d[ X^i^oZch VcY cdi ]ZgdZh ^h l]Vi ^ciZgZhiZY bZ i]Zc VcY hi^aa YdZh# D[ XdjghZ! >Éb cdi Xdbean^c\ l^i] i]Z bVg`Zi ]ZgZ# I]Z bVg`Zi gZVYZg ^c

KZcZojZaV lVcih i]Z ]^hidgn d[ i]Z ]ZgdZh dg i]Z Vci^]ZgdZh! lVcih i]Z cdkZa id WZ ÆVaa i]Vi ndj ValVnh lVciZY id `cdl VWdji M i]Vi ndjg ]^hidgn iZVX]Zg Y^YcÉi iZaa ndj!Ç Wji i]Vi hdgi d[ gZXgZVi^dc ^h cdi [dg bZ# G^\]i cdl >Éb lg^i^c\ V cdkZa i]Vi XdjaY WZ XaVhh^ÒZY Vh ]^hidg^XVa/ ^i iV`Zh eaVXZ ^c i]Z &,i] XZcijgn VcY ^ih bV^c X]VgVXiZg ^h V ldbVc l]d! ^[ h]Z ZkZg Zm^hiZY! ]VY ]Zg a^[Z ZgVhZY Wn i]Z VccVah d[ ]Zg dlc [Vb" ^an# >iÉh V b^c^bVa^hi ]^hidgn! Vabdhi VcZXYdiVa# Bn cVggVi^kZ V^bh egZX^hZan id gZXgZViZ ]Zg YgVbVÅi]Vi d[ V gVeZY ndjc\ ldbVc! VcY! [gdb i]Z [Zl VkV^aVWaZ [VXih! ^bV\^cZ V YZkZade" bZci VcY djiXdbZ [dg ]Zg a^[Z#

87/ Ndj lgdiZ ^c Vc ZhhVn/

L^i] gZheZXi id i]Zb! i]Z X]VgVXiZgh! ild ]nedi]ZhZh#

I]Z Òghi dcZ! i]Z bdhi Xdbbdc! ^h i]Z ]nedi]Zh^h d[

i]Z YdjWaZ# I]Z Di]Zg$gZVYZg l^aa ign id hZZ ^c i]Z

X]VgVXiZg igVXZh d[ i]Z Vji]dg# I]Z Y^h\j^hZh l^i]

l]^X] h]Z ]Vh YgZhhZY ]Zg ^YZci^inÅl]ZgZ YdZh h]Z

]^YZ VcY l]^X] kd^XZ ^h ]Zgh4 I]Z hZXdcY ]nedi]Zh^h

^h i]Vi d[ i]Z l^icZhhÅl]Vi kd^XZh YdZh i]Z Vji]dg

ZmeaV^c! l]Vi Y^hXdjghZh ]Vh h]Z e^X`ZY je ^c ]Zg a^[Z!

^c ]Zg gZVY^c\h4 L]Vi \]dhih ^h h]Z XVggn^c\ VcY l]Vi

ZmegZhh^dc YdZh h]Z lVci id \^kZ i]Zb hd i]Vi i]Zn

XVc! ÒcVaan! heZV`4 > gZXd\c^oZ bnhZa[ ^c Wdi]

egdedhVah#

L]Vi Yd ndj gZ[Zg id l]Zc ndj hVn \]dhih4 6II/ > i]^c` > Vb gZ[Zgg^c\ id i]dhZ X]VgVXiZgh! h^ijVi^dch! VcY bZbdg^Zh i]Vi ]VkZ hiVnZY WZ]^cY ^c i]Z ^c`lZaa! i]dhZ id l]^X] lZ ]VkZcÉi WZZc VWaZ id \^kZ lg^iiZc [dgb! VcY l]^X] gZbV^c Vh dWhZhh^dch# BdgZ i]Vc Vcni]^c\ ZahZ! l]Vi > lVh iVa`^c\ VWdji ^c i]Z ZhhVn ndj fjdiZ VgZ eVgi^XjaVg dWhZh" h^dch! i]dhZ jcgZhdakZY bViiZgh i]Vi lZ lg^iZgh ]VkZ i]Z VjYVX^in id WZa^ZkZ XVc WZ gZhdakZY ^[ dcan lZ lg^iZ VWdji i]Zb# I]Zn VgZ ]^\]an ^bedgiVci! Vh i]Zn egdYjXZ i]Z jc^fjZ lVn ^c l]^X] ZVX] d[ jh lg^iZh# >c V lVn! i]Zn VgZ XdccZXiZY id i]Z iZgb ^c i]Z ehnX]dVcVani^X hZchZ WZXVjhZ i]Zn VgZ eZghdcVa ^bV\^cVg^Zh ejghj^c\ jh Vaa d[ djg a^kZh# > fjdiZ V eVgV\gVe] [gdb bn cdkZa! Adh ai^bdh ZheZXiVYdgZh YZa VXdgVoVYd EdiZb`^c I]Z aVhi heZXiVidgh d[ I]Z 7ViiaZh]^e EdiZb`^c i]Vi eZg]Veh ^aajhigViZh dcZ d[ bn dWhZhh^dch# Bn Wgdi]Zg Y^ZY fj^iZ V l]^aZ V\d! VcY! d[ XdjghZ! >ÉkZ gZXdc" X^aZY bnhZa[ l^i] i]Z lZ^\]i d[ ]^h Y^hVeeZVgVcXZ# 7ji ZkZg h^cXZ ]^h lg^i^c\h VeeZVgZY ^c V h]dZWdm! V[iZg >ÉY [dg\diiZc i]Zb! >ÉkZ WZZc idgbZciZY Wn V XZgiV^c ^YZV VWdji i]Z jcÒc" ^h]ZY# Cdi i]Vi > lVci id Vhh^\c ^i V \gVk^in i]Vi ^i YdZhcÉi ]VkZ# I]Z ldgY ÆidgbZciÇ hj\\Zhih V hj[[Zg^c\ \gZViZg i]Vc l]Vi > Vb ZmeZg^ZcX^c\# BVnWZ ^iÉh cdi]^c\ bdgZ i]Vc i]Z jcXdb[dgiVWaZ hZchVi^dc i]Vi lZ VgZ aZ[i l^i] V[iZg V a^[Z ZcYh! WZ[dgZ a^[ZÉh aVX` d[ igVchXZcYZcXZ VcY i]Z ^bedhh^W^a" ^in d[ hjbb^c\ ^i je#

87/ Ndj ]VkZ ejWa^h]ZY Vc Zgdi^X cdkZa# L]Vi lVh ndjg a^iZgVgn ^ciZgZhi ^c i]Z ide^X4 =dl Yd ndj [ZZa VWdji i]Z ejWa^h]ZY Wdd`4 6II/ L]Vi ]VeeZcZY l^i] AV [Vkdg^iV YZa HZ dg I]Z b^hiZgÉh [Vkdg^iZ lVh cdi egZbZY^iViZY# >i lVh dcZ d[ i]Z hidg^Zh [gdb bn egZk^djh cdkZa! BVaZcV YZ X^cXd bjcYdh BVaZcV d[ ÒkZ

+&

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

ldgaYh Ål]^X] XZciZgh dc ÒkZ ldbZc [gdb Y^[[ZgZci eZg^" dYh VcY eaVXZhÅWji i]Z kd^XZ d[ i]Z egdiV\dc^hi ]VY hjX] [dgXZ i]Vi ^i YZbVcYZY ^ih dlc heVXZ# >i ]VY Vc Zgdi^X idcZ VcY XdbbVcYZY V Y^[[ZgZci igZVibZci0 > [daadlZY ^i! VcY ^i ZcYZY je WZ^c\ V hZeVgViZ cdkZa# I]Z Zgdi^X \ZcgZ ^h cdi kZgn Xdbbdc ^c KZcZojZaV! ZkZc aZhh hd l]Zc lg^iiZc Wn ldbZc cdkZa^hih jca^`Z edZign ! hd i]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ Wjoo VgdjcY i]Z Wdd` VcY ^i WZXVbZ V WZhihZaaZg# 6 Wdd`hZaaZg dcXZ idaY bZ i]Vi! ^[ > lVciZY id hZaa! > h]djaY gZijgc id i]Z hjW_ZXi! l]^X] > ]VkZcÉi lVciZY id Yd#

87/ DhXVg GdYg \jZo Dgi^o lg^iZh i]Vi Æ^c i]Z ldg` d[ IdggZh i]ZgZ ^h i]^h Xdci^cj^in l^i] KZcojZaVc igVY^" i^dch!Ç VcY! V[iZg bZci^dc^c\ G bjad <VaaZ\dh! ]Z ÒcYh ndj ÆgZaViVWaZ id i]^h hlVben hZXgZi ldgaY i]Vi Wd^ah je ^c ]^h ÒXi^dc/ iZggdgh VWdji gVX^Va b^mZh VcY i]Z YVc\Zg d[ ^cXZhi#Ç I]^h Xg^i^X XdbeVgZh ndj l^i] di]Zg AVi^c 6bZg^XVc lg^iZgh! VcY l^i] ;Vja`cZg! [dg l]db Æi]Z cVi^dcVa VcY ]^hidg^XVa XdchX^djhcZhh VgZ XZcigVa hjW_ZXih#Ç =dl ldjaY ndj YZhXg^WZ ndjg a^iZg" Vgn V[Òa^Vi^dch4 Ndj ]VkZ hV^Y i]Vi KZcZojZaVc a^iZgV" ijgZ ^h jc`cdlc djih^YZ d[ ^ih \Zd\gVe]^XVa iZgg^idgn!

ZkZc l]Zc ^i WdVhih bV\c^ÒXZci Vji]dgh# L]Vi XaVh" h^X KZcZojZaVc Vji]dgh Yd ndj VXXZei Vh eVgi d[ ndjg lg^iZgÉh [Vb^an igZZ4 6II/ > lVh hjgZan ^cÓjZcXZY Wn AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Vji]dgh [dg V adc\ i^bZ! ;jZciZh! cVijgVaan! Wji Vahd ?dh 9dcdhd! ;ZgcVcYd 9Za EVhd! BVg^d KVg\Vh AadhV! ?jVc 8Vgadh DcZii^! ?ja^d 8dgi{oVg# 6aa d[ i]Vi \gZVi \ZcZgVi^dc# DkZg i^bZ! > ]VkZ \diiZc ^cid di]Zg gZVY^c\h! di]Zg lg^i^c\h# > ÒcY ^i Y^[ÒXjai id a^hi l]Vi > gZVY WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z kZgn Y^hdg\Vc^oZY lVn > \d VWdji ^i! Wji d[[ i]Z ide d[ bn ]ZVY hdbZ d[ i]Z Vji]dgh i]Vi ]VkZ bdhi ^ciZgZhiZY bZ VgZ i]Z 7g^i^h] lg^iZgh >g^h BjgYdX]! @Vojd >h]^\jgd! E# 9# ?VbZh! VcY HVgV] LViZgh0 i]Z Cdgi] 6bZg^XVch EVig^X^V =^\]hb^i]! 6a^XZ Bjcgd! VcY EVja 6jhiZg0 VcY i]Z :jgdeZVch L# <# HZWVaY! >bgZ @Zgi ho! VcY H{cYdg B{gV^#

L]Zc GdYg \jZo Dgi^o bZci^dch G bjad <VaaZ\dh ]Z gZ[Zgh heZX^ÒXVaan id 9d V >c h! l]^X] YdZh YZhXg^WZ hXVc" YVah VWdji gVX^Va b^mZh VcY di]Zg XdchZfjZcXZh# 6c ^bedg" iVci ZaZbZci ^c i]Z cdkZa ^h i]Z bVig^bdc^Va hV\V/ ]dl jc^dch VgZ egdYjXZY! WZ\^cc^c\ l^i] i]Z Xdadc^Va eZg^dY l]Zc ^ciZggVX^Va bVgg^V\Zh lZgZ egd]^W^iZY! i]dj\] ^c egVXi^XZ b^mZY jc^dch VWdjcYZY# I]^h! cVijgVaan! lVh YZc^ZY VcY XdkZgZY je WVX` i]Zc# 9d V >c h hVnh i]Vi ]Zg ]jhWVcY ]VY V hdc Wn V haVkZ! VcY i]Vi dcZ d[ ]Zg YVj\]iZgh ]VY Vc V[[V^g l^i] V haVkZ! VcY WZXVjhZ d[ i]^h h]Z ]^Y ]Zg VlVn jci^a h]Z lVh XZgiV^c i]Vi h]Z lVh cdi egZ\cVci# 6h i^bZ eVhhZh VcY igVch[dgbVi^dch iV`Z Z[[ZXi! i]Z egd]^W^i^dc Y^hVeeZVgh Wji ^h bV^ciV^cZY Vh V egZ_jY^XZ# ;dg ^chiVcXZ/ V YZhXZcYZci d[ 9d V >c h! gj^cZY VcY l^i]dji hj^idgh! bVgg^Zh V bjaViid l]d ]Vh WZXdbZ V bVc d[ bZVch Yjg^c\ i]Z Y^XiVidgh]^e d[ ?jVc K^XZciZ < bZo &.%*"&.(* ! VcY! aViZg dc! bV^ciV^ch V gdbVci^X gZaVi^dch]^e [dg bVcn nZVgh l^i] V ?Zl^h] bVc! Vahd X]VaaZc\^c\ i]Z egZ_jY^XZh d[ i]Z KZcZojZaVc Wdjg\Zd^" h^Z! cdi dcan WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z VYjaiZgn! Wji Vahd WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z Zi]c^X^in d[ ]Zg adkZg# 6aa d[ i]ZhZ eadih VWdji i]Z XdchigjX" i^dc d[ KZcZojZaVc hdX^Zin VgZ [jcYVbZciVa ^c <VaaZ\dh! VcY! i]ZgZÉh cd YdjWi i]Vi ]^h ldg` ^h egZhZci ^c Vabdhi Vaa d[ i]Z KZcZojZaVc cdkZa^hih! l]Zi]Zg i]Zn a^`Z ^i dg cdi# >! ]dlZkZg!

YdcÉi i]^c` i]Vi > ]VkZ WZZc bjX] d[ V [V^i][ja YVj\]iZg! VcY > h]djaY Xdc[Zhh i]Vi > ]VkZ cdi gZVY ]^b l^i] Zcdj\] Xdci^cj" ^in# 6ahd! i]Z <VaaZ\Vc cdkZa ^h [jcYVbZciVaan gjgVa! l]^aZ i]Vi d[ edhi"<VaaZ\dh lg^iZgh ^h jgWVc#

L]Vi XdccZXih jh Vaa id ]^h ldg` ^h i]Z egZdXXjeVi^dc l^i] i]Z cVi^dcVa! i]Z Xdjcign Vh dWhZhh^dc! Vh \]dhi! Vh egdWaZb# >[ > Xdch^YZg bn [Vb^an igZZ! i]Z Vji]dg > gZaViZ id i]Z bdhi ^h IZgZhV YZ aV EVggV# I]ZgZ ^h V adi d[ ]^hidgn! V adi d[ ÆcVi^dcÇ ^c ]Zg ldg`! Wji ^i ^h ValVnh egZhZciZY i]gdj\] bVg\^cVa! ^ch^\c^ÒXVci X]VgVXiZgh# L]Zc h]Z lgdiZ >Ò\Zc^V ^c &.')! i]Z KZcZojZaVc a^iZgVgn eVcdgVbV lVh Ydb^cViZY Wn <VaaZ\dh VcY ?dh GV[VZa EdXViZggV! l]d YZVai l^i] i]Z W^\ cVi^dcVa i]ZbZh# Dc i]Z XdcigVgn! IZgZhV ZbWVg`h dc lg^i" ^c\ VWdji i]Z a^[Z d[ V ndjc\ ldbVc l]d YdZh cdi aZVkZ ]Zg [Vb^a^Vg hjggdjcY^c\h! Vai]dj\] i]gdj\] ]Zg hidgn lZ jcYZg" hiVcY i]Z Z[[ZXih d[ i]Z Y^XiVidgh]^e dc hdX^Zin! hdX^ZinÉh egZ_jY^XZh VcY ZXdcdb^X h]^[ih# CdlVYVnh! > ÒcY i]Vi i]Z ide^X d[ i]Z cVi^dcVa i]Vi hd bVg`h jh KZcZojZaVch ^h WZiiZg ZmegZhhZY i]gdj\] b^c^bVa^hi hjW_ZXih! ^c V XdcX^hZ aVc" \jV\Z i]Vi ^h Vabdhi cdi a^iZgVgn# >! [dg bn eVgi! a^`Z id hZZ i]Z i]gZVYh gjcc^c\ i]gdj\] i]^c\h! `ZZe^c\ igVX` d[ ]dl i]Zn VgZ WZ^c\ igVch[dgbZY! Wji > XVc cZkZg gZijgc id egZk^djh egd_" ZXih# >c eVgi WZXVjhZ >ÉkZ YZa^WZgViZan hdj\]i i]^h! Wji Vahd WZXVjhZ ^i ldjaYcÉi ldg`# Ndj aZVkZ V eVgi d[ ndjghZa[ ^c ZVX] Wdd`! VcY ndj ]VkZ id aZi ^i \d#

HJ7H8G>7: 6I 7DB7H>I:#8DB

+'

7DB7 H=DE

L6G9 H=:AA:N 9dlcidlc 7dYn! '%%-

')% ZVX] $ lll#WdbWh^iZ#Xdb$h]ZaaZn

E>C@ 7DB7 Wn Idb DiiZgcZhh

M@J@K

a\jjnX`e\i%Zfd kf [`jZfm\i A\jjËj le`hl\ Zfcc\Zk`fe f] _Xe[$ZiX]k\[ ^cXjj fYa\Zkj ]fi k_\ _fd\ Xe[ k_\ _fc`[Xpj% Kf fi[\i1 ,('%/*-%**'(

(,* ZVX] $ lll#WdbWh^iZ#Xdb$diiZgcZhh

nnn%a\jjnX`e\i%Zfd ;DG BDG: >C;DGB6I>DC K>H>I 7DB7H>I:#8DB Jess.Wainer_BOMB.ad_2.4x2.2.indd 1

10/22/09 12:59:15 PM

7DB7

Egd_ZXih [dg V BjgVa! &.*)Ä&.+*! VXgna^X dc eanlddY! &* ($) '& ($) m ' &$' ^cX]Zh#

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

+)

86GADH 8GJO"9>:O

6GI

Å 7N :HIG:AA>I6 7# 7GD9H@N

+*

9^Zo YZeadnZY V cZl bZVch d[ ZmegZhh^c\ XdciZbedgVcZ^in l]^aZ bV^ciV^c^c\ V bdgVa Xdbb^ibZci id hZgkZ V WgdVY ejWa^X#

7n lVn d[ ZmeZg^ZcX^c\ XdadgÉh ^ciZchZ ^bbZY^VXn Vh a^\]i gVi]Zg i]Vc e^\bZci! i]Z k^ZlZgÉh ZnZ ^h [gZZY [gdb i]Z WjgYZc d[ ^ciZgegZi^c\ gZegZhZciVi^dcVa [dgbh i]Vi VgZ egZdgYV^cZY Wn XaVhh dg eda^i^XVa bZhhV\Zh# :meadg^c\ i]Z ^cÒc^iZan X]Vc\^c\ Z[[ZXih d[ VYY^i^kZ! gZÓZXi^kZ! VcY hjWigVXi^kZ Xdadg! 8gjo"9^Zo ]Vh ZkZg h^cXZ jhZY Xdadg id X]VaaZc\Z i]Z igVY^i^dcVa gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc Vgi^hi! k^ZlZg! VcY i]Z eZgXZei^dc d[ Vgi# >c &.+.!

8gjo"9^Zo ^chiVaaZY '' ZaZXig^XVaan a^i XVW^ch XdbedhZY d[ gZY! WajZ! VcY \gZZc EaZm^\aVh lVaah \gdjeZY ^cid [djg hZeVgViZ bVoZ" a^`Z higjXijgZh Vi i]Z hjWlVn ZcigVcXZ d[ i]Z EaVXZ YZ aÉDY dc ^c EVg^h! ]^h VYdeiZY ]dbZ X^in# I]ZhZ Xdadg"^c[jhZY gddbhÅXVaaZY 8]gdbdhVijgVi^dchÅVgZ V Xjab^cVi^dc d[ i]Z Vgi^hiÉh YZh^gZ id egd_ZXi Xdadg ^cid heVXZ Vh V eVgi^X^eVidgn ZkZci0 i]Zn a^iZgVaan hVijgViZ i]Z k^ZlZgÉh Zck^gdcbZci#

8gjo"9^Zo eZgbVcZcian bdkZY id EVg^h ^c &.+%! i]dj\] ]Z gZijgch d[iZc id KZcZojZaV# H^cXZ ]^h Òghi hdad Zm]^W^i^dc Vi i]Z KZcZojZaVc"6bZg^XVc >chi^ijiZ ^c 8VgVXVh ^c &.),! ]Z ]Vh eVgi^X^eViZY ^c YdoZch d[ Zm]^W^i^dch! ^cXajY^c\ BdB6Éh edaZb^XVa &.+* h]dl d[ i]Zc"cZl De ldg`! I]Z GZhedch^kZ :nZ# 8gjo"9^ZoÉh '%%- gZigdheZXi^kZ Vi i]Z 6bZg^XVh HdX^Zin ^c CZl Ndg` lVh ]^h Òghi bV_dg Zm]^W^i^dc ^c V JH ^chi^iji^dc! VcY i]Z ^cÓjZcXZ d[ ]^h ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc l^i] Xdadg dc XdciZbedgVgn Vgi^hih WZXVbZ eVaeVWaZ#

Å:higZaa^iV 7# 7gdYh`n

I]Z KZcZojZaVc Vgi^hi 8Vgadh 8gjo"9^Zo ]Vh YZhXg^WZY Xdadg Vh Æcdi h^bean i]Z Xdadg d[ i]^c\h dg i]Z Xdadg d[ [dgb PWji gVi]ZgR Vc Zkdak^c\ h^ijVi^dc! V gZVa^in l]^X] VXih dc i]Z ]jbVc WZ^c\ l^i] i]Z hVbZ ^ciZch^in Vh XdaY! ]ZVi! VcY hdjcY#Ç 8gjo"9^Zo egZhZcih Xdadg Vh Vc ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^c ^ihZa[ÅV ejgZ e]ZcdbZcdc d[ a^\]i i]Vi XVc WZ eZgXZ^kZY l^i]dji ^ciZgegZiVi^dc dg egZZm^hi^c\ XjaijgVa `cdlaZY\Z# 7n egd_ZXi^c\ Xdadg ^cid heVXZ! i]Z Vgi^hi ZmeadgZh i]Z hZchdgn edhh^W^a^i^Zh d[ ^ih Y^gZXi ^ciZgVXi^dc l^i] i]Z k^ZlZg# I]Z k^ZlZg! ^chiZVY d[ bZgZan add`^c\ Vi i]Z ldg` d[ Vgi! WZXdbZh V eVgi^X^eVci ^c V e]ZcdbZcdad\^XVa ZkZci#

8gjo"9^Zo ^h ^YZci^ÒZY ^c KZcZojZaV Vh dcZ d[ i]Z XdjcignÉh bdYZgc^hi bVhiZgh Vadc\ l^i] i]Z aViZ Vgi^hih ?Zh h GV[VZa Hdid VcY 6aZ_VcYgd DiZgd# >c :jgdeZ! 8gjo"9^ZoÉh cVbZ WZXVbZ hncdcnbdjh ^c i]Z &.+%h l^i] i]Z ZmeadgVi^dc d[ XdadgÉh `^cZi^X ediZci^Va# 7dgc ^c 8VgVXVh ^c &.'(!

8gjo"9^Zo hijY^ZY Vi i]Z :hXjZaV YZ 6giZh Ea{hi^XVh n 6ea^XVYVh WZ[dgZ ldg`^c\ l^i] Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VYkZgi^h^c\ V\ZcXn [gdb &.)+ id &.*&# =Z i]Zc ldg`ZY Vh Vc ^aajhigVidg [dg V 8VgVXVh cZlheVeZg l]^aZ iZVX]^c\ VcY egVXi^X^c\ \gVe]^X VcY ^cYjhig^Va YZh^\c# >c &.*)! i]Z Vgi^hi ldg`ZY dc bjgVa egd_ZXih i]Vi XdjaY WZ bVc^ejaViZY0 i]Zn X]Vc\ZY l^i] i]Z hjcÉh bdkZbZci! XgZVi^c\ h]VYdlh VcY Vc^bVi^c\ i]Z hjg[VXZ eaVcZ l^i] gVY^Vci gZÓZXi^dch d[ Xdadg# 7Z\^cc^c\ ^c &.*.!

8gjo"9^ZoÉh hZg^Zh d[ ;^h^Xgdb Vh VXijVa^oZY i]Z Vgi^hiÉh egZb^hZ d[ Wg^c\^c\ Vgi Vh Vc Vjidcdbdjh X]gdbVi^X gZVa^in ^cid i]Z k^ZlZgÉh Zck^gdcbZci# I]Z hjg[VXZh d[ i]Z ;^h^Xgdb Vh VgZ bVYZ je d[ XdadgZY hig^eh d[ XVgYWdVgY! Vajb^cjb! dg EaZm^\aVh VhhZbWaZY ^c ild ^ciZgheZghZY aZkZah/ dcZ ÓVi! dcZ gV^hZY# I]Z Xdadg hX]ZbZh egdYjXZ V hZchVi^dc d[ k^WgVi^c\ bdkZbZci i]Vi XVjhZh i]Z Xdadg idcZh id bjai^ean VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z edh^i^dc VcY Y^hiVcXZ d[ i]Z heZXiVidg VcY i]Z Vc\aZ Vi l]^X] i]Z a^\]iÅcVijgVa dg Vgi^ÒX^VaÅd[ i]Z Zck^gdcbZci ^h gZÓZXiZY# I]ZhZ ZVgan ldg`h lZgZ e^kdiVa ^c YZÒc^c\ i]Z Vgi^hiÉh [jijgZ eVi]# Cd adc\Zg YZcdjcX^c\ hdX^Va ^c_jhi^XZh i]gdj\] Ò\jgVi^kZ eV^ci^c\! 8gjo"

++

6GI

86GADH 8GJO"9>:O

:higZaa^iV 7# 7gdYh`n/ H^cXZ i]Z aVhi i^bZ > hVl ndj! > ]VkZ YdcZ gZhZVgX] ^c 8VgVXVh VcY Y^hXdkZgZY i]Z XdbeaZm^i^Zh d[ ]dl bdYZgc^hi KZcZojZaVc Vgi VcY ^ih Y^hXdjghZ YZkZadeZY adXVaan Vh lZaa Vh ^c EVg^h# > Vb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ndjg gdaZ ^c i]Vi Y^hXdjghZ Vh lZaa Vh i]Z gdaZh eaVnZY Wn ild bV_dg KZcZojZaVc Ò\jgZhÅi]Z VgX]^iZXi 8Vgadh GV a K^aaVcjZkV! l]d ^ciZ\gViZY VkVci" \VgYZ KZcZojZaVc VcY ^ciZgcVi^dcVa Vgi ^cid ]^h YZh^\c d[ 8VgVXVhÉh 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V Yjg^c\ i]Z ZVgan &.*%h!

VcY 6a[gZYd 7djaidc! i]Z KZcZojZaVc Vgi Xg^i^X! XjaijgVa ]^hidg^Vc! VcY e]did\gVe]Zg# I]Zn cdi dcan ZcXdjgV\ZY V XjaijgVa hZa["VlVgZcZhh ^c KZcZojZaV Yjg^c\ i]Z &.)%h VcY &.*%h! i]Zn Vahd ZcXdjgV\ZY KZcZojZaVc Vgi^hih a^k^c\ ^c EVg^h id iV`Z Vc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa^hi eZgheZXi^kZ ^c i]Z^g ldg`# L^i]^c i]^h XdciZmi! XdjaY ndj YZhXg^WZ ndjg ^c^i^Va ^ciZgZhi ^c igVkZa^c\ id :jgdeZ VcY l]n ndj iZb" edgVg^an gZijgcZY id KZcZojZaV WZ[dgZ jai^bViZan hZiia^c\ ^c EVg^h ^c &.+%4 8Vgadh 8gjo"9^Zo/ >iÉh ^ciZgZhi^c\# > XVbZ id :jgdeZ [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ ^c &.**# 7Z[dgZ i]Vi > lVh Yd^c\ bVcn i]^c\h ^c 8VgVXVh h^bjaiVcZdjhan# > Y^Y hZi YZh^\ch [dg Òab VcY i]ZViZg l]^aZ ZVgc^c\ V a^k^c\ Vh V \gVe]^X YZh^\cZg# L]Zc > Vgg^kZY ^c 7VgXZadcV ^c &.** l^i] bn l^[Z VcY ild X]^aYgZc! bn ^ciZc" i^dc lVh id \d dc id EVg^h# 7ji h^cXZ > Y^YcÉi heZV` ;gZcX]! > i]dj\]i ^iÉY WZ gZVhdcVWaZ id hiVn i]ZgZ jci^a > WZXVbZ ÓjZci ^c ;gZcX]# > igVkZaZY id EVg^h i]gZZ dg [djg i^bZh Yjg^c\ i]Vi eZg^dY d[ Vabdhi ild nZVgh! VcY > Y^Y V adi d[ gZhZVgX] VcY WZ\Vc egd_ZXih i]Vi ^ciZ\gViZY Vgi! higZZi a^[Z! VcY VgX]^iZX" ijgZ# A^`Z bVcn AVi^c 6bZg^XVch l]d k^h^i :jgdeZ [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ! > lZci i]gdj\] V eZg^dY d[ i]^c`^c\/ L]Vi XVc > Yd ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h4 Cdi]^c\# I]ZgZ ^h ]^hidgn ^c :jgdeZ! Wji ^c bn dlc Xdjcign i]ZgZ ^h V WaVc` haViZ0 ndj XVc Yd Vcni]^c\ i]ZgZ# =dl XdjaY > ]VkZ b^hhZY i]^h WZ[dgZ4 Hd > gZijgcZY id KZcZojZaV ^c aViZ &.*+ [jaa d[ ]deZ! h`ZiX]Zh! VcY egd_ZXih# > ^bbZY^ViZan \di ^c idjX] l^i] [g^ZcYh VcY Wjh^cZhh eZdeaZ hd > XdjaY hiVgi ldg`^c\ dc i]Z egd_ZXih i]Vi > YZkZadeZY ^c 7VgXZadcV/ i]Z \gdje d[ bVc^ejaVWaZ hXjaeijgZh H^\ch VcY 9ncVb^X G]ni]bh! bVYZ d[ bZiVa VcY lddY# EgZY^XiVWan! ZkZgndcZ lVh Zci]jh^Vhi^X/ Æ<gZVi ^YZV! XVaa bZ dc BdcYVn Ç I^bZ `Zei eVhh^c\ VcY ZkZgni]^c\ lVh hiVaaZY# Djg ZXdcdb^X h^ijVi^dc lVh egZXVg^djh VcY > cZZYZY id bV`Z bdcZn V\V^c# 6i hdbZ ed^ci > gVc ^cid V edZi [g^ZcY d[ b^cZ l]d ZY^iZY i]Z 8VgVXVh"WVhZY _djgcVa BdbZcid0 ]Z bZci^dcZY i]Vi i]Zn

cZZYZY V \gVe]^X YZh^\cZg# <^kZc i]Vi cdcZ d[ bn egd_ZXih ]VY iV`Zc d[[! > VXXZeiZY i]Z _dW! i]dj\] > Xdci^cjZY Yd^c\ i]Z gZhZVgX] > ]VY WZ\jc ^c 8VgVXVh ^c &.*(! l]^X] egdkZY kZgn kVajVWaZ i]Z cZmi nZVg! l]Zc > Y^Y i]dhZ egd_ZXih l^i] bjgVah VcY bVc^ejaVWaZ dW_ZXih! hjX] Vh Egd_ZXi [dg V BjgVa#

:7/ I]dj\] Egd_ZXi [dg V BjgVa lVhcÉi eVgi d[ i]Z 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V# 889/ Cd! > Y^YcÉi eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Vi#

:7/ ;dg eda^i^XVa gZVhdch4 > `cdl i]Vi bVcn Vgi^hih [Zai i]Vi YZhe^iZ K^aaVcjZkVÉh Xdbb^ibZci id VkVci"\VgYZ Vgi^hih! i]Zn Y^Y cdi lVci id WZ VhhdX^ViZY l^i] Vcni]^c\ [jcYZY Wn BVgXdh E gZo ?^b cZoÉh WgjiVa Y^XiVidgh]^e# 889/ I]Z ldg` > lVh Yd^c\ ^c i]Z ZVgan &.*%h Y^YcÉi WZadc\ i]ZgZ# > lVh bV`^c\ Ò\jgVi^kZ eV^ci^c\h i]Vi YZcdjcXZY eda^i^XVa ^hhjZh/ h]Vcinidlch! edkZgin# I]ZgZ lVh cd gddb [dg i]Vi ^c 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V# I]Z Vgi^hih ^ck^iZY id eVgi^X^eViZ lZgZ EVg^h"WVhZY VWhigVXi Vgi^hih0 i]Zn lZgZ i]Z dcZh bV`^c\ ldg`h [dg i]Z jc^kZgh^in# NZVgh aViZg! K^aaVcjZkV Y^Y Vh` bZ id bV`Z V e^ZXZ [dg i]Z jc^kZgh^in! Wji > hi^aa Y^YcÉi i]^c` i]Vi ^i lVh g^\]i id _d^c V egd_ZXi i]Vi ]VY hiVgiZY ^c &.*% VcY l]^X] ]VY i]Z Xd]ZgZcXn d[ Vc ZgV id l]^X] > Y^YcÉi WZadc\# 7ji > ]VY V XadhZ [g^ZcYh]^e l^i] K^aaVcjZkV0 ]ZÉY XdbZ id EVg^h V adi VcY ldjaY k^h^i bn hijY^d#

NZi i]Z Vgi h]dlc Vi i]Z 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V ^cÓjZcXZY bZ V \gZVi YZVa# 6i i]Z i^bZ! > i]dj\]i i]Z eV^ci^c\h > lVh bV`^c\ lZgZ \ddY! h^cXZ > WZa^ZkZY i]Vi i]Z eV^ciZgÉh gdaZ lVh id YZcdjcXZ ^c_jhi^XZh VcY id bV`Z hdX^Vaan Xdbb^iiZY ldg`# AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Vgi^hih Vaa XdbZ [gdb i]Vi# ;dg bZ! id X]Vc\Z bn Y^hXdjghZ gZfj^gZY V adi d[ gZÓZXi^dc VcY i^bZ! h^cXZ > lVhcÉi hjgZ l]Zi]Zg l]Vi > lVh Yd^c\ ]VY Vcn k^hjVa VeeZVa# > iZaa ^i Vh V _d`Z! Wji ^iÉh igjZ/ g^X] eZdeaZ lZgZ i]Z dcZh Wjn^c\ i]dhZ a^iiaZ eV^ci^c\h d[ h]Vcinidlch ^c l]^X] > YZcdjcXZY edkZgin# > lVh [dda^c\ bnhZa[# >[ > ]VY Xdci^c" jZY bV`^c\ i]Vi ineZ d[ ldg` >ÉY WZ V b^aa^dcV^gZ cdl# Hd! ^c &.*)! > hiVgiZY Yd^c\ kZgn [dXjhZY ^ckZhi^\Vi^dch dc ]dl Y^h" XdjghZ XdjaY X]Vc\Z ^c dgYZg [dg Vgi id WZXdbZ bdgZ eVgi^X^" eVidgn# 7Z[dgZ i]Zc! > ]VY bVYZ Ò\jgVi^kZ eV^ci^c\h WZXVjhZ > [Zai Vgi ]VY id WZ ^ciZ\gViZY ^cid hdX^Zin VcY XdciZbedgVgn a^[Z# I]Zn lZgZ ^cÓjZcXZY Wn BZm^XVc bjgVa^hb! hdX^Va gZVa^hb! VcY hdX^Va hVi^gZ# Bn Òghi ldg`h i]Vi cd adc\Zg ]VY Vcni]^c\ id Yd l^i] hd"XVaaZY gZVa^hb hi^aa ]VY V hdX^Va ^ciZci# >chiZVY d[ bV`^c\ eV^ci^c\h i]Vi YZe^XiZY edkZgin VcY hdX^Va egdWaZbh l]^X] > XdjaYcÉi hdakZ [dg g^X] eZdeaZ id XdaaZXi! > VYYgZhhZY hdX^Va XdcXZgch Wn ]Vk^c\ eZdeaZ dc i]Z higZZi ^ciZgkZcZ VcY ]Zae XdbeaZiZ eVgi^X^eVidgn! h]VgZY ldg`h! Vh > XVaaZY i]Zb WVX` i]Zc# > Y^YcÉi lVci id ]VkZ Xdcigda dkZg i]Z Y^hXdjghZ# >c Egd_ZXi [dg V BjgVa i]Z k^ZlZgh XdjaY bVc^ej" aViZ i]Z e^ZXZh# L]Vi \VkZ bZ \gZVi _dn VcY XdcÒgbZY bn ÒcY^c\h lVh i]Vi l]Zc > Vgg^kZY ^c EVg^h ^c &.** > ZcXdjc" iZgZY V [g^ZcY [gdb hX]dda! ?Zh h GV[VZa Hdid! Vh lZaa Vh Vaa i]Z VWhigVXi eV^ciZghÅi]Z^g Zm]^W^i^dc AZ BdjkZbZci ]VY _jhi XadhZY# > XVaaZY Hdid! l]d hV^Y! Æ<d id 9Zc^hZ GZc Éh \VaaZgn! i]ZgZÉh V h]dl i]ZgZ ndj bjhi hZZ#Ç > bZi 9Zc^hZ GZc Vh h]Z lVh iV`^c\ Ydlc i]Z ldg`h# >i lVh kZgn ZmX^i^c\ id hZZ i]Vi l^i]dji ]Vk^c\ Vcn ^c[dgbVi^dcÅ> ]VY cd ^YZV l]Vi Hdid ]VY WZZc Yd^c\ ^c EVg^hÅ> lVh VagZVYn ^c hncX l^i] i]Z cZl Y^hXdjghZ d[ XgZVi^c\ ldg` l^i] l]^X] i]Z k^ZlZg XdjaY Y^gZXian ^ciZgVXi0 i]^h Wgd`Z VlVn [gdb i]Z igVY^i^dcVaan eVhh^kZ gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc k^ZlZg! Vgi^hi!

>chiVaaVi^dc k^Zl d[ AVWng^ci] [dg V EjWa^X EaVXZ! EVg^h! &.+.# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVh HdX^Zin! CZl Ndg`#

+,

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

dW_ZXi! VcY heVXZ# > ]VYcÉi hZZc Vcn e]didh d[ HdidÉh cZl ldg`# > ]VYcÉi hZZc ldg` Wn NVVXdk 6\Vb# > Y^YcÉi `cdl d[ ?ZVc I^c\jZanÉh Zm^hiZcXZ! cdg d[ Eda 7jgnÉh# > Y^Y `cdl VWdji K^Xidg KVhVgZanÉh VWhigVXi eV^ci^c\h! Wji cdi d[ ]^h ldg`h l^i] \aVhh#

:7/ 6cY l]Vi VWdji 6aZ_VcYgd DiZgd4 889/ NZh! ]Z VcY > lZgZ XaVhhbViZh! i]dj\] l]Zc > XVbZ id EVg^h ]Z lVh cd adc\Zg i]ZgZ# =Z bVYZ i]Z 8V[ZiZgVh VcY i]Z 8dadg^ibdh VcY i]Zc lZci WVX` ]dbZ# AViZg ]ZÉY XdbZ VcY \d! Wji lVh kZgn gddiZY ^c KZcZojZaV# >c É**! > ^ciZcYZY id hiVn ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h! h^cXZ i]Z Xa^bViZ ^c KZcZojZaV lVh jceaZVhVci VcY ]jb^a^Vi^c\# 6b^Y i]Z Y^XiVidgh]^e d[ E gZo ?^b cZo! i]Z Vgi^hi dg ^ciZaaZXijVa ]VY cd gZXZei^dc Vi Vaa# LZÉY WZ Vi V eVgin VcY Vaa d[ V hjYYZc V b^a^iVgn ldjaY h]dl je VcY lZ ldjaY ]VkZ id ÓZZ a^`Z Ó^Zh# > lVh cZkZg kZgn eda^i^" XVa# > dcXZ hVi ^c Vi V 8dbbjc^hi EVgin bZZi^c\ VcY gZVa^oZY i]Vi ^c dgYZg id _d^c V eVgin dcZ ]Vh id WZ dWZY^ZciÅ>ÉkZ cZkZg WZZc dWZY^Zci#

:7/ >c &.*%! DiZgd VcY V \gdje d[ KZcZojZaVc VkVci" \VgYZ Vgi^hih! edZih! VcY ^ciZaaZXijVah ^c EVg^h ejWa^h]ZY V hZg^Zh d[ Vgi _djgcVah XVaaZY Adh 9^h^YZciZh i]Vi ViiVX`ZY KZcZojZaVc VXVYZb^X Vgi VcY XdchZgkVi^kZ ^chi^iji^dcVa Vii^ijYZh# LVh i]Z \gdje ^cÓjZci^Va [dg ndj4 889/ > lVh ^c 8VgVXVh l]Zc i]Zn [dgbZY0 > cZkZg V\gZZY l^i] i]Zb# I]Zn Y^Y hdbZi]^c\ > i]dj\]i lVh lgdc\# I]Zn ViiVX`ZY i]Z edhi">begZhh^dc^hi aVcYhXVeZ eV^ciZgh l]d ]VY WZZc djg egd[Zhhdgh VcY lZgZ kZgn YZVg id jh# I]dhZ egd[Zh" hdgh iVj\]i jh l]Vi i]Zn `cZl0 i]Zn Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcn di]Zg ^c[dgbVi^dc# 7ji DiZgdÉh VcY EVhXjVa CVkVggdÉh Vii^ijYZ lVh g^\]i iddÅi]Zn lVciZY id aZVkZ i]Z Xdjcign ^c hZVgX] d[ bdgZ ^c[dgbVi^dc# 7VX` i]Zc > i]dj\]i ^i lVh bdgZ ^bedgiVci id l^icZhh l]Vi lVh ]VeeZc^c\ ^c i]Z Xdjcign# Hdid hV^Y! Æ>Éb dji d[ ]ZgZ!Ç VcY aZ[i [dg EVg^h ^c &.*%# 6bdc\ i]Z Òghi id aZVkZ KZcZojZaV ^c i]Z aViZ &.)%h lZgZ EVhXjVa CVkVggd!

BViZd BVcVjgZ! =Zgb^cn EZg{c! VcY DbVg 8VggZ d! Vaa eVgi d[ Adh 9^h^YZciZh# I]Zn bZi 6^bZ 7Vi^hi^c^! Vcdi]Zg KZcZojZaVc Vgi^hi! l]d WZXVbZ V XViVanhi [dg i]Z XgZVi^dc d[ i]Z \gdje ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h# > lVh hi^aa \d^c\ id hX]dda Vi i]Z i^bZ VcY lVh [g^ZcYh l^i] i]Z egd[Zhhdgh! l]d Y^YcÉi jcYZghiVcY l]n i]Zn lZgZ WZ^c\ ViiVX`ZY# >i lVhcÉi i]Z^g [Vjai id cdi ]VkZ bdgZ ^c[dgbVi^dc#

:7/ =dl ldjaY i]Zn ZkZc `cdl i]Zn lZgZ WZ^c\

ViiVX`ZY4 Adh 9^h^YZciZhÉh bV\Vo^cZ dcan aVhiZY V nZVg# 889/ 6ai]dj\] i]Zn ejWa^h]ZY i]Z ViiVX`h ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h l^i] 7Vii^hi^c^! i]Z bdkZbZci lVh cdi V EVg^h^Vc dcZ# >i lVh V KZcZojZaVc bdkZbZci WVhZY ^c EVg^h! Wji cdWdYn ^c EVg^h `cZl VWdji ^i0 ^i YZkdiZY ^ihZa[ ZmXajh^kZan id KZcZojZaVc Y^hXdjghZ# AViZg ^c i]Z &.*%h! Adh 9^h^YZciZh gZijgcZY id 8VgVXVh# DiZgd gZijgcZY ^c &.*' id V^Y K^aaVcjZkV ^c i]Z hnci]Zh^h d[ i]Z Vgih egd_ZXi Vi i]Z 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V# I]Zn idd` dkZg i]Z k^hjVa"Vgih hX]dda VcY WZXVbZ egd[Zhhdgh# I]Zn egZhZciZY eZdeaZ l^i] cZl ^c[dgbVi^dc! hd i]Vc`h id i]Zb! eV^ci^c\ \V^cZY V XjggZcXn ^i ]VYcÉi ]VY WZ[dgZ# Jci^a i]Zc! Vgi VeeZVgZY ^c i]Z hdX^Va eV\Zh d[ i]Z cZlheVeZg! Wji ^i lVhcÉi eVgi d[ V eda^i^XVa"XjaijgVa YZWViZ# Adh 9^h^YZciZh lVh ^bedg" iVci egZX^hZan WZXVjhZ ^i deZcZY i]Vi YZWViZ ^c KZcZojZaV! nZi ^i lVh cdi V i]ZdgZi^XVa dg VZhi]Zi^X dcZ# >c i]Z ZcY! i]Z^g V^b lVh id gZcdkViZ i]Z Vgi hX]dda VYb^c^higVi^kZan# 6cdi]Zg i]^c\/ l]Zc Hdid gZijgcZY ]Z Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi ZkZgndcZ lVh bV`^c\ VWhigVXi Vgi#

:7/ LVh i]^h ^c i]Z hVadch d[ i]Z G Va^i h CdjkZaaZh4 889/ NZh# I]Zn [djcY i]ZbhZakZh ^c i]Z XdcigVY^Xi^dc d[ ]Vk^c\ aZ[i V igVY^i^dcVa Vgi hX]dda ^c KZcZojZaV id XdbZ id EVg^h! l]ZgZ i]Zn WZXVbZ V eVgi d[ i]Z VWhigVXi"Vgi hX]dda l^i] :Y\Vg E^aaZi VcY ?ZVc 9ZlVhcZ! l]d! Vadc\ l^i] A dc 9Z\VcY! i]Z ejWa^h]Zg d[ 6gi YÉVj_djgYÉ]j^! VcY 9Zc^hZ GZc ! lZgZ i]Z Yg^k^c\ [dgXZh d[ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa VWhigVXi^dc ^c EVg^h# Hdid cZkZg eVgi^X^eViZY ^c i]^h0 ]Z ldjaY hVn ^i Y^YcÉi h^i lZaa l^i] ]^b# 6aa i]ZhZ Vgi^hih bVYZ ldg`h i]Vi lZgZ ZmigZbZan ^bedgiVci [dg KZcZojZaVc Vgi^hih! a^`Z DiZgd! l]dhZ ldg` lVh kZgn gZaZkVci! nZi i]Z aVcYhXVeZ d[ i]Z k^hjVa Vgih lVhcÉi X]Vc\ZY bjX] Wn i]Zb# 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V Y^Y X]Vc\Z i]Z aVcYhXVeZ0 ^i h]dlZY eZdeaZ V cZl lVn d[ eV^ci^c\! d[ bV`" ^c\ Vgi! Wn ^cXdgedgVi^c\ ldg`h Wn KVhVgZan! A \Zg! VcY di]Zgh# >i egdk^YZY bZ l^i] ZhhZci^Va ^c[dgbVi^dc# 6c Zm]^W^i^dc i]Vi K^aaVcjZkV idd` id Vi i]Z 8VgVXVh \VaaZgn 8jVigd Bjgdh ^c &.*' ]VY V h^b^aVg Z[[ZXi dc bZ# I]ViÉh l]ZgZ > Òghi hVl ldg` Wn Hdid VcY i]Z jide^Vc BVgm^hi BVY^ \gdjeÅl]d Vg\jZY i]Vi VWhigVXi^dc XdjaY XgZViZ V gZkdaji^dcVgn Vgi^hi^X aVc" \jV\ZÅVh lZaa Vh Wn VWhigVXi eV^ciZgh l]db > Y^YcÉi `cdl# 6aa d[ i]^h egdbeiZY bZ id XdbZ id EVg^h#

I]ZgZÉh hdbZi]^c\ ZahZ i]Vi cdWdYn bZci^dch/ ^c &.), = Xidg EdaZd XVbZ WVX` id KZcZojZaV# =Z lVh V gZcdlcZY Ò\jgVi^kZ eV^ciZg l]d ]VY a^kZY ^c CZl Ndg`! ]VY WZZc

;^h^Xgdb V Cd# *%%! &.,%! eV^ciZY EK8 VcY VXgna^X hig^eh dc lddY! ,' &$&+ &.% .$&+ ( &$- ^cX]Zh# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z EVig^X^V E]Zaeh YZ 8^hcZgdh 8daaZXi^dc#

+-

6GI

86GADH 8GJO"9>:O

[ZVijgZY ^c I^bZ! VcY h]dlZY ^c i]Z HZa^\bVc <VaaZgn# L]Zc ]Z XVbZ id KZcZojZaV l^i] V h]dl i]Vi lVh igVkZa^c\ [gdb BZm^Xd! ]Z Vahd Wgdj\]i di]Zg ^c[dgbVi^dcĂ&#x2026;i]Vc`h id ]^b > Y^hXdkZgZY i]Vi dcZ XdjaY Yd bdgZ i]Vc eV^ci | aV 8Â&#x201A;oVccZ! E^XVhhd! dg 6gbVcYd GZkZgÂ&#x2039;c! djg eV^hVcd# EdaZdĂ&#x2030;h eV^ci" ^c\h d[ bdYZgc hdX^Va djiXVhih ^cX^iZY ^c jh V YZh^gZ id bV`Z V Y^[[ZgZci ineZ d[ eV^ci^c\# I]Z ^beVXi dc bZ d[ EdaZdĂ&#x2030;h eV^ci^c\hĂ&#x2026;Vh lZaa Vh i]Z ldg`h ^c 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V VcY i]Z h]dl Vi 8jVigd BjgdhĂ&#x2026;Xd^cX^YZY l^i] bn ]Vk^c\ YdjWih VWdji i]Z Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ bn Ă&#x2019;\jgVi^kZ ldg`# Bn ZmeZg^" bZcih gZhjaiZY ^c i]Z bVc^ejaVWaZ ldg`h VcY V bjgVa ^c &.*)# L]Zc > Zm]^W^iZY i]ZhZ cZl ldg`h ^c i]Z 6ccjVa HVadc d[ 8VgVXVh ^c &.**! > lVh idaY! Ă&#x2020;>iĂ&#x2030;h cdi Vgi0 ^iĂ&#x2030;h YZXdgVi^kZ VcY XdbeaZiZan jc^ciZgZhi^c\#Ă&#x2021; >Ă&#x2030;kZ `Zei i]dhZ eV\Zh d[ :a CVX^dcVaĂ&#x2026;i]Z Vgi^hi^X Y^hXdjghZ d[ i]Z ZgV ^h Vaa i]ZgZ# Bn eV^ci^c\h VgZ ejWa^h]ZY ^c i]ZgZ Vh VcdbVa^Zh! Vh Va^Zch#

;dg i]gZZ nZVgh > ]VY WZZc Yd^c\ \gVe]^X ldg` [dg i]Z BdbZcidh bV\Vo^cZ ^c 8VgVXVh! hd > YZX^YZY id [djcY bn dlc \gVe]^X YZh^\c hijY^d! XVaaZY :hijY^d YZ 6giZh K^hjVaZh# > ]VY V hiV[[ VcY ZY^idgh VcY YZkdiZY bnhZa[ id iZVX]^c\!

ZY^i^c\! VcY egdYjXi^dc# > ldjaY ZY^i V eVbe]aZi dg Wdd` VcY eg^ci ^i bnhZa[#

:7/ L]ZgZ lVh i]Z hijY^d4 889/ >i lVh dc i]Z XdgcZg d[ :a Adgd! l]ZgZ i]Z 8gdbdi^e eg^ci^c\ egZhh ^h# > lVh Yd^c\ kZgn lZaa0 > ]VY V adi d[ Xa^Zcih# 7ji ^c &.+% > YZX^YZY id \d id EVg^h V\V^c! > ]VY YZĂ&#x2019;cZY bn Y^hXdjghZ dc Xdadg VcY i]Z XdcXZeijVa [gVbZldg` d[ bn ldg` VcY VagZVYn bVYZ i]Z Ă&#x2019;ghi ;^h^XgdbÂ&#x2020;Vh# > ]VY ]VY V h]dl Vi i]Z BjhZjb d[ ;^cZ 6gih ^c KZcZojZaV! l]^X] ]VY cd gZeZg" Xjhh^dch WZXVjhZ cd dcZ jcYZghiddY Vcni]^c\#

DcXZ > gZijgcZY id EVg^h! > hZiiaZY VcY hiVgiZY bV`^c\ [g^ZcYh# Hdid ]ZaeZY bZ V adi Wn ^cigdYjX^c\ bZ id Vaa ]^h [g^ZcYh# 9Zc^hZ GZcÂ&#x201A; XVbZ dkZg! Vh Y^Y i]Z \VaaZg^hi >g^h 8aZgi! VcY \gVYjVaan > WZXVbZ bdgZ XdccZXiZY# 9Zc^hZ ^ck^iZY bZ id eVgi^X^eViZ ^c hdbZ \gdje h]dlh# > Vahd h]dlZY Vi >g^hĂ&#x2030;h \VaaZgn l^i] Hdid! I^c\jZan! VcY Vaa i]Z gZhi# >c &.+& Edcijh =jaiÂ&#x201A;c XVbZ Wn l^i] 9Vc^Za HedZgg^ id ^ck^iZ bZ id WZ ^c i]Z Bdk^c\ BdkZbZci Zm]^W^i^dc Vi i]Z HiZYZa^_` BjhZjb# > h]dlZY V [Zl ldg`h i]ZgZ! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z ;^h^XgdbÂ&#x2020;V Cd# &(# I]Vi hiVgiZY ZkZgni]^c\! i]dj\] > Y^YcĂ&#x2030;i hZaa bn ldg` nZi#

6[iZg ild nZVgh > gVc dji d[ bdcZn VcY hiVgiZY add`^c\ [dg ldg` Vh V \gVe]^X YZh^\cZg# HdbZdcZ gZ[ZggZY bZ id V egZhh0 i]Z \jn i]ZgZ Vh`ZY bZ! Ă&#x2020;6cY l]n Y^Y ndj XdbZ ]ZgZ4Ă&#x2021; > idaY ]^b > lVh Vc Vgi^hi# Ă&#x2020;I]Z ldg` ^h ^begZhh^kZ0 >Ă&#x2030;aa Ă&#x2019;cY ndj V _dW!Ă&#x2021; ]Z hV^Y# 6cY ]Z Y^Y0 > bVYZ V a^k^c\ Vh V YZh^\cZg jci^a &.+-# 9Zc^hZ GZcÂ&#x201A; \VkZ bZ V XdcigVXi ^c Ă&#x2030;++! h^cXZ ^c Ă&#x2030;+* > ]VY ]VY V h]dl Vi <VaZg^Z ?VfjZh @ZgX]VX]Z VcY i]Zn ]VY WZZc hZaa^c\ bn ldg` h^cXZ Ă&#x2030;+(# > ]VY V gZigdheZXi^kZ i]ZgZ i]Vi \di V adi d[ egZhh ^c AZ BdcYZ VcY Vaa i]Z bV\Vo^cZh# Hd GZcÂ&#x201A; hV^Y id bZ! Ă&#x2020;LZ cZZY id lg^iZ V XdcigVXi VcY ldg` id\Zi]Zg#Ă&#x2021; > ]VY Vahd ldg`ZY l^i] ]Zg YZh^\c^c\ i]Z \VaaZgnĂ&#x2030;h XViVad\jZh# I]gdj\] i]Z egZhh > ldg`ZY Vi > YZh^\cZY XViV" ad\jZh [dg bVcn di]Zg \VaaZg^Zh idd# L]Zc HdccVWZcY deZcZY ^c EVg^h! > YZh^\cZY XViVad\jZh [dg GVjhX]ZcWZg\ VcY ?^b 9^cZ! Vh lZaa Vh edhiZgh [dg A^X]iZchiZ^c# I]ViĂ&#x2030;h ]dl > bZi Vaa i]dhZ eZdeaZ# DcXZ GZcÂ&#x201A; h^\cZY V YZVa l^i] bZ! > VWVcYdcZY \gVe]^X YZh^\c VcY YZkdiZY bnhZa[ XdbeaZiZan id Vgi#

:7/ LZgZ ndj hZaa^c\ ldg` i]Zc4 889/ H]Z lVh hZaa^c\ V adi! i]^c\h lZgZ \d^c\ ldcYZg[jaan [dg ]Zg! Wji YjZ id i]Z d^a Xg^h^h i]Z Vgi bVg`Zi eajbbZiZY#

:7/ 7ji lZgZcĂ&#x2030;i ]Zg XdaaZXidgh ;gZcX]4 889/ I]Zn lZgZ 6bZg^XVc# I]Vi lVh i]Z b^hiV`Z h]Z bVYZ# 7di] Cdgi] VcY Hdji] 6bZg^XVch Va^`Z ldjaY XdbZ id EVg^h# I]Zn ]VY ValVnh ]VY V \gZVi [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] i]Z X^in/ i]Z Adhi <ZcZgVi^dc ]VY XdbZ ]ZgZ VcY i]Z bdk^Zh d[ i]Z Ă&#x2030;(%h VcY Ă&#x2030;)%h Vaa idd` eaVXZ ]ZgZ# 8daaZXidgh ldjaY \d id i]Z deZgV VcY \gZVi gZhiVjgVcih# Id Wjn Vgi! i]ZnĂ&#x2030;Y \d id X]Zo 9Zc^hZ GZcÂ&#x201A;Ă&#x2030;h#

:7/ 6cY l]Zc h]Z bdkZY id CZl Ndg`4 889/ EZdeaZĂ&#x2030;h [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] Wjn^c\ Vgi ^c EVg^h lVh dkZg#

:7/ 9d ndj gZbZbWZg I]Z GZhedch^kZ :nZ Zm]^W^i^dc Vi BdB6 ^c &.+*4 LZgZ ndj ]Veen l^i] ^i4 889/ I]Z h]dl lVh egdWaZbVi^X WZXVjhZ ^i Y^hidgiZY `^cZi^X Vgi# I]Z h]dl lVh cdi lZaa gZXZ^kZY0 ^i lVhcĂ&#x2030;i higjXijgZY egdeZgan! hd ^i YVbV\ZY i]Z bdkZbZci VcY L^aa^Vb HZ^io! i]Z eddg BdB6 XjgVidg l]d ]VY dg\Vc^oZY ^i# I]Vi lVh V eda^i^" XVa WViiaZ WZilZZc :jgdeZ VcY i]Z JHĂ&#x2026;CZl Ndg` i]Zc lVh hiVgi^c\ id WZXdbZ i]Z ZXdcdb^X XVe^iVa d[ i]Z Vgi ldgaY# =ZgZ ^c ;gVcXZ! Vgi ]Vh cZkZg WZZc hdaY i]Z lVn ^iĂ&#x2030;h hdaY ^c i]Z JH# =ZgZ! eZdeaZ Wjn i]Z >begZhh^dc^hih# I]Z 6bZg^XVch!

9ZiV^a d[ ;^h^XgdbÂ&#x2020;V Cd# ')! &.+&! XVhZ^c eV^ci VcY XVgYWdVgY dc WdVgY# &( ($) &( ($) ' ^cX]Zh# 8djgiZhn d[ BVg^V 8g^hi^cV EVWad =Zcc^c\ VcY i]Z 6bZg^XVh HdX^Zin#

+.

;^h^XgdbÂ&#x2020;V Cd# '&! &.+%! XVhZ^c eV^ci VcY XVgYWdVgY dc eanlddY! )% &&$&+ )& ,$- ' .$&+ ^cX]Zh# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z EVig^X^V E]Zaeh YZ 8^hcZgdh 8daaZXi^dc#

NDJC< E:DEA: 6G: CDL DJG ;6CH! 7JI L=6I L: L:CI I=GDJ<= L6H EJG<6IDGN# DC: H::H I=6I I=GDJ<=DJI =>HIDGN# ;>C6AAN! L>I= 6 C:L <:C:G6I>DC! 8DB:H G:8DK:GN# i]Z Hl^hh! i]Z HXVcY^cVk^Vch! i]Z Gjhh^Vch Wdj\]i E^XVhhdh!

Wji i]Z ;gZcX] Y^YcÉiÅi]ZnÉgZ cdi ^c i]Z ]VW^i d[ XdaaZXi" ^c\# I]Zn aZVgc i]Vi Vgi ^h [dg i]Z `^c\! i]Z \dkZgcbZci! i]Z bjhZjb! Wji VgZ cZkZg bVYZ VlVgZ d[ i]Z [VXi i]Vi i]Zn XdjaY ]VkZ ^i ^c i]Z^g dlc ]dbZh# :kZc ^c KZcZojZaV! Vc jcYZgYZkZadeZY cVi^dc! i]Z bdhi YZhi^ijiZ gjgVa ]dbZh ]VkZ eV^ci^c\h ]Vc\^c\ dc i]Z^g lVaah# I]ZnÉgZ i]Z bdhi ]dgg^WaZ hcdl"XdkZgZY aVcYhXVeZh! Wji hi^aa! eZdeaZ VgZ jhZY id a^k^c\ l^i] eV^ci^c\# =dlZkZg! EVg^h Xdci^cjZh id WZ Vc ^bedgiVci Vgi XZciZg! ^ciZaaZXijVaan heZV`^c\! Wji cdi ZXdcdb^XVaan#

:7/ L]Vi lZgZ i]Z egdWaZbh l^i] i]Z h]dl ^c CZl Ndg`4 889/ CZl Ndg` lVh WZXdb^c\ Vc ^bedgiVci Vgi ]jW# Ede Vgi lVh Wddb^c\ i]ZgZ# I]Z GZhedch^kZ :nZ lVciZY id h]dl i]Z ejWa^X l]Vi lVh WZ^c\ YdcZ ^c :jgdeZ# 6aZmVcYZg 8VaYZg! V [jcYVbZciVa Vgi^hi! lVh cdi lZaa `cdlc ^c i]Z JHÅ]Z lVh WZiiZg `cdlc VWgdVY# EZdeaZ lZgZ gZi^XZci VcY egdcZ id gZ_ZXi^c\ i]Z :jgdeZVc ldg`! hd i]Z ldg`h ^c i]Z h]dl lZgZ ijgcZY ^cid \VY\Zih VcY i]Z ^ckZhi^\Vi^dc WZ]^cY i]Zb lVh ig^k^Va^oZY# I]^h XVjhZY egdWaZbh i]Vi aVhiZY [dg nZVgh0 `^cZi^X Vgi lVh ZgVhZY [gdb ]^hidgn# >i ^h dcan cdl! ]Vee^an! i]Vi eZd" eaZ VgZ gZVa^o^c\ i]Vi V \gZVi cjbWZg d[ i]Z Vgi bdkZbZcih d[ i]Z aVhi (% dg )% nZVgh XdbZ dji d[ `^cZi^X^hb/ ^chiVaaVi^dc Vgi! XdcXZeijVa Vgi! eVgi^X^eVidgn Vgi! ^ciZgVXi^kZ Vgi! ]VeeZc^c\h! higZZi Vgi ½ lZ Y^Y Vaa i]dhZ i]^c\h# L]Vi lZ XVaaZY ÆZck^gdc" bZcihÇ aViZg WZXVbZ ^chiVaaVi^dch# Cdl ndjc\ eZdeaZ gZVY i]^h ldg` Y^[[ZgZcian! VcY l]Vi i]ZnÉgZ Yd^c\ ^h XVaaZY ^ciZgVX" i^kZ Vgi Ndjc\ eZdeaZ VgZ cdl djg [Vch! Wji l]Vi lZ lZci i]gdj\] lVh ejg\Vidgn# DcZ hZZh i]Vi i]gdj\]dji ]^hidgn# 6aa bdkZbZcihÅBVccZg^hb! 8jW^hb! HjggZVa^hbÅ]VkZ ]VY id higj\\aZ id Xdck^cXZ eZdeaZ d[ i]Z^g bZg^ih# 6[iZg eZdeaZ ]VkZ WZZc Xdck^cXZY! i]ZgZ XdbZh V gZ_ZXi^dc VcY i]Zc V ejg\V" idgn# ;^cVaan! l^i] V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc! XdbZh gZXdkZgn#

:7/ L]Vi lVh ^i i]Vi ndj [djcY ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h i]Vi ndj XdjaYcÉi ÒcY ^c 8VgVXVh ^c dgYZg id YZkZade ndjg ldg`4 889/ L]Vi > [djcY ]ZgZ lVh ZmXZei^dcVa# > YdcÉi ]VkZ Vcn di]Zg ZmeaVcVi^dc [dg ^i di]Zg i]Vc \ZcZgVi^dcVa Xd^cX^YZcXZh# L]n Y^Y > XdbZ je l^i] ^YZVh ^c 8VgVXVh Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ i]Vi Vgi^hih ^c 7gVo^a! 6g\Zci^cV! >hgVZa! :c\aVcY! VcY >iVan lZgZ Vahd ]Vk^c\ i]Zb4 LZ Vaa ]VeeZcZY id Xd^cX^YZ ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h# 6cY! d[ XdjghZ! i]ZgZ lVh Vc VWjcYVcXZ d[ AVi^c 6bZg^XVch! l]^X] ^h Xjg^djh# 6c Zci^gZ \ZcZgVi^dc lVh ]Vk^c\ h^b^aVg i]dj\]ih#

L]Zc > Òghi Vgg^kZY ]ZgZ ^c &.**! i]Z HVadc YZ BV^ lVh iV`^c\ eaVXZ Vi i]Z ^bbZchZ Bjh Z YÉ6gi BdYZgcZ YZ aV K^aaZ YZ EVg^h# > ]VY i]Z hVbZ ^begZhh^dc ndj \Zi l]Zc ndj \d id i]Z EVaVXZ d[ ;dciV^cZWaZVj VcY hZZ Vaa i]dhZ eV^ci^c\h d[ CVedaZdc^X WViiaZh# EV^ci^c\h Wn hZkZc dg Z^\]i Y^[[ZgZci eV^ciZgh hZZb id ]VkZ WZZc bVYZ Wn i]Z hVbZ Vgi^hi# >c i]Z HVadc YZ BV^! > XdjaYcÉi iZaa l]^X] Vgi^hi ]VY bVYZ l]Vi Vgi WZXVjhZ ZkZgndcZ lVh bV`^c\ i]Z hVbZ X^gXaZh! i]Z hVbZ hfjVgZh! i]Z hVbZ hiV^ch! i]Z hVbZ Vh l^i] VXVYZb^X eV^ci" Zgh# I]Z Y^hXdjghZ lVh YZVY# I]ZgZ lVh cd ^ckZci^kZ Zm^i id Ò\jgVi^kZ eV^ci^c\! ZkZgndcZ lVh gZeZVi^c\ i]Z hVbZ hij[[# 6WhigVXi Vgi VcY \ZhijgVa Vgi ]VY gZVX]ZY V h^b^aVg ed^ci# 6gi cZZYZY id add` [dg cZl ]dg^odch VcY deZc cZl eVi]h# I]ViÉh

]dl ^i XVbZ id WZ i]Vi Vc Zci^gZ \ZcZgVi^dc Xd^cX^YZY ]ZgZ ^c EVg^hÅlZ ]VY id bdY^[n eV^ci^c\Éh hjeedgi# >i XdjaYcÉi WZ i]Z XVckVh VcnbdgZ# LZ ]VY id iV`Z eV^ci^c\ dji id i]Z higZZi hd i]Vi lZ b^\]i gZZhiVWa^h] i]Z VW^a^in id Xdbbjc^XViZ i]Vi ^i ]VY l]Zc ^i lVh hi^aa gZ[ZgZci^Va# I]ViÉh l]n ^chiZVY d[ eV^ci^c\ i]Z i]^c\! > ^chi^cXi^kZan ]VY eZdeaZ eVgi^X^eViZ ^c i]Z XgZVi^kZ VXi#

:7/ L]Zc ndj idd` ndjg 8gdbdhVijgVX^dcZh dji id i]Z higZZi! Y^Y ndj cZZY Vc d[ÒX^Va eZgb^i4 889/ I]Z Òghi Zm]^W^i^dc d[ `^cZi^X Vgi idd` eaVXZ Vi i]Z bjhZ" jb ^c <gZcdWaZ ^c &.+,# > h]dlZY bn 8gdbdhVijgVX^dcZh i]ZgZ0 i]Zn lZgZ kZgn edlZg[ja# 6[iZg i]Vi i]Z Bjh Z YÉ6gi BdYZgcZ YZ aV K^aaZ YZ EVg^h h]dlZY AZ ajb^ gZ Zi bdjkZ" bZci! V `^cZi^X Vgi Zm]^W^i^dc dg\Vc^oZY Wn ;gVc` EdeeZg# >i lVh V ]j\Z hjXXZhh0 i]Zn ]VY id gZeg^ci i]Z XViVad\jZ [djg i^bZh#

:7/ L]n lVh ;gVc` EdeeZg hd ^ciZgZhiZY ^c `^cZi^X Vgi4 889/ =Z lVh [g^ZcYh l^i] NVVXdk 6\Vb VcY C^XdaVh H] [[Zg# =Z lVh VWdji id hiVgi ]^h YdXidgVa Y^hhZgiVi^dc VcY 6\Vb hj\\ZhiZY ]Z Yd ^i dc `^cZi^X Vgi# Hd i]ViÉh ]dl ]Z hiVgiZY lg^i^c\ dc Vaa d[ jh# L]Zc i]Vi Zm]^W^i^dc lVh dg\Vc^oZY lZ lZgZ VagZVYn `cdlc# >b^iVi^dch d[ djg ldg` lZgZ VeeZVg^c\ ^c l^cYdl Y^heaVnhÅi]ZgZ lVh V edejaVg Wddb# Hd [dg i]Z ejWa^X Vgi! i]Z CVi^dcVa 8ZciZg [dg 8dciZbedgVgn 6gi! l]^X] WZXVbZ i]Z Edbe^Ydj! XZaZWgViZY V ejWa^X"Vgi XdbeZi^i^dc i]Vi EdeeZg ]VY Vahd dg\Vc^oZY# I]^h lVh ^c &.+.# > lVh ^ck^i" ZY id eVgi^X^eViZ Vadc\ l^i] E^dig @dlVah`^ VcY i]Z 9Vc^h] Vgi^hi A^an <gZZc]Vb# I]Zn Xdbb^hh^dcZY ldg` [gdb Vaa i]gZZ d[ jh [dg i]Z I] }igZ Yj 8]}iZaZi# <gZZc]Vb XdkZgZY Vaa i]Z e^cZ XdcZh d[ hdbZ e^cZh ^c i]Z idlc ]Vaa d[ BdcigZj^a djih^YZ d[ EVg^h ^c Y^[[ZgZci Xdadgh0 ^i lVh V adi d[ [jc# @dlVah`^Éh egd_" ZXi lVh aVhZg gVnh hjggdjcYZY Wn b^ggdghÅ^i lVh idd Xdhian VcY jide^Vc! hd ^i cZkZg bViZg^Va^oZY# Bn egd_ZXi lVh i]dhZ Xdadg Wddi]h [dg i]Z EaVXZ YZ aÉDY dc0 dg^\^cVaan > egdedhZY +% Wddi]h [dg 8]}iZaZi! Wji i]Zn lZgZ Vahd kZgn Xdhian! VcY i]Z X^in d[ÒX^Vah ]VYcÉi \gVciZY jh eZgb^hh^dc WZXVjhZ i]Z VgZV lVh ]ZVk^an igV[ÒX`ZY# I]Zn Vh`ZY bZ id ÒcY Vcdi]Zg eaVXZ ^c i]Z X^in! hd > [djcY i]Z EaVXZ YZ aÉDY dc ^c i]Z AVi^c FjVgiZgÅ i]ZgZ lVh Zcdj\] heVXZ id bV`Z bn hiViZbZci Zk^YZci i]ZgZ# 6ahd! i]Z HdgWdccZ! i]Z HX]dda d[ BZY^X^cZ! VcY i]Z

,%

8]gdbVi^X >cYjXi^dc HZVih! 8]gdbVi^X :ck^gdcbZci! '%%,! Vi i]Z ]ZVYfjVgiZgh d[ i]Z Dg\Vc^oVX^ c YZ DgfjZhiVh ?jkZc^aZh! 8V" gVXVh# 8djgiZhn d[ i]Z 6iZa^Zg 8gjo"9^Zo VcY i]Z 6bZg^XVh HdX^Zin#

6GI

86GADH 8GJO"9>:O

bZigd hiVi^dc lZgZ cZVgWn! hd bn e^ZXZ ldjaY gZVX] Vaa hdX^Va XaVhhZh! ldg`Zgh! VcY hijYZcih# I]Zn VeegdkZY d[ i]Z egd_ZXi i]ZgZ# > VXijVaan _jhi hZci V aZiiZg YdcVi^c\ i]Z WajZeg^cih id i]Z 8VgcVkVaZi BjhZjb d[ i]Z K^aaZ YZ EVg^h#

:7/ JcYZg i]Z [djcY^c\ Y^gZXidg! 6cYg BVagZVjm! i]Z ;gZcX] B^c^hign d[ 8jaijgZ dg\Vc^oZY i]Z Òghi EVg^h W^Zc" c^Va ^c &.*.# BVcn AVi^c 6bZg^XVch idd` eVgi ^c i]Zb! Vh lZaa Vh Zm]^W^i^dch hjX] Vh AÉVgi aVi^cd"Vb g^XV^c Vi i]Z Bjh Z YÉ6gi BdYZgcZ YZ aV K^aaZ YZ EVg^h ^c &.+'# 889/ AVi^c 6bZg^XVch ]VkZ ValVnh eaVnZY V gdaZ ^c i]^h X^in/ L^a[gZYd AVb! GdWZgid BViiV! 8 XZgd 9^Vh# I]Zn ]VkZ ]VY Vc ZheZX^Vaan higdc\ egZhZcXZ ]ZgZ h^cXZ i]Z É+%h#

:7/ 6gi^hih d[ egZk^djh \ZcZgVi^dch ]VY id \d WVX` id i]Z^g Xdjcig^Zh d[ dg^\^c ^c dgYZg id \V^c gZXd\c^i^dc# AVb! [dg ^chiVcXZ# 889/ LZaa! AVbÉh XVgZZg VXijVaan idd` d[[ ^c CZl Ndg`# BdB6 Wdj\]i V aVg\Z eV^ci^c\ d[ ]^h! I]Z ?jc\aZ# I]Vi b^\]i ]VkZ WZZc i]Z Òghi eV^ci^c\ Wn V AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Vgi^hi i]Vi i]Z bjhZjb VXfj^gZY#

:7/ Ndj lZgZ Vahd ^ckdakZY l^i] GdW]d! i]Z Xg^i^XVa VkVci"\VgYZ Vgi bV\Vo^cZ ejWa^h]ZY ^c EVg^h WZilZZc &.+, VcY &.,&# 889/ NZh! > YZh^\cZY i]Z bV\Vo^cZ# >i ]VY V \gZVi ^beVXi ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h VcY \ZcZgViZY ^ciZchZ edaZb^Xh# >i lVh i]Z WgV^cX]^aY d[ Vgi Xg^i^X ?ZVc 8aVn! V kZgn ^ciZaa^\Zci \jn! VcY cdkZa^hi ?ja^Zc 7aV^cZ# > XVbZ je l^i] V YZh^\c [dg i]Z bV\Vo^cZ i]Vi add`ZY a^`Z cdi]^c\ ZahZ# > lVh kZgn eaZVhZY l^i] i]Z Òghi ^hhjZ0 ^i aZY id W^\\Zg egd_ZXih! VcY i]Z edhiZg > bVYZ [dg AZ bdjkZbZci >> Zm]^W^i^dc! l]^X] lVh V ede"dji X^gXaZ l]^X] cd dcZ XdjaY [daY WVX` ^c V\V^c#

:7/ L]Vi lVh i]Z b^hh^dc d[ GdW]d4 889/ LZ lVciZY id \^kZ eZdeaZ ^c[dgbVi^dc dc cZl YZkZa" debZcih ^c Vgi0 ^i lVh V\V^chi Wdjg\Zd^h Vgi# HdbZ d[ i]Z cZlZhi! bdhi eda^i^XVaan gVY^XVa Y^hXdjghZh lZgZ Xdb^c\ [gdb Cdgi] VcY Hdji] 6bZg^XV/ IjXjb{c VgYZ lVh V XdaaZXi^kZ egd_ZXi dg\Vc^oZY Wn Vgi^hih [gdb 7jZcdh 6^gZh! Vbdc\ i]Zb <gVX^ZaV 8VgcZkVaZ! AZ c ;ZggVg^! 9Vk^Y AVbZaVh! VcY GdWZgid ?VXdWn# >i Xdch^hiZY d[ V hZg^Zh d[ ZkZcih VcY lVh bZVci id ZmedhZ \dkZgcbZci Zmead^iVi^dc d[ ldg`Zgh ^c i]Z egdk^cXZ d[ IjXjb{c# I]Z Vgi^hih lVciZY id XgZViZ Vc Æ^c[dgbVi^dc hjeZg" X^gXj^i!Ç id X^gXjbkZci i]Z XdckZci^dcVa bZVch d[ Y^hhZb^" cVi^c\ ^c[dgbVi^dc i]Vi lZgZ XdcigdaaZY VcY Y^hidgiZY Wn \dkZgcbZci Vji]dg^i^Zh VcY i]Z Wdjg\Zd^h^Z# 6cY d[ XdjghZ i]ZgZ lVh higZZi i]ZViZg! i]Z 7aVX` EVci]Zgh ½

:7/ Hd lZgZ Vgi^hih lg^i^c\ [dg i]Z bV\Vo^cZ4 889/ HdbZ d[ i]Zb! nZh# I]Z bV\Vo^cZ ^cigdYjXZY V adi d[ cZl Vgi^hih/ An\^V 8aVg`! [dg ^chiVcXZ#

:7/ 9^Y ndj `cdl ]Zg eZghdcVaan4 889/ KZgn lZaa! VcY > hVl ]Zg d[iZc# Bn hdc 8Vgadh e]did" \gVe]ZY ]Zg ldg`#

:7/ LVh h]Z Vahd [g^ZcYh l^i] Hdid4 889/ NZh# LZÉY hZZ ZVX] di]Zg V adi WVX` i]Zc# EgZX^hZan Yjg" ^c\ i]Vi i^bZ lZÉY iVa` VWdji eVgi^X^eVidgn Vgi# I]ViÉh l]Zc h]Z hiVgiZY bdY^[n^c\ ]Zg eV^ci^c\h! l]^X] ijgcZY ^cid i]Z bVc^ejaVWaZ 7^X]dh# H]Z i]Zc hiVgiZY YZkZade^c\ i]Z WdYn i]^c\# I]Z ldg` gZhjaiZY ^c bdgZ eVgi^X^eVidgn ldg`h# LZ Xg^i" ^X^oZY ]Zg [dg YZkZade^c\ i]ZgVeZji^X Vgi! Wji cdl i]ViÉh gZa" ZkVci V\V^c# H]Z lVh V e^dcZZg# LZ lZgZ bV`^c\ aVWng^ci]h l^i] a^\]i! a^`Z i]Z 6g\Zci^cZ ?ja^d AZ EVgX# > bVYZ V aVWng^ci]

XVaaZY 9ZhXdcY^X^dcVb^Zcid l^i] V l^cY ijccZa#

:7/ I]ViÉh kZgn 9jX]Vbe# 889/ NZh! ]^h GdidgZa^Z[h ^che^gZY `^cZi^X Vgi# =Z lVh Vahd V e^dcZZg#

:7/ 9^Y ndj `cdl ?dg\Z GdbZgd 7gZhi! i]Z ^cÓjZci^Va 6g\Zci^cZ Xg^i^X! Vgi ]^hidg^Vc! VcY hjeedgiZg d[ AVi^c 6bZg^XVc kVc\jVgY [gdb i]Z È*%h i]gdj\] i]Z È,%h l]Zc ]Z lVh i]Z Y^gZXidg d[ i]Z BjhZd YZ 7ZaaVh 6giZh VcY i]Zc 8Zcigd YZ 6giZh K^hjVaZh YZa >chi^ijid Y^ IZaaV ^c 7jZcdh 6^gZh4 889/ D[ XdjghZ > `cZl ]^b# Fj^iZ V X]VgVXiZg# =Z [dgbZY V adi d[ eZdeaZ ^c 7jZcdh 6^gZh0 ]Z lVh kZgn hbVgi#

:7/ > gZVY V aZiiZg ^c l]^X] DiZgd YZhXg^WZY ]^h dlc 8dadg^ibdh Vh hdbZ]dl gZegZhZciVi^kZ d[ i]Z KZcZojZaVc aVcYhXVeZ# 6h VWhigVXi Vh i]Zn VgZ! ]Z i]dj\]i i]Zn Y^heaVnZY adkZ [dg ]^h Xdjcign# 9d ndj ÒcY i]Vi igjZ d[ ndjg ldg`h4 889/ > ]VkZcÉi dkZgian bVYZ Vcn [da`adg^X \ZhijgZh ^c bn ldg`# > YdcÉi `cdl ^[ bn Xdadgh VgZ ÆKZcZojZaVc0Ç ^iÉh XZg" iV^can cdi bn ^ciZci^dc# I]ZgZÉh V a^iZgVgn VcY edZi^X fjVa^in id i]Zb ^c i]Z &.i]"XZcijgn gdbVci^X hZchZ d[ i]Z iZgb/ i]ZgZ ^h Vc VhhdX^Vi^dc WZilZZc bjh^X VcY Xdadg! V YZh^gZ id WaZcY cdi^dch VhhdX^ViZY l^i] i]Z Y^[[ZgZci Vgih# EZdeaZ iZcY id i]^c` i]Vi ^[ BVi^hhZ ^h ;gZcX]! i]Zc ]^h Vgi bjhi WZ ;gZcX]# Cd 9ZhXVgiZh hV^Y i]Vi 8VgiZh^Vc gZVhdc lVh ;gZcX]! Wji i]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ bdgZ Y^hdg\Vc^oZY i]Vc i]Z ;gZcX] b^cY aVj\]iZg >[ V gVi^dcVaan dg\Vc^oZY higjXijgZ lZgZ X]VgVXiZg" ^hi^XVaan ;gZcX]! i]Zc BdcYg^Vc ldjaY ]VkZ id WZ ;gZcX]# =Z lVh ]ZgZ ^c EVg^h [dg &) nZVgh VcY nZi i]Zn cZkZg idd` ]^b ^cid VXXdjci#

>i ]Vh V adi id Yd l^i] hX]dda^c\ idd# =ZgZ X]^aYgZc aZVgc Wn ]ZVgi i]Vi i]Zn VgZ 8VgiZh^Vc# 9jX]Vbe lVh i]Z \gZVi hVk^dg =^h he^g^i ^h igjan 8VgiZh^Vc

:7/ 6cY ]Z bVYZ hd [Zl ldg`h# 889/ I]ViÉh l]n AVi^c 6bZg^XVch [ZZa hd \ddY ^c EVg^h# LZ ^YZci^[n l^i] Y^hdgYZg# LZ ldjaY ]VkZ [Zai adhi ^c <ZgbVcn# aVj\]iZg

:7/ LVhcÉi i]ZgZ Vc ^ciZgZhi ^c WZ^c\ bdYZgc ^c KZcZojZaV WVX` i]Zc ^c i]Z aViZ È)%h VcY i]Z ZVgan È*%h4 K^aaVcjZkV lVh VWaZ id Xdck^cXZ E gZo ?^b cZo id aZVkZ i]Z 8VaYZg e^ZXZh ^c i]Z VjY^idg^jb d[ i]Z 6jaV BV\cV ^c 8^jYVY Jc^kZgh^iVg^V WZXVjhZ i]Zn lZgZ iZX]cdad\^XVaan VYkVcXZY! VXdjhi^XVaan# 889/ I]ViÉh l]ViÉh ^ciZgZhi^c\/ ^iÉh iZX]cdad\n VcY ^iÉh WZVji^[ja#

> lVci id hVn dcZ i]^c\! ZkZc i]dj\] > ]VkZcÉi YdcZ i]Z gZhZVgX] id YZkZade i]^h ^YZV0 > aZVkZ ^i je id gZhZVgX]Zgh id YZakZ ^cid ^i# L]n i]Z ]Zaa ^h ^i i]Vi Vaa VkVci"\VgYZ bdkZ" bZcih! Vaa cZl ^YZVh! ZbZg\Z [gdb i]Z 6iaVci^X XdVhi d[ i]Z Xdci^cZci! VcY cdi [gdb i]Z EVX^ÒX XdVhi4 >[ ndj add` Vi i]Z AVi^c 6bZg^XVc VkVci \VgYZh! i]Zn XVbZ [gdb 6g\Zci^cV! Jgj\jVn! 7gVo^a! VcY KZcZojZaV# I]Z 6iaVci^X h^YZ d[ i]Z aVcY lVh egZiin bjX] jc^c]VW^iZY# Dc i]Z EVX^ÒX h^YZ lZ ÒcY Vaa i]Z \gZVi XjaijgZhÅi]Z >cXVh! [dg ZmVbeaZÅWji i]Zn VgZ i]Z bdhi igVY^i^dcVa l]Zc ^i XdbZh id Vgi# 6aa lg^iZgh VcY Vgi^hih ZbZg\Z [gdb i]Z 6cYZh h^YZ! l]ZgZVh i]Z eV^ciZgh VcY bjh^" X^Vch Vaa XdbZ [gdb i]Z 6iaVci^X h^YZ# >hcÉi ^i Xjg^djh4

,&

GD7:GID 7DA6xD

7A6HI ;GDB I=: E6HI

Å 7A6HI ;GDB I=: E6HI Å L>CI:G '%%'

G:69 I=:B DCA>C:½

DK:G -,% 6G8=>K6A >CI:GK>:LH DCA>C:

7DB7H>I:#8DB

GD7:GID 7DA6xD

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

8dadbW^Vc ÒXi^dc lg^iZgh idYVn ]VkZ id Xdc[gdci ild h]VYdlh l]Zc [VX^c\ i]Z WaVc` eV\Z/ i]Z XjaijgZ d[ Ygj\"igV[ÒX`^c\ VcY i]Z aZ\VXn d[ <VgX V B{gfjZoÉh bV\^XVa gZVa^hb# ?jVc <VWg^Za K{hfjZo ]Vh bVcV\ZY id YdY\Z Wdi] ^c ]^h aVhi ild cdkZah# > WZXVbZ VlVgZ d[ ]^b l]Zc ]Z ejWa^h]ZY =^hidg^V hZXgZiV YZ 8dhiV\jVcV HZXgZi ]^hidgn d[ 8dhiV\jVcV ^c '%%,# 7n jh^c\ ?dhZe] 8dcgVYÉh ÒXi^kZ Hdji] 6bZg^XVc Xdjcign ^c i]Z i^iaZ! K{hfjZo lVh Y^hiVcX^c\ ]^bhZa[ [gdb i]Z dbc^egZhZci igdeZh XdcÒc^c\ 8dadbW^Vc bZc d[ aZiiZgh# > ]ZVgY d[ K{hfjZo V\V^c i]^h eVhi hjbbZg! l]Zc Vc ZVga^Zg cdkZa d[ ]^h! I]Z >c[dgbZgh! VeeZVgZY ^c :c\a^h] igVchaVi^dc#

I]Z >c[dgbZgh ^h VWdji 8dadbW^VÉh <ZgbVc VcY ?Zl^h] b^\g edejaVi^dchÅ Vi i^bZh i]Z ild XdckZg\ZYÅYjg^c\ LdgaY LVg >># 7n iZaa^c\ i]Z hidgn d[ HVgV <jiiZgbVc! V <ZgbVc ?Zl l]d Vgg^kZY ^c i]Z Xdjcign ^c i]Z aViZ &.(%h! ^i jckZ^ah V hZXgZi eVhi! dcZ d[ i]Z bVcn jcgZhdakZY hidg^Zh d[ 8dadbW^VÉh XdaaZXi^kZ bZbdgn# 6 aVl eVhhZY Wn EgZh^YZci :YjVgYd HVcidh ^c hjeedgi d[ i]Z 6aa^ZY [dgXZh XVaaZY [dg CVo^ hnbeVi]^oZgh id WZ ^beg^hdcZY VcY [dg i]Z^g egdeZgin id WZ XdcÒhXViZY# A^hiZc^c\ id LV\cZg dg heZV`^c\ <ZgbVc lVh Xdch^YZgZY Zcdj\] Zk^YZcXZ [dg hdbZdcZ id WZ hZci id V bdjciV^c eg^hdc ÆgZigZVi#Ç EZdeaZ lZgZ ZcXdjgV\ZY id WZ k^\^aVci VcY ^c[dgb dc [g^ZcYh VcY [Vb^an!

VcY! egZY^XiVWan! V l^iX] ]jci cdi jca^`Z BX8Vgi]n^hb ZchjZY# I]Z cdkZa ^h idaY ^c i]Z kd^XZ d[ V lg^iZg l]d Y^hXdkZgh i]Vi ]^h kZgn [Vi]Zg lVh dcZ d[ hjX] ^c[dgbVcih!

Wji id hVn bdgZ ldjaY WZ id \^kZ i]Z eadi VlVn#

GZVY^c\ I]Z >c[dgbZgh ^h a^`Z eZZa^c\ Vc dc^dc! gZbdk^c\ aVnZg V[iZg aVnZg! ZVX] dcZ gZkZVa^c\ i]Z XdbeaZm^in d[ i]Z ]jbVc XdcY^i^dc VcY igVX^c\ hjgeg^h^c\ ]^hidg^XVa eVgVaaZah# I]Z h^b^aVg^i^Zh! [dg ^chiVcXZ! WZilZZc i]Z addi^c\h d[ @g^hiVaacVX]i VcY i]dhZ Yjg^c\ 8dadbW^VÉh 7d\diVodÅi]Z VhhVhh^cVi^dc d[ i]Z edeja^hi aZVYZg ?dg\Z :a^ XZg <V^i{c ^c &.)- i]Vi bVg`ZY i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z \gjZhdbZ eZg^dY d[ AV K^daZcX^VÅVgZ ^begZhh^kZan ldkZc id\Zi]Zg# 8Vgadh ;jZciZh ]Vh lg^iiZc i]Vi i]^h cdkZa d[[Zgh i]Z gZVYZg i]Vi Æ\gVn VgZV d[ ]jbVc VXi^dch VcY VlVgZcZhh l]ZgZ

?J6C <67G>:A KÛHFJ:O Å 7N H>AK6C6 E6I:GCDHIGD

,)

E]did Wn EZiZg 9gjW^c# 8djgiZhn d[ G^kZg]ZVY 7dd`h#

djg XVeVX^in id bV`Z b^hiV`Zh! WZigVn! VcY XdcXZVa XgZViZh V X]V^c gZVXi^dc i]Vi XdcYZbch jh id V ldgaY l^i]dji hVi^h[VXi^dc#Ç > V\gZZ! nZi ^c I]Z >c[dgbZgh i]ZgZ ^h Vahd V eaVXZ [dg [dg\^kZcZhh#

AVhi DXidWZg! > hVi l^i] K{hfjZo ^c V Xdc[ZgZcXZ gddb Vi ]^h ejWa^h]ZgÉh d[ÒXZ ^c CZl Ndg` id iVa` VWdji ]^h Wdd`h0 ^cZk^iVWan! lZ aVbZciZY 8dadbW^VÉh jcZcY^c\ k^daZcXZ# >c hjX] V cZjigVa! cdcYZhXg^ei gddb! 8dadbW^V [Zai Vh jcgZVa Vh ?dhZe] 8dcgVYÉh ÒXi^dcVa 8dhiV\jVcV# >c djg XdckZghVi^dc! Vh ^c a^[Z! ÒXi^dc VcY eda^i^Xh XdckZg\ZY/ hidgniZaa^c\! a^`Z i]Z dcZ ]Z bVhiZg[jaan Y^heaVnh ^c I]Z >c[dgbZgh! ^h V eZVXZ d[[Zg^c\#

ÅH^akVcV EViZgcdhigd

?J6C <67G>:A KÛHFJ:O i]Z \dkZgcbZciÉh gZVXi^dc lVh cdi eVgVcd^YÅi]ZgZ lVh XVjhZ [dg XdcXZgc# I]ViÉh l]n i]Z h^ijVi^dc YZhXg^WZY ^c I]Z >c[dgbZgh lVh ^ciZgZhi^c\ id bZ! WZXVjhZ ^i [Vaah ^cid V \gVn VgZV#

HE/ I]Z >c[dgbZgh ejaaZY WVX` V XjgiV^c [dg bZ# > Y^YcÉi ]VkZ bVcn [g^ZcYh l^i] <ZgbVc"hdjcY^c\ aVhi cVbZh ^c 7VggVcfj^aaV0 i]Z dcZh i]Vi Y^Y bjhi ]VkZ \dcZ id i]Z <ZgbVc HX]dda# >chiZVY! > ]VY bVcn ?Zl^h] XaVhhbViZh Vi i]Z 6bZg^XVc HX]dda# Bn WZhi [g^ZcY ^c ZaZbZciVgn hX]dda lVh V ?Zl^h] \^ga cVbZY 9ZWW^Z HX]lVgioÅ]Zg H]^gaZn IZbeaZ Xjgah VcY [gZX`aZh VcY WajZ ZnZh [VhX^cVi" ZY bZ! Wji ^i lVh ]Zg ]djhZ]daY i]Vi ^cig^\jZY bZ# L]n Y^YcÉi i]Zn ]VkZ V 8]g^hibVh igZZ VcY V cVi^k^in hXZcZ ^c 9ZXZbWZg4 =Zg eVgZcih hed`Z l^i] VXXZcih VcY \d^c\ id ]Zg ]djhZ lVh a^`Z \d^c\ dc V ig^e id V Y^[[ZgZci! WZi" iZg X^in#

Ndj VcY > Wdi] aZ[i 8dadbW^V# Ndj lZci id EVg^h# 9^Y ndj YZX^YZ ndj lVciZY id WZ V lg^iZg WZ[dgZ ndj aZ[i4 ?<K/ I]Z YZX^h^dc XVbZ ]Va[lVn i]gdj\] bn aVl hijY^Zh# > WZ\Vc Ó^gi^c\ l^i] ÒXi^dcÅdg! Vh G# A# HiZkZchdc hVnh ^c V edZb! ÆeaVn^c\ l^i] eVeZgÇÅi]gdj\] lg^i^c\ V h]VbZaZhh ^b^iVi^dc d[ DcZ =jcYgZY NZVgh d[ Hda^ijYZ# IV`^c\ hdbZ" i]^c\ ndj `cdl lZaa VcY Yd^c\ ^i Vaa dkZg V\V^c ^h V \gZVi lVn id aZVgc ]dl eVgV\gVe]h VcY hZciZcXZh ldg`# DcZ YVn > WZ\Vc id Xden! ldgY [dg ldgY! ?dnXZÉh ÆI]Z 9ZVYÇ VcY 7dg\ZhÉh ÆI]Z 8^gXjaVg Gj^ch#Ç > Y^Y i]^h WZXVjhZ >ÉY hiVgiZY lg^i^c\ bn dlc hidg^Zh# >ÉY WZZc lg^i^c\ [dg V adc\ i^bZ! Wji i]ZhZ hidg^Zh lZgZ i]Z Òghi lg^iiZc idlVgY ejWa^XVi^dc# >ÉY WZXdbZ jiiZgan jc^ciZgZhiZY ^c Vcni]^c\ i]Vi lVh cdi VWdji bVhiZg^c\ i]Z Vgi d[ hidgniZaa^c\#

HE/ 9^Y ndj Xdc[Zhh i]Vi id VcnWdYn4 ?<K/ > idaY bn [Vb^an i]Vi > ]VY VWhdajiZan cd ^ciZci^dc d[ ldg`^c\ Vh V aVlnZg V[iZg \gVYjVi^c\ [gdb aVl hX]dda# > ]VY Y^hXdkZgZY l]Vi > lVciZY id Yd VcY Y^YcÉi i]^c` d[ lg^i^c\ Vh V lZZ`ZcY VXi^k^in! V i]^c\ dc i]Z h^YZ#

HE/ =VY ndj lg^iiZc ^c hZXgZi! V ZhXdcY^YVh! WZ[dgZ4 ?<K/ > lgdiZ bn Òghi h]dgi hidgn l]Zc > lVh Z^\]i0 ^i ldc i]^h hX]dda eg^oZ# > YdcÉi i]^c` i]ZgZÉh WZZc V eZg^dY ^c bn a^[Z l]Zc > lVhcÉi lg^i^c\#

HE/ L]ViÉh i]Z hidgn VWdji4 7ji Òghi iZaa bZ ]dl ndjg [Vi]Zg gZVXiZY id i]Z cZlh0 Y^Y ]Z lVci ndj id [daadl V [Vb^an igVY^i^dc4 ?<K/ > l^h] > ]VY hdbZ @V[`VZhfjZ hidg^Zh VWdji i]Z XaVh] WZilZZc bn [Vb^an VcY bn b i^Zg! Wji > YdcÉi# 6[iZg Vaa! i]Zn ]VY WZZc [ZZY^c\ bZ cdkZah [dgZkZg# 6i dcZ ed^ci ^c bn a^[Z hdXXZg lVh Vaa i]Vi ^ciZgZhiZY bZ# I]Z LdgaY 8je ^c HeV^c lVh VeegdVX]^c\! hd ^i bjhi ]VkZ WZZc &.-&# Bn [Vi]Zg \VkZ bZ i]^h ha^b W^d\gVe]n d[ EZa ! i]Z 7gVo^a^Vc eaVnZg! ^c :c\a^h]# =Z lVciZY id gZVY i]Z Wdd` ^c HeVc^h]! VcY Vh`ZY ^[ > ldjaY igVchaViZ ^i [dg V hbVaa [ZZ# > Y^Y# > cdl jcYZghiVcY l]Vi ]Z lVh Yd^c\/ ]Z bVcV\ZY id cdjg^h] bn gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] Wdd`h VcY i]Z :c\a^h] aVc\jV\Z# > ]VY V \gZVi i^bZ VcY ZVgcZY hdbZ h^YZ bdcZn#

6Wdji i]Z hidgn ½ HigVc\Zan! ^i [dgZh]VYdlh i]Z bV_dg i]ZbZh d[ bdhi d[ bn ÒXi^dc# Cdi id YgVl X]ZVe ehnX]dad\^" XVa XdcXajh^dch [gdb i]^h! Wji > XVcÉi ]Zae cdi^X^c\ ^i# >iÉh i]Z hidgn d[ V hbVaa Wdn l]d \Zih igVeeZY Wn VXX^YZci ^c i]^h h]^e i]ViÉh \d^c\ id AdcYdc/ ]Z \Zih adhi ^c i]Z X^in! Wjnh V

^akVcV EViZgcdhigd/ Je jci^a I]Z >c[dgbZgh i]ZgZ lVh H cd Wdd` VWdji i]Z ?Zl^h] Xdbbjc^in ^c 8dadbW^V# ?jVc <VWg^Za K{hfjZo/ I]ZgZ lZgZ hdbZ Wdd`h! hjgZ! Wji cd cdkZah VWdji i]ZhZ ZkZcih# Cdi dcan i]Z ?Zl^h] Xdbbjc^in!

Wji i]Z WaVX`a^hiZY <ZgbVch! i]Z gZXajh^dc d[ ZcZbn X^i^oZch# LZ cdkZa^hih VgZ iZgg^Wan XdcXZ^iZY! ndj `cdl# LZ i]^c` i]Z ldgaY ^h ^cXdbeaZiZ jci^a ^i ]Vh WZZc ZmeadgZY ^c V cdkZa#

HE/ I]ZgZ jhZY id WZ V EVhiZaZg V 6aZbVcV V <ZgbVc WV`Zgn ^c 7VggVcfj^aaV l]Zc > lVh \gdl^c\ je# 6h > lVh gZVY^c\ ndjg Wdd` > hVl bnhZa[ ^c i]Vi Y^ban a^i WV`Zgn i]Vi ldbZc l^i] Vc VXXZci gVc [gdb i]Z^g ]djhZ# >ÉY lVa` ^cid ^i VcY ^bbZY^ViZan [ZZa > lVh cd adc\Zg ^c 8dadbW^VÅi]Z^g eVhig^Zh hbZaaZY Y^[[ZgZci# > ]VYcÉi eji id\Zi]Zg CVo^hb VcY i]Z EVhiZaZg V 6aZbVcV WZ[dgZ# A^`Z hd bjX] VWdji djg XdjcignÉh ]^hidgn! i]Vi Vaa <ZgbVch lZgZ hjheZXi VcY k^Xi^bh d[ V l^iX] ]jci ]VY idiVaan ZajYZY bZ# ?<K/ EZdeaZ YdcÉi a^`Z id gZbZbWZg i]dhZ YVnh# L]Zc i]Z 8dadbW^Vc \dkZgcbZci YZX^YZY id VXi^kZan eVgi^X^eViZ ^c LdgaY LVg >> Vh Vc 6aan V\V^chi i]Z 6m^h! dcZ d[ i]Z Òghi bZVhjgZh ^i idd` lVh id egdiZXi XdVhih VcY WdgYZgh# <ZgbVc! >iVa^Vc! VcY ?VeVcZhZ X^i^oZch lZgZ gZbdkZY [gdb i]dhZ VgZVh# 7VggVcfj^aaV! WZ^c\ i]Z bdhi ^bedgiVci edgi dc i]Z 6iaVci^X! ]VY V ]j\Z ^bb^\gVci edejaVi^dc# >bV\^cZ Vaa i]dhZ eZdeaZ ]Vk^c\ id bdkZ [gdb i]Z^g ]dbZh id i]Z ^ciZg^dg! V[iZg YZXVYZh d[ ]Vk^c\ a^kZY i]ZgZ! Vaa WZXVjhZ i]Z^g eVhhedgih hV^Y i]Zn XVbZ [gdb XZgiV^c eaVXZh#

HE/ >hcÉi ^i ^ciZgZhi^c\ i]Vi gZVY^c\ ÒXi^dc ^h i]Z WZhi lVn id jcYZghiVcY ]^hidgn4 Cdl > ldcYZg ^[ i]Z WV`Zgn dlcZgh lZgZcÉi ^c[dgbZY jedc Wn i]Z^g cZ^\]Wdgh! VcY ^[ i]Vi lVhcÉi i]Z gZVhdc l]n i]Zn `Zei higVc\Z ]djgh VcY i]Z^g a^\]ih lZgZ bdhian d[[# D[ XdjghZ bn bZbd" g^Zh VgZ [gdb i]Z aViZ É,%h VcY cdi [gdb i]Z É)%h! l]Zc dcZ d[ i]Z cVggVi^kZh ^c ndjg Wdd` iV`Zh eaVXZ# ?<K/ 7VggVcfj^aaV XdbZh ^cid eaVn ^c Vcdi]Zg lVnÅi]Z 8dadbW^Vc CVo^ EVgin lVh WVhZY i]ZgZ# ?djgcVa^hih H^ak^V <Vak^h VcY 6aWZgid 9dcVY^d ]VkZ [djcY VbVo^c\ e]did\gVe]h d[ i]Z^g hZhh^dch! l^i] Vaa i]dhZ hlVhi^`Vh VcY <ZgbVc ÓV\h VcY a^[iZY Vgbh ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z 8Vg^WWZVc XdVhi# ;dg V cdkZa^hi! i]ZnÉgZ Vc ^cXgZY^WaZ h^\]i# I]Zn Vahd egdkZ i]Vi

,*

6ABDHI 6AA A6I>C 6B:G>86C 7DDB LG>I:GH! 6I HDB: ED>CI DG 6CDI=:G! =69 A>K:9 >C E6G>H/ ?JA>D 8DGIÛO6G! K6G<6H AADH6! ;J:CI:H# 6C9 HD E6G>H L6H! ;DG B:! I=: G><=I 8>IN ;DG HDB:7D9N L=D L6CI:9 ID 7:8DB: 6 LG>I:G# =DL C6>K:! CD4 ]di Yd\! VcY ÒcYh ]^h lVn WVX` id 8dadbW^V0 ZkZgni]^c\ ^c V eV\Z VcY V ]Va[#

HE/ Hd Vi Z^\]i ndj lZgZ VagZVYn [VciVh^o^c\ VWdji aZVk" ^c\# LZ 8dadbW^Vch ]VkZ ValVnh ]VY hjX] V hZchZ d[ ^c[Zg^dg^inÅdg ^h ^i Xjg^dh^in! V hZchZ d[ VYkZcijgZ4 ;dg jh ^c 7VggVcfj^aaV! B^Vb^ ^h WZiiZg# ;dg ndj ^c 7d\di{! ^iÉh AdcYdc# >c I]Z >c[dgbZgh! i]Z egdiV\dc^hi! l]d ^h egdk^cX^Va! gZVaan kVajZh HVgV <jiiZgbVc VcY :cg^fjZ 9ZgZhhZgÉh :jgdeZVc WVX`\gdjcYh# >h i]^h gZaViZY id djg [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] i]Z djih^YZ ldgaY4 ?<K/ 7d\di{ ^h cd Y^[[ZgZci i]Vc Vcn di]Zg i]^gY"ldgaY XVe^iVa0 i]Vi [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] i]Z bZigdeda^h ^h hdbZi]^c\ ndj l^aa ÒcY ZkZgnl]ZgZ! [gdb CV^eVjaÉh Ig^c^YVY id 8VgZnÉh 6jhigVa^V# > YdcÉi i]^c` ^i XdbZh [gdb Vc ^c[Zg^dg^in XdbeaZm! l]^X]! ^c Vcn XVhZ! ldjaY WZ i]Z gZVhdc l]n eZdeaZ YdcÉi aZVkZ# 6cnlVn! 8dadbW^V ^h heZX^Va ^c i]Vi ^i ]Vh ild XdVhih VcY ^ih XVe^iVa ^h ^caVcY# 8VgVXVh ^h V XdVhiVa X^in# Hd VgZ A^bV! HVci^V\d! VcY 7jZcdh 6^gZh# 7Z[dgZ V^geaVcZh! ^i idd` Vcnl]ZgZ WZilZZc ÒkZ YVnh VcY ild lZZ`h id \Zi [gdb 7VggVcfj^aaV id 7d\di{# 7d\di{ lVh V ]^YYZc X^in VcY > i]^c` i]Z XjaijgVa Za^iZ [Zai i]Z cZZY id \d VcY add` [dg i]Z ldgaY0 di]Zgl^hZ i]Zn ldjaY Y^Z d[ egdk^cX^Va^hb VcY WdgZYdb#

HE/ EZdeaZ lZVg bdgZ ilZZY ^c 7d\di{ i]Vc ^c AdcYdc! VcY i]ZgZÉh K^Xidg^Vc VcY IjYdg VgX]^iZXijgZ Vaa dkZg i]Z X^in# ?<K/ 6c jcXaZ d[ b^cZ a^kZY ^c AdcYdc [dg hdbZ nZVgh Yjg^c\ i]Z È*%h! VcY! Yjg^c\ i]Vi i^bZ! ]Z idd` bn [Vi]Zg! WVgZan Vc VYdaZhXZci! id heZcY i]gZZ nZVgh dg hd Vi V WdVgY^c\ hX]dda cZVg AdcYdc# H^cXZ i]Zc bn [Vi]Zg YZkZadeZY Vc ^cXjgVWaZ 6c\ade]^a^V i]Vi > hZZb id ]VkZ ^c]Zg^iZY# 6cnlVn! bn jcXaZ lVh dcZ d[ i]dhZ eZdeaZ ndj iVa` VWdji! l^i] ]^h ]Vi VcY ]^h \adkZh VcY ]^h XVcZ# 6aa i]Vi ]Vh Y^hVeeZVgZY! dWk^djhan! cdi dcan WZXVjhZ i^bZh ]VkZ X]Vc\ZY VcY i]Z ldgaY ^h XadhZg cdl id 7d\di{! Wji Vahd WZXVjhZ i]Z X^in ^h Vi aZVhi ÒkZ YZ\gZZh lVgbZg i]Vc ^i lVh ^c i]dhZ YVnh VcY cdWdYn lZVgh \adkZh VcnbdgZ# Æ<adWVa LVgb^c\ VcY i]Z 7g^i^h] >cÓjZcXZ ^c 8dadbW^V!Ç i]ZgZÉh V i^iaZ [dg V c^XZ ZhhVn#

HE/ Hd ^iÉh cd Xd^cX^YZcXZ i]Vi bjX] d[ ndjg cdkZa =^hidg^V hZXgZiV YZ 8dhiV\jVcV ^h hZi ^c AdcYdc Vi i]Z ijgc d[ i]Z XZcijgn! l]Zc i]Z jeeZg"XaVhh Wd\diV" cdh igVkZaZY id AdcYdc# 6i i]Vi i^bZ ?dhZe] 8dcgVY lVh Vahd i]ZgZ! lg^i^c\ Cdhigdbd! l]^X] iV`Zh eaVXZ ^c Vc ^bV\^cVgn AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Xdjcign ]Z cVbZY 8dhiV\jVcV# Ndjg cdkZa ^h WVhZY dc i]Z i]gZZ YVnh 8dcgVY heZci dc i]Z XdVhi d[ 8dadbW^V! Vh lZaa Vh dc XdckZghVi^dch ]Z ]VY l^i] V 8dadbW^Vc ^c AdcYdc# 9d ndj `cdl ^[ 8dcgVY ZkZg bZi V Wd\diVcd4 ?<K/ =Z Y^Y bZZi V 8dadbW^Vc! HVci^V\d E gZo Ig^VcV! l]d lVh i]Z hdc d[ V [dgbZg a^WZgVa egZh^YZci l]dÉY ÓZY 8dadbW^V V[iZg eZghZXji^dc Wn i]Z XdchZgkVi^kZ \dkZgcbZci# =Z ldjcY je ^c AdcYdc! VcY V[iZg hdbZ i^bZ! V[iZg gZXdcX^a^c\ ]^bhZa[ l^i] i]Z Xdjcign! ]Z WZXVbZ Vc VbWVhhVYdg# 8dcgVY bZi ]^b i]gdj\] i]Z^g Xdbbdc [g^ZcY! i]Z HXdii^h] VYkZcijgZg GdWZgi 8jcc^c\]VbZ"<gV]Vb! l]Zc ]Z lVh lg^i^c\ Cdhigdbd# I]^h eZg^dY Xd^cX^YZY! idd! l^i] i]Z i^bZ ^c l]^X] EVcVbV lVh hZeVgVi^c\ [gdb 8dadbW^V#

6cnlVn! i]ZgZ lVh Vahd V kZgn higdc\ gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] ;gVcXZÅ8dadbW^Vch lZgZ ValVnh igVkZa^c\ id EVg^h id hijYn/ ?dh 6hjcX^ c H^akV! i]Z \gZVi 8dadbW^Vc edZi! [dg ^chiVcXZ#

HE/ Dc i]Z XdVhi lZ Y^YcÉi ]VkZ V [VhX^cVi^dc l^i] :c\aVcY! Wji lZ Y^Y ]VkZ i]Z ^cÓjZcXZ d[ i]Z ;gZcX]!

VcY i]Z >iVa^Vch! VcY i]Z AZWVcZhZ! VcY i]Z Hng^Vch# ?<K/ 6cY i]Z <ZgbVch# ;dgZ^\c XjaijgZh VcY ^bb^\gVi^dc XVbZ cVijgVaan id 7VggVcfj^aaV#

HE/ HjgZ# 7Z^c\ i]Z bV^c edgi X^in! 7VggVcfj^aaV lVh V idiVa WVoVVg# :kZgni]^c\ i]Vi XVbZ ^c i]ZgZ i]Zc lVh iV`Zc id i]Z ^ciZg^dg i]gdj\] djg dlc ]ZVgi d[ YVg`cZhh! djg BV\YVaZcV G^kZg# Ndj gZ[Zg id i]Z g^kZg Vh i]Z ÆbjY" Yn BV\YVaZcVÇ ^c 8dhiV\jVcV# > lg^iZ VWdji ^i ^c Bn 8dadbW^Vc LVg# >[ i]Z 8dc\d lVh i]Z ]ZVgi d[ YVg`cZhh [dg 8dcgVY! id bZ i]Z BV\YVaZcV ^h i]Z deZc ldjcY d[ 8dadbW^V# Id i]^h YVn! ZkZgni]^c\ ÓdVih i]gdj\] i]Z BV\YVaZcV/ i]Z Ygj\h! i]Z Vgbh! i]Z hdaY^Zgh! i]Z gZWZah! i]Z eVgVb^a^iVg^ZhÅWji Vahd i]Z bZY^XVa hjeea^Zh! i]Z iZVX]Zgh! VcY i]Z eg^Zhih#

7VX` id lg^i^c\ VcY aZVk^c\ 8dadbW^V/ bVcn d[ i]Z lg^iZgh d[ ndjg \ZcZgVi^dc hZZb id heZcY i^bZ ^c :jgdeZ# I]Zn \d id EVg^h Òghi! i]Zc HeV^c# ?<K/ >iÉh Vabdhi V igVY^i^dc! ^hcÉi ^i4 ;dg bZ! i]Z YZX^h^dc id aZVkZ [dg EVg^h lVh i]Z ^bbZY^ViZ XdchZfjZcXZ d[ i]Z YZX^" h^dc id WZXdbZ V lg^iZg# I]Z AVi^c 6bZg^XVc igVY^i^dc Y^XiVi" ZY i]Vi > ]VY id aZVkZ! VcY EVg^h lVh i]Z eaVXZ id \d#

HE/ NdjÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji i]Z 7ddb lg^iZgh# ?<K/ NZh! i]Zn lZgZ Vaa ZmeVig^ViZh VcY i]Zn lZgZ Vaa dWhZhhZY l^i] gZ^ckZci^c\ i]Z^g Xdjcig^Zh ^c a^iZgVijgZ# IV`Z BVg^d KVg\Vh AadhV! 8Vgadh ;jZciZh# I]Z \gZVi cdkZah VWdji EZgj lZgZ lg^iiZc ^c AdcYdc VcY EVg^h# I]Z \gZVi cdkZah VWdji BZm^Xd lZgZ lg^iiZc ^c EVg^h VcY CZl Ndg`# DcZ =jcYgZY NZVgh d[ Hda^ijYZ lVh lg^iiZc ^c BZm^Xd# >iÉh V AVi^c 6bZg^XVc Xa^X] # DWk^djhan! i]Z 7ddb lg^iZgh Y^YcÉi ^ckZci i]^h/ ^c i]Z &.i] XZcijgn GjW c 9Vg d lVh i]Z Òghi id WZa^ZkZ i]Vi WZ^c\ ^c EVg^h ldjaY bV`Z ]^b V edZi# =Z bdgZ dg aZhh [djcY i]Z hVbZ i]^c\ i]Vi > [djcY! i]Vi i]Z a^iZgVgn ldgaY ^c EVg^h Y^YcÉi lVci ]^b id lg^iZ VWdji bdYZgc a^[Z! VWdji a^[Z ^c i]Z WdjaZkVgYh# I]Zn lVciZY 9Vg d id lg^iZ VWdji i]Z AVi^c 6bZg^XVc aVcYhXVeZh# I]Z Zmdi^X# AdXVa Xdadg! i]ViÉh l]Vi i]Zn lVciZY# I]^h iZch^dc ]Vh ValVnh Zm^hiZY# ;dg bn \ZcZgV" i^dc ^c 8dadbW^V! ^iÉh bV\^XVa gZVa^hb#

HE/ I]ZgZÉh cdi bjX] d[ i]Vi ^c ndjg Wdd`h# LVh i]Vi V XdchX^djh YZX^h^dc4 9^Y 6aWZgid ;j\jZi VcY :YbjcYd EVo HdaY{c! i]Z [djcYZgh d[ BXDcYd! i]Z bdkZbZci V\V^chi bV\^XVa gZVa^hb! ^cÓjZcXZ ndj ^c Vcn lVn4 ?<K/ Cdi gZVaan# B^cZ lVhcÉi V gZWZaa^djh YZX^h^dc# >i lVh XdchX^djh ^c i]Z hZchZ i]Vi bn ldg`^c\ bViZg^Vah lZgZ cdi i]Z hVbZ Vh <VgX V B{gfjZoÉh! hd ^i lVh Zk^YZci id bZ i]Vi ^iÉY WZ jhZaZhh id aZVc dc ]^h bZi]dY# A^iZgVijgZ ^h V fjZh" i^dc d[ bZi]dY# Ndjg _dW Vh V lg^iZg ^h id ÒcY i]Z bZi]dY i]Vi ^h WZhi hj^iZY [dg i]Z hidgn ndj lVci id XdckZn! i]Z X]VgVXiZgh ndj lVci id Xdc_jgZ je# L]Zc <VgX V B{gfjZo hiVgiZY id lg^iZ! ]Z lVh WdgZY id YZVi] Wn i]Z egdk^cX^Va! h]dgih^\]iZY! Zc\V\ gZVa^hb i]Vi lVh i]Z VXXZeiZY [dgb [dg AVi^c 6bZg^XVc cdkZah# =Z lVciZY id gZiZaa i]Z hidg^Zh i]Vi ]^h

,+

A>I:G6IJG:

?J6C <67G>:A KÛHFJ:O

\gVcY[Vi]Zg! V XdadcZa ^c i]Z \gZVi X^k^a lVg d[ &-..! ]VY idaY ]^b# L]Zc ]Z Y^hXdkZgZY ;Vja`cZg! ]Z `cZl l]Vi ]^h cdkZah h]djaY gZVY a^`Z# Hd ]Z ]VY VWhdajiZan cd egdWaZb ^c! hd id heZV`! ]^g^c\ ;Vja`cZg ^c dgYZg id lg^iZ I]Z AZV[hidgb# 6[iZg i]Vi! ]Z \Zih g^Y d[ ;Vja`cZg! ]^gZh =Zb^c\lVn! VcY ldg`h dc Cd DcZ Lg^iZh id i]Z 8dadcZa# =ZÉh _jhi Xden^c\ i]Z^g bZi]" dYh# > [VXZY V h^b^aVg h^ijVi^dc l]Zc > lVh ign^c\ id lg^iZ bn cdkZahÅi]Z bZi]dY d[ I]Z <gZVi 8dadbW^Vc CdkZa^hi lVh d[ VWhdajiZan cd jhZ id bZ#

HE/ <VgX V B{gfjZo XaV^bh id ]VkZ bZgZan igVchXg^WZY i]Z lVn d[ heZV`^c\ d[ ]^h bdi]Zg VcY \gVcYbdi]Zg# Ndj Y^YcÉi gZVaan heZV` i]Vi aVc\jV\ZÅbV\^XVa gZVa^hb ^h cdi hdbZi]^c\ ndj ]ZVg ^c V ]djhZ]daY ^c 7d\di{# ?<K/ I]ViÉh ^i# Bn hidg^Zh lZgZ Vi dYYh l^i] i]Z egZkVaZci bZi]dY! hd > ]VY id add` [dg i]Z bZi]dY ZahZl]ZgZ# 6 hZg^Zh d[ cdkZah ]VY aZhhdch [dg bZ ^c i]Zb/ Gdi]Éh 6bZg^XVc EVhidgVa! 7Vck^aaZÉh I]Z JcidjX]VWaZ! 7ZaadlÉh I]Z 9ZVcÉh 9ZXZbWZg#

HE/ Hd Y^Y ndj Ygde dji d[ aVl hX]dda dg VgZ ndj VXij" Vaan V aVlnZg4 ?<K/ > \gVYjViZY l^i] V kZgn higVc\Z i]Zh^h VWdji gZkZc\Z Vh V aZ\Va egdidineZ ^c I]Z >a^VY# > YdcÉi ZkZc jcYZghiVcY ]dl > \di i]Vi VXXZeiZY Vh V egd_ZXi# 7Z[dgZ Òc^h]^c\ aVl hX]dda > WZ\Vc hijYn^c\ ;gZcX]#

HE/ 7ZXVjhZ ndj ]VY X]dhZc EVg^h4 NdjÉY hijY^ZY Vi i]Z 6bZg^XVc HX]dda! hd l]n EVg^h VcY cdi CZl Ndg`4 ?<K/ HdbZdcZ dcXZ hV^Y id bZ i]Vi > ]VkZ V ]^YYZc iZcYZcXn id bV`Z i]^c\h Y^[ÒXjai [dg bnhZa[! Wji > YdcÉi i]^c` i]ViÉh ^i# > X]dhZ EVg^h WZXVjhZ d[ l]Vi > i]dj\]i EVg^h Y^Y id lg^iZgh dg lg^iZg lVccVWZh# I]Z lg^iZgh gZhedch^WaZ [dg bn kdXVi^dc ]VY hdbZi]^c\ id Yd l^i] EVg^h Vi dcZ ed^ci dg Vcdi]Zg#

HE/ 6gZ ndj iVa`^c\ VWdji Ò\jgZh di]Zg i]Vc i]Z 7ddb lg^iZgh4 ?<K/ I]Z Adhi <ZcZgVi^dc! =Zb^c\lVn! ;^io\ZgVaY# 7ji bdhi d[ Vaa >Éb iVa`^c\ VWdji ?VbZh ?dnXZ# JanhhZh VcY DcZ =jcYgZY NZVgh d[ Hda^ijYZ VgZ i]Z Wdd`h i]Vi bVYZ bZ lVci id WZXdbZ V lg^iZg# JanhhZh lVh lg^iiZc ^c EVg^h VcY <VgX V B{gfjZo a^kZY ^c EVg^h [dg V l]^aZ# 6abdhi Vaa AVi^c 6bZg^XVc 7ddb lg^iZgh! Vi hdbZ ed^ci dg Vcdi]Zg! ]VY a^kZY ^c EVg^h/ ?ja^d 8dgi{oVg! KVg\Vh AadhV! ;jZciZh# 6cY hd EVg^h lVh! [dg bZ! i]Z g^\]i X^in [dg hdbZWdYn l]d lVciZY id WZXdbZ V lg^iZg# =dl cV^kZ! cd4

> heZci i]gZZ nZVgh i]ZgZ VcY aZVgcZY kZgn kVajVWaZ i]^c\h# I]Z Òghi nZVg lVh \gZVi# I]Z hZXdcY dcZ! cdi hd \gZVi# I]Z i]^gY dcZ! > _jhi `cZl > lVciZY id aZVkZ VcY \d hdbZl]ZgZ ZahZ#

HE/ Hd Y^Y ndj Vgg^kZ! add` [dg Vc VeVgibZci! hZi Ydlc ndjg XdbejiZg! VcY hiVgi id lg^iZ i]Z cZmi YVn4 =dl YdZh dcZ Yd i]Vi4 ?<K/ I]Z egZiZmi lVh V bVhiZgÉh YZ\gZZ Vi i]Z HdgWdccZ# 6aa > lVciZY lVh id WZ ^c EVg^h VcY lg^iZ i]ZgZ! hd l]Zc i]Z bdbZci XVbZ id WZ\^c lg^i^c\ i]^h W^\ i]^c\! V i]Zh^h Vi i]Z HdgWdccZ0 > XdjaYcÉi Yd ^i# > ]VY id X]ddhZ WZilZZc lg^i^c\ V cdkZa VcY lg^i^c\ i]Vi i]Zh^h# >i lVhcÉi ]VgY id X]ddhZ i]Z cdkZa#

HE/ Hd ndj Y^YcÉi \d id EVg^h l^i] Vc ^YZV [dg V cdkZa VagZVYn ^c b^cY4 ?<K/ > Wgdj\]i Vc Vabdhi"Òc^h]ZY cdkZa l^i] bZ#

HE/ LVh ^i VXijVaan lg^iiZc4

?<K/ > Òc^h]ZY ^i ild bdci]h V[iZg Vgg^k^c\ ^c EVg^h! VcY ^i lVh ejWa^h]ZY ^c &..,# >Éb [dcY d[ ^i! Wji ^iÉh cdi V bVijgZ e^ZXZ d[ lg^i^c\! hd >ÉkZ Y^h^c]Zg^iZY ^i Vadc\ l^i] bn hZXdcY cdkZaÅi]ViÉh l]n I]Z >c[dgbZgh hVnh i]Vi ^iÉh bn Òghi cdkZa# >Éb gZhedch^WaZ [dg i]Vi W^i d[ Y^h^c[dgbVi^dc#

HE/ >c I]Z >c[dgbZgh ndj VYYgZhh i]Z VbW^\jdjh cVijgZ d[ igji] VcY i]Z Y^aZbbV d[ WZ^c\ V hidgniZaaZgÅndj XVaa lg^iZgh ÆeVgVh^i^X#Ç ?<K/ I]Z VXijVa dg^\^c d[ i]Z cdkZa lVh V XdckZghVi^dc > ]VY ^c &... l^i] V <ZgbVc ?Zl^h] ldbVc l]d ]VY Vgg^kZY ^c 8dadbW^V ^c &.(-# H]Z idaY bZ i]Z hidgn d[ ]Zg aVhi nZVgh ^c <ZgbVcn VcY ]Zg a^[Z Vh Vc ^bb^\gVci ^c 8dadbW^V# I]Z bViZg^Va haZei ^c WdmZh [dg i]gZZ nZVgh! lV^i^c\ [dg bZ id aZVgc ]dl id ]VcYaZ ^i# >c i]Z bZVci^bZ! bn [Vi]Zg"^c"aVl jcYZg" lZci ]ZVgi hjg\Zgn# >ÉY h^i djih^YZ ]^h ]dhe^iVa gddb! lV^i^c\ jci^a ]Z lVh lZaa Zcdj\] id YZhXg^WZ ]^h deZgVi^dc id bZ hd i]Vi > XdjaY jhZ i]Vi ^c V hidgn# I]ViÉh l]n > i]^c` d[ cdkZa" ^hih Vh eVgVh^i^X/ ndj [ZZY jedc i]Z WVY i]^c\h i]Vi ]VeeZc id di]Zg eZdeaZ VcY id ndjghZa[ l^i] Vc Vhidc^h]^c\ aVX` d[ \j^ai# :kZgni]^c\ ^h bViZg^Va [dg ÒXi^dc0 > ]VkZ cd fjVabh l]Zc ^i XdbZh id i]^h# > adkZ i]Z ^YZV i]Vi 9dhidnZkh`n idd` i]Z ^chXg^ei^dc dc ]^h bdi]ZgÉh idbWhidcZ VcY jhZY ^i [dg dcZ d[ ]^h aZVhi adkVWaZ X]VgVXiZgh#

HE/ >YZci^in ^h Vcdi]Zg W^\ i]ZbZ ^c I]Z >c[dgbZgh# Ndj YZhXg^WZ :cg^fjZ 9ZgZhhZg Vh WZ^c\ Æd[ b^mZY WaddY VcY cd ÒmZY cVi^dcVa^in#Ç > XVc gZaViZ id i]Vi! ]Vk^c\ hiVnZY ^c CZl Ndg` ZkZg h^cXZ > aZ[i 8dadbW^V Vi &*# 6gZ ndj YZhXg^W^c\ ndjghZa[ V a^iiaZ W^i i]ZgZ4 ?<K/ > hjeedhZ > Vb# >ÉkZ a^kZY VWgdVY bdgZ i]Vc V i]^gY d[ bn a^[Z! ^c ;gVcXZ! 7Za\^jb! VcY HeV^c# L]Zc > bdkZY id 7VgXZadcV iZc nZVgh V\d! ^i lVh i]Z i]^gY i^bZ > ]VY aZ[i V Xdjcign# > lg^iZ ^c 8dadbW^Vc HeVc^h] VcY i]Z hXZcZ d[ bn cdkZah ^h 8dadbW^V! Vai]dj\] > YdcÉi a^kZ i]ZgZ# 6ahd! i]Z Xdjc" ig^Zh >ÉkZ a^kZY ^c ]VkZ cdi h]VeZY bn XjaijgVa VcY a^iZgVgn ^YZVh Vh bjX] Vh 6bZg^XV dg :c\aVcY ]VkZ# Hd ^iÉh jcVkd^Y" VWaZ i]Vi > i]^c` VWdji cVi^dcVa^in! VcY cVi^dcVa^hbh d[ Vcn `^cY! l^i] V adi d[ h`Zei^X^hb#

HE/ Hd V[iZg EVg^h ndj bdkZY id 7VgXZadcV ^chiZVY d[ WVX` ]dbZ# L]Vi Y^Y 8dadbW^V gZegZhZci4 ?<K/ > ]VY aZ[i ^c È.+! l]Zc 7d\di{ ]VY _jhi XdbZ dji d[ i]Z bdhi k^daZci YZXVYZ ^c ^ih ]^hidgn h^cXZ i]Z eZg^dY lZ XVaa AV K^daZcX^V#

HE/ I]ViÉh l]Zc > YZX^YZY id \d WVX`# > gZijgcZY ^c &...# 7VX` i]Zc! 8dadbW^V lVh V gZXdgY ]daYZg/ ^i ]VY i]Z ]^\]Zhi cjbWZgh d[ `^YcVee^c\h VcY ]db^X^YZh# :kZgndcZ lVh V[gV^Y id aZVkZ i]Z^g ]dbZh! VcY nZi > ldjaY gZVY ^c bV\Vo^cZh i]Vi 8dadbW^Vch lZgZ i]Z ]Vee^Zhi eZdeaZ ^c i]Z ldgaY# I]ZgZ lVh Vc ^cXgZY^WaZ Y^hXdccZXi i]Vi > lVciZY id ZmeZg^ZcXZ# ?<K/ > YZX^YZY cdi id \d WVX` WZXVjhZ 7d\di{ lVh hi^aa! ^c bn b^cY! i]Z X^in > ]VY aZ[i WZ]^cY ^c É.+! l^i] i]Z lVgh WZilZZc i]Z Ygj\ XVgiZah VcY i]Z \dkZgcbZci! i]Z WdbWh! i]Z `^YcVe" e^c\h# 7ji _jhi Vh k^daZcXZ lVh dcan dcZ d[ i]Z gZVhdch i]Vi bVYZ bZ aZVkZ ^c i]Z Òghi eaVXZÅWji cdi i]Z gZVhdc! l]^X] lVh a^iZgVijgZÅ^i lVh dcan eVgi^Vaan WZXVjhZ d[ k^daZcXZ i]Vi > Y^YcÉi \d WVX`# I]Z bV^c gZVhdc id cdi gZijgc lVh VXijVaan VWhigVXi/ > [ZVgZY i]Vi ^[ > lZci WVX` > ldjaYcÉi WZXdbZ i]Z lg^iZg > lVciZY id WZXdbZ#

>ÉY Òc^h]ZY V hZXdcY cdkZa Wn i]Z i^bZ > aZ[i EVg^h! Wji

,,

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

> lVhcÉi hVi^hÒZY l^i] Z^i]Zg d[ bn ild cdkZah# I]Z [VXi i]Vi i]Z hZXdcY dcZ! 6a^cV hjea^XVciZ Hjeea^XVi^c\ 6a^cV ! lVh VWdji id WZ ejWa^h]ZY VcY > lVh VagZVYn jc]Veen l^i] ^i i]gZl bZ ^cid V YZZe Xg^h^h# 9jg^c\ bn i^bZ ^c EVg^h > ]VY bZi V ldcYZg[ja XdjeaZ d[ ,%"nZVg"daYh! HjoVccZ VcY ;gVcX^h AVjgZcin# I]Zn a^kZY ^c V W^\ ]djhZ ^c i]Z 7Za\^Vc 6gYZccZh# I]Z^g X]^aYgZc ]VY VagZVYn bVgg^ZY VcY aZ[i! hd i]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ gddb ^c i]Z^g ]dbZ# 6i i]Z ZcY d[ &..-! > k^h^iZY i]Zb dkZg V lZZ`ZcY hdbZi]^c\ > Y^Y fj^iZ d[iZc VcY idaY ;gVcX^h VWdji bn Xg^h^h# =Z hV^Y! ÇLZaa! l]n YdcÉi ndj XdbZ VcY heZcY i]Z lZZ` l^i] jh VcY _jhi Ò\jgZ ^i dji4Ç 6i i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z lZZ` i]Zn hV^Y! ÆCd ajX`4 D`Vn! hiVn [dg i]Z l]daZ bdci]#Ç 6i i]Z ZcY d[ i]Z bdci] i]Zn hV^Y! ÆHiVn [dg Vh adc\ Vh ndj a^`Z jci^a ndj Ò\jgZ dji l]Vi ^h \d^c\ dc#Ç

HE/ >iÉh V lg^iZgÉh YgZVb0 ndj Y^YcÉi ]VkZ id Veean [dg V lg^iZghÉ Xdadcn# Ndj i]^c` i]ZnÉgZ hi^aa iV`^c\ 8dadbW^Vc lg^iZgh4 ?<K/ >i lVh V lg^iZghÉ Xdadcn! Vaa g^\]i! dcanÅ

HE/ Dcan ndj ]VY ^i Vaa id ndjghZa[# ?<K/ NZh! > aZY V hdgi d[ eVgVaaZa a^[Z [dg iZc bdci]h# >c i]Z bdgc^c\h lZ lZci dji VcY ]jciZY! hVn! V e]ZVhVci! i]Zc lZ ldjaY \d WVX` ]dbZ VcY HjoVccZ ldjaY Xdd` ^i [dg Y^ccZg#

HE/ 6cY l]^X] hidgn lVh Xdd`^c\ ^c ndjg b^cY Vi i]Z i^bZ4 ?<K/ Cd hidg^Zh# > lVh _jhi ign^c\ id Ò\jgZ dji l]Vi `^cY d[ lg^iZg > lVciZY id WZ! VcY l]Vi `^cY d[ gZVY^c\h ldjaY ]Zae bZ ÒcY i]Vi dji# >Éaa cZkZg WZ VWaZ id gZVY Vh bjX] Vh > gZVY i]Vi nZVg# 6[iZg bn nZVg ^c 7Za\^jb! > `cZl IgjbVc 8VediZÉh XaV^b id gZVY V Wdd` V YVn lVh edhh^WaZ# Hd > Y^hXdkZgZY hdbZ ZhhZci^Va lg^iZgh [dg bnhZa[! a^`Z 8dcgVY#

HE/ Ndj lgdiZ Vc Zci^gZ ]dbV\Z id ]^b# ?<K/ > YdcÉi i]^c` d[ AV ]^hidg^V hZXgZiV YZ 8dhiV\jVcV Vh ]dbV\Z# >[ Vcni]^c\! > ig^ZY id ]jbVc^oZ i]Z X]VgVXiZg d[ 8dcgVY#

HE/ 7ji ]jbVc^o^c\ ]^b ^h hjX] Vc ]dbV\Z# Hd l]n 8dcgVY4 ?<K/ I]gdj\] ]^h lg^i^c\ > aZVgcZY l]Vi ÒXi^dc ^h! l]Vi ^i h]djaY Yd! ]dl ^i ldg`h# I]^c\h i]Vi ndj YdcÉi \Zi dcan [gdb ]^h ÒXi^dc! Wji Vahd [gdb ]^h egZ[VXZh! ]^h aZiiZgh! ]^h [Zl ZhhVnh! ZiXZiZgV# I]ZhZ VgZ ]j\Z VcY VWhigVXi XdcXZeih! Wji > XVcÉi iZaa ndj ]dl XdcXgZiZ VcY cZXZhhVgn i]Zn lZgZ id bZ#

6XijVaan! Wdi] 8dcgVY VcY CV^eVja iVj\]i bZ id add` Vi bn Xdjcign Vh Vc VgZV d[ YVg`cZhh# I]Zn iVj\]i bZ i]Vi ^i lVh Vaa g^\]i! ZkZc YZh^gVWaZ! id ]VkZ V iZchZ gZaVi^dch]^e l^i] bn W^gi]eaVXZ0 i]Vi adnVain id V Xdjcign ^h ]j\Zan dkZggViZY# I]Zn iVj\]i bZ id hZZ ]^hidgn ^c iZgbh d[ ^cY^k^YjVah! l]^X]! ^cXgZY^Wan! ^h hdbZi]^c\ lZ [dg\Zi ZkZgn cdl VcY i]Zc# L]Vi ^h bdgZ! i]Zn iVj\]i bZ id hZZ e]nh^XVa Y^heaVXZbZci Vh V hdjgXZ d[ XgZVi^kZ ZcZg\n#

HE/ >c Wdi] d[ ndjg Wdd`h! i]Z ^hhjZ d[ Y^heaVXZbZci VcY i]Z hZVgX] id jcYZghiVcY l]Vi 8dadbW^V bZVch VgZ kZgn higdc\# Ndj bjhi WZ [Vb^a^Vg l^i] 7dg\ZhÉh hidgn ÆJag^XV!Ç l]ZgZ i]Z bV^c X]VgVXiZg egZiZcYh id WZ 8dadbW^Vc# L]Zc i]Z dW_ZXi d[ ]^h YZh^gZ Vh`h ]^b l]Vi ^i bZVch id WZ 8dadbW^Vc! ]Z hVnh! Æ>iÉh Vc VXi d[ [V^i]#Ç 8dadbW^Vch fjdiZ i]Vi ZcYaZhhan0 > Y^hV\gZZ Xdb" eaZiZan l^i] i]Z^g b^hjhZ d[ 7dg\Zh# =Z lVh jh^c\ i]Vi e]gVhZ Vh V e^X`"je a^cZ! cdi Vh V cVi^dcVa^hi^X bdiid > [ZZa i]Z hVbZ VWdji i]Z cZl \dkZgcbZciÉh XVbeV^\c

had\Vc Æ8dadbW^V Zh eVh^ c#Ç EVhh^dc VcY [V^i] WZadc\ ^c i]Z WZYgddb VcY ]VkZ cdi]^c\ id Yd l^i] V X^i^oZcÉh gZhedch^W^a^in# ?<K/ L]ZgZ Yd > h^\c4 I]ViÉh ZmVXian ^i# EVgi d[ bn Xg^h^h WVX` ^c &... lVh i]^h ^cVW^a^in id lg^iZ VWdji 8dadbW^V# > Y^YcÉi jcYZghiVcY bn Xdjcign! ^ih ]^hidgn! dg ^ih eda^i^Xh#

HE/ CZ^i]Zg Y^Y ># >i bV`Zh bZ [ZZa WZiiZg id ]ZVg ndj hVn i]^h# 6bdc\ bn [g^ZcYh i]ZgZ ^h V ]j\Z kd^Y ^c ]dl bjX] lZ `cdl! dg XVgZ! VWdji djg ]^hidgnÅbVnWZ ^iÉh WZXVjhZ lZ lZci id i]Z 6bZg^XVc HX]dda! l]ZgZ i]ZgZ lVh V edgigV^i d[ ?;@ ^c i]Z XaVhhgddb ^chiZVY d[ dcZ d[ H^b c 7da kVg# LZ ]VkZ XnXaZh d[ k^daZcXZ ZkZgn *% nZVgh# LdjaY ndj V\gZZ i]Vi Vc ZmeaVcVi^dc [dg i]Vi ^h djg aVX` d[ ^ciZgZhi ^c ZVX] di]Zg! djg gZ\^dcVa^hi g^kVagn4 =VkZ ndj igVkZaZY ZmiZch^kZan i]gdj\] 8dadbW^V4 > hjgZan ]VkZcÉi# ?<K/ NZh# I]Z nZVg > heZci ^c 7Za\^jb! > gZVa^oZY i]Vi i]Z egdh" eZXi d[ lg^i^c\ VWdji 8dadbW^V ]VY WZZc idd YVjci^c\ [dg bZ# > ]VY \gdlc je l^i] =Zb^c\lVnÉh ^YZV i]Vi ndj h]djaY dcan lg^iZ VWdji l]Vi ndj `cdl! Wji > ]VY Vahd \gdlc je l^i] i]Z ^bV\Z d[ 7dg\Zh! l]d lVh i]Z Òghi dcZ id X]VaaZc\Z i]Z kZgn AVi^c 6bZg^XVc ^YZV i]Vi ^ih lg^iZgh ]VkZ Vc dWa^\V" i^dc id lg^iZ VWdji i]Z^g Xdjcig^Zh# CdkZa^hih Vh VbWVhhVYdgh! g^\]i4 7dg\Zh idd` i]Vi h^aan egZ_jY^XZ VeVgi ^c V a^iiaZ ZhhVn! ÆI]Z 6g\Zci^cZ Lg^iZg VcY IgVY^i^dc!Ç VcY a^[Z ]Vh WZZc ZVh^Zg [dg Vaa d[ jh ZkZg h^cXZ# > Y^YcÉi [ZZa Vcn `^cY d[ dWa^\Vi^dc id lg^iZ VWdji 8dadbW^V! Wji ^i Wdi]ZgZY bZ i]Vi > XdjaYcÉi#

> lVh WZXdb^c\ dWhZhhZY l^i] hdbZ \gVn VgZVh d[ djg ]^hidgn! d[ djg \Z^hi Vh V eZdeaZ# 7ji! i]^c`^c\ > h]djaY jcYZg" hiVcY hdbZi]^c\ WZ[dgZ lg^i^c\ VWdji ^i! > [Zai ^cXVeVWaZ d[ iV`^c\ dc i]ZhZ hjW_ZXih# >i lVh V iZgg^WaZ bdbZci d[ eVgVan" h^h# IVa` VWdji i]Z WaVc` eV\Z0 > lVh [VX^c\ V WaVc` ldgaY#

HE/ > Y^Y i]Z gZkZghZ/ > ZbWVg`ZY dc Vc ZYjXVi^dc Wn lg^i^c\# L]Vi VWdji i]Z Xdjcign Y^YcÉi ndj jcYZghiVcY4 ?<K/ >ÉkZ ValVnh ]ViZY eZdeaZ iVa`^c\ VWdji i]Z he^g^i d[ i]Z^g Xdjcign VcY Vaa i]dhZ lZaa"^ciZci^dcZY ZhdiZg^X eVig^di^hbh# 7ji i]ViÉh l]Vi XdbZh XadhZg id l]Vi > Y^YcÉi jcYZghiVcY/ i]Z hdja! i]Z VWhigVXi fjVa^in i]Vi bV`Zh 8dadbW^V l]Vi ^i ^h# >i ]Vh V adi id Yd l^i] i]Z k^daZcXZ! dWk^djhan! Wji ^i \dZh WZndcY ^i#

HE/ LVh djg k^daZcXZ WZXdb^c\ XaZVgZg ^c i]Z 7Za\^Vc Xdjcignh^YZ4 9^Y ndj [ZZa i]Vi i]gdj\] ndjg lg^i^c\ ndj XdjaY deZc djg ZnZh id i]Z X]V^c d[ ZkZcih ]VeeZc^c\ ^c 8dadbW^V4 ?<K/ Cd# >[ Vcni]^c\! > [Zai > XdjaY deZc bn X]VgVXiZghÉ ZnZh# 6cn gZVYZg d[ bn cdkZah h]djaY [ZZa Wn i]Z ZcY i]Vi ]ZÉh aZVgcZY hdbZi]^c\! hjgZ! Wji cdkZah ]VkZ cZkZg WZZc dcan VWdji ^c[dgbVi^dc! ndj `cdl4 I]Z `cdlaZY\Z i]Vi XVc WZ YZg^kZY [gdb i]Zb ^h ^cY^gZXi! VbW^\jdjh! VcY i]ZgZ[dgZ Zcg^X]^c\# CdkZah bV`Z jh VlVgZ d[ i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc i]Z ^cY^k^YjVa VcY ]^hidgn! d[ ]dl i]Vi higVc\Z bVgg^V\Z ldg`h#

HE/ I]Z hVbZ XVc WZ hV^Y d[ \ddY cdcÒXi^dc# I]Z >c[dgbZgh jcYZghXdgZh ]dl i]ZgZ VgZ ild h^YZh id ZkZgn hidgn! i]Z VbW^\jdjh cVijgZ d[ igji]! VcY i]Z cZZY id `cdl Wdi] h^YZh [dg gZXdcX^a^Vi^dc id ]VeeZc# ?<K/ 8djcig^Zh VcY \dkZgcbZcih VgZ i]Z WZhi hidgniZaa" Zgh I]Z^g VW^a^in id Xdck^cXZ! i]Z^g gZXdjghZ id i]Z WZhi bZiVe]dgh! i]Z^g edlZgÅl]^X] cdkZa^hih hZaYdb ]VkZÅid

,-

A>I:G6IJG: Za^b^cViZ Vcn Y^hXdgYVci ZaZbZci! Vcni]^c\ i]Vi fjZhi^dch i]Z^g cVggVi^kZ# =^hidgn ^h V iVaZ idaY Wn edlZg0 i]ZgZÉh cdi]^c\ cZl ^c i]^h# Hd dcZ d[ i]Z edhh^WaZ _jhi^ÒXVi^dch d[ cdkZahÅ cdi i]Vi i]Zn gZfj^gZ VcnÅ^h XdcigVY^Xi^dc# >iÉh cdi VWdji iZaa" ^c\ l]Vi ]VeeZcZY! Wji l]Vi XdjaY ]VkZ ]VeeZcZY# L]Vi lZ XVaa i]Z eVhi! ejWa^X dg eg^kViZ! ^h _jhi V ÒmZY cVggVi^kZ idaY [dg i]Z Òghi i^bZ Wn hdbZdcZ l^i] XZgiV^c ^ciZgZhih! egZ_jY^XZh! VcY W^VhZh# CdkZah gZb^cY jh d[ i]Vi0 i]ZgZÉh cdi dcZ igji]! dcZ ]^hidgn! dcZ eVhi#

HJ7H8G>7: 6I 7DB7H>I:#8DB

,.

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

?6K>:G IwAA:O

Å 7N E:9GD G:N:H

-%

8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HaZZelVa`Zg! '%%-! hi^aa [gdb ]^\]"YZÒc^i^dc k^YZd# IdiVa gjcc^c\ i^bZ/ ', b^cjiZh! , hZXdcYh# 8db^hh^dcZY Wn =Vjh YZg @jaijgZc YZg LZai! 7Zga^c# 6aa ^bV\Zh XdjgiZhn d[ i]Z Vgi^hi VcY <VaZg^Z EZiZg @^aX]bVcc! Ojg^X]#

;>AB

?6K>:G IwAA:O

-&

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

:gVhbjh d[ GdiiZgYVb XaV^bZY i]ZgZ lZgZ i]gZZ ineZh d[ eZdeaZ/ i]dhZ l]d a^kZY ^c V YgZVb ldgaY! i]dhZ l]d a^kZY ^c gZVa^in!

VcY i]dhZ l]d lZgZ VWaZ id ijgc dcZ ldgaY ^cid i]Z di]Zg# I]Z KZcZojZaVc Vgi^hi ?Vk^Zg I aaZo WZadc\h ^c i]^h i]^gY XViZ\dgn d[ eZdeaZ [dg l]db i]Z WdjcYVgn WZilZZc gZVa^in VcY jcgZVa^in! gZVhdc VcY bVYcZhh! ^h cdi dcan h]VYdln Wji Vahd ldgi] YZak^c\ ^cid# ;dg i]Z HXdii^h] ehnX]^Vig^hi G# 9# AV^c\ hjX] XdchigjXih Yd cdi]^c\ Wji XgZViZ Vgi^ÒX^Va Y^k^h^dch l]dhZ [jcXi^dc ^h id ZchjgZ i]Z egZhZgkVi^dc d[ i]Z hiVijh fjd# >[! ^c V h^b^aVg kZ^c! I aaZoÉh egd_ZXih Wj^aY V Wg^Y\Z WZilZZc i]ZhZ ild ldgaYh! deZc^c\ i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ XgZVi^kZ XdaaVWdgVi^dch l^i] i]Z hd"XVaaZY bZciVaan ^aa! ]Z Vkd^Yh i]Z e^Zi^Zh VhhdX^ViZY l^i] Vgi i]ZgVen Wn lVgc^c\ jh i]Vi ]Z hZZ`h Æcdi V i]ZgVeZji^X egVXi^XZ id XjgZ i]Z ^chVcZ Wji gVi]Zg dcZ id XjgZ i]Z hVcZ d[ i]Z^g ajX^Y^in#Ç

I aaZo VcY > dcXZ eaVnZY iZaZe]dcZ l^i] i^c XVch eZgX]ZY dc igZZh Vi i]Z Jide^V HiVi^dc h^iZ [dg i]Z *%i] KZc^XZ 7^ZccVaZ! Wji! [dg i]Z [daadl^c\ ^ciZgk^Zl! lZ Y^hXjhhZY ]^h ^cXgZVh^c\an YZejgViZY Òab egd_ZXihÅDZY^ejh BVgh]Va '%%+ !

AZiiZg dc i]Z 7a^cY [dg i]Z JhZ d[ I]dhZ L]d HZZ '%%, ! VcY 8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HaZZelVa`Zg '%%- ÅdkZg i]Z aZhh XjbWZghdbZ VcY bdgZ XdciZbedgVgn bZY^jbh d[ i]Z iZaZe]dcZ! ZbV^a! VcY H`neZ#

ÅEZYgd GZnZh

WZVji^[jaan# I]Z igji] ^h i]Vi i]ZhZ YVnh! ^iÉh ^bedhh^WaZ id XdcXZ^kZ d[ i]Z dcZ l^i]dji i]Z di]Zg# I]dj\] k^YZd ^h ^bbZ" Y^ViZ VcY gZVY^an aZcYh ^ihZa[ id i]Z jg\ZcXn i]Vi ^bWjZh bVcn d[ bn egd_ZXih! Òab! dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! edhhZhhZh Vc jcfjZh" i^dcVWaZ ZaZbZci d[ ÆgZVa^in#Ç I]Vi ^h! Òab Vh V bZY^jb ^h Xdchi^ijiZY Vh ÆgZVa^inÇ Wn WZ^c\ Wdi] ZmedhZY! dg YZkZadeZY! VcY ZmedhZY! dg h]dlc! WZ[dgZ Vc VjY^ZcXZ# > egZ[Zg id bV`Z bdk^Zh dc Òab Vai]dj\]! ^c i]Z ZcY! [dg egVXi^XVa gZVhdch! > b^\]i igVch[Zg i]Zb id k^YZd# ;dg bZ! Òab Æ^cXVgcViZh#Ç 6h V bZY^jb ^i gZ\^hiZgh egZX^hZan i]Z ^YZV l^i] l]^X] lZ WZ\Vc i]^h XdckZghVi^dcÅWZ^c\ ^c i]Z b^YYaZ! ^c i]Z ]ZgZ VcY cdl#

EG/ >c <dYVgYÉh AZ eZi^i hdaYVi! l]^aZ i]Z egdiV\dc^hi ^h iV`^c\ e^XijgZh d[ V X]VgVXiZg cVbZY KZgdc^XV! ]Z jiiZgh i]Z cdl [Vbdjh fjdiZ/ ÆE]did\gVe]n ^h igji]# 6cY X^cZbV ^h igji] ') [gVbZh V hZXdcY#Ç I]Z Zinbdad\n d[ i]Z cVbZ KZgdc^XV ^h Æi]Z igjZ ^bV\Z!Ç VcY ^i gZ[Zgh id i]Z XadV` l^i] l]^X] HV^ci KZgdc^XV l^eZY i]Z [VXZ d[ 8]g^hi Yjg^c\ i]Z EVhh^dc# =^h ^bV\Z gZbV^cZY dc i]Z XadV`ÅlZ XdjaY hVn ^iÉh i]Z Òghi EdaVgd^Y ^c ]^hidgn# B^\]i ^i WZ i]Vi i]Z X]Zb^XVa hi^\bViV i]Vi a^\]i aZVkZh dc i]Z cZ\Vi^kZ ^h l]Vi bV`Zh X^cZbV igjZ4 ?I/ 8^cZbV ^h i]Z ldjcY VcY i]Z hiV^c! cd YdjWi! Wji i]Z hiV^c ^c bdi^dc Æ>[ hdbZi]^c\ ^h id hiVn ^c bZbdgn! ^i bjhi WZ WjgcZY ^c!Ç C^ZiohX]Z lgdiZ ^c ]^h <ZcZVad\n d[ BdgVah# ;^ab Wjgch i]^h igji] ') i^bZh V hZXdcY# I]Z 8djcX^a d[ C^XZV gZXdjcih i]Vi V XZgiV^c =VggVh^c d[ <VWVaV YgdkZ V cV^a ^cid i]Z ZnZ d[ Vc ^Xdc! VcY ^chiVcian adhi dcZ d[ ]^h dlc# I]^h lVh eZg]Veh i]Z Òghi VciZXZYZci d[ KZgidk VcY ]^h @^cd" :nZ! dg i]Z XZaZWgViZY ^bV\Z d[ Aj^h 7j jZa# NZi Vcdi]Zg hidgn d[ X^cZbV WZ[dgZ X^cZbV! egdidX^cZbV#

6ahd! i]Z i^bZ VcY Z[[dgi i]Vi XdbeaZi^c\ V X^cZbVid" \gVe]^X egdYjXi^dc gZfj^gZh ^h V hdgi d[ EVhh^dc# >c dgYZg id egdYjXZ i]Z ^Xdc! lZ cZZY id WZVg i]Z Xgdhh i]Vi egZXZYZh i]Z Ze^e]Vcn# 6cY i]Z hjXXZhh^kZ VeeZVgVcXZ d[ i]Z WdYn dc i]Z hXgZZc ^h! l^i]dji V YdjWi! V [dgb d[ gZhjggZXi^dc# HdbZ \gZVi '%i]"XZcijgn ÒabbV`Zgh ]VkZ WZZc ^ciZgZhiZY ^c YZe^Xi^c\ i]Z Ze^e]Vcn d[ gZVa^in dc XZaajad^Y/ 7j jZa! E^Zg EVdad EVhda^c^! VcY! ZheZX^Vaan! GdWZgid GdhhZaa^c^# 6aa d[ i]Zb ]VkZ WZZc jcYZg i]Z i]ZdgZi^XVa ^cÓjZcXZ d[ 6cYg 7Vo^c! VcY ]VY V gZaVi^dch]^e id 8Vi]da^X^hb VcY i]Z eZgb^hh^kZcZhh d[ i]Z ^bV\Z i]Vi deZcZY je l^i] i]Z 8djciZg"GZ[dgbVi^dc# >ÉkZ ValVnh hZZc V Xdci^cjVi^dc d[ i]Z X]VeiZg ^c Vgi ]^hidgn i]Vi 8VgVkV\\^d VcY i]Z HeVc^h] <daYZc 6\Z eV^ciZgh deZcZY ^c i]Z Òabh Wn i]ZhZ Y^gZXidgh#

EG/ Hd \d^c\ id i]Z X^cZbV! i]Zc! ldjaY WZ V hdgi d[ hVXgVbZciVa VXi# ?I/ >i XdjaY ZkZc WZ hZZc Vh V [dgb d[ :jX]Vg^hi# I]Z VWhdge" i^dc d[ hiVi^X ^bV\Zh dc i]Z heZXiVidgÉh gZi^cV! gZVY Wn i]Z cZgkdjh hnhiZb Vh ^bV\Zh ^c bdkZbZci! ^h V hdgi d[ igVchjW" hiVci^Vi^dc d[ i]Z WdY^Zh gZegZhZciZY dc i]Z hXgZZc#

EG/ >c ndjg aVhi Òab! 8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HaZZelVa`Zg! ndj ^cXajYZ V hXZcZ d[ i]Z VXidgh ViiZcY^c\ V hXgZZc^c\ d[ i]Z hVbZ Òab i]ZnÉaa gZZcVXi/ i]Z &.'% 9Vh 8VW^cZi YZh 9g# 8Va^\Vg^ Wn GdWZgi L^ZcZ# IVa` VWdji i]Z e]Zcdb" Zcdc d[ hdbcVbWja^hb ^c i]Z Òab# 6gZ i]ZgZ VcVaV\djh gZaVi^dch]^eh WZilZZc lV`Z[jacZhh VcY haZZe! gZVhdc VcY Xdbbdc hZchZ! a^[Z VcY Òab4 ?I/ 6cn Òab adkZg ^h [VhX^cViZY Wn i]Z YdjWaZ bZX]Vc^hb i]Vi gZ\^hiZgh ^bV\Zh VcY egd_ZXih i]Zb id XgZViZ i]Z ^aajh^dc

ZYgd GZnZh/ L]ZgZ h]djaY lZ WZ\^c4 6i i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ E dg Vi i]Z ZcY4 ?Vk^Zg I aaZo/ >c i]Z b^YYaZ#

EG/ L]^X] eVgi ^h i]Z b^YYaZ4 ?I/ I]Z b^YYaZ ldjaY WZ i]Z egZhZci#

EG/ ?Vk^Zg! ^c i]Z YZkZadebZci d[ ndjg ldg` dkZg i]Z eVhi &* dg '% nZVgh! ndjÉY ValVnh jhZY k^YZd! Wji aViZan ndjg ldg` ]Vh Xdch^hiZY d[ Òabh# ?I/ >ÉkZ ValVnh lVciZY id bV`Z Òabh# Bn \gVcY[Vi]Zg [djcY" ZY dcZ d[ i]Z Òghi bdk^Z i]ZViZgh ^c KZcZojZaV ^c &.&&/ i]Z 8Ve^ida I]ZViZg ^c IjgbZgd! i]Z hbVaa idlc l]ZgZ bn bdi]Zg lVh Wdgc# LZÉY k^h^i d[iZc! hd > heZci eVgi d[ bn X]^aY]ddY ^c i]Z egd_ZXi^dc Wddi]# H^cXZ > lVh V `^Y! > ldjaY Òab l]Vi > hVl VgdjcY bZ l^i] i]Z daY 7Zaa VcY =dlZaa XVbZgV bn YVY \VkZ bZ# AViZg > hijY^ZY Òab VcY VXfj^gZY V HjeZg"- XVbZgV hd i]Vi > XdjaY bV`Z bdk^Zh jh^c\ bn [g^ZcYh Vh VXidgh# >c i]Z É.%h! > jhZY k^YZd WZXVjhZ ^i lVh V bdgZ VXXZhh^WaZ bZY^jb# >iÉh dcan ^c i]Z eVhi ÒkZ nZVgh i]Vi >ÉkZ bVcV\ZY id XgZViZ Òabh# I]Z Wg^aa^Vci 8V^c"6WZa ^bV\Z <dYVgY jhZY ^c HVjkZ fj^ eZji ZmeaV^ch i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc Òab VcY k^YZd

-'

;>AB

?6K>:G IwAA:O :megZhh^dc^hb lZgZ egdYjXZY h^bjaiVcZdjhan ^c EdihYVb Vi i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z É'%h VcY Xdchi^ijiZ i]Z hlVc hdc\ d[ i]Z VkVci"\VgYZ bdkZbZci# Hd! > lViX]ZY i]Z Òab l^i] i]Z eVi^Zcih VcY ^ck^iZY i]Zb id bV`Z V cZl kZgh^dc d[ ^i eg^bVg^an ^ch^YZ BZcYZahd]cÉh Wj^aY^c\#

=necdh^h ^h dcZ d[ i]Z i]ZbZh ^c L^ZcZÉh 8Va^\Vg^! Vh ^h bVYcZhhÅ^i XdciV^ch dcZ d[ i]Z Òghi X^cZbVid\gVe^X gZe" gZhZciVi^dch d[ V ehnX]^Vig^X ]dh^iVa# I]^h ^h l]Vi aZY bZ id egZhZci ^i id i]Z eVi^Zcih ^c i]Z Òghi eaVXZ# I]Z lVn X^cZbV gZaViZh id ]necdh^h VcY he^g^i^hb ]Vh WZZc egZhZci [gdb i]Z kZgn Òghi iZmih i]Vi YZhXg^WZ i]Z eZgXZei^dc d[ ^bV\Zh ^c bdi^dc# I]Z ]^hidgn d[ bdYZgc ehnX]^Vign! idd! ^h a^c`ZY id ]necdh^h k^V 8]VgXdi VcY AV HVae ig^ gZ# >iÉh dcan cVijgVa i]Vi i]ZhZ i]ZbZh gZVeeZVg ^c V egd_ZXi i]Vi Y^gZXian Zc\V\Zh V Òab a^`Z 9Vh 8VW^cZi YZh 9g# 8Va^\Vg^# LZ lZgZ eVgi^XjaVgan ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Zmeadg^c\ k^hjVa VcY VjY^idgn ]VaajX^cVi^dc#

EG/ BZcYZahd]cÉh Wj^aY^c\! V hdaVg dWhZgkVidgn i]Vi ^h hjgeg^h^c\an hbVaaZg i]Vc i]Z ^YZVa^oZY ^bV\Z lZ hZZ ^c VgX]^iZXijgZ Wdd`h! deZgViZh ^c ndjg Òab Vh V bV\^X^VcÉh idlZg dg Vc ZmigViZggZhig^Va heVXZ hiVi^dc# ?I/ L]Zc > ^c^i^iVaan egdedhZY i]Z ^YZV d[ BZcYZahd]cÉh idlZg Vh Vc ^bV\Z id i]Z eVi^Zcih! i]Zn YZkZadeZY V cVggVi^kZ i]Vi higVnZY [gdb i]Z dg^\^cVa hidgn d[ 9g# 8Va^\Vg^Éh XVW^cZi# ;gdb i]Z ]dggdg \ZcgZ d[ i]Z dg^\^cVa Òab! lZ bdkZY idlVgY hX^ZcXZ ÒXi^dc# I]Z iZaZhXdeZ i]Vi ^c]VW^ih BZcYZahd]cÉh Wj^aY^c\ÅlZ XdjaY hVn i]Vi i]Z l]daZ Wj^aY^c\ ^h i]Z VeeVgVijhÅWZXdbZh V bVX]^cZ i]Vi egdYjXZh i]Z cVggV" i^kZ d[ YZa^g^jb# >iÉh V W^i a^`Z ^c 6Yda[d 7^dn 8VhVgZhÉh hidgn ÆI]Z >ckZci^dc d[ BdgZa!Ç l]ZgZ V fjVh^"X^cZbVi^X bVX]^cZ egdYjXZh h^bjaVXgV d[ X]VgVXiZgh VcY h^ijVi^dch ^ch^YZ Vc VWVcYdcZY Wj^aY^c\#

>c ]^h XaVhh^X hijYn d[ ]VaajX^cVi^dch! Dc i]Z Dg^\^c d[ i]Z Æ>cÓjZcX^c\ BVX]^cZÇ ^c HX]^ode]gZc^V! i]Z ehnX]dVcV" anhi K^`idg IVjh`! l]d lVh V XdaaZV\jZ d[ ;gZjYÉh! YZhXg^WZh V ehnX]^X YZk^XZ i]Vi ]Z XVaah Æi]Z hX]^ode]gZc^X ^cÓjZcX^c\ bVX]^cZ#Ç >iÉh Vh ^[ V bVX]^cZ XVjhZY eVi^Zcih id ZmeZg^ZcXZ ÓVi k^hjVa ]VaajX^cVi^dch# 6 hdgi d[ bV\^X aVciZgc! i]Z bVX]^cZ XgZViZh dg gZbdkZh i]dj\]ih k^V bnhi^XVa gVnh dg [dgXZh i]Vi Vahd egdYjXZ ^ckdajciVgn bdkZbZcih ^c i]Z eVi^ZciÉh WdYn! Y^hX]Vg\Zh d[ hZbZc! VcY ZgZXi^dch# I]Z hX]^ode]gZc^X eVi^Zci YZhXg^WZh i]ZhZ hZchVi^dch Vh bVc^[ZhiVi^dch d[ ZaZX" ig^XVa dg bV\cZi^X ZcZg\^Zh# IVjh`Éh lg^i^c\h dc ]^h eVi^ZciÉh YZajh^dch XdjaY ZVh^an Òi ^c V gZVYZg d[ l]ViÉh WZZc XVaaZY i]Z ÆX^cZbVid\gVe]^X VeeVgVijh#Ç 6ahd [jcYVbZciVa VgZ i]Z YZiV^aZY YZhXg^ei^dch Wn ?VbZh I^aan BVii]Zlh! V eVi^Zci Vi Vc :c\a^h] ^chVcZ Vhnajb Vi i]Z ijgc d[ i]Z &-i] XZcijgn! d[ i]Z ^bV\^cVgn ÆV^g addb bVX]^cZÇ jhZY Wn k^aaV^ch id Xdc" igda eZdeaZ! VcY BZbd^gh d[ Bn CZgkdjh >aacZhh Wn 9Vc^Za EVja HX]gZWZg! V eVi^Zci d[ ;gZjYÉh# > hZZ i]ZhZ Vh V hdgi d[ XdjciZg"iZX]cdad\n! XdchigjXiZY [gdb l^i]^c bZciVa ^aacZhh! i]Vi X]VaaZc\Z 7Zci]VbÉh EVcdei^Xdc VcY i]Z di]Zg Xdcigda VeeVgVijhZh VWdjcY^c\ ^c i]Z ]^hidgn d[ ehnX]^Vign#

BZcYZahd]cÉh [VciVhi^X hdaVg dWhZgkVidgn WZXVbZ XZc" igVa id djg cVggVi^kZ WZXVjhZ ^i [jcXi^dcZY Vh V hX]^ode]gZc^X bVX]^cZ Vaadl^c\ ]VaajX^cVi^dch id WZ igVchb^iiZY i]gdj\] XdciV\^dc dg egd_ZXi^dc# 6aa d[ i]^h! ^c h]dgi! Vh V bZiVe]dg [dg Òab#

EG/ >h Òab V e]ZcdbZcdc h^b^aVg id ajX^Y YgZVb^c\! l]ZgZ dcZ iV`Zh Xdcigda d[ dcZÉh YgZVb4

d[ bdkZbZci# I]Z X^cZbVid\gVe]^X bZX]Vc^hbÉh ]necdi^o" ^c\ fjVa^in ^h dcZ d[ i]Z [jcYVbZciVa i]ZbZh d[ 8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HdcVbWja^hi# 8jgVidg KVaZg^Z Hb^i] ^ck^iZY bZ id bV`Z V Òab ^c 7Zga^c i]Vi ldjaY WZ h]dlc ^c i]Z Zm]^W^i^dc GVi^dcVa$>ggVi^dcVa Vi i]Z =Vjh YZg @jaijgZc YZg LZai# 6h ^h bn jhjVa egVXi^XZ! > YZX^YZY id bV`Z V Òab ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] i]Z eVi^Zcih d[ V adXVa ehnX]^Vig^X ^chi^iji^dc# I]Z ild ZaZbZcih > jhZY Vh heg^c\WdVgYh [dg bn XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] i]Z eVi^Zcih lZgZ i]Z L^ZcZ Òab VcY BZcYZahd]cÉh dWhZgkV" idgn :^chiZ^cijgb i]Z :^chiZ^c IdlZg # 7di] ^Xdch d[ <ZgbVc DZY^ejh BVgh]Va! '%%+! hi^aa [gdb h^c\aZ"X]VccZa k^YZd# IdiVa gjc" c^c\ i^bZ/ (% b^cjiZh# 8db^hh^dcZY Wn 6heZc 6gi BjhZjb! 6heZc#

-(

C>:IOH8=: LGDI:/ Æ>; HDB:I=>C< >H ID HI6N >C B:BDGN! >I BJHI 7: 7JGC:9 >C#Ç ;>AB 7JGCH I=>H IGJI= ') I>B:H 6 H:8DC9# ?I/ ;dg hjgZ Òab VcY YgZVbh VgZ h^Wa^c\h# L^i] 8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HdbcVbWja^hi! >ÉY a^`Z [dg hdbZi]^c\ V`^c id 8]jVc\ IhjÉh YgZVb d[ i]Z WjiiZgÓn id dXXjg#

EG/ >c ndjg Òab i]Z eVi^Zcih VgZ h^bjaiVcZdjhan VXidgh VcY heZXiVidgh d[ i]Z^g dlc VXi^dc# <^kZc i]Vi ndj ÒabZY i]Zb lViX]^c\ i]Z bdk^Z ndj bVYZ l^i] i]Zb VcY i]Zc ^cXajYZY i]^h [ddiV\Z ^c V hjWhZfjZci kZgh^dc d[ i]Z Òab! ^h i]^h hea^i l^i]^c i]Z Z\d Vc VcVad\n [dg hX]^ode]gZc^V4 ?I/ 6h i]Z eVi^Zcih lViX] i]Z Òab! i]Zn bV`Z XdbbZcih i]Vi aViZg i]Z heZXiVidgh d[ bn Òab ZmeZg^ZcXZ cdc"Y^Z\Zi^XVaan Vh kd^XZ"dkZghÅi]Z edlZg d[ i]Z Y^hZbWdY^ZY kd^XZ ^h X]VgVX" iZg^hi^X d[ VjY^idgn ]VaajX^cVi^dc# 6cY i]Z ZmX]Vc\Z d[ gdaZh WZilZZc heZXiVidgh VcY eVgi^X^eVcih ^c bn Òab Xdci^cjZh l^i] i]Z XVgc^kVaZhfjZ he^g^i d[ Vaa i]Z ldg` > YZkZade ^c Xda" aVWdgVi^dc l^i] eZdeaZ l]d VgZ bZciVaan ^aa#

EG/ L]Vi VWdji i]Z X]Va`WdVgYh dc l]^X] i]Z eVi^Zcih lg^iZ i]Z^g dlc Y^Vad\jZ4 I]Zn VgZ V gZhdjgXZ ndjÉkZ iV`Zc [gdb h^aZci Òabh! Wji ^c l]Vi Vabdhi Vbdjcih id V 7gZX]i^Vc WgZV`! ^c ndjg Òabh i]ZnÉgZ ]ZaY Wn i]Z VXidgh i]ZbhZakZh# ?I/ 8]Va`WdVgYh VgZ V XdchiVci ^c bn Òabh# I]Zn gZV[Ògb i]Z lVn i]Vi X^cZbV! Vh V bZY^jb! ^h ^chXg^ei^dcÅV ineZ d[ bnhi^X lg^i^c\ eVY! V eVa^behZhi gZV[Ògb^c\ i]Z eZYV\d\^" XVa cVijgZ d[ i]Z ldg` d[ YZhi^\bVi^oVi^dc# I]Zn XVc WZ gZVY a^iZgVaan Vh Vc ^bV\Z i]Vi \^kZh i]Z eVi^Zcih kd^XZ Wn ^cigd" YjX^c\ i]Z XVcXZaZY dg ZmXajYZY aVc\jV\Z d[ i]dhZ l]d a^kZ l^i] bZciVa ^aacZhh l^i]^c Ad\dh# 6ahd! i]Z ^cigdYjXi^dc d[ lg^iiZc aVc\jV\Z l^i]^c i]Z XdciZmi d[ k^hjVa gZegZhZciVi^dc gZegZhZcih V Y^hiVcX^c\ [gdb i]Z eVhh^kZ Xdchjbei^dc d[ i]Z ^bV\Z ^c bdi^dc#

EG/ >c ndjg 8Va^\Vg^! VcY Vahd ^c ndjg Òab DZY^ejh BVgh]Va! i]Z LZhiZgc ndj bVYZ ^c V \]dhi idlc cZVg 6heZc! 8dadgVYd ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] eVi^Zcih d[ V cZVg" Wn ehnX]^Vig^X ]dhe^iVa! ndj ldg` l^i] i]Z hjeegZhh^dc d[ V eVgi^XjaVg gZhdjgXZ# >c 8Va^\Vg^! ^i lVh i]Z kd^XZ0 ^c DZY^ejh BVgh]Va! [VX^Va ZmegZhh^dch lZgZ hjWhi^ijiZY l^i] bVh`h# ?I/ Kd^XZ"dkZgh! dg Y^hZbWdY^ZY kd^XZh! VgZ V gZXjgg^c\ ZaZ" bZci ^c bn Òabh0 nZi i]Z ^YZV d[ ]ZVg^c\ kd^XZh ^h hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi eVi^Zcih Wg^c\ id i]Z cVggVi^kZh dc i]Z^g dlc! l^i]dji bn ]Vk^c\ ^chi^\ViZY ^i# I]Z XVhZ d[ DZY^ejh BVgh]Va lVh eVgi^XjaVgan ^ciZgZhi^c\ id bZ! h^cXZ i]Z kd^XZh ^c i]Z VjY^idgn ]VaajX^cVi^dch ]VY WZZc ^che^gZY Wn i]Z gdaZ d[ i]Z X]dgjh ^c XaVhh^XVa igV\ZYn# 6cY ^c bn Òab AZiiZg dc I]Z 7a^cY ;dg I]dhZ D[ Jh L]d HZZ! i]Z kd^XZ! eZg [dgXZ! lVh i]Z eg^cX^eVa bZY^jb d[ XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] i]Z Wa^cY eZdeaZ#

EG/ NdjÉkZ idaY bZ i]Vi eg^dg id WZ\^cc^c\ V egd_ZXi ndj ]daY ldg`h]deh l]ZgZ ndj h^i l^i] eVi^Zcih id Y^hXjhh i]Z^g ^YZVh! YZkZade i]Z eadi d[ i]Z Òabh! VcY bV`Z XVhi^c\ YZX^h^dch l^i] i]Zb# 6h^YZ [gdb iZX]c^fjZ! l]Vi bV`Zh ndjg 8Va^\Vg^ jc^fjZ id bZ ^h i]Z XdaaZXi^kZ eaVnlg^i^c\ egdXZhh# ?I/ :VX] egd_ZXi ^h heZX^ÒX! h^cXZ ^i ^h i]Z gZhjai d[ XdaaVWdgVi" ^c\ l^i] eVgi^XjaVg eZdeaZ# D[ XdjghZ! > VXXjbjaViZ ZmeZg^" ZcXZ VcY aZVgc [gdb ZVX] egd_ZXi# CdgbVaan! WZ[dgZ WZ\^cc^c\ V cZl egd_ZXi! > h]dl bn ZVga^Zg Òabh id i]Z eVi^Zcih >Éb

\d^c\ id ldg` l^i]/ i]^h Vahd b^\]i \ZcZgViZ V XZgiV^c hZchZ d[ Xdci^cj^in#

EG/ I]Z 7gVo^a^Vc Y^gZXidg 6j\jhid 7dVa hV^Y i]Vi 6g^hidiaZ egdbdiZY i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z X]dgjh ^c XaVhh^XVa igV\ZYn WZXVjhZ ^i gZa^ZkZY i]Z VjY^ZcXZ [gdb i]Z^g cZZY id ZmegZhh i]ZbhZakZh ^c i]Z [VXZ d[ V igV\ZYnÉh jc[daY" ^c\/ ÆNdj YdcÉi cZZY id ZmegZhh ndjg de^c^dc0 i]Z X]dgjh l^aa Yd ^i [dg ndj#Ç L]Zc ndj deZc i]Z Yddg id i]Z eVi^ZciÉh eVgi^X^eVi^dc! ^c iZgbh d[ eaVnlg^i^c\! VgZ ndj Vaadl^c\ [dg Vc VggVn d[ Y^[[ZgZci djiXdbZh4 6gZ ndj ^ciZgZhiZY ^c i]Z edhh^W^a^in d[ gZ^ckZci^c\ YgVbV4 ?I/ > hi^aa ]VkZ bn YdjWih VWdji 7dVa# > i]^c` i]Vi! ^c i]Z ZcY! ]^h gZVY^c\ d[ 6g^hidiaZÉh EdZi^Xh ^h a^b^iZY! Vh ^h ]^h [dgbjaV" i^dc d[ V Æi]ZViZg d[ i]Z deegZhhZY!Ç l]^X] YdZhcÉi hjXXZhh" [jaan YZeVgi [gdb V Y^YVXi^X bdYZa# 7dVaÉh ZmeZg^bZcih hZZb id hZZ` id YZbdchigViZ i]Z i]ZgVe^hiÉh bVhiZgn! VcY i]^h b^\]i WZ V Xdci^cjVi^dc d[ ?VXdW AZk^ BdgZcdÉh ehnX]dYgV" bV# >iÉh cZXZhhVgn id eaVXZ 6cidc^c 6giVjY je V\V^chi 7gZX]i0 VcY je V\V^chi 7dVa! id edh^i bdgZ gZaZkVci ZmeZg^ZcXZh hjX] Vh <gdidlh`^ VcY I]Z A^k^c\ I]ZViZg! dg i]Z ^ck^h^WaZ i]Z" ViZg d[ ]VeeZc^c\h# L]Vi lZ ÒcY ^c i]ZhZ ^h i]Z jchXg^eiZY XgZVi^dc d[ jcXdcigdaaZY eZg[dgbVi^kZ h^ijVi^dch l]ZgZ i]Z a^b^ih d[ gZVa^in VcY i]ZViZg VgZ Y^hhdakZY i]gdj\] XVi]Vgh^h!

XdaaZXi^kZ g^ijVah! i]Z heZXiVidgÉh VXi^kZ ^ckdakZbZci! VcY i]Z XVgcVkVaZhfjZ# EZg]Veh 7dVa ^hcÉi VlVgZ d[ i]Z igjZ 9^dcnh^Vc he^g^i d[ <gZZ` igV\ZYn l]Zc ]Z Y^hiVcXZh ]^bhZa[ [gdb i]Z bdhi ^ciZgZhi^c\ i]ZVig^XVa ZmeZg^bZci d[ i]Z Òghi ]Va[ d[ i]Z '%i] XZcijgn/ 6giVjYÉh I]ZViZg d[ 8gjZain#

EG/ GZ\VgY^c\ ehnX]dYgVbV! ?VXdW AZk^ BdgZcd lVh [dXjhZY dc i]Z ^YZV d[ ÆigV^c^c\ hedciVcZ^inÇ/ i]Z i]ZgV" eZji^X gdaZ d[ XgZVi^k^in ^c i]Z ^begdbeij XgZVi^dc d[ V eaVn# >c Òab egdYjXi^dc! i]Z i]gZh]daY d[ hedciVcZ^in ^h gZYjXZY! h^cXZ Zchjg^c\ i]Z ^bV\ZÉh fjVa^in gZfj^gZh V XZgiV^c Xdcigda# 8Vc ndj \^kZ bZ Vc ZmVbeaZ d[ Vc ZaZbZci i]Vi VgdhZ ^c i]Z hZhh^dch l^i] i]Z eVi^Zcih i]Vi ndj aViZg ^cXdgedgViZY ^cid DZY^ejh BVgh]Va Vh ndj lZgZ bV`^c\ i]Z Òab4 ?I/ I]Z hXg^ei ^h ValVnh lg^iiZc l^i] i]Z eVi^Zcih! Wji ^c i]Z^g eZg[dgbVcXZh d[ ^i i]ZgZ VgZ ValVnh kVg^Vi^dch VcY hjgeg^hZh! ZheZX^Vaan h^cXZ lZÉgZ iVa`^c\ VWdji eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZ cZkZg ]VY egd[Zhh^dcVa ZmeZg^ZcXZ Vh VXidgh# >iÉh ^cZk^iVWaZ i]Vi i]ZnÉaa egdYjXZ jcZmeZXiZY gZhjaih# >Éb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ldg`" ^c\ g^\]i dc i]Vi a^cZ l]ZgZ eVi^Zcih l^aa Xdci^cjZ id WZ i]ZbhZakZh Wji Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ l^aa WZ edhhZhhZY Wn i]Z X]VgVXiZgh i]ZnÉkZ XgZViZY# Bn egd_ZXihÅa^`Z Vaa X^cZbV! eZg]VehÅZm^hi ]Va[lVn WZilZZc YdXjbZciVgn VcY ÒXi^dc# HedciVcZ^in b^\]i WZ gZVY ^c V kVg^Zin d[ lVnh# > V\gZZ l^i] GdWZgi 7gZhhdc l]Zc ]Z Vg\jZh i]Vi i]ZViZg ^c ^ih XaVhh^XVa [dgb YZhigdnh i]Z hedciVcZ^in d[ VXidgh \^kZc i]Vi i]Z^g VXi" ^c\ bjhi WZ gZeZViZY VcY gZ]ZVghZY ^ccjbZgVWaZ i^bZh# I]Z X^cZbVid\gVe]^X gZXdgY! dc i]Z di]Zg ]VcY! ^h jc^fjZÅ^iÉh i]Z gZXdgY d[ Vc ^chiVci i]Vi dcan gZeZVih l]Zc ^i ^h egd_ZXiZY#

EG/ DcZ fjZhi^dc > \Zcj^cZan Vh` bnhZa[ ^c gZaVi^dc id ndjg ldg` ]Vh id Yd l^i] i]Z cdi^dc d[ V\ZcXn# EaVXVgYh VcY WaVX`WdVgYh egdk^YZ i]Z eVi^Zcih l^i] V\ZcXn# ?I/ I]ZnÉgZ egdeh ^c i]Z hZchZ i]Vi 6giVjY jhZh i]Zb ^c I]ZViZg d[ 8gjZainÅegdeh i]Vi WZXdbZ bZVc^c\[ja ^c i]Z^g

-)

7DB7

8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HaZZelVa`Zg! '%%-! hi^aa [gdb ]^\]"YZÒc^i^dc k^YZd#

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

-*

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ: i]ZVig^XVa gZegZhZciVi^dc d[ i]Z XZaZWgVi^dc d[ bVYbZc jh^c\ Zci^gZ idlch Vh i]Z^g hiV\Z#

I]Z egZhZcXZ d[ XVgc^kVa l^i]^c bn ldg` XdbZh [gdb i]Z k^h^ih > bVYZ Yjg^c\ bn X]^aY]ddY id i]Z XVgc^kVah d[ i]Z ehnX]^Vig^X ]dhe^iVa d[ 7VgWjaV! l]ZgZ bn [Vi]Zg ldg`ZY Vh V ehnX]^Vig^hi# EVi^Zcih i]ZgZ ldjaY igVYZ i]Z^g jc^[dgbh [dg i]Z ]n\Zc^X l]^iZ XdVih d[ i]Z YdXidgh# I]^h ^bV\Z! ÆWjgcZY ^c bZbdgn!Ç ]Vh hiVnZY l^i] bZ [dg i]Z gZhi d[ bn a^[Z! VcY ]Vh WZXdbZ dcZ d[ i]Z \j^Y^c\ ^bV\Zh d[ bn ldg`#

EG/ >ÉkZ Vh`ZY ndj WZ[dgZ ^[ ndj Xdch^YZg ndjg ldg` id WZ i]ZgVeZji^X# Ndj gZhedcYZY i]Vi bdgZ i]Vc Xjg^c\ XgVon eZdeaZ! ndj VgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Xjg^c\ hVcZ eZdeaZ d[ i]Z^g hVc^in# ?I/ I]Z XjgZ [dg i]Z hVcZ VcY i]Z XjgZ [dg i]Z h^X`/ cZ\Vi^dc VcY V[ÒgbVi^dc Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ# BVYcZhh ^h h^ijViZY WZndcY aVc\jV\Z! ^i h]VgZh V a^b^cVa XdcY^i^dc l^i] Vgi#

I]Z egdWaZb l^i] i]ZgVeZji^X ehnX]dYgVbV! a^`Z i]Z dcZ egdedhZY Wn ?VXdW AZk^ BdgZcd! ^h i]Vi ^i Xdci^cjZh id ZcVXi i]Z eg^k^aZ\ZY edh^i^dc d[ i]Z i]ZgVe^hi! d[ i]Z dcZ l]d VYb^c^hiZgh i]Z XjgZ# > egZ[Zg V igjan Y^Vad\^X bZi]dY! Vc ^ciZg"hjW_ZXi^kZ bdYZa ^c l]^X] i]Z ZcXdjciZg l^i] i]Z di]Zg b^\]i WZ edhh^WaZ l^i]dji i]Z ZgVY^XVi^dc d[ Y^[[ZgZcXZ# >Éb i]^c`^c\ XdcXgZiZan VWdji i]Z Òabh d[ ?ZVc GdjX]! l]dÉh WZZc V ]j\Z ^cÓjZcXZ dc bn ldg`# >c di]Zg ldgYh! >ÉY egZ[Zg bn egVXi^XZ WZ hZZc Vh V Wg^Y\Z! VcY cdi Vh V eVi] id V \dVa#

EG/ AZiiZg dc i]Z 7a^cY [dg i]Z JhZ d[ I]dhZ L]d HZZ ^h jcYdjWiZYan V Òab VWdji ^ciZg"hjW_ZXi^k^in#

dlc g^\]i! WZndcY i]Z^g [jcXi^dcVa kVajZ l^i]^c i]Z eadi# >iÉh V `^cY d[ Wg^XdaV\Z! l]ZgZ eVi^Zcih XVc ^ciZgegZi Vaa `^cYh d[ Y^kZghZ ZaZbZcih l]Zc iVa`^c\ VWdji i]Z^g a^kZY ZmeZg^ZcXZh#

>c i]Z ldg`h]deh i]Z eVi^Zcih WZXdbZ V XdaaZXi^kZ# LZ gZVY V Òab! V Wj^aY^c\! V [VWaZ! dg V <gZZ` igV\ZYn Vh iZmihÅ i]^h lVh i]Z XVhZ [dg 8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HdbcVbWja^hi! Vh > ZmeaV^cZY! VcY Vahd [dg bn kZgh^dc d[ I]Z EVhh^dc d[ ?dVc d[ 6gX! VcY DZY^ejh BVgh]Va# I]^h iZmi > Wg^c\ id i]Z eVi^Zcih [jcXi^dch Vh i]Z XdccZXidg i]Vi b^\]i Vaadl [dg XdaaZXi^kZ V\ZcXnÅ> d[iZc ldg` l^i] eVi^Zcih l]d YdcÉi `cdl ZVX] di]Zg kZgn lZaa! hd hiVgi^c\ d[[ gZVY^c\ V iZmi ^h kZgn ]Zae" [ja# ;dg DZY^ejh BVgh]Va! lZ hZaZXiZY Hde]dXaZhÉ igV\ZYn Vadc\h^YZ i]Z \ZcgZ d[ i]Z LZhiZgc i]Z bdk^Z lVh ÒabZY ^c 8dadgVYd Vh ed^cih d[ YZeVgijgZ# >Éb YZZean ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ]dl i]Z eVi^Zcih igVchaViZ i]Z dg^\^cVa cVggVi^kZ ^cid i]Z^g dlc gZVa" ^in# I]Z <gZZ` igV\ZYn jcYZglZci V egdXZhh d[ bZiVbdge]d" h^h l]Zc ^i lVh VYVeiZY id i]Z heZX^ÒX X^gXjbhiVcXZh d[ i]Z 6bZg^XVc LZhi VcY id i]Z gZVab d[ bZciVa ^aacZhh# EVi^Zcih gZVY i]Z Ò\jgZ d[ DZY^ejh Vh V hX]^ode]gZc^X ^chiZVY d[ Vh V ;gZjY^Vc cZjgdi^X# I]Z kd^XZh d[ i]Z <gZZ` X]dgjh! ^c djg cVg" gVi^kZ! WZXVbZ i]Z bV^c X]VgVXiZgÉh VjY^idgn ]VaajX^cVi^dch#

LZ jhZY V gVc\Z d[ \ZcgZhÅLZhiZgch! ?VeVcZhZ Cd] i]ZViZg! VcY <gZZ` igV\ZYnÅcdi id XgZViZ eVgdY^Zh Wji gVi]Zg Vh XdciV^cZgh [dg cZl bZVc^c\h i]Vi b^\]i WZ egdYjXZY k^V i]Z higViZ\^Zh d[ i]Z Wg^XdaZjg#

EG/ >iÉh [VhX^cVi^c\ i]Vi ndjÉY Y^hiVcXZ ndjghZa[ [gdb eVgdYn# EVgdYn bV`Zh [jc d[ V \ZcgZ Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ ^i jhZh ^ih gZhdjgXZh# >i hZZbh id bZ i]Vi ndjg ldg` ^h XadhZg id V i]Zdgn d[ bZiVi]ZViZgÅdg! ^c ndjg XVhZ! bZiVX^cZbV# >c ndjg Òabh! djg gZVY^c\ d[ i]Z VXidghÉ ldg` XVccdi WZ Y^hVhhdX^ViZY [gdb djg `cdlaZY\Z d[ i]Z^g bZciVa XdcY^i^dc# 6gZ ndj ^ciZgZhiZY ^c EZiZg 7gdd`Éh I]Z EZghZXji^dc VcY 6hhVhh^cVi^dc d[ ?ZVc" EVja BVgVi Vh EZg[dgbZY Wn i]Z >cbViZh d[ i]Z 6hnajb d[ 8]VgZcidc JcYZg i]Z 9^gZXi^dc d[ i]Z BVgfj^h YZ HVYZ4 ?I/ 6 eZghdc a^k^c\ l^i] bZciVa ^aacZhh a^kZh G^bWVjYÉh Æ> Vb Vc Di]Zg#Ç >iÉh cdi Y^[ÒXjai [dg ]^b dg ]Zg id gZVX] V hiViZ d[ edhhZhh^dc# BVgVi$HVYZ! dg bdgZ egZX^hZan! l]Vi lZ ^bV\" ^cZ HVYZÉh i]ZVig^XVa gZegZhZciVi^dch b^\]i ]VkZ WZZc WVhZY dc EZiZg LZ^hhÉh eaVn VgZ Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ e]ZcdbZcdc! h^cXZ i]Zn deZgViZ l^i]^c Vc ZmX]Vc\Z d[ gdaZh WZilZZc heZXiVidg VcY VXidg# I]^h Vahd gZaViZh id i]Z XVgc^kVaZhfjZ heZXiVXaZ ^c l]^X] i]Z ldgaY lVh ijgcZY jeh^YZ Ydlc/ i]Z bZY^ZkVa 8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HaZZelVa`Zg! '%%-! ^chiVaaVi^dc l^i] h^c\aZ"X]VccZa egd_ZXi^dc# >chiVaaVi^dc h]di d[ B^cY i]Z <Ve! @jchi]Vjh 7VhZaaVcY! BjiiZco! '%%.# E]did Wn K^`idg @da^WVa#

-+

AZiiZg dc i]Z 7a^cY [dg i]Z JhZ d[ I]dhZ L]d HZZ! '%%,! hi^aah [gdb ]^\]"YZÒc^i^dc k^YZd# IdiVa gjcc^c\ i^bZ/ ', b^cjiZh! (+ hZXdcYh# 8db^hh^dcZY Wn 8gZVi^kZ I^bZ! CZl Ndg`#

;>AB

?6K>:G IwAA:O

?I/ >i egZhZciZY V eVgi^XjaVg egdWaZbÅ

EG/ :e^hiZbdad\^XVaan4 ?I/ 6cY e]ZcdbZcdad\^XVaan! idd/ ]dl id bV`Z V Òab ^c XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] Wa^cY eZdeaZ! hdbZ d[ l]db ]VY cZkZg hZZc ^c i]Z^g a^kZh# I]Z hdaji^dc XVbZ [gdb i]Z kd^XZ VcY [gdb idjX]# I]Z XVbZgV gZXdgYZY i]Z iVXi^aZ ZmeZg^ZcXZh d[ i]Z Wa^cY Vh i]Zn idjX]ZY i]Z WdYn d[ Vc ZaZe]Vci! Wji i]Z ^bV\Zh lZgZ aViZg ZY^iZY l^i] gZXdgYZY YZhXg^ei^dch [gdb i]Z Wa^cY eZdeaZ# I]Z ÒabÉh k^ZlZg! i]Zc! lVh adXViZY l^i]^c i]Z ed^ci d[ k^Zl d[ i]Z eZghdc l]d XVccdi hZZ V Wa^cY hedi [dg hjgZ # ;dg V l]^aZ >ÉY WZZc lVci^c\ id bV`Z V Òab VWdji Wa^cY" cZhh Vh ]dbV\Z id bn bdi]Zg! l]d \gVYjVaan adhi ]Zg k^h^dc Yjg^c\ i]Z aVhi nZVgh d[ ]Zg a^[Z#

EG/ I]Z egZb^hZ d[ i]Z Òab dg^\^cViZh ^c i]Z =^cYj [VWaZ

ÆI]Z 7a^cY BZc VcY i]Z :aZe]Vci#Ç ?I/ I]Z egd_ZXi [dg i]Z Òab hiVgiZY d[[ l^i] i]Z >cY^Vc [VWaZ d[ i]Z ZaZe]Vci VcY i]Z h^m Wa^cY bZcÅi]Z :VhiZgc XdjciZgeVgi id djg EaVidc^X XVkZ! VcY Vcdi]Zg ]^hidgn d[ egdidX^cZbV# H^m Wa^cY bZc ViiZbei id gZXd\c^oZ V eVX]nYZgb# :VX] dcZ idjX]Zh V Y^[[ZgZci eVgi d[ i]Z Vc^bVa! hd i]ZgZ[dgZ i]Zn XVc" cdi gZVX] Vc V\gZZbZci VWdji i]Z ZaZe]VciÉh X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh# I]Z egZb^hZ d[ i]Z eVgVWaZ ^h ZggdcZdjh \^kZc i]Vi i]Z Wa^cY bZc lZgZ cdi VaadlZY id idjX] i]Z Vc^bVaÉh Zci^gZ WdYnÅdcZ d[ bn h^\]iaZhh XdaaVWdgVidgh ]^\]a^\]iZY i]^h Yjg^c\ i]Z bV`" ^c\ d[ i]Z Òab# ;dg bZ! i]Z Òab ^ihZa[ WZXdbZh i]Z ZaZe]Vci i]Vi i]Z heZXiVidgh! i]dhZ l]d hZZ! ]VkZ id gZXd\c^oZ YZhe^iZ i]Z^g a^b^iVi^dch# I]Z^g bV^c a^b^iVi^dc ^h i]Vi h^cXZ i]Zn XVcÉi hide hZZ^c\! i]Zn XVccdi VXXZhh Wa^cYcZhh#

EG/ I]ZgZÉh V e]gVhZ [gdb 9^YZgdi hVn^c\/ Æ>[ ndj lVci bZ id WZa^ZkZ ^c <dY! ndj bjhi bV`Z bZ idjX] ]^b#Ç 6gZ ndj ^ciZgZhiZY ^c 9^YZgdiÉh gVi^dcVa^hb4 ?I/ Cd! lZ dcan idd` i]Z i^iaZ d[ djg Òab [gdb 9^YZgdiÉh iZmi# LZ b^\]i idjX] i]Z kZ^a! Wji cdi i]Z WdYn d[ <dY# I]^h gZb^cYh bZ d[ i]Vi XaVhh^X hidgn VWdji igdbeZ aÉdZ^a gZidaY Wn Ea^cn i]Z :aYZg/ i]Z g^kVagn WZilZZc i]Z eV^ciZgh EVgg]Vh^jh VcY OZjm^h lVh gZhdakZY i]gdj\] V XdbeZi^i^dc# OZjm^h Vh`h EVgg]Vh^jh id jckZ^a ]^h eV^ci^c\! hddc gZVa^o^c\ i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h cd kZ^a id a^[i0 l]Vi ]ZÉh hZ^c\ ^h gZegZhZciZY l^i]^c i]Z eV^ci" ^c\ ^ihZa[# EVgg]Vh^jhÉh ^cY^hejiVWaZ bVhiZgn ^h YZbdchigViZY# I]^h ^h V kZgn WZVji^[ja hidgn VWdji i]Z ^aajhdgn cVijgZ d[ Vaa gZegZhZciVi^dc# 6h ^aajh^dc^hih! l]^X] lZ VgZ Wn cVijgZ! ^iÉh djg iVh` id h^\cVa i]Z a^b^ih d[ aVc\jV\Z ^ihZa[/ cZ\Vi^dc VcY V[ÒgbVi^dc Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ#

EG/ Dc i]Z ide^X d[ ig^X`h! aZiÉh iVa` VWdji ]V"]V lVaah# ?I/ >iÉh [VhX^cVi^c\ i]Vi ndj bZci^dc i]Zb# >c HnYcZn! ^c i]Z GdoZaaZ ]dhe^iVa l]ZgZ > h]di I]Z EVhh^dc d[ ?ZVccZ YÉ6gX! > [djcY hdbZ dg^\^cVa gZbV^ch d[ ]V"]V lVaah Wj^ai VgdjcY i]Z Vhnajb# I]Z ]V"]V lVaa ^h Vc ^bedgiVci VgX]^iZXijgVa ZaZbZci ^c i]Z gZcdkVi^dc d[ ehnX]^Vig^X ^chi^iji^dch! Vh ^i eZgb^ih i]Z ^cbViZh d[ i]Z ^chi^iji^dc Vc ^aajhdgn XdciZbeaVi^dc d[ i]Z aVcYhXVeZ! VcY nZi Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ ^hdaViZh i]Zb [gdb i]Z gZhi d[ hdX^Zin# I]Z ]V"]V ^h i]jh Vh bjX] V hde]^hi^XViZY bZX]Vc^hb d[ Xdcigda Vh 7Zci]VbÉh EVcdei^Xdc#

6h [dg ig^X`h! ]VkZ ndj ]ZVgY i]Z _d`Z VWdji i]Z ]daZ ^c i]Z ]dhe^iVa lVaa4 6 ÓVcZjg ^h lVa`^c\ VgdjcY i]Z djiZg lVaa d[ V ehnX]^Vig^X ^chi^iji^dc! hZZh V ]daZ ^c i]Z lVaa! VcY ]ZVgh i]Vi dc i]Z di]Zg h^YZ hdbZdcZ ^h gZeZVi^c\ ÆDcZ ]jcYgZY! dcZ ]jcYgZY! dcZ ]jcYgZY###Ç I]Z ÓVcZjg eZZ`h i]gdj\] i]Z ]daZ VcY hZZh V eVi^Zci WZ]^cY i]Z lVaa l]d hi^X`h Vc Vla

i]gdj\] i]Z ]daZ! VcY ejaah dji i]Z eg^ZgÉh ZnZ! VcY WZ\^ch gZeZVi^c\ ÆDcZ ]jcYgZY VcY dcZ! dcZ ]jcYgZY VcY dcZ! dcZ ]jcYgZY VcY dcZ###Ç

EG/ =V ?I/ HZZbh a^`Z idYVn lZÉgZ eVn^c\ ]dbV\Z id 9dc Aj^h! YdcÉi ndj i]^c`4

EG/ 7j jZa4 D] nZh# >c Bn AVhi H^\] ]Z hVnh i]Vi ]^h aVX` d[ ^ciZgZhi ^c hX^ZcXZ ^h YjZ id ^ih a^b^iZY VW^a^in id ZmeaV^c i]dhZ bViiZgh d[ YZZeZhi XdcXZgc id ]^bÅ YgZVbh VcY aVj\]iZg! [dg ^chiVcXZ# >[ ndj ZmeaV^c V _d`Z! ^i XZVhZh id WZ [jccn# I]ZgZÉh V ineZ d[ `cdlaZY\Z i]Vi lZ XVc dcan VXXZhh i]gdj\] Vgi! dg Vgi^ÒXZ# ?I/ >c i]Vi hZchZ! i]Z WZhi igVchaVi^dc d[ i]Z iZgb igdbeZ aÉdZ^a ldjaY WZ ZnZ igVe#

EG/ Hd heZV`^c\ d[ lVaah! aZiÉh gZijgc id VgX]^iZXijgZ# ?I/ DcZ d[ i]Z gZXjgg^c\ i]ZbVi^X XdcXZgch ^c bn ldg` l^i] eZdeaZ a^k^c\ l^i] bZciVa ^aacZhh ^h VgX]^iZXijgZ# I]Z VgX]^" iZXijgZ d[ XdcÒcZbZci ^h dWk^djhan Vc ZkZgnYVn XdcXZgc [dg i]dhZ l]d ZmeZg^ZcXZ ^i dg ]VkZ WZZc ^chi^iji^dcVa^oZY# I]Z ^bV\Z d[ i]Z ]djhZ `ZZeh gZVeeVg^c\ ^c i]Z^g k^hjVa gZegZhZc" iVi^dch# 6 eZghdc l]d ^h bZciVaan ^aa ^h WVh^XVaan V ]dbZaZhh eZghdc [dgXZY ^cid Vc ^ciZg^dg Zm^aZ Wn i]Z gZhi d[ hdX^ZinÅcd ldcYZg DZY^ejh [jcXi^dcZY hd eZg[ZXian Vh i]Z VaiZg Z\d d[ bn XdaaVWdgVidgh# I]Z ehnX]^Vig^X ^chi^iji^dc ^h V ]dbZ [dgXZY jedc i]Z eVi^Zci! Vc VgX]^iZXijgVa higV^i_VX`Zi i]Vi i]Z eVi^Zci bjhi hjgk^kZ ^c dg igVch\gZhh# I]^h ^h l]n >ÉkZ WZZc ^ciZgZhiZY ^c bV`^c\ VgX]^iZXijgVa ldg`h ^c i]Z eVhi/ i]Z \^\Vci^X W^gY" ]djhZ 7ZYaVb [gdb &...0 A^[id[[! [gdb '%%&! l]^X] ^h Vcdi]Zg W^gY]djhZ YZh^\cZY Wn V eVi^Zci Vh V ]nWg^Y WZilZZc V igVe VcY V \^\Vci^X adjYheZV`Zg0 8]dgZji^Xh! [gdb '%%&! V \^\Vci^X he^YZg lZW ^c i]Z [dgb d[ V Òh] igVe0 VcY ÒcVaan! ^c i]Z ^chiVa" aVi^dc kZgh^dc d[ 8Va^\Vg^ VcY i]Z HdbcVbWja^hi! V eVk^a^dc bVYZ d[ X]Va`WdVgYh hZgk^c\ Vh V egd_ZXi^dc gddb# I]Z ^bV\Z d[ i]Z igVe ^ckZgih i]Z ^chi^iji^dcVa igVe ^c i]ZhZ ldg`h# HdbZ]dl ^i gZhedcYh id i]Z ^bV\Z d[ i]Z Wjggdl ^c @V[`V! ^c l]^X] Vh 9ZaZjoZ VcY <jViiVg^ XaV^b! ÆDcan i]Z eg^cX^eaZ d[ bjai^eaZ ZcigVcXZh egZkZcih i]Z ^cigdYjXi^dc d[ i]Z ZcZbn#Ç

EG/ LZ hiVgiZY dji iVa`^c\ VWdji <dYVgY! l]d dcXZ hV^Y/ Æ6 hidgn h]djaY ]VkZ V WZ\^cc^c\! V b^YYaZ! VcY Vc ZcY ### Wji cdi cZXZhhVg^an ^c i]Vi dgYZg#Ç LZÉkZ VagZVYn iVa`ZY VWdji i]Z egZhZci VcY i]Z eVhi# 8Vc ndj iZaa bZ l]Vi ndj eaVc id Yd ^c i]Z [jijgZ4 ?I/ ½

-,

B6G>D <6A:6CD IDGD

7DB7

Å 7N B6G8 C6H9DG

E]did Wn ?jVc ;Za^eZ GjW^d#

--

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

BVgX CVhYdg/ AZiÉh hiVgi Wn iVa`^c\ VWdji ndjg Òghi WVcY! :chVbWaZ Eda^[ c^Xd KVaaZcVid# LVh i]Vi VagZVYn &% nZVgh V\d4 BVg^d <VaZVcd Idgd/ >i lVh# :chVbWaZ Eda^[ c^Xd KVaaZcVid dcan aVhiZY VWdji V nZVg VcY V ]Va[! Wji ^i lVh V kZgn cZl VeegdVX] ]ZgZ ^c 7d\di{# 8jbW^V ^h XdVhiVa bjh^X! [gdb i]Z 8Vg^WWZVc XdVhi! VcY lZ VgZ ]ZgZ ^c i]Z bdjciV^ch d[ 7d\di{!

V kZgn Y^[[ZgZci Vibdhe]ZgZ# IdlVgYh i]Z ZcY d[ :chVbWaZ Eda^[ c^Xd KVaaZcVid! cZl \ZcZgVi^dch d[ bjh^X^Vch [gdb 7d\di{ÅWVcYh a^`Z AV Bd_VggV :a Xig^XV dg 8jgje^gVÅhiVgiZY gZ^ciZgegZi^c\ 8Vg^WWZVc bjh^X# LZ lZgZ a^`Z '% nZVgh daY! _jhi ]Vk^c\ [jc#

BC/ > a^hiZcZY id hdbZ igVX`h VcY ^i lVh bdgZ ZmeZg^" bZciVa i]Vc > ZmeZXiZYÅVabdhi cd^hZ# B</ I]Vi lVh i]Z ^YZV0 kVaaZcVid ^h V XadhZ Xdjh^c d[ XjbW^V# >iÉh bdhian bV_dg `Znh# >c i]Z É.%h i]ZgZ jhZY id WZ X]ZZhn XdbbZgX^Va kVaaZcVid i]Vi eaVnZY dc Vaa i]Z WjhZh ^c 7d\di{Å ]ZgZ lZ ]VkZ bjh^X dc i]Z WjhZh Vaa i]Z i^bZ Hd lZ _jhi eji ^i ^cid Vcdi]Zg XdciZmi# HjgZ! lZ lZgZ ]Vk^c\ [jc! Wji ^c i]Z ZcY ^i lVh V hZg^djh egdedhVa#

BC/ KVaaZcVid ^h Vahd XadhZ id X]VbeZiV! l^i] i]Z bV_dg X]dgYh! Wji X]VbeZiV XVc WZ V adi [VhiZg# 6aa i]Z bV_dg X]dgYh bV`Z ^i V kZgn ]Veen bjh^X0 ^iÉh kZgn jeWZVi# B</ NZh! i]dj\] X]VbeZiV ]Vh V adi d[ ^cÓjZcXZ [gdb 6[g^XVc bjh^XÅhdj`djh VcY ]^\]a^[Z VcY bWVfVc\VÅVcY Vaa d[ i]ZhZ hinaZh i]Vi lZgZ ]j\Z ^c i]Z É-%h ^c 8VgiV\ZcV VcY 7VggVcfj^aaV# Hdj`djh ^h i]Z bV^c ^cÓjZcXZ WZ]^cY ^i VcY Vahd hdjcY hnhiZb bjh^X! hd ^iÉh gZVaan bZVci id WZ ]ZVgY i]gdj\] i]Z hdjcY hnhiZbh i]Zn ]VkZ dc i]Z XdVhi# >iÉh bVYZ [dg YVcXZ#

BC/ AZiÉh bdkZ dc id i]Z hjW_ZXi d[ XjbW^V! ndjg heZ" X^Vain# =ZgZ ^c CZl Ndg`! i]ZgZÉh V cdc"8dadbW^Vc VjY^" ZcXZ i]Vi ]Vh YZÒc^iZan WZXdbZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c XjbW^V# B</ NZh! i]ViÉh WZZc ]VeeZc^c\ dkZg i]Z aVhi ild dg i]gZZ nZVgh! Vahd ^c :c\aVcY#

BC/ AZiÉh iVa` VWdji l]Vi XjbW^V ^h ^c iZgbh d[ ^ih g]ni]b! WZXVjhZ ^i ]Vh V kZgn Y^hi^cXi^kZ dcZ i]Vi XdbZh [gdb i]Z \jVX]VgVXV# B</ 8jbW^V ^h XdbedhZY d[ bVcn Y^[[ZgZci g]ni]bh0 > ldjaY hVn VgdjcY (%# I]ZnÉgZ Vaa eVgi d[ dcZ W^\ [Vb^an XVaaZY Xjb" W^V! Wji ZVX] ]Vh ^ih dlc \gddkZ# I]Z \jVX]VgVXV l^i] i]Vi X]"X]"8= g]ni]b ^h gZVaan i]Z i]^c\ ndj cdi^XZ Òghi l]Zc ndj ]ZVg XjbW^V#

BC/ HdbZi^bZh > ]ZVg i]Z Zbe]Vh^h dc i]Z i]^gY cdiZ d[ i]Z ig^eaZi! VcY dc di]Zg hdc\h > ]ZVg i]Z Zbe]Vh^h dc i]Z Òghi cdiZ# B</ LZaa! i]ViÉh Vc ^ciZgZhi^c\ i]^c\ VWdji i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa" ^oVi^dc d[ XjbW^V# >i lVh ZmedgiZY id BZm^Xd VcY 6g\Zci^cV! Wji i]Zn XdjaYcÉi Zmedgi i]Z bdgZ 6[gd hij[[ WZXVjhZ i]ZgZÉh dcan V hbVaa WaVX` Xdbbjc^in ^c BZm^Xd VcY eZdeaZ ÒcY ^i ZVh^Zg id YVcXZ dc higdc\ WZVih ^chiZVY d[ jeWZVih! hd i]Zn hiVgiZY bV`^c\ hdgi d[ V [jh^dc XjbW^V ^c i]Z É+%h i]Vi gZbdkZY i]Z ]ZVk^Zg! 6[gd"hncXdeViZY g]ni]bh id bV`Z ^i bdgZ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa! ZVh^Zg id Y^\Zhi#

BC/ L]Zc ndj hVn ZVh^Zg id Y^\Zhi! Yd ndj bZVc [dg YVcXZ XajWh4 B</ NZV]! [dg i]Z YVcXZgh# Hd ^c i]Z É+%h! i]Z ]ZVkn eZgXjh" h^dc lVh iV`Zc dji [gdb WZ]^cY! VcY i]Z i]^c\ ndj cdi^XZ bdhi cdl ^h i]Z \jVX]VgVXV ^c [gdci# CdlVYVnh! ZkZc i]dj\]

8dadbW^Vc XjbW^V ]Vh hd bVcn Y^[[ZgZci g]ni]bh! i]Z dcan i]^c\h i]Vi bViiZg VgZ _jhi i]Z \jVX]VgVXV VcY i]Z aaVbVYdg! l]^X] ^h i]Z jeWZVi#

BC/ AZiÉh ]VkZ V ha^\]i Y^\gZhh^dc VWdji X]^X]V bjh^X ^c EZgj! l]^X] ]Vh gZXZcian WZXdbZ edejaVg# I]ZgZÉh V WVcY [dgbZY Wn i]Z dlcZgh d[ V ldcYZg[ja ldgaY bjh^X XajW XVaaZY 7VgW h ^c 7gdd`ancÅ B</ 8]^X]V A^WgZ! g^\]i4

BC/ NZh! VcY i]Zn Vahd gZaZVhZY V Xdbe^aVi^dc ^c '%%, d[ É+%h VcY É,%h hij[[ XVaaZY I]Z Gddih d[ 8]^X]V# B</ NZV]! d[ XdjghZ! > `cdl VWdji i]^h#

BC/ 6bdc\ bn EZgjk^Vc VcY :XjVYdg^Vc [g^ZcYh! hdbZ adkZ ^i VcY di]Zgh hVn ^iÉh V WVhiVgY^oVi^dc# EZdeaZ ]ZVg 8]^X]V A^WgZ VcY i]^c`! ÆD]! ehnX]ZYZa^X XjbW^V!Ç Wji ^c i]Z X]^X]V d[ i]Z É+%h i]^h iZgb bjhi WZ XdbeaZiZan dji d[ XdciZmi# B</ >c i]Z É+%h! EZgj ]VY dcZ d[ i]Z W^\\Zhi gdX` hXZcZh ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV! WVcYh a^`Z Adh HV^Xdh VcY Adh 7Za`^c\h# I]Z ZaZXig^X \j^iVg \di id WZ i]Z hdjcY d[ i]Z Xdjcign# A^bV ^h g^\]i dc i]Z EVX^ÒX XdVhi! VcY V adi d[ 8Va^[dgc^Vc hjg[" Zgh hiVgiZY id XdbZ ^c i]Z É*%h add`^c\ [dg WZVX]Zh# A^bV ^h i]Z Òghi X^in ndj ÒcY Xdb^c\ [gdb i]Z cdgi] V[iZg 8ZcigVa 6bZg^XV! VcY hjg[ bjh^X \di gZVaan ]j\Z0 i]ZgZ VgZ V adi d[ hjg[ WVcYh [gdb EZgj [gdb i]Z É+%h i]Vi VgZ hjeZg egd[Zhh^dc" Va VcY gZVaan Xdda# 7n i]Z È,%h! i]^c\h ]VY hiVgiZY X]Vc\^c\# HdbZ d[ i]Z \j^iVg^hih eaVn^c\ ^c \VgV\Z VcY hjg[ WVcYh ^c i]Z É+%h lZgZ eaVn^c\ XjbW^V Wn É,& dg É,' WZXVjhZ i]Zn Y^YcÉi ]VkZ Vcn bdgZ ldg` Vh V gdX` \j^iVg^hih Hd i]ViÉh l]ZgZ i]Z ZaZXig^X \j^iVg hdjcY XVbZ [gdb! VcY i]ViÉh l]n eZdeaZ hdbZi^bZh i]^c` XjbW^V hdjcYh ehnX]ZYZa^X# aVj\]iZg

BC/ 6cY d[ XdjghZ i]Z ;VgÒhV dg\Vc gZeaVX^c\ i]Z VXXdgY^dc# B</ NZV]! i]Z ;VgÒhV hdjcYh fj^iZ ZaZXig^X# HdbZ XjbW^V ijcZh ]VkZ V lVn d[ jh^c\ b^cdg `Znh i]Vi hdjcY V W^i Zmdi^X [dg hdbZ ZVgh! Vahd hdgi d[ ehnX]ZYZa^X#

BC/ >ÉkZ WZZc ]Vk^c\ XdckZghVi^dch l^i] V XdjeaZ bjh^" X^Vc [g^ZcYh l]d lZgZ hVn^c\ i]Vi i]^h ZaZXig^X XjbW^V lVh cdi VWdji A^bV! i]Vi ^i lVh VWdji i]Z Xdjcignh^YZ! i]Z eddg eZdeaZ0 i]Vi eZdeaZ [gdb A^bV VXijVaan Y^YcÉi a^`Z ^i# B</ 7VcYh a^`Z ?jVcZXd! Adh B^gadhÅi]Zn Vaa XdbZ [gdb i]Z 6bVodc VcY i]ViÉh l]n i]Z di]Zg cVbZ d[ X]^X]V ^h VXij" Vaan XjbW^V VbVo c^XV# >iÉh ^ciZgZhi^c\ ]dl i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc 8dadbW^Vc VcY EZgjk^Vc bjh^X ZkdakZY id\Zi]Zg0 X]^X]V ^h a^`Z Vcdi]Zg Wgdi]Zg d[ XjbW^V#

7ji WVX` id I]Z Gddih d[ 8]^X]V/ V adi d[ i]Z ]^ehiZgh ^c EZgj ]VkZ \diiZc ^cid ^iÅi]ViÉh ]dl i]^c\h ldg` ]ZgZ0 hdbZi^bZh lZ cZZY kVa^YVi^dc [gdb :jgdeZ dg i]Z JH id hiVgi eVn^c\ ViiZci^dc id i]ZhZ i]^c\h# CVggdl"b^cYZY eZdeaZ i]^c` ^iÉh daY"[Vh]^dcZY VcY X]ZZhn VcY YdZhcÉi ]VkZ ^ciZgcVi^dcVa kVajZ! Wji l]Zc hdbZ \jn [gdb CZl Ndg` hVnh ^iÉh \gZVi! eZdeaZ XViX] je l^i] ^i#

BC/ >iÉh h^b^aVg id ]dl! ^c i]Z aViZ É,%h! i]Z GVbdcZh ]VY id \d id :c\aVcY id WZ kVa^YViZY# aVj\]iZg 7ji aZiÉh \Zi WVX` id i]Z hegZVY d[ XjbW^V i]gdj\] BZm^Xd# B</ D`Vn! lZaa! ^i ]VeeZcZY ^c i]Z É+%h# I]ZgZÉh i]^h gZXdgY aVWZa XVaaZY 9^hXdh ;jZciZh! i]Z Òghi VcY W^\\Zhi gZXdgY Xdb" eVcn d[ 8dadbW^V# 6XijVaan! nZhiZgYVn i]Zn lZgZ XZaZWgVi^c\ i]Z^g ,*i] Vcc^kZghVgn#

.%

je ]ZgZ ^c i]Z Cdgi] VcY Vahd ^c 8dadbW^V#

BVg^d <VaZVcd Idgd! aZVYZg d[ i]Z 7d\di{ WVcY ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd! ^h lZaa kZghZY ^c i]Z kVg^Z\ViZY ]^hidgn d[ XjbW^V! [gdb ^ih 6[gd"8Vg^WWZVc dg^\^ch id ^ih bdYZgc ZaZXigdc^X bVc^[ZhiVi^dch# =Z ^h dcZ d[ V gZaVi^kZ ]VcY[ja d[ egdYjXZgh l]d VgZ hegZVY^c\ XjbW^V ^c bjai^eaZ \Zd\gVe]^XVa Y^gZXi^dch# =daY^c\ i^\]i id V bjh^X i]Vi bVcn d[ ]^h XdbeVig^dih ]VY VWVcYdcZY ^c [Vkdg d[ g^kVa [dgbh a^`Z kVaaZcVid! <VaZVcd ]Vh hdj\]i id egZhZci ]^h dlc ZmeZg^bZciVa XjbW^V id Y^kZghZ VjY^ZcXZh ^c :jgdeZ VcY ZahZl]ZgZ! ldg`^c\ l^i] bVhiZg gZb^mZgh hjX] Vh BVY Egd[Zhhdg! l]d lVh VWaZ id XdaaVWdgViZ l^i] ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd i]Vc`h id V 7g^i^h] 8djcX^a \gVci# L]^aZ i]Z VaiZgcVi^kZ bjh^X hXZcZ ^c 8dadbW^V ]Vh gZ"ZbWgVXZY i]Z [dgb! <VaZVcd ]deZh i]Vi i]^h egdXZhh ZcYh l^i] V gZ"edejaVg^o^c\ d[ XjbW^V Vbdc\ i]Z 8dadbW^Vc \ZcZgVa ejWa^X# 6c Vk^Y XdaaZXidg d[ cdl gVgZ k^ciV\Z XjbW^V dc k^cna! ]Z ]Vh hiVgiZY V aVWZa! HVa\VZahda! l]dhZ b^hh^dc ^h id Y^\^i^oZ VcY gZ^hhjZ gZXdgY^c\h i]Vi VgZ WZ^c\ gVe^Yan adhi [gdb X^gXjaVi^dc#

ÅBVgX CVhYdg

Id hijbWaZ ^cid AdlZg BVc]ViiVcÉh HVcidh EVgin =djhZ dc V I]jghYVn c^\]i! l]Zc Jegddi 6cYn VcY <Z`d ?dcZh ]dhi bdci]an ÆFjZ 7V_d4 Ç eVgi^Zh! dg ^cid V FjZZch c^\]iXajW l]ZgZ hdc^YZgV 9?h VgZ WaVhi^c\ V W^oVggZ b^m d[ 8dadbW^Vc" BZm^XVc [da` VcY hiVcYVgY"[VgZ iZX]cd! ^h id eZZ` VgdjcY hdbZ XdgcZgh d[ V bjh]gddb^c\ bjh^X hXZcZ i]Vi bdhi CZl Ndg`Zgh ]VkZ eVhhZY l^i]dji cdi^X^c\# Cdi bVcn 6bZg^XVc ]^ehiZgh ÒcY i]Z^g lVn id XjbW^V eVgi^Zh#

7ji ^c i]Z eVX`ZY XajWh d[ 7jZcdh 6^gZh! ndjc\ edgiZ dh Vi O^oZ` 8daaZXi^kZ eVgi^Zh VgZ gZ_ZXi^c\ iVc\dÉh g^\^Y :jgdXZcig^hb VcY ÓdX`^c\ id gddih"WVhZY ZaZXigdc^X XjbW^V i]Z lVn 6bZg^XVc hjWjgWVc^iZh ZbWgVXZY ]^e"]de V \ZcZgVi^dc V\d# 6h l^i] Vcn edejaVg bjh^X i]Vi g^hZh [gdb eddg! gjgVa VgZVh VcY ^h aViZg ZbWgVXZY Wn i]Z b^YYaZ XaVhh! XjbW^V ^h V gZh^a^Zci [dgb i]Vi ]Vh VaadlZY [dg ZmeZg^bZciVi^dc l^i]dji dWa^iZgVi^c\ ^ih hdjgXZh# 6i ^ih gddi! ^i ^h Wdi] V bjh^XVa hinaZ VcY V [da` YVcXZ l^i] dg^\^ch WVhZY ^c i]Z 8dadbW^Vc XdVhi# >ih hegZVY WZ\Vc ^c i]Z É*%h! VcY AVi^c 6bZg^XVc kVg^Vcih WZ\Vc id Xgde je ^c i]Z [dgb d[ EZgjk^Vc X]^X]V! 6g\Zci^cZ k^aaZgV! VcY BZm^XVc hdc^YZgV! Vbdc\ di]Zgh# L^i] XjbW^V! XdciZmi ^h ZkZgni]^c\# L]^aZ V aVg\Z hZ\bZci d[ i]Z Hdji] 6bZg^XVc VcY BZm^XVc bjh^X ^cYjhign ]Vh WZZc jc"Y^hi^c\j^h]^c\ ^ihZa[ Wn ZbWgVX^c\ \ZcZg^X 6c\a^X^oZY gdX`! V [Zl ^ccdkVi^kZ bjh^X^Vch! egdYjXZgh! VcY 9?h ]VkZ WZZc fj^Zian nZi cd^h^an Òg^c\ XjbW^V h]dih VXgdhh i]Z Wdl d[ i]Z dc\d^c\ YZWViZ d[ l]Vi Xdchi^ijiZh AVi^c VaiZgcVi^kZ bjh^X#

8]"X]"8= Vh deedhZY id gZ\\VZidcÉh I=JB"i]"i]jb"i]jb ^h i]Z h^\cVijgZ d[ i]Z XdchiVcian bdge]^c\ hdjcY d[ i]Z cZl XjbW^V i]Vi Xdci^cjZh id hegZVY! hadlan Wji YZÒc^i^kZan# I]Vi V \ZcgZ VcX]dgZY Wn i]Z b^c^bVa hXgVeZ VcY Xa^X` [gdb V \jVX]VgVXV VcY V lddYWadX` ldjaY WZXdbZ i]Z WaVc` XVckVh [dg hd bjX] cZl bjh^X ^h hjgeg^h^c\! id hVn i]Z aZVhi# I]Z eVcdean d[ XjbW^V [dgbhÅi]Z bdhi igVY^i^dcVa VcY [da`adg^X! ZaZXigdc^X YVcXZ! cZVg"edgcd\gVe]^X h]Vcinidlc k^aaZgV gVe! VcY YjWWn gZb^mZh VgZ ZmeadY^c\ \adWVaan VcY nZi hi^aa [ZZa hVi^h[n^c\an jcYZg\gdjcY! -.

BJH>8

B6G>D <6A:6CD IDGD

.&

L=:C > H6N 8DADB7>6CH 6G: CDI A>HI:C>C< ID 8JB7>6! > B:6C I=6I I=: <:C:G6A EJ7A>8 >HCÉI# L>I= 6 <GDJE D; BJH>8>6CH 6C9 6GI>HIH! L: 6G: =6K>C< E6GI>:H L=:G: E:DEA: H=DL JE 7N I=: =JC9G:9H0 L:ÉG: B6@>C< DJG DLC H8:C:#

BC/ NZh! > hZZ ndj edhiZY ^i dc ndjg ;VXZWdd` eV\Z# aVj\]iZg I]ZnÉgZ ZkZgni]^c\! g^\]i4 ;gdb i]Z bdhi XdbbZgX^Va id ^cY^Z VcY bdgZ jcYZg\gdjcY bjh^X# B</ :kZgni]^c\# I]Zn Wdj\]i i]Z XViVad\jZ d[ Vaa i]Z hbVaaZg aVWZah dc i]Z XdVhi! hd cdl i]Zn dlc ZkZgni]^c\ ndjÉY lVci id ÒcY d[ 8Vg^WWZVc bjh^X! igde^XVa bjh^X# Hd i]ZhZ \jnh hiVgiZY XdccZXi^c\ l^i] di]Zg aVWZah [gdb AVi^c 6bZg^XV VcY h]Vg^c\ XdciZci# ;jZciZh lVh higdc\ l^i] XjbW^V! edggd! ejnV! bZgZXjbW #

BC/ 8Vc ndj YZÒcZ i]dhZ hinaZh4 B</ I]ZnÉgZ Vaa hdgi d[ gZaVi^kZh# Edggd lVh higdc\ ^c i]Z É*%h!

VcY i]Vi lVh l]Vi XVj\]i i]Z ViiZci^dc d[ i]Z BZm^XVch# ;gdb i]Z É(%h i]gdj\] i]Z É*%h BZm^Xd ]VY V higdc\ X^cZbV ^cYjhign VcY i]Zn bVYZ V adi d[ bjh^XVa bdk^Zh l]ZgZ i]Zn VgZ eaVn^c\ XjbW^V# Dc NdjIjWZ ndj XVc ÒcY hdbZ BZm^XVc bdk^Zh [gdb i]Z É*%h l]ZgZ i]ZnÉgZ _jhi eaVn^c\ a^kZ XjbW^V VcY edggd >i lVh hdgi d[ i]Z deedh^i^dc id l]Vi 8jWVc bjh^X gZegZhZciZY! WZXVjhZ i]Z 8jWVc bjh^X hXZcZ lVh VWdji i]Z bVbWd VcY i]Z X]V"X]V"X]V VcY Vaa d[ i]ZhZ di]Zg g]ni]bh#

BC/ >c 8jWV ndj ]VY hVahV VcY hda VcY Vaa i]Z di]Zg gZaViZY [dgbh# B</ 6cY ^iÉh kZgn Zk^YZci! i]Z Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc i]Z ild [Vb^a^Zh d[ 8dadbW^Vc XjbW^V VcY 8jWVc bjh^X# 6[iZg i]Z É+%h! i]Z b^YYaZ XaVhh WZXVbZ i]Z bV^c XdchjbZg d[ XjbW^V# I]Zc V adi d[ igde^XVa WVcYh ZbZg\ZY ^c BZm^Xd i]Vi hiVgiZY eaVn^c\ a^kZ XjbW^V WZXVjhZ ^iÉh cdi hd hncXdeViZY VcY ^iÉh ZVh^Zg [dg i]Z eZdeaZ l]d ]VkZcÉi ^cXdgedgViZY i]Z jeWZVi i]^c\ id eaVn# 7n i]Z aViZ É+%h! XjbW^V lVh ZhiVWa^h]ZY ^c i]Z b^YYaZ XaVhh ^c BZm^Xd 8^in# 7ji cdgi] ^c BdciZggZn! i]ZgZÉh V fj^iZ Y^[[ZgZci hidgn/ i]ZgZ i]Z eZdeaZ l]d a^`ZY ^i lZgZ i]Z adlZg XaVhhZh#

BC/ 6gdjcY l]^X] nZVgh VgZ ndj iVa`^c\ VWdji cdl4 B</ I]^h ^h VgdjcY É,* dclVgY# I]Zn adkZY 8dadbW^Vc bjh^X0 i]Zn hiVgiZY id \Zi gZVaan ^cid ^i! id i]Z ed^ci i]Vi idYVn! Vaa i]Z eZdeaZ l]d a^hiZc id XjbW^V ^c BdciZggZn XVaa i]Zb" hZakZh 8dadbW^Vch# aVj\]iZg I]Zn hVn i]Z eZdeaZ VgdjcY i]Zb [gdb i]Z ]^\]Zg XaVhhZh iVa` Ydlc id i]Zb! hVn i]ZnÉgZ XgVon [dg WZ^c\ hd ^cid i]Z XjaijgZ# > lVh Yd^c\ V gZh^YZcXn ^c BZm^Xd VcY > lZci id BdciZggZn [dg V bdci]# I]Zn ]VkZ i]^h W^oVggZ XdcXZei^dc d[ l]Vi 8dadbW^V ^h/ Vi i]Z WVgh l]ZgZ i]Zn eaVn XjbW^V! i]Zn eV^ci i]Z 8dadbW^Vc ÓV\ dc i]Z lVaa VcY lZVg i]Z ine^XVa ]Vih d[ i]Z XdVhi# I]ZnÉgZ kZgn egdjY d[ ^i0 i]ZnÉgZ 8dadbW^Vch! 8dadbW^Vch! 8dadbW^Vch >iÉh Vc VbVo^c\ ZmVbeaZ d[ i]Z Veegdeg^Vi^dc d[ XjaijgZ#

BC/ >iÉh ^ciZgZhi^c\ i]Vi i]^h ldjaY ]VeeZc ^c BdciZggZn! Vc ^cYjhig^Va X^in ^c i]Z cdgi]! cdi cZVg i]Z XdVhi# B</ NZV]! dcan i]gZZ ]djgh VlVn [gdb i]Z JH WdgYZg# >iÉh [jccn! Vaa i]Z \Vc\hiZgh ^c 7d\di{! dg ^c bdhi X^i^Zh! ]VkZ i]^h gZVaan jgWVc i]^c\ ]VeeZc^c\0 i]Zn \Zi ^c idjX] l^i] ]^e"]de! g^\]i4 7ji ^c BdciZggZnÅV gZVaan W^\ X^in VcY hjeZg XadhZ id i]Z JHÅi]ZnÉgZ cdi ^cid ]^e"]de Vi Vaa# I]ZnÉgZ ^cid XjbW^V VcY kVaaZcVid I]ViÉh _jhi XgVon! bVc#

BC/ LZaa! i]Zn ]VkZ \ddY iVhiZ# 8jggZcian i]ZgZÉh Vahd i]Z XdZm^hiZcXZ d[ i]Z gZaVi^kZan cZlZg XjbW^V d[ 8Zahd E^ V VcY :a <gVc H^aZcX^d! VcY! Vh V BZm^XVc

[g^ZcY hj\\ZhiZY! i]Z ]^ehiZg"ViigVXi^c\ bjh^X d[ i]Z BdciZggZn WVcY @^c`n! dg di]Zg BZm^XVc VaiZgcVi^kZ gdX` \gdjeh# B</ > hZZ ild Y^[[ZgZci higVcYh/ i]Z jcYZg\gdjcY hXZcZ VcY i]Z XdbbZgX^Va hXZcZ# I]ZnÉgZ kZgn Y^[[ZgZci VeegdVX]Zh0 hdbZi^bZh i]Z XdbbZgX^Va hdaji^dc YdZhcÉi idjX] i]Z ZhhZcXZ d[ l]Vi i]Z XjbW^V XjaijgZ ^h ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV# > ldjaY hVn bdhi d[ i]Z i]^c\h ]VeeZc^c\ ^c BZm^Xd! 7jZcdh 6^gZh! 8dadbW^V! VcY CZl Ndg` ]VkZ id Yd l^i] i]Z jcYZg" \gdjcY hXZcZ VcY gZaViZ id YVcXZ Óddg hij[[Åi]ViÉh i]Z cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ XjbW^V VcY l]Vi ^h XViX]^c\ i]Z ViiZci^dc d[ hd bVcn eZdeaZ ^c i]Z ldgaY#

BC/ NZh! Wji i]^h hXZcZ ^h gjcc^c\ eVgVaaZa id hdbZ WVcYh a^`Z i]Z [dgbZg 8dcigda BVX]ZiZ dg EaVhi^a^cV Bdh]# >Éb i]^c`^c\ d[ i]dhZ i]Vi jhZY ]^e"]de! a^`Z Bdadidk [gdb BZm^Xd 8^in# 6cdi]Zg eVgVaaZa >ÉY a^`Z id Vh` ndj VWdji ^h gdX` dg ZkZc 7g^i"ede# >ÉkZ cdi^XZY ^c BZm^Xd VcY ZahZl]ZgZ ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV WVcYh i]Vi VgZ h^bean ^b^iVi^c\ 6bZg^XVc VcY 7g^i^h] ^cY^Z gdX`# B</ NZV]! ^i hZZbh a^`Z i]ViÉh VXijVaan -% eZgXZci d[ i]Z bjh^X i]Vi ^h YdcZ ]ZgZ0 ndj XVccdi ^bV\^cZ ]dl bVcn [jX`" ^c\ WVcYh VgZ h^c\^c\ ^c :c\a^h]! ]VkZ :c\a^h] cVbZh! VcY VgZ hdjcY^c\ a^`Z i]Z bjh^X ndjÉkZ ]ZVgY V i]djhVcY i^bZh WZ[dgZ#

BC/ 6cdi]Zg `^cY d[ igVY^i^dcVa XjbW^V ^h dcZ i]Vi > [djcY gZXZcian l^i] i]Z \gdje XVaaZY Adh NZh NZh# I]ZnÉgZ jh^c\ V adi d[ 6cY^cd hdjcYh a^`Z ÓjiZh VcY 6cY^cd e^eZh# IZaa bZ VWdji i]Z 6cYZVc ^cÓjZcXZ ^c BZm^XVc XjbW^V# B</ I]ZgZÉh V ]j\Z 6cYZVc XjbW^V hinaZ ^c BZm^XdÅgZVaan W^\ h^cXZ i]Z É-%h# >i ]Vh id Yd l^i] i]Z hdc^YZgd WVcYh#

BC/ AZiÉh hiVgi Wn YZÒc^c\ XjbW^V hdc^YZgV# B</ >iÉh gZVaan ^bedgiVci# Hdc^YZgd XjaijgZ ^h a^`Z hdjcY hnhiZb XjaijgZ ^c BZm^Xd# I]Zn ]VkZ ]VY V ]j\Z igVY^i^dc ^c i]^h h^cXZ i]Z É,%h0 W^\ djiYddg eVgi^Zh l^i] igjX`adVYh d[ Zfj^ebZci i]Vi bdkZ Vaa VgdjcY i]Z Xdjcign# > lVh gZXZcian heZV`^c\ l^i] dcZ d[ i]Z Òghi hdc^YZgdh ^c BdciZggZn! Hdc^Yd 9jZ Zh# I]Zn hiVgiZY i]Z^g dlc egdYjXi^dch VgdjcY BZm^Xd 8^in ^c i]Z ZVgan É-%h! Yd^c\ kZgh^dch d[ daY 8dadbW^Vc ijcZh Wji l^i] hnci]Zh^oZgh! _jhi bV`^c\ cZl kZgh^dch! V `^cY d[ hnci]Zi^X XjbW^V# I]Zn ^cigdYjXZY V l]daZ cZl lVn d[ bV`" ^c\ XjbW^V! WZXVjhZ ]ZgZ cdWdYn lVh Yd^c\ XjbW^V l^i] hnci]Zh^oZgh VcY Ygjb bVX]^cZh#

BC/ 7Z[dgZ lZ bdkZ dc id bdYZgc XjbW^V! aZiÉh iVa` VWdji 6g\Zci^cV# B</ 6g\Zci^cV ^h Vahd V kZgn heZX^Va XVhZ# H^cXZ i]Z É+%h i]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ 8dadbW^Vc bjh^X WZ^c\ eaVnZY i]ZgZ# I]Zn egZ[ZggZY XjbW^V hdjcYh dkZg 8jWVc hdjcYh! VcY WVcYh a^`Z :a 8jVgiZid >beZg^Va hiVgiZY eaVn^c\ XjbW^V ^c 6g\Zci^cV# >i lVh hdgi d[ b^YYaZ XaVhh! Wji i]Zc i]ZgZ lVh i]Z ]j\Z ZXd" cdb^X Xg^h^h ^c 6g\Zci^cV WZ\^cc^c\ ^c i]Z aViZ É.%h# 6gdjcY i]^h i^bZ! i]Z eddgZg eZdeaZ YZkZadeZY i]Z^g dlc hinaZ d[ XjbW^VÅXjbW^V k^aaZgVÅl]^X] ^h WVh^XVaan \Vc\hiZg XjbW^V#

BC/ >h i]ZgZ V eVgVaaZa id 7gVo^a^Vc WV^aZ [jc`4 B</ 9ZÒc^iZan! ^iÉh \]Ziid bjh^X! heZV`^c\ VWdji edkZgin!

Ygj\h! egdhi^iji^dc! \jch# >[ ndj hZZ 6g\Zci^cZ cZlheVeZg

.'

BJH>8

B6G>D <6A:6CD IDGD

Vgi^XaZh VgdjcY '%%% dc XjbW^V k^aaZgV! i]Zn hVn ^iÉh i]Z ldghi i]^c\ i]Vi XdjaY ZkZg ]VeeZc id 6g\Zci^cV# 6g\Zci^cZh VgZ gZVaan ^cid gdX`# Hd ^i Y^YcÉi \d dkZg lZaa Vi Vaa! Wji i]Zc i]Z k^aaZgV \jnh hiVgiZY id eaVn l^i] hnci]Zh^oZgh VcY WZVih! kZgn ^cÓjZcXZY Wn i]Z BZm^XVc hdc^YZgd hdjcY# 6 kZgn ^bedgiVci ijgc^c\ ed^ci ]VY id Yd l^i] i]Z ^cÓjZcXZ d[ 9jiX] Vgi^hi!

9^X` :a 9ZbVh^VYd# =Z XVbZ id 6g\Zci^cV VgdjcY '%%& l]Zc ^i lVh YZÒc^iZan eda^i^XVaan ^cXdggZXi id bZci^dc XjbW^V id ]^\]Zg"XaVhh ZaZXigdc^X bjh^X eZdeaZ! VcY ]Z XVbZ dji l^i] V hinaZ i]Vi ]Z XVaah ÆajcVi^X XjbW^V#Ç >iÉh kZgn ZmeZg^bZciVa hij[[! Wji ]^h WZ^c\ 9jiX] h]dd` hdbZ d[ i]Z egZXdcXZei^dch eZdeaZ ]VY! VcY ]Z hiVgiZY V bdkZbZci ^c 7jZcdh 6^gZh# 6aa d[ i]Z i]^c\h ]VeeZc^c\ ^c i]Z XajW O^oZ` ]VkZ Vc dg^\^c ^c l]Vi 9^X` Y^Y l^i] i]Z ;Zhi^XjbZm#

BC/ LdjaY ndj hVn i]Vi 6g\Zci^cZh k^Zl XjbW^V Vh i]Z Vci^"iVc\d4 B</ NZV]! ZmVXian#

BC/ >ÉkZ WZZc [ZZa^c\ i]Vi ^c bn Y^hXjhh^dch l^i] 6g\Zci^cZh ^c i]Z^g i]^gi^Zh! [dgi^Zh! Ò[i^Zh# :heZX^Vaan i]Z dcZh l]d VgZ [VcVi^XVa VWdji iVc\d# >iÉh Vabdhi a^`Z i]Z XaVhh^hi dg gVX^hi gZVXi^dch 6bZg^XVc gdX`Zgh ]VY idlVgYh ]^e"]de dg Y^hXd l]Zc i]Zn Òghi VeeZVgZY#

AZiÉh hl^iX] id XjggZci XjbW^V# H]djaY lZ hiVgi l^i]

6g\Zci^cV dg Yd ndj lVci id hiVgi l^i] 8dadbW^V4 B</ AZiÉh hiVgi l^i] 6g\Zci^cV! VcY i]Zc lZ XVc \d [dg 8dadbW^V! l]^X] ^h bdgZ bn ÒZaY# >c 6g\Zci^cV i]ZgZÉh i]^h ]neZ VgdjcY O^oZ` i]Vi ]Vh \diiZc hd ]j\Z# >i ]Vh V adi id Yd l^i] Wad\\Zg XjaijgZ# I]ZhZ \jnh ]VY ZmiZch^kZ XdciVXi l^i] Wad\h ldgaYl^YZ VcY VgZ \Zii^c\ V adi d[ k^h^W^a^in# >i Vahd ]VY id Yd l^i] i]Z k^h^W^a^in i]Vi eZdeaZ a^`Z 9^ead dg B#>#6# ]VY ild dg i]gZZ nZVgh V\d! eaVn^c\ l^i] Zmdi^X jgWVc WZVih [gdb [Vg"d[[ eaVXZh# A^`Z `jYjgd [gdb 6c\daV dg WV^aZ [jc` [gdb 7gVo^a# I]ZgZ lVh V \ZcZgVi^dc i]Vi hiVgiZY id add` [dg di]Zg `^cYh d[ jgWVc bjh^X! VcY O^oZ` WVh^XVaan VeeZVgZY Vi i]Z g^\]i i^bZ! g^\]i eaVXZ# > lZci bVnWZ ild nZVgh V\d VcY i]ZgZ lZgZ a^`Z (% eZdeaZ i]ZgZ#

BC/ I]^h lVh Yjg^c\ i]Z eVgi^Zh i]Vi <gVci 9jaa :a < ]VY4 =ZÉh 6bZg^XVc! g^\]i4 > bZi ]^b Yjg^c\ i]Z AVi^c 6aiZgcVi^kZ Bjh^X 8dc[ZgZcXZ0 ]Z hZZbh id WZ hdbZdcZ l]dÉh Yd^c\ ^ciZgZhi^c\ ldg` ^c i]Vi ÒZaY Vh lZaa# B</ =Z dg\Vc^oZh i]Z ad\^hi^Xh VcY XdciVXih WZ]^cY O^oZ`# I]^h cZl \ZcZgVi^dc ^h iVee^c\ ^cid hdbZ Y^[[ZgZci hinaZh0 i]Z ZVga^Zg 6g\Zci^cZh lZgZ bdgZ ^cid i]Z X]ZZhn i]^c\! hdgi d[ bV`^c\ [jc d[ ^i VcY i]ViÉh hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi cdlVYVnh ^h hiVgi^c\ id WZ gZZkVajViZY# 6i i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ i]ZgZ lZgZ V adi d[ bjh^X^Vch _jhi ign^c\ id hdjcY adlZg"XaVhh# =ZgZ ^c AVi^c 6bZg^XV i]ZgZ VgZ V adi d[ XaVhh ^hhjZh#

BC/ <Zii^c\ ^cid 8dadbW^Vc hij[[! i]Z bdYZgc Xjb" W^V \gdjeh i]Vi ]VkZ gZVaan bVYZ V ]^i ^c CZl Ndg` VgZ BdcVgZiV VcY 7dbWV :hi gZd# 7dbWV :hi gZd ]VY i]Vi ldcYZg[ja ]^i i]^h hjbbZg! Æ;jZ\d#Ç 6XijVaan! i]Z l]daZ VaWjb 7adl Je ^h fj^iZ ldcYZg[ja# B</ I]Z \jnh [gdb BdcVgZiV lZgZ a^k^c\ ^c CZl Ndg` Vi dcZ ed^ci hd i]Zn \di ijcZY ^cid i]Z CZl Ndg` hXZcZ# 6XijVaan! 6cYg h BVgi cZo! i]Z \j^iVg^hi [dg i]Z WVcY lVh eaVn^c\ \j^iVg [dg i]Z egd_ZXi lZ _jhi Y^Y l^i] i]Z YjW egd" YjXZg BVY Egd[Zhhdg# LZ Y^Y i]gZZ YVnh d[ gZXdgY^c\h VcY gZXdgYZY Z^\]i igVX`h l^i] ]^b! ÒkZ XdbedhZY Wn bZ VcY i]Z di]Zg i]gZZ ^begdk^hZY Wn Vaa d[ jh ^c i]Z hijY^d# >i lVh

kZgn ^bedgiVci id ]VkZ V W^\ eZghdcVa^in a^`Z BVY Egd[Zhhdg WZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Yd^c\ V XjbW^V egd_ZXi# LZÉgZ Yd^c\ V egd_" ZXi XVaaZY IgVchcVi^dcVa 8jbW^V! hedchdgZY Wn i]Z 7g^i^h] 8djcX^a#

6cY nZV]! 7dbWV :hi gZd ^h gZVaan W^\ g^\]i cdl0 > bZVc! i]ZnÉgZ \d^c\ id eaVn ^c ?VeVc# I]ZnÉgZ egdWVWan i]Z bdhi ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XjbW^V VXi lZ ]VkZ#

BC/ =Vk^c\ hZZc i]Zb a^kZ! >ÉY hVn i]Zn YZÒc^iZan YZhZgkZ ^i# I]ZgZÉh hjX] V hZchZ d[ ldcYZg ^c i]Z Æ;jZ\dÇ k^YZd! l]Zc ZkZgnWdYn XdbZh dji ^cid i]Z higZZi0 ^iÉh kZgn YZbdXgVi^X! ZkZgnWdYnÉh ZfjVa# ;gdb V eda^i^XVa hiVcYed^ci! > i]^c` ^iÉh gZVaan edh^i^kZ#

AZiÉh \Zi ^cid ndjg WVcY ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd VcY

]dl i]Vi YZkZadeZY dji d[ :chVbWaZ Eda^[ c^Xd

KVaaZcVid# B</ LZaa! > ]VY hiVgiZY id Yd i]^c\h l^i] 8dadbW^Vc bjh^X VcY i]Zc > lZci id hijYn Xdbedh^i^dc ^c GdiiZgYVb# Hd > lVh aZVgc^c\ VWdji 6[g^XVc VcY 6gVW^X bjh^X! hadlan hiVgi^c\ id ÒcY i]Z XdccZXi^dch WZilZZc Vaa d[ i]^h hij[[# > lVh aZVgc^c\ VWdji di]Zg bjh^X VcY eaVn^c\ l^i] bjh^X^Vch [gdb Vaa dkZg i]Z ldgaY! Yd^c\ i]Z hX]daVg i]^c\# I]Zc VgdjcY '%%)! > hiVgi" ZY id Yd hdbZ XjbW^V egd_ZXih ^c =daaVcY VcY > \di ^c idjX] l^i] 9^X` Za 9ZbVh^VYd# 6i i]^h ed^ci i]ZgZ lVh hi^aa gZVaan cdi]^c\ ]VeeZc^c\ l^i] XjbW^V# >c 8dadbW^V i]ZgZ lVh V cZl \ZcZgVi^dc d[ eZdeaZ [gdb 7d\di{ gZhZVgX]^c\ VcY eaVn" ^c\ i]Z gddih h^YZ d[ XjbW^V! eaVn^c\ \V^iVh VcY VaZ\gZ Ygjbh! \d^c\ id i]Z XdVhi id aZVgc l^i] i]Z bVhiZgh! VcY gZVaan aZVgc" ^c\ i]Z igVY^i^dc# > idd` V Y^[[ZgZci VeegdVX]Å> lVh bdgZ ^ciZgZhiZY ^c XjbW^V Vh V AVi^c 6bZg^XVc bjh^X hinaZÅhd > hiVgiZY Yd^c\ egd_ZXih l^i] \jnh [gdb 6g\Zci^cV VcY [gdb BZm^Xd# 6ai]dj\] XjbW^V ^h hjX] V ]j\Z i]^c\ ]ZgZ! cdWdYn `cdlh i]ZgZ ^h XjbW^V ^c 6g\Zci^cV! XjbW^V ^c BZm^Xd! i]Vi i]ZgZ ^h XjbW^V VbVo c^XV ^c EZgj! Vaa i]ZhZ Y^[[ZgZci hinaZh#

BC/ Hd ndjÉgZ hVn^c\ 8dadbW^Vch VgZcÉi gZVaan a^hiZc^c\ id cdc"8dadbW^Vc bjh^X4 B</ LZaa! i]ZnÉgZ a^hiZc^c\ id gdX`! Wji eZdeaZ YdcÉi gZVaan `cdl ]dl ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XjbW^V ^h# 8jbW^V hideeZY WZ^c\ XdbbZgX^Vaan gZXdgYZY ^c i]Z É-%h# H^cXZ i]Zc! kVaaZcVid idd` dkZg XdbeaZiZan# I]ZgZÉh V W^\ Y^[[ZgZcXZ WZilZZc XjbW^V VcY kVaaZcVid! hd i]Z hVY djiXdbZ ^h i]Vi XjbW^V ^c 8dadbW^V h^cXZ i]Z É-%h ^h VhhdX^ViZY l^i] 8]g^hibVh#

BC/ 8]g^hibVh L]n4 B</ 9ZXZbWZg ^h l]Zc i]Z W^\ eVgi^Zh VgZ! VcY i]ZgZÉh i]^h cdhiVa\^X i]^c\ ^c 9ZXZbWZg0 ^iÉh hdgi d[ k^ZlZY Vh daY" [Vh]^dcZY#

BC/ 7ji cdi kVaaZcVid4 B</ Cd! kVaaZcVid ^h hjeZg XjggZci# I]ZgZ VgZ a^`Z *%% WVcYh eaVn^c\ kVaaZcVid! Wji i]ZgZÉh cdi ZkZc dcZ WVcY XdbbZgX^Vaan eaVn^c\ XjbW^V#

BC/ Hd ]dl YdZh ndjg WVcY ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd Òi ^cid i]^h4 B</ > lVciZY id Yd V egd_ZXi l]ZgZ XjbW^V lVh h]dlc Vh hdbZi]^c\ i]Vi lVh cdi daY"[Vh]^dcZY! Vh V XjggZci bjh^X hinaZ# Hd >ÉkZ YdcZ i]^c\h a^`Z 9?^c\ VcY eaVn^c\ k^cna id h]dl eZdeaZ l]d VgZ ^cid gdX` i]Vi i]ZgZÉh hdbZi]^c\ ZahZ# 6cY > hiVgiZY ldg`^c\ l^i] di]Zg bjh^X^Vch [gdb AVi^c 6bZg^XV#

BC/ >i hZZbh a^`Z i]ZgZ VgZ ild h^YZh id ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd/ dcZ d[ l]^X] ^h heZX^ÒX id 8dadbW^V VcY i]Z di]Zg WZ^c\ ^ih eVgi^X^eVi^dc ^c i]Z aVg\Zg! ^ciZgcVi^dcVa

.(

7DB7

I=: 6B:G>86H >HHJ:

XjbW^V hXZcZ# B</ NZh! >Éb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c 8dadbW^Vc g]ni]b^X VcY bZadY^X e]gVh^c\! Wji! Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ! >Éb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c WZ^c\ XdccZXiZY l^i] i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa XjbW^V hXZcZ# > YdcÉi hZZ bnhZa[ Vh V igVY^i^dcVa^hi# I]Z cVbZ d[ bn egd_ZXi! ;gZciZ 8jbW^ZgdÅl]^X] bZVch ÆXjbW^V [gdciÇÅ^h VWdji i]^h Xdb" bjc^in0 ^iÉh cdi i]Z BVg^d <VaZVcd Egd_ZXi! ndj `cdl4 Bn bV^c ^ciZgZhi ^h cdi id eji dji V gZVaan ]di gZXdgY! hd Vaa d[ i]ZhZ nZVgh >ÉkZ WZZc higZc\i]Zc^c\ i^Zh l^i] i]Z di]Zg Xjb" W^V hXZcZh i]gdj\] hbVaaZg egd_ZXih# CdlVYVnh! l]Vi > Yd ^h hiVgi^c\ id \Zi V W^i bdgZ cdidg^Zin! > \jZhh WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z Xdch^hiZcXn d[ ^i

BC/ 6Wdji i]Z ZmeVch^dc d[ XjbW^V/ i]Z jcYZg\gdjcY eVgi^Zh ]VkZ WZZc \d^c\ dc [dg V nZVg ^c CZl Ndg`Åi]Zn XVaa i]Zb igde^XVa YVcXZ eVgi^ZhÅl]^X] b^\]i ^cXdg" edgViZ gZ\\VZ VcY YVcXZ]Vaa VcY di]Zg hinaZh a^`Z i]Vi ^cid XjbW^V# Ndj lZgZcÉi VadcZ ^c hVn^c\ ]dl ^bedgiVci XjbW^V ^h# B</ >Éb YZÒc^iZan cdi VadcZ# L]Zc > hVn 8dadbW^Vch VgZ cdi a^hiZc^c\ id XjbW^V! > bZVc i]Vi i]Z \ZcZgVa ejWa^X ^hcÉi# L^i] V \gdje d[ bjh^X^Vch VcY Vgi^hih! lZ VgZ ]Vk^c\ eVgi^Zh l]ZgZ eZdeaZ h]dl je Wn i]Z ]jcYgZYh0 lZÉgZ bV`^c\ djg dlc hXZcZ# >[ ndj \d V gZXdgY hidgZ ^c 7d\di{! eZdeaZ ldcÉi h]dl ndj l]Vi i]Z \ddY hij[[ ^h# Hd i]ZgZÉh V adhi XdccZX" i^dc l^i] i]Z Xdbbdc eZdeaZÅi]ViÉh l]Vi > bZVc l]Zc > hVn i]Vi cdWdYn ^h Yd^c\ i]Vi# G^\]i cdl ^iÉh YZÒc^iZan Vc jcYZg" \gdjcY hXZcZ#

BC/ 9ZhXg^WZ ;gZciZ 8jbW^ZgdÉh bjh^X# B</ I]Z bV^c i]^c\h i]Vi \d ^cid bn bjh^X VgZ 8dadbW^Vc hdjcYhÅi]Z XaVhh^X hdjcYh [gdb i]Z É*%h VcY É+%h# ;dg nZVgh! >ÉkZ WZZc ^cid i]Z bjh^X d[ 6cYg h AVcYZgd0 ]ZÉh gZVaan `Zn id i]^h l]daZ i]^c\# > ig^ZY id gZ^ciZgegZi ]^h bjh^X l^i] cZl iddah# > lVci id ]VkZ kZgn Y^kZghZ [dgbVihÅ&+ ]dgch! V fjVg" iZi! _jhi V XdbejiZg# >Éb ^ciZgZhiZY ^c Zmeadg^c\ i]Z XjbW^V VZhi]Zi^X d[ i]Z 8dadbW^Vc XdVhi VcY \^k^c\ ^i bn dlc ^ciZg" egZiVi^dc# >Éb Vahd V W^\ gZXdgY XdaaZXidg VcY >Éb ValVnh add`" ^c\ [dg daY XjbW^V gZXdgYh# BVnWZ ndj `cdl i]Vi WZXVjhZ d[ i]^h XjbW^V ]neZ! :c\a^h] VcY 6bZg^XVc \jnh VgZ Xdb^c\ id Wjn Vaa i]Z XjbW^V gZXdgYh i]Zn XVc ÒcY ^c i]Z Xdjcign! hd ^iÉh \Zii^c\ ]VgY id ÒcY dg^\^cVa k^cna# I]ZhZ \jnh Wjn gZVaan W^\ adih WZXVjhZ i]Zn ]VkZ hidgZh id hjeean#

BC/ >h i]^h bjh^X i]Vi ]Vh cdi WZZc gZ"bVhiZgZY VcY eji dcid 894 B</ G^\]i! YZÒc^iZan cdi#

BC/ ?jhi a^hiZc^c\ id ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd! i]Z igVX`h VgZ l^aYan Y^[[ZgZci [gdb ZVX] di]Zg# Ndj bZci^dcZY ]dl ndj YdcÉi lVci id WZ i^ZY Ydlc id dcZ hinaZ# B</ >Éb cdi Yd^c\ hdbZi]^c\ l^i] V XdbbZgX^Va VeegdVX]! hd >Éb cdi gZVaan [dgXZY id hiVn l^i] V [dgbjaV# >Éb _jhi ^ciZgZhiZY ^c bV`^c\ egd_ZXih i]Vi idjX] Y^[[ZgZci eaVXZh# > YdcÉi i]^c` l]Vi >Éb Yd^c\ ]Vh Vcni]^c\ id Yd l^i] i]ZhZ cZl igZcYh d[ i]Z aVhi [Zl nZVgh# >Éb _jhi eVn^c\ ]dbV\Z id i]Z bjh^X > adkZ i]Z bdhi#

BC/ Hd ^[ ndj lZgZ \d^c\ id bV`Z V a^hi YZhXg^W^c\ i]Z ine^XVa XdcXZgi! i]ZgZ ldjaY WZ V cjbWZg d[ hinaZh ]Ve" eZc^c\ ^c i]Z hVbZ ZkZc^c\# B</ NZV]# AViZan > Yd V adi d[ hZih [gdb i]Z XdbejiZg! l^i] V b^c^"`ZnWdVgY VcY hdbZ gZXdgYh! hd >Éb Wn bnhZa[# > ]VkZ Vcdi]Zg [dgbVi i]Vi ^h l^i] igdbWdcZ! hVm! V eZgXjhh^dc^hi!

VcY V XdbejiZg# >i _jhi YZeZcYh dc i]Z adXVi^dc# 7ji i]Z eVg" i^Zh lZÉkZ WZZc Yd^c\ [dg i]Z aVhi h^m bdci]h VgZ bdgZ _jhi bZ dc i]Z Xdcigdah! eaVn^c\ hdbZ gZXdgYhÅhij[[ [gdb i]Z É*%h! É+%h! É,%h! VcY É-%h#

BC/ Hd ndjÉgZ VXi^c\ Vh Wdi] i]Z 9? VcY V XgZVi^kZ Vgi" ^hi Vi i]Z hVbZ i^bZ4 B</ NZV]! >Éb b^m^c\ i]Z ild#

BC/ L]^X] hinaZh YdZh ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd ZcXdbeVhh4 B</ > ldjaY ÒcY bn ^cÓjZcXZh ^c XjbW^V l^i] VXXdgY^dc0 Vahd i]Z WgVhh WVcYh i]Vi VgZ XVaaZY eZaVnZgV WVcYh# I]ZhZ VgZ gZaViZY hinaZh l^i] Y^[[ZgZci g]ni]bh VcY e]gVh^c\h! bZadY^" XVaan# >Éb gZhidg^c\ i]ZhZ hinaZh# :Vgan kVaaZcVid! WjaaZgZc\jZ! VcY \V^iV hinaZh Vahd XdbZ ^cid i]Z b^m# 7ji gZVaan! Vaa i]Z Y^[[ZgZci XjbW^Vh [gdb AVi^c 6bZg^XV VgZ g^\]i i]ZgZ# >Éb ZheZX^Vaan ^ciZgZhiZY ^c ]dl XjbW^V hdc^YZgV! gZWV_VYV! k^a" aZgV! VbVo c^XV! VcY ajc{i^XV XVc Wg^c\ cZl VZhi]Zi^Xh ^cid igVY^i^dcVa 8dadbW^Vc XjbW^V#

BC/ =dl bjX] YdZh h`V dg gZ\\VZ ^cÓjZcXZ 8dadbW^Vc bjh^X4 I]Z gZVhdc > bZci^dc h`V ^h WZXVjhZ ndj hed`Z VWdji eaVn^c\ l^i] ]dgch ^c ndjg WVcY0 > hje" edhZ ^iÉh V XnXaZ# H`V WZ\Vc ^c ?VbV^XV ^c i]Z ZVgan É+%h!

Y^hVeeZVgZY! XVbZ WVX` Vh 7g^i^h] h`V! Y^hVeeZVgZY! VcY XVbZ WVX` Vh 8Va^[dgc^V h`V ejc`# I]Z Gjhh^Vc WVcY AZc^c\gVY lVh \Vc\hiZg h`V B</ >iÉh cdi hd bjX] Vc ^cÓjZcXZ Vh V Xd^cX^YZcXZ# H`V lVh cdi bjX] d[ Vc ^cÓjZcXZ dc 8dadbW^Vc bjh^X# Ndj ÒcY hdbZ gZVaan daY edggd ijcZh i]Vi VgZ ZmVXian a^`Z É+%h h`V [gdb ?VbV^XV! Wji i]ZnÉgZ [gdb i]Z É*%h0 ^i ]Vh id Yd l^i] i]Z Xd^c" X^YZcXZh d[ i]Z higjXijgZ d[ Wdi] bjh^Xh# 6h l^i] gZ\\VZ VcY h`V! i]Z WVhh^hih VgZ ValVnh dc i]Z higdc\ WZVih! VcY i]Z ]dgc VXXZcih VgZ dc i]Z jeWZVih! hd i]ZgZÉh V hncXdeVi^dc# b^b^Xh V WZVi LZ ]VkZ djg dlc ]j\Z igVY^i^dc d[ ]dgc bjh^X/ eZaVn" ZgV# I]Zn eaVn edggd VcY [VcYVc\d! VcY Wdi] VgZ &%% eZgXZci ]dgc bjh^X#

BC/ =Vh i]Z 7Va`Vc"AVi^c XdccZXi^dc i]Vi ndj ZcXdjc" iZgZY ^c :jgdeZ ^cÓjZcXZY ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd4 B</ > adkZ \nehn bjh^X [gdb i]Z 7Va`Vch! VcY > XVc gZVaan ^YZci^[n l]ZgZ i]Z ild igVY^i^dch bZZi# >iÉh Vahd ^ciZgZhi^c\ id hZZ ]dl i]ZgZ b^\]i WZ bdgZ i]Vc _jhi V XVhjVa XdccZXi^dc# >ÉkZ XdbZ je l^i] V i]Zdgn i]Vi ]Vh id Yd l^i] ]dl WVcYV eZaVnZgV XjaijgZ hiVgiZY VgdjcY i]Z aViZ &.i] XZcijgn dc i]Z XdVhi# I]ZgZ lZgZ i]ZhZ W^\ aVcYdlcZgh l]d! ^c i]Z aViZ &.i] XZcijgn! lZgZ ign^c\ id egdkZ i]Z^g edlZg id i]Z di]Zg aVcYdlcZgh! hd i]Zn YZX^YZY id ^bedgi adVYh d[ WgVhh ^chigj" bZcih# I]Z eZVhVcih i]ZgZ lZgZ bV^can b^mZY Zi]c^X^i^ZhÅ >cY^Vch VcY WaVX`hÅVcY i]Zn Y^YcÉi `cdl ]dl id eaVn i]Z WgVhh ^chigjbZcih# I]Zn eaVnZY i]Z^g cVi^kZ ÓjiZh! cdi i]ZhZ :jgdeZVc WgVhh ^chigjbZcih# Hd i]Z aVcYdlcZgh Wgdj\]i hdbZ iZVX]Zgh [gdb i]Z hdji] d[ HeV^c! l]ZgZ VagZVYn V [jh^dc WZilZZc \nehn VcY HeVc^h] bjh^X ]VY ]VeeZcZY! [dg ZmVbeaZ ^c eVhdYdWaZ/ WgVhh bjh^X l^i] \nehn ^cÓjZcXZ VcY HeVc^h] ^cÓjZcXZ# > WZa^ZkZ ndj XVc ÒcY V adi d[ i]Vi e]gVh^c\ ^c eZaVnZgV WVcYh#

BC/ LVh i]ZgZ V \nehnÅGdbVÅXdbbjc^in ^c 8dadbW^V4 B</ NZh! i]ZgZ VgZ i]gZZ [Vb^a^Zh ]ZgZ ^c 8dadbW^V# I]ZnÉgZ ZkZc gZXd\c^oZY Wn i]Z \dkZgcbZci Vh dcZ d[ i]Z Zi]c^X \gdjeh ^c 8dadbW^V#

BC/ 6gZ i]Zn bjh^XVaan VXi^kZ4

.)

BJH>8 B</ Cd! ^iÉh V h]VbZ# Cdl ndj hZZ i]Zb h^c\^c\ GdbV Vci]Zbh! Wji i]Zn gZVaan adhi i]Z^g bjh^XVa WVX`\gdjcYh#

BC/ 9dZh ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd ^cXdgedgViZ hdbZ GdbV ^cÓjZcXZ4 B</ NZV]! g^\]i cdl >Éb hZii^c\ je V cZl hZi l^i] ild ]dgch i]Vi iVeh ^cid ^i# 6cY hdbZ d[ i]Z VXXdgY^dc g^[[h > jhZ VgZ ^cÓjZcXZY Wn i]Z 7Va`Vc VXXdgY^dc igVY^i^dc# 6 Xdci^cjVi^dc d[ i]Z IgVchcVi^dcVa 8jbW^V egd_ZXi > bZci^dcZY WZ[dgZ l^aa ^ckdakZ V XdaaVWdgVi^dc l^i] V 7g^i^h] \nehn ]dgc hZXi^dc! id jc^iZ Wdi] hinaZh# LZ ldjaY a^`Z id iV`Z i]Zb id i]Z Edggd ;Zhi^kVa ^c HVc EZaVnd! l]^X] ^h a^`Z djg kZgh^dc d[ HZgW^VÉh <jXòV ;Zhi^kVa/ WgVhh WVcY bVYcZhh

BC/ NZh! i]ZgZ VgZ hdbZ XdaaVWdgVi^dch \d^c\ dc ^c :c\aVcY cdlÅ9gjc`Zc 7VadgY^! l]^X] hZZbh id b^m 7Va`Vc VcY >g^h]! a^`Z >g^h] gdX` l^i] \nehn ]dgc hinaZh# 6cY i]Z 9? BVm EVh]b iV`Zh ?Zl^h] `aZobZg bjh^X VcY \nehn bjh^X VcY YdZh gZb^mZh VcY V a^kZ eZg[dgbVcXZ# B</ 9d ndj `cdl i]^h ]^hidg^XVa Ò\jgZ ^c 6[gd"8dadbW^Vc bjh^X! Idi aV Bdbedh^cV4 L]Zc h]Z \dZh dc idjg! h]Z iV`Zh i]Z >hgVZa^ WdbWVgY^cd ]dgc eaVnZg GVÒ BVa`^Za! VcY ^i _jhi Òih a^`Z ndj XVccdi ^bV\^cZ# I]Z WdbWVgY^cd ^h hdgi d[ hbVaaZg ijWV! a^`Z V Zje]dc^jb#

BC/ Idi eZg[dgbZY ^c CZl Ndg` V XdjeaZ d[ bdci]h V\d# 6ahd! ^c CZl Ndg` i]Zn ]VkZ XdcXZgih ^c i]Z eVg`h ^c i]Z hjbbZg! VcY i]Zn [jcY i]Z ldgaY bjh^X Wn hZaa^c\ ZmeZch^kZ i^X`Zih [dg 6bZg^XVc ^cY^Z gdX` WVcYh eaVn^c\ i]Z hVbZ kZcjZh# 7ji lZ Yd ]VkZ V cjbWZg d[ ldgaY

bjh^X heVXZh! idd# 9dZh ;gZciZ 8jbW^Zgd ]VkZ eaVch id XdbZ id i]Z JH4 B</ >Éb lV^i^c\ [dg i]^c\h id YZkZade dg\Vc^XVaan# G^\]i cdl >ÉY a^`Z id Òc^h] i]Z igVX`h lZ Y^Y l^i] BVY Egd[Zhhdg! hiVgi Yd^c\ egdbdi^dc! VcY ]deZ[jaan \d eaVn hdbZ h]dlh cZmi nZVg# >Éb Vahd eaVcc^c\ id Yd V gZb^m VaWjb l]ZgZ lZÉgZ \d^c\ id ]VkZ \jZhih [gdb Vaa dkZg i]Z ldgaY gZb^m^c\ XaVhh^X 8dadbW^Vc ijcZh0 i]ViÉh Vahd V egd_ZXi [dg cZmi nZVg# LZ ]VkZ V c^XZ XdccZXi^dc l^i] Vc dg\Vc^oVi^dc ^c BVcX]ZhiZg XVaaZY Jc"8dckZci^dc! VcY lZÉgZ \d^c\ id ]VkZ Vc Jc"8dckZci^dc cZmi ?jcZ ^c BZYZaa c# >c 7d\di{ VgdjcY 6eg^a lZÉgZ \d^c\ id ]VkZ V hbVaa XjbW^V [Zhi^kVa l]ZgZ >Éaa WZ i]Z gZegZhZciVi^kZ d[ 8dadbW^V! H^hiZbV Hdcdgd BVXVXd l^aa gZegZhZci BZm^Xd! VcY egdWVWan :a =^_d YZ aV 8jbW^V l^aa gZegZhZci 6g\Zci^cV# > a^`Z l]ViÉh ]VeeZc^c\ l^i] XjbW^V ^c i]Z Òghi ldgaY! Wji >Éb ZfjVaan ^ciZgZhiZY ^c higZc\i]Zc^c\ XdccZXi^dch l^i] AVi^c 6bZg^XV! WZXVjhZ lZ YdcÉi ]VkZ hd bVcn Wg^Y\Zh id a^c` jh# >Éb _jhi gZVaan egdjY VcY ]Veen i]Vi i]ZhZ i]^c\h VgZ ]VeeZc" ^c\ ^c di]Zg eaVXZh# I]ZgZ VgZ V adi d[ ejg^hih l]d hVn i]Vi i]Z ^ciZgcVi^dcVa^oVi^dc d[ XjbW^V ^h i]Z ldghi i]^c\ i]Vi XVc ]VeeZc! i]Vi ^i XgZViZh V WVhiVgY bjh^X# 7ji ]dl XVc i]Zn hVn i]Vi ^[ [dg i]Z aVhi '% nZVgh cdi]^c\ ]Vh ]VeeZcZY l^i] Xjb" W^V ^c 8dadbW^V4 LZ VgZ i]Z dcZh bV`^c\ i]Z hinaZ YZkZade

.*

I=: L>8@

6AK6GD 76GG>DH

I]Z ^ciZci^dc d[ i]Z EdejaVg Eg^cih XgZViZY Wn 8dadbW^Vc Vgi^hi 6akVgd 7Vgg^dh ^h id gZVX]Åi]gdj\] Vc Vgi^hi^X VXiÅ i]Z aVg\Zhi cjbWZg d[ eZdeaZ edhh^WaZ# >[ ndj ldjaY a^`Z id ]VkZ i]^h eg^ci h^\cZY VcY cjbWZgZY Wn i]Z Vgi^hi! ndj bVn hZcY i]^h eV\Z! V YdlcadVY [gdb 7DB7h^iZ! dg V e]didXden!

VcY hZcY V hZa["VYYgZhhZY! hiVbeZY ZckZadeZ id 7DB7!

-% =Vchdc EaVXZ ,%( 7gdd`anc! CN! JH6# Eg^cih bjhi WZ gZXZ^kZY Wn BVgX] (&! '%&%#

.+