2024 HSM Breaking Barriers - Students Research Conference | Book of Abstracts
BREAKING BARRIERS
Diverse perspectives, limitless discoveries
FRIDAY, 9 AUGUST
HSM MEDICAL & POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS RESEARCH CONFERENCE
PR10:
PR13: Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks and Rectus Sheath Blocks versus Port Site Local Anaesthetic in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy 20
PR14: Investigating Patient Recall of Details in the Consent Process for Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomies: The Ethics Application Process ................................................................ 20
PB5: An Exploration of the Extent of Forensic Pathology Knowledge and Understanding of Death Certification in Medical Students 21
Stream 4: GP and Paediatrics 22
PR15: A Comparison of Glycaemic Variability in Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion vs Multiple Daily Injections Treated Paediatric Patients with T1DM, Measured Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems. ............................................................................................ 22
PB6: Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in pPaediatric Patients; an Observation Study in Rural Gujarat 22
PR16: Estimating Stature & Body Mass in Males Aged 14 to 16 from Papua New Guinea Using Population Survey Data & Metacarpal Morphometric Analysis ............................................ 23
PR17: Influence of Documented History on Clinicians Assessment of Non- Accidental Injury in Infants and Toddlers in the Emergency Department ........................................................ 23
PR18: The Impact of the Gold Coast Health General Practitioner Maternity Alignment Program on Gestational Diabetes
PR19:
PR21: Enhancing Intern Understanding of Autonomic Dysreflexia in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
PR22: How Do Medical Students
Engage, and Perform? Exploring Gen Z Learner
PB7: Promoting Spaced Repetition Learning in Year One and Two of the Bond Medical Program Using the Mobile Platform Quitch® .......................................................................
PR23: Queering the Bond Medical Curriculum: A Review of and Recommendations for LGBTQIA+ Content in the Preclinical Medical Curriculum
PR24: Trauma Informed Care for LGBTQIA+ Patients: Recommendations to the Bond Clinical
PB10: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Public Health Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
PB11: Who is Most at Risk of Long COVID?
PR26: Evaluation of the Feasibility, Reliability and Utility of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI)-Augmented
PR27: Professionalism Medical Ethics Project: Can AI be Used to Enhance Patient Privacy and Data
PB12: Septic Pneumococcal Meningitis and Traditional Massage Practices in the Solomon
PB13: The Diabetic Epidemic of Solomon
PB14: Transformative Learning Through Compassion: The Experience of Tzu Chi Silent Mentor Program
PB15: Exploring Distributive Justice of Health Inequity in the Solomon Islands: Advocating for Sustainable
LP1: Barriers and Facilitators to Indigenous Success in Elite Sports - An International Perspective. .....................................................................................................................
OP2: Comparative Analysis of Genetic Variations associated with Exercise Training Between Selectively Bred Rat Models and Human Orthologs
OP3: Forensic Application of Mitochondrial DNA and Using Nanopore Sequencing for Whole Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
OP4: Immunogenotyping ERAP1, HLA-C, and KIR Loci as Through Oxford Nanopore Sequencing an Approach to
OP5: The Effectiveness of Linear and Nonlinear Pedagogical Approaches to Coaching in Team-Invasion,
OP7:
IG
IG
IG11:
IG
IG
Acknowledgement of Country
In the spirit of reconciliation, Bond University acknowledges the Kombumerri people, the traditional Owners and Custodians of the land on which the University now stands. We pay respect to Elders past, present and emerging.
Program Schedule
Friday 9 August 2024
08:45 – 09:00 Attendees arrive (Basil Sellers Theatre, Building 6)
09:00 – 09:05 Introduction Dr Paul Dunn, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, MD Portfolio Coconvenor, Bond University
09:05 – 09:15 Welcome and Opening Address Dr Linda Crane, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University
09:15 – 10:00 Keynote Presentation Dr Dinesh Palipana OAM
10:00 – 10:55 Panel Discussion Chair: Associate Professor Justin Keogh
Panel members: Perry Cross AM, Dr Mina Bakhit, Dr Rani West
10:55 – 11:00 Overview of Conference Dr David Waynforth, Associate Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, MD Portfolio Coconvenor, Bond University
11:00 – 11:30 Morning break
11:30 – 13:00 Concurrent Session 1: Health Building 5
Posters Gregor Heiner Foyer
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch break (Gregor Heiner Foyer)
14:00 – 15:30 Concurrent Session 2: Health Building 5
6
9 5_3_04 Posters Gregor Heiner Foyer
15:30 – 15:45 Afternoon break
15:45 – 16:45 Awards Ceremony (Princeton Room, Building 6)
17:00 Close
Rooms subject to change
Message from the Dean of Medicine
Congratulations on completing your MD Project and presenting your work at the 2024 HSM Medical and Postgraduate Students Research Conference.
The breadth and high standard of projects to be presented at this year’s annual conference highlights the strength of collaboration and the importance of medical research to improve the health status and longevity of the population. Your involvement in these projects allowed for diversity in experiences and acquirement of skills that reflects the clinical environment and will support you on your journey as a medical doctor.
The health sector continues to face an environment of significant change and disruption, impacted by both global factors and national issues. Some of these are yet to fully play out such as the rise of Artificial Intelligence, and the next few years will require flexibility and adaptability on the part of the medical workforce and healthcare educators.
As developing medical researchers, either as clinicians or a focussed career in medical research, formal education is just the start. You need to have effective communication, critical thinking, decision-making and observational skills. These skill sets will enable you to create a competitive edge in the research industry. It takes confidence to get things done – especially the difficult things.
Professor Kirsty Forrest MBChB, BSc Hons, FRCA, MMEd, FAcadMEd, FANZCA
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University
Message from the Associate Dean of Research
The HSM Medical & Postgraduate Students Research Conference is an annual showcase and celebration of student research within the Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine. The conference enables student researchers at all levels of experience an opportunity to present their research discoveries as well as listen to a range of exciting presentations from their peers. Work presented at the conference includes MD projects, Masters, and PhD studies and other facultysupervised research activities.
To me, this year's research theme – ‘Breaking Barriers: Diverse perspectives, limitless discoveries' focuses on how we should, as individuals and as a part of an evolving society, continue to challenge the status quo to improve outcomes for our planet and all of humankind. Breaking barriers is a key part of this evolution, and by being inclusive of a wide variety of diverse perspectives in this process, limitless discoveries may emerge that improve our lives and our legacy that we leave our descendants. I therefore hope that this focus of the conference inspires everyone to continue to look for barriers that may be negatively impacting patient and work colleague outcomes and then work collaboratively in an inclusive fashion to develop innovative evidence-based solutions to these issues.
The diversity of research topics and designs is a key focus of this conference and congratulations to all of you on the progress you have made, in conjunction with the support provided by your supervisors. I hope you continue to look for innovations that will result in better care for the people that you work with everyday and where possible, add to the evidence base on how these innovations can be best used in practice.
I wish everyone a great conference experience and thank you for your outstanding contribution to our faculty and university.
Assoc/Prof Justin Keogh, PhD, ESSAF, FAAG, FISBS
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond University
Conference Organising Committee
Paul Dunn and David Waynforth, MD Portfolio Co - convenors & Conference Chairs
Justin Keogh, Associate Dean, Research
Nikki Milne, Assistant Dean, Research
Mike Todorovich, Associate Professor, Medical Program
Tanisha Jowsey, Associate Professor, Medical Program
Charlotte Phelps, Senior Teaching Fellow, Medical Program
HDR student representatives – Carly Hudson, Peter Thomas and Liam O’Callaghan
Final Year Medical student representative - Muskan Chhabra
Julia Byrne, Manager Assessment
Dena Bird, Assessment Officer
Sonia Berry-Law, Conference Organiser
Peter Marendy, Business Services Officer (Research Support)
We also acknowledge volunteer staff and students who greatly assisted in the organisation of this conference. Thank you all.
Thank you to our supervisors
We would like to acknowledge and thank all supervisors and Bond University academic staff who voluntarily supervised these projects. Without your support and guidance these projects would not have come to fruition.
Research Projects:
- Dr Mario Zotti: Variables affecting radiological multifidus recovery and treatment outcomes - chronic low back pain
- Dr Loai Albarqouni: Dietary interventions for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- A/Prof David Waynforth: Who's most at risk of long COVID?
- Dr Paul Dunn, Prof Kim Alexander and A/Prof Larisa Haupt: Investigating the Pharmacogenomic contribution of cancer survivorship outcomes
- A/Prof Cindy Jones and Dr David Pache: A scoping review of Modified reality and interactive projection mapping on neurobehavioural states
- Dr Joan Roehl: Assessing the role of Matrix metalloproteinase 14 in bladder cancer
- A/Prof Christian Moro and A/Prof Allan Stirling: Morphometric analysis of juvenile bone development
- Dr Melissa Thompson, Dr Rexson Tse & A/Prof Neelam Maheshwari: Explore the extent of forensic pathology knowledge and understanding of death certification
- A/Prof Skye Marshall, Prof Liz Isenring & Dr Sherry Tang: Bariatric body composition (BBC) study: Indirect calorimetry
- Dr Jane Smith & Dr Candice Colbran: How effective is isolation and or quarantine at reducing the spread of bacterial or viral respiratory infections
- Assistant Prof Trish Green & Prof Gordon Wright: The Opacity Chart tool: assessing placental membrane translucency clinical trial
- Prof Matthew Links: Exploring Barrier and enablers of Supervision in clinical placements: Student perspective.
- Dr Hayley O’Neill & Dr Paul Dunn: Investigate relationship between genes and obesitygenetic screening to identify weight loss and cardiometabolic disease risk biomarkers
- Dr Priya Kamalanathan & Prof Peter Jones: Identifying physical abuse in infants and toddlers presenting with injuries
- Dr Diane Jensen: Outcomes of paediatric diabetes management in the technological era
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects 13% of adults in the Solomon Islands, posing a significant public health challenge. This case study examines a 44-year- old patient with severe diabetic foot complications, highlighting the paradoxical occurrence of end-stage diabetes complications in a young, fit individual. The research aims to understand the Pacific population’s vulnerability to T2DM complications and the challenges faced by healthcare providers in resource-limited settings. Methods: This qualitative case study focuses on a patient treated at Gizo Hospital for severe diabetic foot and leg disease. Data collection involved medical record review, patient interviews, and clinical observations. The analysis explored patient history, socioeconomic factors, and treatment challenges to identify key issues in diabetes management within the Solomon Islands context. Results: The study revealed complex factors contributing to suboptimal diabetes management, including inadequate healthcare access, socioeconomic constraints, and cultural influences. It highlighted the need for task-shifting and improvisation in resource-limited settings and emphasised the importance of a comprehensive approach to diabetes management. Conclusion: The case study underscores the urgent need for a multifaceted strategy to address the T2DM epidemic in the Solomon Islands. Improving health literacy, enhancing resource access, and fostering collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, and international partners are crucial for ensuring equitable access to essential diabetes care. The study’s implications call for systemic changes to combat the rising tide of diabetes complications and the growing burden of non- communicable diseases in the Pacific region.
PB2: Cervical Cancer in Solomon Islands
Abhira Ragupathi, Ashlee Raines, Varranthi Vignakumar, Sarah Wani
Introduction: Cervical cancer is still prevalent in the Solomon Islands, signifying challenges related to poor social health determinants like limited health literacy. However, diagnosing this condition is tricky and often delayed due to inadequate screening access and only tends to be detected when patients present with complications, often resulting in adverse outcomes, like high mortality rates, disabilities and financial burdens. Case Summary: This case study details a 35-year- old female who presented to Helena Goldie Hospital (Munda, Western Province) with severe anaemia on a background of chronic abdominal pain and persistent vaginal bleeding over several months and unintentional weight loss. While these features raise suspicion of malignancy, she was initially treated for suspected PID. Suspicious findings on vaginal / speculum examination warranted her transfer to National Referral Hospital, where unfortunately a diagnosis of stage IIB-IIIB cervical cancer was made, limiting her to palliative care and symptomatic management. Health Equity Issues: Medical literature outlining comprehensive clinical guidelines and primary prevention against cervical cancer are accessible and implemented in high-income countries. Australia for instance, is on its way to becoming the first country worldwide to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health issue thanks to its successful HPV vaccination programme. Despite the introduction of these vaccines and screening programmes in the Solomon Islands, addressing the cultural, educational and economic barriers is essential to preventing disability and premature deaths among young individuals. Conclusion:
This presentation will outline the case details, and treatment received, and will discuss several health issues from cultural taboos regarding safe sexual practices to limitations in health literacy on HPV vaccinations. Tackling these issues requires improving access to healthcare services, enhancing medical infrastructure and implementing preventative measures to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer in vulnerable young women.
PB3: Comparative Analysis of Taiwanese and Australian Healthcare Systems: Opportunities for Cross-System Learning
Saritha Disanayaka, Jessica Ni, Matthew Wang, Hei Kan Wu
Introduced in 1995, the Taiwanese healthcare system is characterized by its national health insurance (NHI) scheme and differs significantly from Australia’s mixed public-private system. Taiwan’s NHI is a government-run single-payer system, providing universal coverage for all citizens to ensure affordable healthcare. In contrast, Australia relies on a combination of public healthcare, ‘Medicare’, and private insurance. While vastly different, both nations’ healthcare systems provide positive health outcomes and satisfied populations. However, these systems can further improve by reflecting on their strengths and weaknesses and be inspired to make positive changes from each other. Ultimately, this presentation will demonstrate that through understanding the strengths and weaknesses of both healthcare systems, it can foster crosssystem learning, allowing both countries and their respective healthcare systems to benefit from insights and experiences of the other.
PR1: Homelessness and Climate Change in Australia
Jia Zhao
Introduction/Background: Climate change is the defining threat of the current era. It poses numerous challenges to population health and well-being, due to worsening severity of extreme climate events, displacement and migration, novel infectious agents and the consequent mental health challenges. Whilst climate change will impact all members of society, those presently disadvantaged will experience greater burdens. Given current increases in homelessness within Australia, and the threats caused by climate change, this literature review will focus on the intersection between homelessness and climate change. Methods: Data and information were collected for this literature review from three databases (pubmed, cochrane reviews and jstor) from 2020 to 2024. Search terms included MeSH terms, and were “climate change” and “homelessness”, with spelling variations. Results: Homeless individuals face challenges from increasing ambient temperature and associated heatwaves, along with risks of flooding and short duration storms due to climate change. In addition to this, homeless individuals experience greater threats to their mental health, both acutely following extreme climate events and after chronic exposure. Structurally, homeless individuals are often neglected in policy and disaster planning. Conclusions: Given growing homelessness, and tardiness in efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change, homeless populations face a disproportionate burden to physical and mental well-being. Solutions to this crisis should be planned in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), in particular SDG 1, ending poverty. Urban infrastructure will need to be evaluated in light of a changing climate. Public policies should continue with the goal of ending homelessness.
PR2: Microplastics and Nanoplastics Influence on the Environment and Elderly Health Outcomes
Chris Papas
Introduction/Background: Microplastics and nanoplastics are environmental pollutants that pose a threat to planetary health. The widespread distribution of plastic has raised concerns about its impact on the elderly, a vulnerable group due to their comorbidities and cumulative exposure to plastics. The United Nations created SDGs to address health inequities and the triple planetary crisis. SDG 3, target 3.9 and indicators 3.9.1, 3.9.2 and 3.9.3 are relevant to the issue of microplastics and nanoplastics. The purpose of the literature review is to explore microplastics' influence on the environment and health outcomes of elderly individuals. Solutions to help mitigate the effect of microplastics and nanoplastics were analysed in assignment three using design and systems thinking. Results: Microplastics and nanoplastics have a multisystem effect on the human body, impacting the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and renal systems. Microplastics and nanoplastics were also associated with significantly affecting flora and fauna in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Reducing microplastics and nanoplastics would help address SDG 3, target 3.9 and indicators 3.9.1, 3.9.2 and 3.9.3. In addition, banning single-use plastics, implementing filtration systems within washing machines, a common source of exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics, and using microbes to degrade plastics are beneficial approaches to address this issue. Conclusions: Microplastics and nanoplastics significantly impact the environment and health outcomes of the elderly population. Implementing design and systems approaches can create practical solutions to reduce exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics in the elderly and environment.
PR3: Tropical Infectious Diseases and the Role of Climate Change in the Solomon Islands
Meena Jasmin, Harini Rajakumar
Introduction: There are several mosquito -borne infectious diseases endemic to the Solomon Islands (SI). Whilst this high burden can be attributed to low economic status and sanitation practices, it is the heightened exposure of Pacific Island Countries (PICs) to climate extremes that create increasingly favourable conditions to facilitate their spread. This makes PICs particularly vulnerable to climate-sensitive tropical diseases. Methods: In addition to six-weeks of clinical placement in the SI, two separate case reports were used to analyse the key social determinants influencing health outcomes in patients with tropical infectious diseases. These reports discussed a pregnant woman with Dengue and a child with Malaria, both presenting to Helena Goldie Hospital in Munda, a small rural town. Results: The case studies show that the endemicity of mosquito -borne diseases have dire health consequences and particularly impact vulnerable patient groups, such as pregnant women and children. In a country marked by inadequate healthcare resources with extremely low levels of economic development, the ability to manage tropical diseases is lacking, particularly when vulnerable populations lack essential support measures. There must be greater emphasis placed on prevention. Conclusion: The effects of climate change are contributing to the increased frequency of mosquito -borne disease outbreaks and having significant implications on existing healthcare systems in PICs. In addition to the current focus on improving resources, a greater public health approach that addresses the broader influences of climate change has been identified as an area of need. This will promote
both disease prevention and sustainable healthcare whilst effectively targeting the prevalence of these diseases.
Stream 2: Oncology and Dietetics
PR4: Investigating the Pharmacogenomic Contribution of Cancer
Survivorship Outcomes
Saja Dombepola, Mira Samra
Purpose: Chemotherapeutic drugs can damage the nervous system, resulting in chemotherapyinduced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) with a prevalence of up to 85%. The wide variability in CIPN presentations may be due to an underlying genetic component that increases the risk of CIPN duration and severity. This study aimed to investigate the association between a group of 13 target genes in the development of CIPN in a mixed cancer cohort (n=251 patients). Methods: Data from a prior study was used. CIPN was assessed using the Patient Reported Outcome Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) assessment. Genotyping was completed with whole exome sequencing using the Ion AmpliSeq approach. The targeted gene list was analysed with the Ensemble-Variant Effector Predictor (VEP) online software. Results: Six missense variants were identified. Variant 1 at gene EPHA6 affected the Ephrin type-A receptor 6 protein, variant 2 at the CYP2C8 gene affected Cytochrome P4502C8 enzyme and variant 3 at gene EPHA6 affected the Ephrin type-A receptor 6 protein. Three additional missense variants involving the tubulin polymerisation-promoting protein (TPPP) and transient receptor protein (TRP) channel genes were identified. Conclusion: This preliminary data indicates the potential for an association between CIPN and the genes XRCC1, CYP2C8, EPHA6, TPPP and TRP. Further studies are required to validate these findings and elucidate the mechanisms resulting in CIPN.
PR5: Scoping review: Matrix metalloproteinase-14 as a Prognostic Indicator and Therapeutic Target for Bladder Cancer.
James Bendixen, Tirth Patel
Introduction: Bladder cancer is a significant global health burden requiring novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. One avenue of research has focused on the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of endopeptidases with physiological roles in extracellular matrix remodelling, and their function in the pathogenesis of such cancers. While the pathogenicity of MMPs 2 and 9 have been established, the role of MMP14, highly expressed in bladder tissue, is yet to be fully elicited. This scoping review consolidates current literature on MMP14’s role in bladder cancer pathogenesis, focusing on its diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Methods: A comprehensive search of MeSH terms relating to MMP14 and bladder cancer was conducted across Medline and Embase databases up to October 2023. Two reviewers independently screened studies, with a third resolving conflicts. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to isolate studies evaluating MMP14 in bladder cancer. Results: From 537 initial studies, 19 were selected for analysis. MMP14 levels were consistently higher in neoplastic bladder tissues compared to normal tissues. MMP14 levels strongly correlated with tumour invasiveness and metastatic potential but showed mixed results regarding survival rates. MMP14 showed weak or no correlation with tumour stage, grade, and recurrence. Discussion and Conclusion: The review identified potential uses for MMP14 in screening for bladder cancer, as a clinical indicator for
cancer progression, and as a therapeutic target. Further research is required, however, to convert novel predictive models of metastasis and pharmacogenomic findings into clinically useful tools and approaches to treatment.
PR6: Effect of Modified Reality and Interactive Projection Mapping on Neurobehavioral States: A S coping Review
Joseph Cavallucci, Muskan Chhabra
Modified reality and interactive projection mapping (MRIPM) is an emerging technology that has gained attention for its unique ability to create immersive experiences without the use of a wearable device. MRIPM builds an artificially constructed environment through merging real and virtual environments, where projectors are used to project images with sensory inputs and interactive capabilities. This scoping review aims to determine if MRIPM impacts neurobehavioural states, such as anxiety, depression, and aggression, which influence psychological health and well-being. From a comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo, ProQuest Central, and Web of Science, a total of three studies met the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, it is unclear if MRIPM is an effective means of managing neurobehavioural states, as two of the studies demonstrate no significant impact of MRIPM interventions. There are benefits to specific types of modified reality, such as IPM, in particular population groups, like children with autism spectrum disorder. However, the limited number of studies emphasizes the need for further focused research to shed light on the effect of MRIPM technology on neurobehavioural states.
PR7: Moderate to Long term Dietary Intervention for Depressive Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Samantha Ahmed, Neeraj Koloth Pradeep
Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health condition with significant impacts on daily life worldwide. Mental health comorbidities and physical heath comorbidities can impact each other in a complex manner, consequentially, requiring further research into alternative and viable options for managing MDD. Current treatment guidelines primarily focus on psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, with a growing field of research on nutritional management of mood disorders. Emerging research has begun to explore the efficacy of dietary interventions and thus, this study aims to examine and evaluate the effect of dietary interventions with or without supplementation on depression and depressive symptoms over a moderate to long time span (minimum 3 months). Methods: A comprehensive literature search identified 4624 articles, with 123 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) accepted after title and abstract screening. After full-text screening, 6 RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis. Results: The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant impact of dietary interventions on depressive symptoms (-0.66, 95% CI = -1.14 to -0.18; p = 0.02), indicating a reduction in symptoms. Notably, individual studies, such as those examining the Mediterranean diet (Bayes, Jacka), show promise in improving depressive symptoms, particularly in individuals with more severe symptoms. However, the heterogeneity of the pooled effect was 90%, indicating a need to be cautious in evaluating true effect size. Conclusion: This study underscores the potential role of dietary interventions in reducing depressive symptoms. Future research is necessary to expand the evidence base of nutritional psychiatry and address the limitations identified in this study.
PB4: Understanding the Role of Genetic Variants in Weight Loss Interventions: A Scoping Review
Background: Obesity is a significant global health concern influenced by genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors. Despite extensive weight loss strategies, individual variability in response hinders effective treatment. This review explores the associations between various genetic factors, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants, nuclear- encoded mitochondrial protein (NEMP) variants, and FTO gene variants, in the effectiveness of weight loss interventions. Methods: Using JBI and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus up to February 2024. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies on adults with obesity examining genetic variants related to weight loss through dietary, pharmacological, or surgical interventions. Results: A total of 1361 articles were initially retrieved, which were screened down to 33 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed that specific genetic variants significantly influence the responsiveness to weight loss interventions. Variants such as MTIF3, UCP2, and FTO rs9939609 were associated with differences in metabolic processes and energy expenditure, impacting the efficacy of interventions. Additionally, telomere length was influenced by weight loss, with significant lengthening observed following lifestyle and surgical interventions. Changes in gene expression, particularly SIRT1, AMPKa-2, PGC-1a, and Adiponectin, were correlated with weight loss, while results for IL-6 and TNF-a were mixed. Conclusion: Genetic variations play a crucial role in modifying obesity treatment outcomes. Understanding these genetic influences can help tailor personalised weight loss strategies, potentially improving clinical outcomes and better managing obesity. Integrating genetic testing into routine practice could optimise treatment plans and enhance the effectiveness of weight loss strategies, promoting healthier ageing and reducing obesity-related diseases.
PR8: The Diagnostic Accuracy of Indirect Calorimetry in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
William Bruce, Elizabeth Chen
Background: Indirect calorimetry (IC) is regarded as the benchmark for measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) but validity and reliability in adults with overweight or obesity have not been systematically appraised. Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of IC for REE in adults with overweight or obesity. Methods: A rapid systematic review was conducted. PubMed and Web of Science were searched to December 2023. Eligible studies measured REE by IC in adults with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25kg/m2 or mean BMI >30kg/m2) reporting validity and/or reliability. Studies were selected using Covidence and critically appraised using the CASP diagnostic study checklist. Results: From N=4022 records, n=21 studies utilising n=13 different IC devices were included (n=10 reported concurrent validity, n=7 reported predictive validity, n=7 reported reliability). A hand-held IC had poor validity and inconsistent reliability (n=6 studies). Standard desktop -based ICs (n=9 devices) were examined by across n=18 studies; most demonstrated high validity, predictive ability, and good to excellent reliability. An IC accelerometer showed weak validity (n=1 study); a body composition-based IC showed strong validity (n=1 study); and a whole-room IC demonstrated excellent reliability (n=1 study). Conclusion: Standard desktop -based IC demonstrated the highest consistent validity, predictive ability, and reliability for REE in adults with overweight or obesity. Hand-held IC may have limited
validity and reliability. Accelerometer, body composition-based, and whole-room IC devices require further evaluation. Inconsistent findings are attributed to differing methodologies and reference standards. Further research is needed to examine the diagnostic accuracy of IC in adults with overweight and obesity.
Stream 3: Surgery
PR9: Evaluation of Regional Nerve Bblocks in Lowering Incidence of Post-Operative Opioid Analgesia use in L aparoscopic Cholecystectomy – a Prospective Cohort Study
Lara Crouch, Eleni Dalkos
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the preferred procedure in Australia for symptomatic gallstone disease. Postoperative pain management and subsequent opioid use remains a challenge, despite associated side effects. This study evaluates the efficacy of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and rectus sheath (RS) blocks in reducing postoperative opioid requirements compared to local anaesthetic (LA) infiltration at the port sites in LC.
Methods: A prospective, randomised, single-blinded cohort study was conducted of adult patients who underwent LC at Gold Coast University Hospital (GCUH) between April 2023 and March 2024. 40mls of 0.375% ropivacaine was infiltrated to port sites or as either TAP and RS blocks. Patient demographics, operative data, postoperative opioid analgesic consumption, and outpatient data were collected and analysed. Results: A total of 122 patients were included in this study, after removal of patients lost to follow up. 53 patients were allocated to the LA to port sites cohort (43.4%) and 69 patients to the laparoscopic-guided TAP/RS blocks cohort (56.6%). The most common indication for surgery was acute cholecystitis (41.8%). The average amount of opiate analgesia consumption (morphine equivalent) was 96.2mg in the LA group compared to 85.1mg in the TAP and RS group. Conclusion: In patients undergoing LC, laparoscopy-guided TAP/RS blocks showed significantly reduced opioid consumption in the two -week postoperative period compared to LA infiltration. The LA group exhibited less opioid consumption in the PACU and on the ward. Further studies with a larger cohort size and exploring a multimodal opioidsparing analgesia regime are required.
PR10: Is Patient Satisfaction with Treatment of Low Back Pain, and Degree of Extension Strength Increase Following Isolated Lumbar
Multifidus Retraining, Related to Lumbar Multifidus Morphology on MRI and/or oOther Patient Variables?
Henry Tregilgas
Introduction: Function and radiographic appearance of lumbar multifidus muscles (LMM) are prognostic for low back pain (LBP) patient outcomes. Isolated lumbar extensor retraining (ILE) effectively rehabilitates lumbar extensors and improves LBP outcomes. This study investigates interactions between ILE strength scores, LMM morphology, other patient factors and patient outcomes. Methods: Patients were included who completed at least 10 ILE sessions, had preand post-training strength data, LMM MRI imaging within 6 months of ILE, and completion of demographic and disorder questionnaires: age, gender, socioeconomic status, as well as
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Central Sensitisation Index (CSI) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). A standardised ILE/core protocol was undertaken. T2-weighted MRI analysis occurred at the level of L4/5 and L5/S1 nerve roots using Kader classification, cross-sectional area (CSA) and percentage lean muscle (PLM) of each LMM. Satisfaction at program completion was captured with a modified Likert score. Results: 53 patients were enrolled. The median percentage change in lumbar extension strength was 38.5% (IQR 18.3 – 91.5). 88.1% of patients were moderate Kader classification at L4/L5 and L5/S1. CSI was negatively correlated with procedural and non-procedural treatment outcomes, and post-retraining ILE strength. Procedural treatment satisfaction was positively correlated with PLM at L5/S1. A chi-squared analysis was undertaken, with four variables found to have a positive association with Likert satisfaction score: ILE strength after re-training, percentage increase in ILE, LMM CSA at L4/5 and PLM at L5/S1. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction and improvement in extension strength following ILE retraining appears to be affected by multiple variables including pre-intervention CSI, relative improvements in strength, and lean muscle.
PR11: Prevalence of Central Sensitisation and Associations with
Treatment Outcomes in Interventional and Conservative Treatment for Patients with Chronic Spinal Pain
Keenan Janfada-Balov
Introduction: Central sensitisation (CS) is a pathophysiological process present in chronic pain conditions, characterised by hypersensitivity to nociceptive inputs and is associated with increased pain levels. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CS in patients treated for spinal pain and the associations between CS and patient-reported treatment outcomes. Methods: This single- centre prospective cohort study evaluated 496 patients undergoing surgical and non-surgical management for spinal pain between 2020-2023. CS was assessed using the validated Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI). Treatment satisfaction was assessed by a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis including correlation and multiple regression analysis was performed. Results: Complete data was available for 485 patients. Prevalence of CSI 40+ was 49.9%. Non-surgical patients had a higher mean CSI at 39.5(SD=12.0) vs. 35.6(SD=13.7). Mean Likert scores were highest in those with subclinical CS (4.33[SD=0.645]) and lowest in extreme CS (2.25[SD=0.622]). There was a low positive correlation between CSI, and ODI and NDI scores and a moderate negative correlation between CSI and Likert scores. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that treatment group and higher CS severity were significantly associated with Likert scores. Logistic regression demonstrated that the odds of treatment satisfaction was higher in those managed surgically (OR = 3.4096, 95%CI[2.1226, 5.477]). The odds of dissatisfaction were higher in those with CSI 40+ (OR = 0.0873, 95%CI[0.0550, 0.139]).
Conclusion: Overall, prevalence of CS in patients presenting for management of spinal pain was high. CS was found to be significantly associated with dissatisfaction post-treatment and should be considered for appropriate patient selection and management of patients’ expectations.
PR12:
Transversus
Abdominis Plane and Rectus Sheath Blocks versus Port Site Local Anaesthetic in Laparoscopic Appendicectomy
Wynnr De Castro, Aran Muhunthan
Background: Appendicectomy surgery has evolved greatly over time, transforming from an open surgery to a minimally invasive approach. Several laparoscopic abdominal surgeries have embraced advances, particularly with Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) and Rectus Sheath (RS) blocks for aiding in the management of post operative pain. However, this technique has not yet become standardised when performing a laparoscopic appendicectomy. This study was planned to compare the analgesic efficacy of a combination of TAP & RS block versus LA infiltration at the port site for post operative pain. Method and Study Design: This prospective randomised control trial was conducted at Gold Coast University Hospital from June 2023 to Feb 2024. A total of 101 patients were randomly assigned to receive LA infiltration or TAP/RS blocks. The amount of analgesics was measured for each patient at three time points: PACU, during the ward and at follow up appointment. Results: Both groups were statistically similar in demographic and surgical data. There was no statistical or clinically significant reduction in analgesic usage by the TAP/RS arm of the trial. Suggesting that the LA group was more beneficial in managing postoperative pain. Discussion/Conclusion: While TAP and RS blocks have demonstrated separate success and benefits in various other surgeries in the literature, their combined application in laparoscopic appendicectomies did not confer additional advantages in our study. Despite the theoretical advantages of regional blocks, such as reduced systemic opioid exposure and improv ed patient satisfaction, the pragmatic use of traditional LA infiltration at port sites remains a reliable and effective approach in laparoscopic appendicectomy.
PR13: Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks and Rectus Sheath Blocks versus Port Site Local Anaesthetic in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Amrutha Murali, Shalini Muthu
Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks combined with rectus sheath (RS) blocks compared to port site local anaesthesia (LA) for postoperative pain management in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a minimally invasive gallbladder removal method, offers reduced pain and quicker recovery than traditional open surgery. Effective postoperative pain management remains critical. This study compares TAP and RS blocks with LA at port site to assess for optimal postoperative pain relief. Methods: This prospective randomised controlled trial included 134 patients undergoing LC between June 2023 and February 2024. Participants were randomly allocated to either the TAP/RS group (n=79) or the LA group (n=55). Data on analgesia consumption, operative details, and post operative outcomes were collected and analysed using STATA and excel. Results: The results suggested the LA technique provided improved pain relief in the PACU and ward time frames, however, TAP/RS blocks showed a statistically significant result (p=0.040) in reducing analgesia during the outpatient follow up in this study. Additionally, the total analgesia usage was lower in the TAP/RS group in this study. Conclusion: There is evidence in the results that suggest TAP/RS blocks provide improved longterm post operative pain management when compared to port site LA. Hence, this study supports the cautious implementation of TAP/RS blocks in the management of postoperative pain to reduce analgesia usage and enhance patient recovery in LC.
PR14: Investigating Patient Recall of Details in the Consent Process for Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomies: The Ethics Application Process
Ting-Yu Chen, Wanisa Zaman
Introduction/ Background: Informed consent (IC) is a critical element of medical practice, defined as an ongoing process to guide the patient’s decision for specific medical interventions following adequate information provision. Healthcare professionals hold the responsibility for obtaining and documenting IC, safeguarding the patient and doctor from legal and ethical issues. Currently, research shows that factors affecting consent include patient recall, patient comprehension and an inadequate disclosure of risks. However, there is still a distinct lack of evidence highlighting the particular issues that patients have with IC. Methods: In Australia, limited research has examined the experiences of patients and doctors regarding surgical consent, highlighting a gap in literature and practice. Currently, there are long waiting periods up to 12 months for category 3 patients for total laparoscopic hysterectomies (TLH) which can affect patient recall. This MD project, conducted by medical students under the supervision of the Director of Gynaecology at Gold Coast University Hospital (GCUH), proposes to measure patient recall of IC details for TLH. A patient questionnaire, based on the standard consent information sheet for TLH, will assess recall of anatomy, purpose, benefits, and risks of the surgery. Results: The proposed research is still undergoing approval from the Gold Coast Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) at the time of writing this report. Conclusions: This presentation will focus on the practical insights gained into the ethical process and requirements of clinical research. Overall, the future aim is to use the findings to develop multimedia adjuncts to enhance patient understanding of the surgical IC process in gynaecology.
PB5: An Exploration
of the Extent of Forensic Pathology Knowledge and Understanding of Death Certification in Medical Students
Mai Nguyen, Nidhi Ranjan, Xianda Ren
INTRODUCTION: A range of academic and anecdotal sources have reported that medical students and junior doctors commonly lack the confidence and knowledge to produce accurate death certificates. This deficit may precipitate incorrect or reluctant issuance of death certificates, placing an unnecessary burden on the coronial system and misinforming resource allocation. It is unclear where the training gap lies. In an effort to better clarify the source of this gap, a cross-sectional study of Years 3-5 of the Bond University Medical Program was performed. METHODS: A voluntary, anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to these students, collecting information about their training on death certification and self-rated confidence on the topic and testing their ability to produce accurate death certificates or coroner referrals on a series of standardised scenarios. RESULTS: From the 82 responses received, the majority of students believed the death certification process should be taught in medical school, however, only 21% had received formal education. Most students self-reported low confidence regarding death certification, and few students could consistently produce accurate responses on the scenarios; moreover, no improvement in confidence or accuracy was noted as students progressed through the program. High confidence was not a good indicator of accuracy, with a positive predictive value of 40% calculated. CONCLUSION: These findings reveal a gap in the medical curriculum around death certification, emphasising the necessity for formal education and regular assessment to enhance competence and confidence. Integrating practical, handson experiences and simulated case-based learning into the curriculum could better equip students for their duties as junior doctors.
Stream 4: GP and Paediatrics
PR15: A Comparison of Glycaemic Variability in Continuous
Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion vs Multiple Daily Injections Treated
Paediatric Patients with T1DM, Measured Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems.
Sanjana Patel
Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) occurs because of severe destruction of pancreatic islet B- cell function. Exogenous insulin plays a key role in effectively controlling blood glucose levels and preventing complications associated with diabetes. A great progress has been made in managing T1DM with improvements in insulin formulation and delivery systems. Multiple daily injections (MDI) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) have been considered best therapeutic options. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of CSII therapy with MDI therapy on glycaemic metrics evaluated using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in paediatric patients with T1DM. Methods: 40 participants from the GCUH outpatient department were consented and enrolled on the Diabetes in Queensland Children and Adolescents (DIABQPaeds) Registry. Out of the 40 patients, 16 were on MDI therapy and 24 were on CSII therapy. Comprehensive analysis of baseline characteristics and CGM- derived metrics was performed on these patients using Jamovi statistical software. Results: The findings demonstrated that patients on CSII therapy had better glycaemic outcomes in terms of achieving CGM-associated targets of time in range (TIR) >70% compared to patients on MDI therapy. However, there was no significant difference recorded between the two treatments regimen when comparing CGMassociated targets of time above range (TAR) <25% or time below range (TBR) <4%. Therefore, the results from this study did not demonstrate a better improvement in hypoglycaemia risk with CSII therapy when compared to MDI therapy. Conclusion: In conclusion CSII therapy is safe and effective for T1DM management in paediatric patients as it helps to achieve satisfactory glycaemic outcomes.
PB6: Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Upper Respiratory Tract
Infections in pPaediatric Patients; an Observation Study in Rural Gujarat
Background: Antibiotic management for paediatric upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is a pertinent issue in India, thus judicial prescriptions and usage is essential. Purpose: This study reviewed the antibiotic prescription practices for URTIs in a paediatric OPD at Gandhi-Lincoln Hospital (GLH); a rural hospital in Gujarat, India, with aims to understand baseline practices and serve as basis of future research. Methods: This mixed method observational study included retrospective and prospective patient data, as well as survey and interview data from clinicians and patient carers. Results: Antibiotic prescription rates for URTIs were 83% in the retrospective group and 47% in the prospective group, suggesting a Hawthorne effect. Amoxicillin- clavulanic acid was the most common antibiotic in the retrospective group, while azithromycin was most common in the prospective group. Logistic regression analysis revealed antibiotics are more likely to be prescribed for older children, local children, by consultants, and for children with
more symptoms, however, these findings were not statistically significant. Qualitative data analysis showed 90.9% of clinicians felt pressured to prescribe antibiotics for URTIs in children, citing parental pressure, lack of health literacy, patient malnutrition, poor hygiene, low socioeconomic status, and patient location. Additionally, 45.5% of clinicians identified antibiotic resistance as a consequence of overprescribing. Conclusion: Various factors influence antibiotic prescription practices. The findings highlight the need for improved antibiotic stewardship to mitigate unnecessary use, curb resistance, and improve patient outcomes. This study emphasises the need for targeted interventions to improve antibiotic stewardship in rural settings, including enhanced clinician and parental education, improved diagnostics, and policy changes.
PR16: Estimating Stature & Body Mass in Males Aged 14 to 16 from Papua New Guinea Using Population Survey Data & Metacarpal Morphometric Analysis
Adam Akl, Thomas Hains
Introduction: During 1964 to 1974, the International Biological Program (IBP) aimed to enhance the understanding of different ecosystems, including Pari Village in Papua New Guinea. This study investigates whether second metacarpal (2-MTC) and third metacarpal (3-MTC) morphometrics can estimate stature or body mass in males aged 14 to 16 from Pari Village. The findings may be beneficial for health professionals in assessing childhood development, particularly where conventional methods are difficult to obtain. Methods: Hand radiographs and anthropological data from the IBP on Pari Village males aged 14 to 16 were digitalised for morphometric analysis. Using Image J software, measurements of 2-MTC and 3-MTC length, width and cortical thickness were recorded and represented with scatter plots and regression lines. Statistical significance was determined using a Pearson Correlation coefficient critical value table. Results: Stature had a positive correlation to 2-MTC and 3-MTC length (p<0.05) amongst males aged 14 to 16. Body mass had a moderate positive correlation to the length, width and cortical thickness of the 2-MTC (p<0.01) and the length and cortical thickness of the 3-MTC (p<0.01) in 14-year- old males. Conversely, no relationship was found between metacarpal morphometrics and body mass amongst males aged 15 to 16 (p>0.05). Conclusion: The length of the 3-MTC provided the most accurate estimation of stature in males aged 14 to 16 from Pari Village. Furthermore, for males aged 14, 3-MTC length was the most accurate predictor of body mass. Future research opportunities into the influence of confounding variables, such as nutritional status, should be investigated in rural paediatric communities.
PR17: Influence of Documented History on Clinicians Assessment of Non- Accidental Injury in Infants and Toddlers in the Emergency Department
Rebecca Pitt
Objective: Infants and toddlers are an at-risk group for physical abuse. Minor abusive injuries can often precede severe physical abuse in infants, and early identification is critical to prevent future harm. The audit aimed to identify how the presence of a documented history of trauma impacts the clinician's consideration of NAI in infants and toddlers. Method: Seven hundred thirty-four cases of infants and toddlers (≤ 23 months) with qualified injuries from iEMR records
were audited. Data on specified variables were logged and analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: There were high documentation rates (>75%) for presenting carer and history of trauma, moderate rates (>50%) for if the mechanism of injury was witnessed (61.2%) and the time frame between injury and presentation and low rates (<50%) of documenting other injuries, consideration of NAI and if the mechanism of injury was consistent. Children of a younger age (median age 8 months vs. 15 months, OR = 0.90, p = 0.001) significantly increased NAI consideration in clinicians consistent with guidelines recommendations. Additionally, specific injury types (head or multiple injuries and fractures) significantly increased clinicians’ consideration of NAI which is also consistent with current literature recommendations. Conclusion: Missing documentation of whether the injury was consistent with the mechanism and if other injuries were documented on examination lowered clinicians’ consideration of NAI (p<0.05), highlighting important potential red flags that are being missed. The audit succeeded in its aim and emphasised documentation's critical role in evaluating NAI.
PR18: The Impact of the Gold Coast Health General Practitioner Maternity Alignment Program on Gestational Diabetes Diagnosis and Screening.
Kiren Bhatia, Arnold Tam
Introduction: The Gold Coast General Practitioner Maternity Alignment Program (GCGPMAP) is designed to support General Practitioners (GPs) in improving outcomes for antenatal care. This includes the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is known to have better prognosis when recognised and treated early. Method: This retrospective casecontrol study assessed 598 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM at Gold Coast University Hospital from September 2022 to August 2023. Data compared outcomes between GPs aligned (n=79) with GCGPMAP training to non-aligned (n=519) GPs. The patients were evaluated as to whether they had risk factors for GDM and resultantly if GPs screened earlier OGTT (≤16 weeks’ gestation) with GCGPMAP training. Results: Aligned GPs did not significantly differ from nonaligned GPs in overall OGTT completion rates (93.7% vs. 91.1%, p=0.452). However, aligned GPs showed a trend towards more frequent early OGTT completion before 16 weeks’ gestation (43.6% vs. 29.1%, p=0.064), suggesting potential proactive screening practices with GCGPMAP. Mean gestational age at GDM diagnosis was earlier for aligned GPs (137 days) compared to non-aligned GPs (154.8 days, p=0.064). Conclusion: This study showed that aligned GPs tend to diagnose GDM earlier and are more likely to complete early testing if indicated. Aligned GPs still currently represent a fraction of GPs in the Gold Coast. Thus, this is a good baseline for further studies to assess the impact of GCGPMAP.
PR19: Women's Health Solomon Islands
Morgan Reidy, Jordan Ng
In the following report, we outline the issue of health inequality in low-income countries that has a disproportionate effect on women. This study examines these disparities through a case study from a 6-week Capstone project in the Solomon Islands, focusing on a 24-year- old woman with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy at Munda Hospital. The objective is to highlight the systemic challenges affecting healthcare delivery in remote provincial settings. A case study approach was employed, involving direct observation and patient care in three hospitals: Honiara National Referral Hospital, Gizo Hospital, and Helena Goldie Hospital in Munda. Data collection included
patient records, interviews with healthcare providers, and field notes. Analysis was conducted using the WHO Geneva conceptual framework for health equity, examining socioeconomic, cultural, and healthcare system factors. Through the case study and further statistical research, it was revealed that women in low-income countries have a higher likelihood of health complications – especially when associated with pregnancy and birth. The case study revealed significant delays in emergency care due to a lack of education and transportation, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and limited resources. Despite these challenges, a coordinated effort enabled successful emergency surgery. This study underscores the critical need for investment in women’s healthcare and education in remote areas of the Solomon Islands. This study emphasises the ongoing importance of women’s advocacy and health equity moving into the future.
PR20: Further Development and Study of Placental Membrane Translucency
Natalie Megalli, Mira Prashar
Introduction/Background: The diagnosis of chorioamnionitis can be made either clinically, pathologically or for definitive results, histologically. The Opacity Gradient Chart and Nitrazine indicator test could become important tools to guide further investigation and treatment, particularly in resource-strained areas. The aim of this study was to assess interrater reliability of these two tools in the examination of normal placental membranes for chorioamnionitis. Methods: Thirty-four placentas were examined by two independent researchers using the Opacity Chart Tool and Nitrazine indicator test. Each assessor visualised the tools through the chorion to the amnion in four quadrants and placed a Nitrazine indicator strip beneath the chorion. Results: The main value used to assess the reliability of the tool was interrater reliability, expressed primarily as Cohen's Kappa. The weighted Kappa for each quadrant’s opacity demonstrated none to slight agreement. The Kappa result of the overall opacity was 0.36 (p=0.008), signifying fair agreement. The unweighted Kappa was used to assess the interrater reliability of the Nitrazine indicator strips, yielding a Cohen's Kappa of 0.65 (p<0.001), indicating substantial interrater agreement. Conclusion: The results suggest a fair level of interrater reliability using the Opacity Chart Tool, and substantial level of agreement with the Nitrazine indicator test. This study is the first to investigate the use of a Nitrazine indicator test in diagnosing chorioamnionitis. The results suggest that this could be implemented into future placental examinations as an effective way to diagnose chorioamnionitis. Therefore, these two tests may be effective tools to promote maternal and neonatal health in developing areas globally.
Stream 5: Medical Education
PR21: Enhancing Intern Understanding of Autonomic Dysreflexia in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Patients
Adeeb Jirjis, David Nguyen
Background: Autonomic Dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening medical emergency that can emerge within individuals affected by spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and is defined as a rise in blood pressure greater than 25mm above their baseline. It is crucial for junior doctors and medical interns to recognise the triggers of AD and the clinical sequelae it follows to prevent severe complications such as stroke, cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction. Methods: Through a thorough literature search, the current knowledge of interns in this domain was deemed to be quite deficient, highlighting the importance of education to bridge this gap and subsequently, promote positive health outcomes for SCI-affected patients. Precise gaps in knowledge were also identified through this and a questionnaire was formulated to ascertain where these shortcomings existed within Gold Coast Health interns. From here, an educational intervention was constructed surrounding the core pillars of Autonomic Dysreflexia, and introduced to the 2024 cohort, with their knowledge assessed before receiving the intervention and immediately following it. Results: This yielded significantly enhanced areas across all areas of knowledge, especially management steps, appreciating complications that may arise and recognising triggers. Retention of knowledge was then assessed, demonstrating substantial retention across the board, although some areas demonstrated no statistical significance in improvement over this eight-week period. Conclusions: Ultimately, whilst the data corroborates the effectiveness of our intervention in addressing these deficits, application of this knowledge through clinical simulation and supplementation of knowledge through further multimodal resources to support our interns should be conducted moving forward.
PR22: How Do Medical Students Learn, Engage, and Perform?
Exploring
Gen Z Learner
Engagement Using the Quitch Gamification App.
Nikeshi Gamage, Josephine Lai
Introduction: Generation Z is the first generation to grow up with constant access to digital technology and currently make up a large proportion of students enrolled in tertiary education. It is crucial for educators to adapt their teaching methods to address and embrace the unique characteristics of these students. Quitch, a mobile gamification application, is one example of incorporating gamification to encourage spaced repetition and long-term knowledge retention. The purpose of this project is to determine and explore the learner analytic engagement variables in Quitch and correlate with academic performance in Bond University Phase 1 Medical students. Methods: Students from the MEDI11-102 223 and MEDI12-202 222 cohorts were included in this study. Learner analytical data (including date of quiz access, %Completion, and Leaderboard Points) was deidentified and exported to Microsoft Excel for cleanup. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA analyses. Results: Results showed that for students who achieved a higher end-of-semester academic mark, they were more likely to have engaged more frequently with Quitch, completed more quizzes and questions, and earned more leaderboard points. Conclusion: The study suggests there is a positive correlation between
behavioural engagement with Quitch and academic performance. Despite the presence of confounding factors, it is undeniable that these findings support much of the existing research regarding desirable difficulty and spaced repetition. This research project supports the integration of gamification as a learning alternative for Generation Z learners, and encourages further research to better understand the interconnections between Quitch, student engagement, and academic performance.
PB7: Promoting Spaced Repetition Learning in Year One and Two of the Bond Medical Program Using the Mobile Platform Quitch®
Muhammad Ammar Kashif, Nadine Ledbe, Leoma Lee, Yasaman Mortezapour
Introduction: Generation Z students dominate the first year of an undergraduate medical program and prefer audio -visual learning with technological and gamified elements. This is inadequately offered in tertiary teaching institutions. Quitch® addresses these preferences by providing gamified revision questions through an online platform. Quitch was introduced in Bond University's Medical Program due to its proven enhancement of retention, engagement and academic performance. However, changing curricula require regular review of resources. Project aims included identifying gaps in existing questions, developing new questions to fill gaps, and creating promotional materials. Methods: Quality review of existing Quitch questions was conducted for the preclinical cohorts of Years One and Two. The curriculum gap was addressed by creating multiple choice questions (MCQs) using Bond University question guides. Promotional resources were developed using Canva. Data from 50 students was analysed using Excel formulas and JAMOVI to determine engagement levels with existing Quitch questions. Results: Recommended revisions for Year One questions were provided in a document. A collection of 213 new MCQs were written to address gaps in the existing question pool found predominantly in the science learning outcomes. Various promotional materials were produced including Instagram posts and a reel, flyers, memes, and a TikTok video. Data analysis showed that 56 percent of the students exhibited high engagement. Conclusion: The review aims to update resources for quality and comprehensiveness, with new questions offering additional practice material. Promotional resources can enhance student engagement with Quitch. However, the project lacks direct quantitative data to correlate engagement with exam performance.
PB8: Simulation Based Education in Healthcare
Hakeem Aweidah, Mehakpreet Kahlon, Jennifer Lee, Hannah O’Brien
Introduction: Simulation-Based Education (SBE) is a rapidly advancing field in modern medical education with expansive and diverse applications. SBE plays many roles including promoting experiential learning, fostering clinical competence, practicing decision-making, and augmenting professional development in healthcare. This is achieved in a safe and controlled environment through realistic clinical scenarios recreated using differing modes of delivery, levels of fidelity and resources. This project aimed to explore the professional experience four final year medical students undertook in the simulation programs affiliated with Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service (GCHHS) and Bond University. Method: This was achieved by participating in simulation preparation and delivery in many departments (emergency, critical care, obstetrics), going to undergraduate medical students tutorials, attending weekly education sessions and faculty development workshops; as well as a moulage skills workshop. Results: The project outputs included a logbook of activities, a series of moulage projects and attending
interprofessional events. The discussion detailed a thorough exploration of simulation delivery, integrating recent literature and reflective insights on acquired skills during the rotation, which are hypothesized to significantly influence ongoing practice. Additionally, exciting future directions of medical education SBE programs were also postulated. Conclusion: In conclusion, a deep understanding of the theoretical and practical intricacies essential for successful clinical team functioning, patient care strategies, and clinical practices was irrefutably gained from the rotation in simulation based education.
PR23: Queering the Bond Medical Curriculum: A Review of and Recommendations for LGBTQIA+ Content in the Preclinical Medical Curriculum
Stephanie Lam
Introduction: Homophobia and transphobia in healthcare contributes to negative health outcomes experienced by the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual and Aromantic (LGBTQIA+) community. Practitioners’ internal biases and LGBTQIA+ healthcare knowledge deficits contribute to the stigma and harms queer patients face. This knowledge deficit begins at the medical school level, with Australian medical programs providing 5 hours of preclinical LGBTQIA+ teaching on average. This project aimed to review the literature and Bond University Medical Program preclinical curriculum to develop recommendations for LGBTQIA+ healthcare content. Method: Interviews were held to direct the literature review and curriculum assessment. A literature review was conducted to identify current trends in LGBTQIA+ teaching in medical programs. The Bond University Medical Program preclinical curriculum was assessed against the American Association of Medical Colleges’ competencies and Vanderbilt University’s learning outcomes. Domain-specific and general recommendations were developed. Results: The interviews discussed overall approaches and barriers to a LGBTQIA+ healthcare curriculum. The literature described key competencies and learning outcomes, the assessment of, pedagogy, and barriers to incorporating LGBTQIA+ content, and the hidden curriculum. The Bond University Medical Program preclinical curriculum includes 17 hours of LGBTQIA+ teaching across 12 sessions. The curriculum meets competencies in Small Group Learning and communication skills but requires development across the science and scholarship domain. 33 recommendations for the Bond University Medical Program were developed following review. Conclusion: LGBTQIA+ teaching in the Bond University medical curriculum requires further development, especially for transgender healthcare through a biopsychosocial model in conjunction with LGBTQIA+ community members.
PR24: Trauma Informed Care for LGBTQIA+ Patients: Recommendations to the Bond Clinical Practice Curriculum
Sapumal Gunaruwan
Introduction: Trauma occurs disproportionately in the LGBTQIA+ population and significantly impacts all aspects of health and wellbeing. Healthcare can be confronting for these patients and can create further trauma if subject to mistreatment and stigma by providers. Project Aims: 1. To review the current teaching of LGBTQIA+ Health in the clinical curriculum; 2. To reach out and consult with stakeholders to determine key areas in clinical practice to develop the clinical curriculum with regards to LGBTQIA+ Health; 3. To conduct research into ‘best practice’ to ensure any recommendations to the Clinical Practice domain are based in evidence; 4. To develop and
have reviewed by stakeholders a series of recommendations for improving LGBTQIA+ health within the Bond Clinical Practice domain. Methods: A curriculum review was completed by interviewing the Clinical Practice Lead. Stakeholders were interviewed in a semi-structured format. Research into best practice was conducted as a narrative review with recommendations developed from this review. Recommendations were reviewed by members of the Bond Medical Faculty. Project Outcomes: There is no formal LGBTQIA+ health in the Clinical Practice Curriculum. Research demonstrates Trauma-Informed-Care significantly improves healthcare outcomes for LGBTQIA+ patients, and highlights effective teaching methods. 29 recommendations were developed and reviewed by members of Faculty. Discussion & Conclusion: Upon review of recommendations, questions were raised regarding implementing these recommendations in a meaningful way within the curriculum. However the completion of this project and the faculty-level discussions initiated are recognised as positive developments for LGBTQIA+ health in the Bond Clinical Practice Curriculum.
This project explores the case of a 53-year- old male diagnosed with spinal tuberculosis (TB) and treated at Gizo Hospital, the second largest hospital in the Solomon Islands. The patient presented with back pain, weight loss, night sweats, lower limb weakness and a recent history of untreated pulmonary Tuberculosis. In this patient, the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis was made based on radiographic findings and a history of tuberculosis. Due to limited resources, diagnostic and treatment options were constrained, emphasizing the stark contrast with healthcare in developed countries like Australia. The patient received a standard TB treatment regimen, but lacked access to specialist spinal surgery, impacting his recovery potential. This case highlights the broader issues of health literacy, poverty, and cultural attitudes towards healthcare in the Solomon Islands. Efforts to improve health education, such as using DVDs in remote villages, show promise but face challenges. The professional roles of healthcare providers in the Solomon Islands also differ markedly from those in Australia, with rural doctors required to perform a wide range of medical procedures due to limited specialist availability. Addressing these healthcare disparities necessitates sustained efforts in health education, resource allocation, and systemic support.
PB10: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Public Health Interventions
During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Farida Aqel, Terry Christoforou, Andrew Dossetor, Aditi Singh
Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many public-health interventions were introduced to reduce global transmission, including school and childcare closures, maskwearing and lockdowns. However, little research has assessed their effectiveness and the consequences these interventions have on vulnerable populations, such as children and older adults. Methods: Four different searches were completed, all focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic, two investigated the impact of mask wearing and school closures on preventing respiratory virus infections. Two more searches assessed the impact of school and childcare closures on academic and developmental outcomes in children, and the impact of lockdowns
on the mental health and cognitive function of older adults. Results: School closures effectively reduced Influenza infections however, impact on COVID-19 was variable. Mask-wearing was associated with preventing COVID-19, particularly in healthcare; however, the impact of masks on influenza transmission and the superiority of certain mask types were uncertain. School and childcare closures led to declining mathematics and literacy outcomes, negatively affecting developmental outcomes, also increasing adversity among vulnerable populations. Older adults with cognitive impairment in long-term care facilities had decreases in cognitive function during COVID-19 lockdowns, however, cognitively intact populations showed mixed findings. Anxiety and depression increased in older adults. Conclusions: Further research is required to understand school closures’ efficacy in mitigating respiratory virus transmission and long-term complications of closures and lockdowns. This research could influence future policymakers to balance infection- control benefits with the adverse consequences of confinement on child development, cognitive function, and mental health in older adults resulting from lockdowns.
PB11: Who is Most at Risk of Long COVID? A Machine Learning Approach
Introduction: Long COVID is characterised by a range of symptoms following acute COVID-19 infection associated with significant impacts on quality of life and financial burden on healthcare systems. However, robust literature on the condition is lacking due to the absence of a clear definition. This study aims to develop a machine learning algorithm to predict Long COVID risk to lead to the identification of key predisposing factors. Methods: Data was sourced from the UK Understanding Society: COVID-19 Study, with a final sample of 601 participants aged 16 and over with past symptomatic COVID-19 infection. Random forest classification analysis was utilised with Long COVID as the outcome variable and 29 clinical and sociodemographic predictor variables. The model was optimised for recall and evaluated using additional performance metrics. Results: The model achieved high performance with a recall (sensitivity) of 0.892, F1 score of 0.931 and out-of-bag accuracy of 0.962. In accordance with the literature, acute infection with earlier COVID-19 variants, older age, working longer hours and financial insecurity were associated with increased risk of Long COVID. Having uncommon chronic health conditions and interestingly, loneliness, were associated with lower risk. Conclusion: Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of machine learning in offering valuable insight into Long COVID risk. Such predictive models can guide clinical and public health strategies by identifying high-risk groups for targeted interventions. Further research which addresses limitations with present study designs can strengthen our understanding of Long COVID risk, leading to improved patient outcomes and reducing Long COVID’s economic burden.
PR25: Infective Endocarditis in Solomon Islands
Nicholas Gorcilov, Jasdip Kaurah
A 33-year- old female presented to the emergency department with a three-week history of epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. She had a recent history of malaria treatment and exhibited symptoms including pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath on exertion, night sweats, and weight loss. Her medical history was significant for gastritis and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Physical examination revealed splinter hemorrhages, elevated jugular venous pressure, bilateral basal coarse crackles, and a decrescendo murmur at the left sternal edge. Vital signs showed a temperature of 38.1°C and a heart rate of 100 bpm. Laboratory results indicated
leukocytosis and anemia. Imaging revealed cardiomegaly and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Blood cultures were positive, confirming infective endocarditis (IE). Treatment involved intravenous antibiotics, including penicillin and cloxacillin, alongside supportive care. The patient’s condition improved with treatment, regaining appetite and mobility. However, diagnostic challenges were present due to limited access to advanced imaging and specialist care in the Pacific region, highlighting disparities in healthcare resources compared to developed nations. The patient’s social circumstances, including limited financial resources and crowded living conditions, exacerbated her condition and restricted access to timely surgical intervention. This case underscores the critical need for improved healthcare infrastructure, equitable resource distribution, and enhanced preventive measures in the Pacific to address diseases like IE and RHD. Enhanced access to advanced diagnostics and specialist care is essential to improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality associated with these conditions.
PR26: Evaluation of the Feasibility, Reliability and Utility of Generative
Introduction: Thematic analyses serve as a linchpin for delving into the complexities of human experiences, thoughts, and behaviours within academia and healthcare. While traditional manual methods of thematic analysis offer depth and flexibility, they can be time-consuming and limited by funding constraints. To overcome these limitations, the feasibility, reliability and utility of GAI-augmented thematic analysis were assessed in this study. Methods: A YouTube video on ‘Physician Suicide’ was utilised to circumvent ethical concerns related to privacy issues inherent to personal health records and interview-based studies. Analysis was conducted using GAI, exploring general, feminist, resilience, and burnout perspectives to capture the organisational and individual aspects of the human condition. Both authors obtained independent outputs and compared them for inter- and intra- observer differences, biases, relevance to the input and reproducibility. Results: Although GAI accelerated the coding process, significant challenges such as inter- and intra- observer variability, biases, and incomplete outputs were observed. The outputs sometimes resembled a "stochastic parrot," reflecting input without depth or insight, underscoring the need for meticulous prompt engineering in GAI-augmented thematic analysis. Despite its efficiency, human intervention remained necessary for synthesising themes and ensuring nuanced interpretations. Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of GAIaugmented thematic analysis from multiple perspectives. Ongoing refinement of prompt generation processes is necessary to mitigate biases and align synthesised themes with research objectives. The integration of GAI into thematic analysis holds promise in advancing qualitative research methodologies, provided ethical considerations are prioritised. Future research should consider the influence of individual digital footprints on GAI output.
PR27: Professionalism Medical Ethics Project: Can AI be Used to Enhance Patient Privacy and Data S ecurity in Healthcare Settings?
Jayanty Pannu
Artificial intelligence is being increasingly incorporated in healthcare to advance patient care by improving accuracy of clinical decisions, efficiency and cost- effectiveness. While its integration in diagnostics, treatment planning and workflow optimization has proved capable of being leveraged in clinical medicine, there are also ethical concerns in its use particularly regarding
data security and patient privacy. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and assess the ethical concerns of AI’s involvement in clinical medicine including issues of transparency and bias, but with a specific focus on threat to patient privacy and security of data. Regarding transparency, the review explains the inherent ‘black box’ nature of AI and its lack of algorithmic transparency which pose threat to patient safety. Additionally, biases encapsulated in AI training data reinforce and exacerbate health disparities cause systematic concerns for healthcare. Further ethical problems are discussed are the implications of medical data privacy breach including financial, psychological and social impacts. The re-identification of anonymized medical data creates a greater opportunity for data privacy breaches to occur. Furthermore, breach of confidentiality which leads to loss of trust medicine especially in the context of emerging use of artificial intelligence, emphasizing the significance of trust and confidence in data security. Consent is a process by which patient healthcare interactions can be more transparent, leading to better rapport and confidence of patients in the healthcare system. The review also discusses consequences of breach in consent and how it impacts different stakeholders in the context of AI use in medicine. Finally, a conclusion is drawn to present the ethical concerns involving AI in editing and how it can be responsibility used.
Stream 7: Capstone Planetary Health
PB12: Septic Pneumococcal Meningitis and Traditional Massage Practices in the Solomon Islands
Irene Jacob, Japan Dave, Udani Liyanage, Mahen Pathirana
Solomon Island is classified as a low-middle-income country where illnesses such as sepsis, meningitis, malnutrition and pathogens such as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae continue to be prevalent despite introduction of immunisation schedules. Health disparities between rural provincial hospitals like Helena Goldie Hospital in Munda and tertiary hospitals in Australia highlight varying health outcomes influenced by social determinants of health. This report presents a case of an unwell 11-month- old infant who presented in an advanced, opisthotonic state with a loss of lateral looking and bulging fontanelles, suggestive of septic meningitis, likely caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Despite medical intervention with limited resources, delayed hospital presentation after 12 days of traditional healing practices complicated the presentation, resulting in multiple seizures and eventual death on the seventh day of admission. This case highlights the various health equity challenges faced by such preventable cases in Solomon Islands. It discusses three key issues contributing to poor health outcomes: delayed hospital presentation, constraints within hospital settings affecting care (such as limited resources and health literacy), and the absence of effective public health programs in rural areas, including inadequate pneumococcal vaccination schedules. Whilst pneumococcal meningitis is a relatively rare illness in well-vaccinated populations, prompt hospital access, diagnosis, and treatment are critical for preventing complications and improving health outcomes. This report aims to delineate the diverse social determinants of health influencing poorer health outcomes, with the goal of facilitating targeted improvements in the future.
PB13: The Diabetic Epidemic of Solomon Islands
Daniel Goga, Dylan Mcareavey, Maito Yoshioka
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) causes significant morbidity and mortality in the Solomon Islands. The geographical remoteness, lack of health resources and infrastructure exacerbate health care professionals' challenges. This presentation outlines the current issues associated with diabetes management at The Helena Goldie Hospital of the Western province of Solomon Islands. Despite the expanding prevalence of T2DM, poor health literacy and the logistical difficulties of access make managing diabetes increasingly more challenging. Objective: This presentation highlights the differences in management and the social determinants that complicate the management of T2DM in The Solomon Islands. Case Study: This capstone project case highlighted in this presentation follows a patient with uncontrolled T2DM who presents to the Munda hospital with an infected diabetic foot requiring urgent management. Based on this clinical case, a review of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach was critically examined and compared to Australian guidelines. Through the experience of this case and literature, it was apparent that poor health literacy, lack of information, and lack of basic diabetic management led to worse clinical outcomes. With little improvement after a basic debridement and antibiotics, the patient was transported to Gizo Hospital for further surgical debridement. This could be avoided through education and effective management of the T2DM. Conclusion: These identified disparities in education can be filled by suggesting weekly informative sessions for both healthcare professionals and the community involved at the Helena Goldie Hospital. In addition, an educational pamphlet on Diabetes provides a practical solution to spread vital information about diabetes, its risk, and management strategies.
PB14: Transformative Learning Through Compassion: The Experience of Tzu Chi Silent Mentor Program
Catherine Ly, Michelle Ting, Dylan Ting, Yian Zhao, Emily Ho, Angelina Tran, Christopher Xie, William Zheng
Background: The Tzu Chi Silent Mentor Program offers medical students a holistic learning experience by referring to willfully donated bodies as “silent mentors.” This approach transforms scientific body donation into a benevolent act. Preserved in a lifelike state, these donations enable students to gain unique procedural skills, deepen their anatomical understanding, and foster a profound sense of compassion. Case Summary: As a group, we will present an overview of our experiences in the Silent Mentor Program, focusing on the unique cases of our assigned mentors. Each member will share specific experiences that highlight our emotional and educational journeys and their profound impact on our understanding of death, dying, and patient care. We will delve into our deeply personal interactions with our mentors and their families, sharing powerful narratives that have shaped our approach to compassionate, end-oflife care. Our presentation will include discussions of empathy, respect, and the role of family involvement in our emotional and professional development. This program allowed us to experience the significant influence of empathy and respect in patient care and the critical role of family involvement in the dying process. We will showcase the invaluable lessons learned and the lasting influence of the Silent Mentor Program on our growth as future medical professionals. Conclusions: Over the five days, we were prompted to deeply reflect on our own biases and preconceptions of death and dying. This experience urged us to reconsider the spirituality that encompasses the dying process and how different families may embrace it. Empathy, understanding, and open-mindedness are crucial skills for all healthcare professionals, and this program emphasized their importance. Integrating these themes into the Australian medical
curriculum could significantly benefit end-of-life care in Australian hospitals and contribute to the development of more holistic junior doctors.
PB15: Exploring Distributive Justice of Health Inequity in the Solomon Islands: Advocating for Sustainable Human Rights Solutions
Ruveen De Alwis
This paper critically examines healthcare disparities in the Solomon Islands through the lens of global health equity and distributive justice. It explores the profound challenges posed by limited medical resources, inadequate health infrastructure and structural inequities. Drawing from both empirical research and personal insights regarding healthcare practices throughout the region, this paper also illustrates how these resource constraints affect healthcare delivery and patient outcomes.
In highlighting systemic barriers that perpetuate inequities, this paper focusses on causative factors such as insufficient funding, workforce shortages and inadequate medical facilities. Key themes include the glaring contrast in healthcare access and outcomes between developed nations and resource- constrained states like the Solomon Islands. The discussion extends to the ethical implications of these disparities, emphasising the need for sustainable solutions beyond immediate medical interventions. This paper affirms the need for sustainable strategies to address these challenges, including improved healthcare infrastructure, enhanced medical education, and equitable resource allocation. It calls for international collaboration to support healthcare systems in developing nations, ensuring they can provide quality care and meet the diverse health needs of their populations. Additionally, this paper calls for holistic approaches integrating social determinants of health to enhance community well-being and reduce the burden of preventable diseases. Ultimately, it stresses the importance of advocacy, awareness, and collective efforts for advancing global health equity to improve universal standards of care in these underserved regions.
Stream 8: HDR
OP1: Aneuploidy Detection Through Nanopore Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing
Vivianne Oltramare
Introduction: Over 50% of first-trimester pregnancy losses are a result of chromosomal abnormalities, the incidence of which increases for women of advanced maternal age (>35 years). Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-A) was developed to select healthy embryos and evolved through several diagnostic methods. Current methods remain unavailable to smaller IVF clinics, though Nanopore sequencing has emerged as a low- cost, highly accessible and timeeffective method for PGT-A. This work aims to determine the applicability of nanopore sequencing through the MinION Mk1C and Flongle flow cell. Methods: Reference DNA samples for normal male (NA12240), normal female (NA12089), monosomy X (NA20027*3) and Trisomy 21 (NA03716*C3) were obtained from the Coriell Institute for Medical Research. Each sample underwent amplification using the QIAGEN Repli-G whole genome amplification or through PCR using custom-adapted LINE repeat primers. Library preparation used a modified ligation sequencing protocol v14 with PCR barcodes before sequencing on the Flongle v14 flow cells.
Bioinformatics analysis was completed to align samples to the Hg38 reference genome, and each aneuploidy sample was compared to normal controls. Results: Preliminary investigations identified an average of ~14,000 and ~20,000 reads per sample for each primer pair which successfully identified the gain or loss of material for the normal female (46,XX) and Monosomy X (45,X). Conclusion: These preliminary results demonstrate the applicability of the Flongle flow cell and MinION sequencer to detect chromosomal abnormalities. However, further development and optimisation of the protocol still needs to be undertaken to further support the use of this technology as a new low- cost, rapid, and accessible form of PGT-A.
LP1: Barriers and Facilitators to Indigenous Success in Elite SportsAn International Perspective.
Isaac Maynard
Introduction: Indigenous peoples experience additional barriers to non-Indigenous athletes when participating in high-performance sports pathways and establishing careers in elite-level sports. Improving our understanding regarding barriers and facilitators to Indigenous involvement in high-performance pathways is critical to inform the delivery of sports opportunities, ensuring strategies are implemented to improve viability in sports pathways for Indigenous athletes, especially with the upcoming Brisbane 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Methods: A narrative review approach was utilised to establish the primary Indigenous peoples included in the literature and to what extent the chosen topic was explored globally and within Australia. The databases used for the search were PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: After examining the literature (primarily from Canada, New Zealand Australia), it is clear that Indigenous peoples experience culture-specific barriers when pursuing careers in elite sports. Commonly expressed barriers include the adverse effects of leaving their cultural communities, lack of cultural support, racism, and a lack of acceptance in monocultural sports organisations. These factors elicit reduced cultural practices, support networks, and connections to cultural identities, all of which are detrimental to the athlete’s mental health and athletic performance. Conclusion: Future research should look to refine the topic, focusing on the views of country-specific cultural groups in target sports. Inquiry into the experiences of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in previously unexplored sports may be valuable in expanding the scope of opportunity. This approach sees subsequent interventions become more explicit in addressing the needs of Indigenous people compared to the current broad approach.
OP2: Comparative Analysis of Genetic Variations associated with Exercise Training Between Selectively Bred Rat Models and Human Orthologs
Peter Thomas
Background: Genetic factors are a major determinant in the variability of adaptive responses to exercise, yet the precise genomic influences remain unclear. Human studies on hereditary traits are inherently limited; thus, utilising a selectively bred heterogeneous rat model with high response trainers (HRT) and low response trainers (LRT) over multiple generations provides an opportunity to better understand genotype-phenotype interactions. Analysing the HRT/LRT rat model can then allow for potential identification of influential human exercise orthologs. Methods: RNA sequencing data from generation 19 of the HRT/LRT model was analysed, comprising 36 samples (18 HRT, 18 LRT). The sequences were aligned to the mRatBN7.2 genome,
followed by variant calling and SNP identification. Association analysis was conducted using PLINK1.9 with a nominal genome-wide significance threshold of -log10(1e-5). Subsequent gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed. Significant genes were aligned with human orthologs, and candidate genes were identified based on existing literature. Results: A total of 50 SNPs met the nominal genome-wide significance threshold, associated with 51 genes. Among these, genes such as Abca1 and Lpl, known to influence exercise response in both rats and humans, were identified. Initial GO analysis revealed an enrichment in the molecular function of actin filament binding (FDR = 0.0153). Ten genomic pathways were identified as being associated with the gene set. Conclusions: This study explored the HRT/LRT rat exercise model, identifying significant genetic variants and associated genes. Several genes correspond to human orthologs previously linked to exercise response, advancing the understanding of genetic contributions to human exercise adaptation variability.
OP3: Forensic Application of Mitochondrial DNA and Using Nanopore Sequencing for Whole Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Jie Tang
Introduction: During mass fatality events that generate a large number of victims, there is a humanitarian and legal responsibility to identify the victims so they can return to their families. However, the extreme environment during these events may damage victims' remains and apply challenges to human identification. The traditional PCR-based that investigates STRs markers are high in accuracy but expensive, low in multiplex potential, and require a specialised laboratory environment. Next-generation sequencing can investigate different types of markers but has high up -front costs. The most recent technology, Third-generation sequencing developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies, provided a low- cost, portable, fast and real-time sequencing alternative to resolve the limitations. This study aims to explore mitochondrial DNA’s application in human identification and optimises the protocol of Nanopore Sequencing for Whole Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing. Methods: To complete this, a scoping review will be conducted to identify current best practices of mtDNA used in human identification research and forensic laboratories. Following this, we will develop and optimise a mitochondrial DNA sequencing protocol on nanopore sequencing. Finally, artificial degradation of the mtDNA samples will be conducted with the novel protocol to identify the panel's limits of detection. Result: It is expected that an optimised mitochondrial DNA sequencing protocol using the ONT MinION device will be developed by the end of this study.
OP4: Immunogenotyping ERAP1, HLA-C, and KIR Loci as Through Oxford Nanopore Sequencing an Approach to Addressing Recurrent Implantation Failure
Tahlia Bellman
Introduction /Aim: Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) refers to multiple failed blastocyst transfers during assistive reproductive treatment, preventing pregnancy. Maternal immune tolerance to foreign paternal antigens from the blastocyst can influence RIF, with the genes involved in immunology at the materno -foetal interface (ERAP1, HLA-C, and KIR locus) being highly variable. Specific combinations of genotypes (KIR and HLA-C) and SNPs (ERAP1) between mothers and fathers have been identified as conducive to pregnancy or RIF. Traditional methodologies for sequencing these genes are clinically inappropriate due to their limited
multiplex capabilities and short read lengths. Nanopore sequencing addresses these limitations. This project aims to design an accurate protocol using long-range PCR and nanopore sequencing to genotype the aforementioned genes in patients. Methods: Gene-specific primers for ERAP1 and HLA-C were designed and assessed in a PCR using ten DNA samples. PCR optimisation was assessed via agarose gel electrophoresis. The KIR locus used a previously published primer set from Maniangou et al. (2017), which will be optimised. The ONT MinION will sequence amplicons. The read data will be interpreted through bioinformatic software to identify the genotypes of each sample. Results: Preliminary results include the completed optimisation of the HLA-C and ERAP1 PCRs. A touchdown PCR of the ERAP1 PCR yielded considerably fewer non-specific amplification bands in the electrophoresis than a single temperature of 68°C. Further reactions are underway to optimise the KIR PCR and to prepare HLA-C and ERAP1 amplicons for nanopore sequencing. Conclusion: These preliminary results demonstrate improvement and optimisation of sequencing methods for the KIR, HLA-C and ERAP1 genes.
OP5: The Effectiveness of Linear and Nonlinear Pedagogical Approaches to Coaching in Team-Invasion, Ball sports: A Systematic Review
Liam Bromlow
Introduction: The way motor skills are acquired can be explained through two approaches that encompass theories of learning and coordination. A traditional information processing perspective based on linear pedagogy, and a contemporary ecological dynamics perspective based on nonlinear pedagogy. An understanding of these pedagogies is essential for coaches. This systematic review has been conducted to compare linear and nonlinear pedagogy outcomes in team-invasion, ball sports, to explore their effectiveness of enhancing player technical and tactical skill development. Methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines, whereby a search produced 7450 results. Eight records were included in the review and were divided into Technical or Tactical Skill according to the outcomes measured. To appraise the quality of studies, the ROBINS-I and RoB2 were implemented, with some concerns evident. Results: Nonlinear pedagogy was significantly more effective than linear pedagogy for technical skills in 32% (11 of 34 outcomes), with this difference reaching 80% (8 of 10 outcomes) for tactical skills. The representativeness of the assessment instruments was explored, with the Representative Practice Assessment Tool (RPAT) implemented. The included studies scored 68% representative for technical skills and 86% representative for tactical skills in relation to the intended outcomes. Conclusion: Based on these results, coaches working with team-invasion, ball sports should look to adopt a nonlinear pedagogy, particularly with respect to improvement of tactical skills. Future research should also examine how these results may be impacted by the representativeness of the assessment instruments, particularly for assessing technical skills.
OP6: The Investigation of the Pharmacological Effects of 5-HT on the Isolated Porcine Urethra
Eriq Burovski
Introduction: Clinical pharmacological treatments available for stress urinary incontinence are limited. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-HT in the porcine urethra, to
explore potential new treatment targets. Methods: Using an organ bath setup, contractile responses of isolated porcine proximal urethral strips (denuded smooth muscle, mucosa-intact smooth muscle, and mucosa) to increasing concentrations (10 nmol/L – 100 μmol/L) of 5-HT were examined. In another set of experiments, concentration responses to 5-HT were repeated in the absence and presence of ketanserin (30 nmol/L) in paired tissue strips. Paired Student’s t-tests were performed to identify statistically significant differences where a p -value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: When subjected to 5-HT, the urethral mucosal strips generated a concentration- dependent increase in tone, while the smooth muscle strips concentration- dependently relaxed. Urethral smooth muscle strips with intact mucosa relaxed significantly lesser than strips denuded of mucosa. At higher concentrations of 5-HT (10 μmol/L and above), the spontaneous contraction rate exhibited by the mucosa was significantly enhanced (p=0.0013). Ketanserin (30 nmol/L) significantly attenuated the 5-HT-induced tonic contractions in the mucosal strips (p=0.0026), but did not affect the 5-HT-induced relaxatory responses in urethral smooth muscle strips or the 5-HT-induced increase in spontaneous contraction rate in mucosal strips (p>0.05). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that 5-HTinduced tonic contractile responses in the urethral mucosa is mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor subtype.
OP7: The Prevalence and Determinants of Undernutrition Among Infants and Children aged Six Months to Five Years in Sub -Saharan African Countries: A Systematic Scoping Review
Francis Riwa
Background: Despite substantial progress over the last 20 years, undernutrition has remained a global challenge. Sub -Saharan Africa is the only region where the prevalence of stunting in children under five has significantly increased. This study seeks to update the evidence on the prevalence and determinants of childhood undernutrition in this region. Methods: This study followed the 2018 PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. Five electronic databases were searched, with no date or language restrictions. Primary studies presenting evidence on the prevalence and determinants of undernutrition for children aged six months to five years were collected and compared to national survey data. Results: Fifty-nine publications from 11 countries were included, with most studies conducted in Ethiopia (n=38) and Tanzania (n=7). Stunting prevalence ranged from 8% to 64%, wasting prevalence ranged from 1% to 58%, and the prevalence of underweight ranged from 2% to 63%. The most frequently reported determinants of undernutrition were the child’s age (>24 months), male sex, maternal illiteracy, diarrhoea or illness in the past two weeks, low household socioeconomic status or living in a larger household (>4 members). Overall, 54% of the included studies reported higher stunting prevalence, 62% higher wasting prevalence, and 57% a higher prevalence of underweight than reported by relevant national surveys. Conclusion: The prevalence of undernutrition reported by primary studies is often higher than national surveys. The above-listed determinants influence childhood undernutrition. Future research should incorporate the findings from primary research to develop holistic, multi-strategy approaches to address childhood undernutrition in Sub -Saharan Africa.
Stream 9: Planetary Health 2
PR28: Cultural Safety- the Religious Factors that Influence the Decision Making of Muslim Women
Regarding Antenatal Anomaly
S creening: a S coping Review.
Ahmed Hijazi
This review aimed to synthesize studies exploring how religion impacted pregnant Muslim women’s attitudes and decisions regarding antenatal screening tests for fetal abnormalities. A scoping review was conducted following a methodological framework looking for primary qualitative publications. Three databases were searched: PubMed, Embase and Google scholar for publications after the year 2000. Eight articles were included in this scoping review, from varying countries worldwide. The following four themes were identified: views on fetal abnormality, views on termination of pregnancy (TOP), ‘avoiding harm’ and level of practice. The synthesis of the results show that religious beliefs have a clear impact on the attitudes and decisions made by Muslim women regarding antenatal screening. However, these religious factors vary on a case-to - case basis and are not identical for all Muslim women. Consequently, an approach of “cultural safety” may be favourable when aiming to improve quality of care, as it rejects the notion of collectivizing others with the aim of becoming “competent” in their culture, and instead emphasizes self-reflection and awareness of how individual and institutional biases can negatively impact marginalised groups such as Muslim women.
PR29: How can we Utilize Sustainable Urban Development to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change in Order to Protect the Elderly Population of Australia.
Olivia Layani
Climate change is one of the biggest health threats of the 21st Century. Global warming and heatwaves contribute significantly, both directly and indirectly, to morbidity and mortality in Australia. Vulnerable populations experience a higher burden from climate change. The elderly are particularly susceptible to poor health outcomes due to increasing temperature and heatwaves. As we are an aging population it is pertinent that we seek to address these issues for the current and future generations to come. Using the sustainable development goals, we can implement strategies on a national, regional and local level to mitigate and adapt to the climate change crisis. One such strategy recognizes the importance of sustainable development. This includes Implementing nature-based solutions in city development. Urban greening or urban green spaces has been shown to have multiple beneficial outcomes when considering both climate change and the health and well-being of the elderly. Through observation of the literature, including systematic reviews, governmental publications, company profiles, corporate articles and data analysis, this literature review seeks to determine the impact of climate change on the elderly in Australia and highlight the benefits of sustainable urban development, focusing on urban greening as an effective strategy to mitigate and adapt to the crisis. The aim of this literature review is to emphasize the issues and provide a foundation for future change.
PR30: Fertility Under Threat: The Role of MNPs and Sustainable Interventions
Soumil Sharma
Introduction: Planetary health investigates the intricate relationship between the health of human civilisation and the natural ecosystems on which it depends on. A major crisis is pollution, particularly from micro and nanoplastics (MNPs). MNPs are known to cause significant health hazards, most notably infertility. The objective of this review is to investigate the effect of MNP pollution on fertility and to evaluate results in line with SDG3. Solutions will be proposed based on systems thinking and design methodologies. Methodologies: To determine the most reliable information and accurate sources, broad MeSH terms were used during the search across multiple databases including PubMed, Embase etc. Results: The literature review discovered that MNP exposure causes hormonal abnormalities that affect fertility by interfering with endocrine activities. Research conducted demonstrated MNPs have a correlation with impaired embryonic development, decreased sperm quality, and changed ovarian function. In line with SDG3 objectives, MNP pollution must be addressed to reduce infertility and enhance reproductive health. Potential solutions include the implementation of more stringent laws regarding plastic usage, the enhancement of waste management procedures, and the promotion of public awareness. By involving stakeholders in the development of sustainable and usercentred interventions, design thinking approaches can facilitate the development of innovative solutions. Conclusion: This review evaluates the detrimental consequences of MNP pollution on fertility, as well as the necessity of creating a concerted effort to alleviate its effects. Aligning with SDG3, to safeguard both public and environmental health, a comprehensive strategy involving regulation, waste management, and public awareness is essential.
PR31: Guardians of the Gum trees: Strategic S olutions for Koala
Survival in a Warming World
Thong Duy Ho
Background: Climate change represents a profound, multifaceted challenge, impacting Earth’s ecosystem balance. Primarily driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, climate change has led to a series of cascading effects, including melting ice caps, erratic weather patterns, and elevated sea levels. In Australia, these changes manifest as extreme droughts, bushfires, and haphazard weather. These impacts also endanger local wildlife species, particularly koalas, whose populations are diminishing due to fragmentation and habitat loss. To address these challenges, we propose using systems thinking to explore potential solutions. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases; PubMed, JSTOR, and Embase. The following keywords were included “climate change,” “koala habitat,” “biodiversity,” “sustainable development goals.” Exclusion criteria included studies not published in English, published 20 years ago, articles lacking peer review, and research not focused on the Australian context. Results: The findings indicate that climate change and habitat destruction contribute to declining koala populations. Extreme weather conditions, driven by climate change, have intensified droughts and bushfires, leading to habitat loss and increased mortality. SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) 13 and 15 are essential for addressing these challenges. Solutions involve integrating climate measures embedded policies, early warning systems for natural disasters, promote sustainable land management, and restoring degraded habitats. Conclusions: Climate change and habitat destruction contribute to wreaking havoc on koala
populations. Implementing integrated approaches through SDG 13 and 15 through systems thinking ensures a holistic and sustainable approach in addressing these challenges. Restoring and promoting the survival of koalas is both a necessity and a moral obligation for humanity.
PR32: Australian Farmers are Key to Combatting Climate Change
Todd Bensky
Our planet has been ecology has been exploited. The anthropocentric environmental approach taken by humanity has led us to a point of crisis. The United Nations describes three crises that have become an existential threat to humanity: Biodiversity loss, climate change and pollution. Australia will greatly feel the consequences of climate change from severe droughts, worsening fire seasons and a warmer climate. Australian farmers are uniquely placed by being likely to be the hardest hit and the most important in combatting climate change. The economic and societal damage if we do not address climate change will be severe. Farmers are committing suicide due to droughts. These droughts are becoming more severe and occurring more often. Through the adoption of regenerative farming, the utilisation of land for renewable energy and adoption of less resource intensive crops. The databases, Science Direct and Springerlink were searched only including evidence from the last 5 years as this is a rapidly moving field. Articles that pertained to Climate Change in Australia and its impacts on agriculture and society were included. Information from the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and their corresponding state bodies was utilised. As well data from the United Nation and International Monetary Fund. To achieve SDG 13 and specifically SDG 13.2. The new agriculture methods outlined above must be used on a structural level. The data from this research indicates that Australian farmers must be at the forefront of addressing climate change.
PR33: The Climate-Changed Child
Aiman Majeed
Introduction: The Triple Planetary crisis interlinks 3 key issues that greatly impact the planet’s health. These include climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. It continues to affect vulnerable groups, and this presentation will focus on how climate change influences the health of children. In addition, the role of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 and its targets and indicators will also be discussed, i.e, to ‘Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’, a goal which is needed more now than ever, to help protect our youth and mitigate the effects of climate change which have resulted from unrestrained human activities. Methods: A literature search was conducted using Google scholar, Medline Ovid, PubMed, Embase and the Bond university library database. Articles were gathered from the years 2014-2024. Search terms included “Children” AND “Climate Change” AND “Sustainable Development Goals”. Results: A design and systems thinking approach will be discussed to propose possible solutions for climate change under SDG 13, which is to ensure a safer planet for our youth. These will be discussed alongside the SDG 13 targets (13.2 to form strategies and 13.3 to raise awareness regarding this planetary crisis) and their respective indicators. Conclusions: The continuous development of literature reflects the increasing importance of understanding climate change, and the solutions required to tackle it. There are several negative effects of climate change on children’s health, and SDG 13 plays an important role in strengthening collaboration between nations to achieve these goals, and in securing the future of our children.
PR34: Planetary Health: The Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Lowto Middle-Income Countries Globally
Razeen Parvez
Introduction: Air pollution continues to have devastating effects on the earth’s natural ecosystem and human health globally. The increased levels of particulate matter in the earth’s atmosphere have led to increased incidences of respiratory, cardiovascular, and central nervous disease, disproportionately affecting individuals in low socioeconomic urban areas globally. This literature review sought to explore the effects of air pollution on respiratory health in low-income urban areas globally, relating to sustainable development goal (SDG) three, Good Health and Well-being. Methods: The search strategy was implemented in two databases, Pubmed and Cochrane, using key words pertaining to the aforementioned question. Pubmed identified 44 articles and identified 10 articles relevant to the topic, likewise, Cochrane identified 0 articles and identified 0 articles relevant to the topic. Results/Discussion: It was found that there is an increased demand for fossil fuels in low- and middle-income countries, along with a lack of ambient air quality monitoring. Hence, there is often an increased amount of particulate matter air pollution in metropolitan areas, often leading to higher levels of particulate matter exposure and subsequent cardiovascular-respiratory disease and premature death. Conclusion: Air pollution is more prominent in 3rd world countries and thus disproportionately affects low- to middle- income earners globally. In areas of limited ambient air quality monitoring, success has been seen with using simulation models to predict rates of premature death and thus shape public health. In addition, more stringent air quality policies should be considered to reduce contaminant exposure in industrial sites and in civilian settings.
Posters (Ignite) AM
IG 1: Ace Discharge Summaries on your Clinical Placements
Vethahi Arunthayaparan
Discharge summaries are critical documents that bridge hospital care and primary care services, ensuring continuity and patient safety. The importance of this project was highlighted when it was shown that an intern spends 26% of their time writing discharge summaries. Therefore, as a clinical year medical student approaching internship, discharge summaries are an essential skill to have. This project aimed to teach clinical-year medical students beginning to embark on their general medicine placement about the significance of discharge summaries and guide them on how to approach it. An interactive module was developed using the articulate software, incorporating advice from medical professionals. The acronym "DISCHARGE" was created to aid students when approaching discharge summaries on placement. Key steps involved interviewing interns, residents, and general practitioners to gather insight to create engaging content, learning and upskilling on a new software called articulate, and creating an interactive post-module quiz to assess what was learnt by the students at the end of the module, to name a few. Through this, it was found what learning methods medical students prefer and the barriers to learning on placement. Due to this project, the “DISCHARGE” acronym was created to combat the barriers in placement, specific to discharge summaries. The module promises to bridge the gap in discharge summary education for future medical professionals by addressing and resolving many students' concerns that have not been raised prior.
IG 2: Bullying and Harassment in Surgery
Eyleia Saleeb
Bullying and harassment in the field of surgery is an ongoing problem. Although many attempts have been made by colleges and accredited bodies to reduce its prevalence, limited outcomes have been observed. This professional project gathered research findings from different articles and studies to understand the prevalence, forms, and impact of these behaviours as well as strategies to prevent and reduce them. Bullying and harassment manifest in many different forms such as verbal abuse, undermining another’s competence, or even prejudiced actions based on gender, ethnicity, or hierarchy. Surgeons, particularly those in training and females, are mostly affected by these behaviours which often leads to increased stress, burnout, and job dissatisfaction. The main factors found to cause these behaviours include hierarchical structures, high-pressure settings, and social norms within the field. The consequences where also found to extend beyond the individual and further impact team cohesion, patient outcomes and increased financial burdens upon hospitals and healthcare systems. Therefore, intervention strategies are needed such as policy changes, education programs focusing on building respect, and support systems for safe reporting. While some progress has been made by accredited bodies, obstacles remain in being able to fully erase these behaviours from the surgical field. Addressing bullying and harassment is fundamental not only for the well-being of healthcare workers but more importantly, to ensure optimal standards of patient care.
IG 3: Burden of Dermatology at a Rural Community Hospital in India
Kamaljit Sarai
Introduction/Background: In resource restricted countries, skin diseases are often neglected. However, it has been identified that skin diseases increasingly carry a significant morbidity burden. Southeast Asia had the highest number of new cases of skin diseases globally, with fungal skin infections being the most prevalent among all others. A positive correlation was identified between the incidence of fungal skin diseases, psoriasis, and scabies with socioeconomic factors. Methods: The most common dermatological conditions were scabies, fungal infections, eczema, and vitiligo. The cases discussed are from the health camp in a tribal area of Gujarat organised by the Bhansali trust. A total of 400 patients were seen at a health camp in Khedbrahma by a single dermatologist. The most common presentations were scabies, fungal infections, eczema, and vitiligo. The diagnosis was purely clinical and no investigations were ordered to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Infectious dermatological conditions have a higher prevalence in tribal areas of Gujarat due to poor living conditions, lack of hygiene and sanitation. Whereas, non-infectious dermatological conditions such as Eczema and Vitiligo have a high morbidity in tribal areas. Infectious and non-infectious dermatological conditions have poorer trajectories in tribal areas of Gujarat largely due to poor treatment seeking and compliance with treatment, which can be attributed to poor health infrastructure and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Overall, patients have a higher burden of disease associated with various dermatological conditions primarily due to lack of access to healthcare, whereby the diagnosis and management are highly challenging.
IG 4: Byte-Sized Learning: Leveraging Technology for Peer-Driven Education
Isabelle De Looze
Introduction: The rapid advancement of clinical knowledge and technology have necessitated a shift in medical education from traditional textbook reliance to dynamic, technology- enhanced learning. This project addresses this need by creating a comprehensive educational resource focused on delirium, a common yet often mismanaged condition in elderly patients. The project outputs include a peer-led video discussion and a supplementary handbook resource page, aimed at enhancing student understanding and management of delirium. Methods: The project follows a multi-phase logic model: data collection, resource drafting, dissemination, and review. In the data collection phase, a scoping review identified critical aspects for inclusion, such as identification of aetiologies and management strategies. The initial handbook review revealed a need for more visual aids and focused content delivery, leading to a redesigned page with enhanced graphics and memory aids. Finally, the video was created with professional filming setup, and a quality assurance survey was drafted with peer review. Results: The voice- over PowerPoint featured senior medical students discussing their experiences and management strategies for delirium. The conversational format, combined with humour and personal anecdotes, aimed to improve engagement and retention. The dissemination phase is planned to distribute the video and survey through various channels, with the latter aimed to collect quantitative data on student interaction and perceived preparedness. Conclusion: The project’s innovative approach leverages peer learning, cognitive congruence, and technology to foster a collaborative and engaging educational environment. The outputs demonstrate significant potential for improving student outcomes, enhancing problem-solving skills, and ultimately leading to better patient care.
IG 5: Comparative Analysis of Alcohol-related Liver Cirrhosis: Health Outcomes and Education In Australia and India
James Scarfo
Background: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is a significant global health issue characterised by the progressive scarring of liver parenchyma, leading to impaired function. With alcohol as a primary contributing factor, the condition has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cultural attitudes towards alcohol consumption varies significantly between countries like Australia and India, influencing health outcomes and the effectiveness of educational interventions on liver health. Case-study: This report presents a comparative analysis of a case involving a 25-year- old male with a significant history of illicit alcohol consumption, presenting with symptoms indicative of severe liver pathology. Initial observations included moderate haematemesis, altered consciousness, jaundice, and an enlarged liver. Investigations revealed a provisional diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis, but further examination suggested decompensated liver cirrhosis. Management involved stabilisation and supportive care. The patient's condition improved after six days of inpatient care, with advice regarding alcohol cessation. Conclusion: The findings conclude that despite the limitations in resources, the treatments received in rural India closely aligned with Australian guidelines for similar conditions. The case underscores the importance of sociological and cultural factors in the presentation and management of alcohol-related liver cirrhosis. It highlights the need for targeted educational interventions that consider literacy barriers and the sociocultural context to effectively address alcohol misuse and its impact on liver health. This research advocates for a multipronged approach at state, community, and individual levels to improve health outcomes in populations with less education and high alcohol consumption.
IG 6: Comparative Analysis of Tuberculosis Treatment Efficacy in Gujarat, India vs. Australia
Tanvi Maheswari
Background: The global burden of Tuberculosis (TB) continually converges in areas with poor resources and low health literacy, disproportionally affecting patients from a lower socioeconomic background. This study compares the variations in diagnostic strategies, treatment regimens, and overall effectiveness between the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) in Gujarat, India, and treatment protocols in Australia, two distinct healthcare contexts. By understanding these differences, the study aims to provide insights into better-informed TB control strategies globally. Methods: A comparative case study design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data collected from government databases, medical records, and treatment outcomes from healthcare facilities in Gujarat and Australia. Participants included were patients undergoing TB screening and treatment in these regions. Numeric analysis was used to compare treatment efficacy outcomes, while qualitative methods provided a contextual understanding of the challenges and successes in each setting. Results: The analysis revealed significant differences in TB treatment outcomes between Gujarat and Australia, which were attributed to disparities in access to diagnostic resources, active case finding, and adherence issues, impacting Gujarat’s treatment efficacy. Conversely, Australia’s efforts in standardisation and consistency of care demonstrated higher treatment success rates. The findings highlight the critical role of healthcare infrastructure and socio - economic factors in influencing TB treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Improving TB efficacy in a resource-limited setting requires tailoring public health initiatives that consider local contexts. For global TB efforts, integrating best practices from regions with successful TB programs, such as Australia, and reinforcing strategies that better utilise local population dynamics could help enhance treatment outcomes.
IG 7: Ethical Frontiers in AI: Navigating the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health for Suicide Prevention in Australia
Hamid Popal
Exploring the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in mental health to address Australia’s escalating suicide rates. The profound ethical risks associated with AI in mental health care are identified through topics such as algorithmic bias, privacy, and confidentiality. Through simulating conversations and providing interventions, AI offers promising solutions to bridge gaps between the onset of acute mental health episodes and professional care availability, potentially preventing crisis. The deployment of these AI systems raises significant ethical issues. Algorithmic bias results in skewed outcomes that inaccurately reflect diverse communities, exacerbating existing health disparities as well as increasing the risk of harm to the users. Additionally, the intimate nature of mental health data necessitates stringent safeguards to prevent misuse and ensure confidentiality, thus maintaining patient trust. Moreover, the effectiveness of AI is contingent upon accurately interpreting and responding to nuanced risk factors. However, it is currently limited in this capability. In response to these challenges, this project analyses 45 papers on AI in healthcare, specifically those dealing with mental health domains. These were subdivided into ethical and scientific research, providing a comprehensive overview of AI potentials and limitations. This analysis forms the basis for discussions on the need for enhanced data diversity, improved privacy protocols, and greater integration of human oversight to address ethical complexities AI presents in mental health. By navigating issues
thoughtfully, AI can be harnessed effectively to improve accessibility to mental health support and reduce suicide rates, ensuring the benefits of technological advancements are achieved without compromising fundamental ethical standards.
IG 8: How to Become Intern Ready: Learn the ABC's of Chronic Disease. An aApproach through Diabetes.
Nirbhay Arora
Introduction: Chronic diseases pose a significant challenge in medical practice, with nearly half of Australians affected. This project aimed to enhance senior medical students' understanding and management of chronic diseases, focusing on diabetes. Recognising the necessity for a holistic approach, the project sought to provide students with effective learning strategies to learn chronic diseases on clinical placements. Methods: A 15-minute video was planned, utilising peer-reviewed educational methods, addressing common student concerns of resource overload and the transition from pre- clinical to clinical studies. Technical aspects of video production and presentation were also considered, incorporating elements proven to enhance engagement, such as clear messaging, unique infographics, and short feedback questionaries to gauge its overall impact. Results: One primary video of 15-minute length was created along with a secondary video of 10-minute length. The secondary video contained a full interview with a senior clinician who provided insights into effective learning strategies on placement. With a key emphasis on engagement and interactivity, the video provided a structured framework for learning chronic diseases and practical insights from an internal medicine specialist. Conclusions: The primary video and supplementary interview were well-received by the targeted audience, with positive feedback on content relevance and presentation quality. Feedback questionnaire data and video analytics indicated a favourable response, with viewers demonstrating sustained engagement and intent to apply the learning strategies in their practice. While feedback showed a preference for shorter videos, the project overall succeeded in its aim to equip medical students with practical tools for effective learning of chronic disease on clinical placements, fostering their development as future clinicians.
IG 9: Learn about Syncope in Under 10 minutes!
Chanith Welgama
Background: The “Developing short format online content for medicine placements” professional MD project aimed to enhance medical education through the creation of concise educational videos targeted at improving learning experiences during clinical placements. This project was born out of the imperative need to facilitate the transition from theoretical learning to practical application in clinical settings, a challenge often faced by medical students. Methods: The project's main output is a 10-minute video on YouTube for medical students about the condition syncope. It features an interview with an emergency specialist about the importance of understanding syncope, students' expectations, and additional resources. Key points and clinical insights are summarized. The video also addresses the challenges as well as the social and emotional impacts of syncope on patients experiencing the medical condition. The video concludes with a call to action on the viewer, a stepwise approach to a syncope case, and a mnemonic for a differential diagnosis. The second project output was a feedback form evaluating the level of satisfaction medical students and doctors had with the video. It assessed clarity, information presentation, the multimodal aesthetics and dynamics, the mnemonic, additional resources, and overall quality. Results: Ultimately, the feedback results and YouTube analytics
demonstrated a highly positive response towards the video and with 337 views in four months on YouTube and serves as a valuable educational resource. Conclusion: This multimodal approach will lead to enhanced comprehension, retention, and application of medical knowledge through embodying different learning styles, thereby preparing students more effectively for clinical practice.
IG 10: Learning to Learn and Fostering Learning in Medicine
Caio Christiansen
Introduction: Educational videos have become increasingly popular amongst students due to their convenience and self-paced learning. Technical, content selection and delivery aspects play a significant role in student engagement with videos. The aim of this project was to produce an educational video for medical students capable of teaching and encouraging self-learning in medicine. Methods: An educational video was produced with assistance from filming professionals at Bond University, colleagues and the project supervisors. Content presented in the video included pre- existing medical teaching material available on UpToDate®, YouTube®, medical journals, and self- created content. The video was distributed to 15 colleagues in medical school with an embedded feedback form to gage student engagement. Results: All students “strongly agreed” with the relevance of the video to their medical studies. Most students “agreed” with the clarity of content explanations. Most students “strongly agreed” with the audio -visual quality of, usefulness of the diagrams, tables, further readings and clips presented, and the overall quality of the video. Most students “disagreed” with the length of the video. Most students “neither agreed, nor disagreed” with the impact of the video to their future practice of medicine. Effective educational videos promote independent learning in medicine through validating the student experience and learning process. Short videos with numerous tailored applicable examples and high- quality explanations are the most popular amongst students Conclusion: Effective educational videos promote independent learning in medicine through validating the student experience and learning process. Short videos with numerous tailored applicable examples and high- quality explanations are the most popular amongst students
IG11: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Provision in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Healthcare Clinics
Olivia Jorgenson
Background: Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives (LARCs) are effective in preventing unintended pregnancy and may improve the health and wellbeing of women through family planning. This retrospective continuous quality improvement (CQI) study analyses provision of LARCs within a First Nations community- controlled primary healthcare service in South-East Queensland. The aim of the CQI was to investigate patterns in LARC provision among member organisations, compare this to state averages, and formulate recommendations to improve LARC provision. Method: Data was extracted from electronic patient records, utilising Medicare benefits schedule (MBS) item codes for LARC insertion, while state averages were gathered online using Medicare item reports. Statistical analysis was conducted using Jamovi. Results: 2131 occasions of services were analysed across 21 member organisations during the period from July 2017 to April 2023. 1829 insertions were billed reflecting a 17.5% LARC uptake within the serviced population. Implanon insertions were more common among younger females and rates were stable over the period. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) were less common in younger women, though the number of insertions increased approaching state averages. There was a
positive association with number of IUD insertions and number of IUD trained physicians per practice. Conclusion: Variation in uptake amongst the network’s clinics suggest tailored interventions are needed such as increasing IUD insertion training, performing qualitative analysis on clinics with higher rates, and conducting regular audits as part of an ongoing CQI. Additionally, further qualitative research, informed by community and practitioners is needed to address unique barriers and inform future CQI strategies for improving LARC provision within the network.
Posters (Ignite) PM
IG 12: Literature Review on Organ Transplantation Ethics and Applications to Australian Healthcare
Sonal Abeysuriya
Background: This literature review examines ethical considerations, distribution models, and innovative solutions in organ transplantation, while considering applications to the Australian healthcare system. The persistent organ shortage necessitates a thorough evaluation of needsbased, utilitarian, equity-based, reciprocity, and free-market models for their ethical implications and effectiveness. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases like PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Bond University Library Search, along with relevant ethics journals. The review included fifty-four peer-reviewed sources published between 1967 and 2024. Thematic synthesis was employed to integrate findings, identify common ethical issues, and evaluate proposed solutions. Conclusion: The review concludes that the needsbased model is most suitable for Australia, balancing medical urgency with fairness and accountability. Innovative solutions such as xenotransplantation, 3D-printed organs, artificial organs, and advanced preservation techniques were identified as strategies to increase the organ supply and improve allocation equity. These findings aim to guide policymakers in developing effective, just, and equitable organ transplantation policies for Australia, emphasising the need for ongoing innovation and ethical consideration in transplantation practices.
IG 13: Outcomes of a Clinical Quality Improvement Project within the IUIH Network: a Retrospective Chart Audit
Maddison Hayes
*Abstract redacted due to confidentiality*
IG 14: Overview of Red Flag Examinations and Clinician Consideration of Non-Accidental Injuries in Children Under 2 – Retrospective Emergency Department Audit
Anthony Chapkoun
Importance: Non-accidental injuries (NAI) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the paediatric population, disproportionally affecting younger cohorts. Although a degree of suspicion should be made on any paediatric patient presenting with trauma, clinician consideration remains a poorly medically documented feature of trauma. Objective: Categorise common presenting injuries and physical examination findings in the ED, consistency with clinical decision tools (CDRs) identifying red-flag findings featured in local and national guidelines, and congruence with clinician reporting. Design/Setting/Participants: Retrospective clinical audit from the 26th of January 2020 to the 7th of August 2020 in the ED of Gold Coast and Robina University Hospital. Patients younger than two years of age were identified, and measured items highlighted in NAI guidelines were performed. Results: 7.0% of clinicians among the 559 cases considered an NAI. 52.6% of patients exhibited physical signs of an injury, predominantly soft tissue, followed by fractures and burns. 10.2% of overall patients met CDRs for red-flag examination findings; despite its positive association with clinicians who documented their considerations of NAI, 81.5% of clinicians still needed to make such documentation. Bruises, particularly those meeting the TEN-4-FACESp rule, were most consistent with documented considerations of an NAI. In contrast, non-bruise soft tissue injuries, long bone fractures and high-risk burn locations were less frequently documented as such. Conclusion: Red-flag features are often overlooked, or infrequently documented concerns are made in clinical practice. Considering a stable incidence of NAI, such issues must be addressed to mitigate the downstream effects of abuse.
IG 15: Patient health outcomes at 90- days post Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: interim analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus
Network Adaptive Platform trial (SNAP) within GCHHS
Monique Hare
Background: The Staphylococcus aureus Network Adaptive Platform trial (SNAP) is a multicountry randomised control trial comparing antimicrobial regimens according to antibiotic susceptibility for hospitalised adult and paediatric patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB). This interim analysis summarises the 90- day health outcomes of patients with SAB who were enrolled in SNAP at the Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service (GCHHS) from trial initiation to present. Methods: A review of the 90- day trial data of patients enrolled in SNAP at GCHHS between July 2023 to March 2024 was undertaken, with a descriptive analysis provided. 90- day post SAB health outcomes were summarised for eight parameters. Results: A total of 28 patients were enrolled over 9 months. 36% of SAB were healthcare-associated. Allcause mortality at 90- days post SAB was 11%, all of whom were healthcare-associated. Two of the three patients who died had complicated bacteraemia. 12.5% of patients randomised to receive flucloxacillin experienced a serious adverse event, whilst clindamycin was associated with adverse effects in 21%. Quality of life (QOL) measures at 90- days post SAB compared to baseline were reduced in 29% of patients. Conclusion: This project reinforces the known high mortality rates of SAB and the need for high- quality evidence informing best therapeutic
management. The decrease in 90- day QOL suggests that SAB infection results in short-term mortality and significant long-term morbidity. Challenges associated with SAB include antibioticrelated adverse effects. The presence of healthcare-associated SAB highlights the need for future evaluation of preventative measures and regular infection control surveillance.
IG 16: The Creation of a Guideline for the Early Identification and Appropriate Referral of Spasticity for Inpatients at Gold Coast Health Facilities
Hannah Edwards-Smith
Introduction/Background: There are significant benefits to early intervention for spasticity, however rehabilitation physicians at Gold Coast Health (GCH) identified that often the opportunity for early intervention was being missed due to late identification and referral. The aim of this project is to facilitate prompt and appropriate referral to rehabilitation services through the development of a guideline or alternative tool which promotes the early identification and referral of spasticity. Methods: Firstly, a literature review was conducted to evaluate the evidence available for the use of a guideline or alternative tool to promote spasticity identification in an inpatient setting. Then, a guideline was created based on the findings of this literature review. Additional resources to be used in conjunction with the guideline has also been created. Data on current attitudes and practices of spasticity identification has been collected from occupational therapists (OTs) and physiotherapists at GCH to provide a baseline to compare to postimplementation of the guideline. Results:Findings of the literature review include a proposed traffic-light classification system to standardise risk assessment of spasticity development. This system was then adapted in the guideline to reflect the appropriate services available at GCH. Initial data suggests that overall, spasticity is an issue OTs and physiotherapists think about assessing and respondents had a relatively high level of confidence in knowing where to refer patients for further spasticity assessment at GCUH. However, it was identified that there could be an improvement in the frequency spasticity is assessed, level of confidence in recognising early signs of spasticity and frequency of providing education to patients. Conclusion: Overall, this guideline aims to improve the early identification and referral of spasticity at GCH through the use of a standardised assessment and referral pathway. It is currently awaiting review by the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team at GCH.
IG 17: The Ethical Considerations of Mandatory Vaccination and Vaccine Hesitancy
Dat La
Introduction/Background: In 2019, the WHO listed vaccine hesitancy as a top 10 global threat and forms a critical barrier to vaccine uptake. With growing threats to public health, this has prompted the prospect of mandatory vaccination policies to increase vaccine uptake. However, mandatory vaccination policies remain to be a complicated and contentious issue. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive reflection on the broad ethical and legal arguments for mandatory vaccination as well as describing its impact on vaccine hesitancy. Method: A literature search was conducted between the year 2010 to 2024 from the Cochrane, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Articles were included if they focused on the ethical implications of mandatory vaccinations, discussed the problem of vaccine hesitancy, and reported the consequences of mandatory vaccination on vaccine hesitancy. Articles were excluded if they
pertained to healthcare workers, have not been peer reviewed, or found to be reviews, editorials, or letters. Results: From the searched articles, mandatory vaccination policies can be justified on the ethical grounds of the harm principle and fairness. However, introducing mandatory vaccination policies can exacerbate vaccine hesitancy by increasing existing mistrust through social media, pharmaceutical companies, and medical racism. Conclusion: In summary, this literature review confirms that mandatory vaccination policies can be defended but comes at a cost of increasing vaccine hesitancy. While there are less coercive strategies, the effectiveness of them is somewhat limited. Therefore, a future recommendation to advance the ethical dialogue is to explore the long-term effectiveness of less intrusive policies compared to mandatory vaccination.
IG 18: The Impact of Post-Stroke Related Mood Changes on Rehabilitation Outcomes
Arnie Sen
Background: Mood changes are a relatively common complication post-stroke and can place significant challenges during recovery. Almost one-third of stroke patients are diagnosed with Post-stroke Depression which is often associated with longer hospital stays and poorer functional outcomes. The study aims to evaluate the impact of post-stroke mood changes on functional and rehabilitation outcomes at Gold Coast University Hospital (GCUH) rehabilitation unit. In addition, the relationship between mood disturbances and the role of anti- depressant use, is explored to provide insights into post-stroke care. Method: This retrospective cohort study assessed 51 patient stroke patients admitted to the GCUH rehabilitation ward from November 2022 to May 2023. Mood changes were classified into four categories: no mood changes, adjustment not affecting rehabilitation participation (AnAR), adjustment affecting rehabilitation participation (AAR), and post-stroke depression (PSD), based on clinical judgment. Functional and rehabilitation outcomes were assessed using Admission and Discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, FIM change, Length of Stay (LOS), and FIM efficiency. Results: Mood changes post-stroke were significantly associated with poorer baseline function, as indicated by lower Admission FIM scores and longer LOS. Anti- depressant initiation, particularly Mirtazapine did not significantly improve FIM change and efficiency. Notably, mood changes and anti- depressant intervention did not influence long-term discharge function. Conclusions: Whilst mood changes post-stroke influence baseline function, the use of antidepressants to improve functional and rehabilitation outcomes remains inconclusive. This emphasises the need for a targeted multidisciplinary approach to optimise outcomes for stroke survivors with mood disorders and further research to address gaps in current clinical practices.
IG 19: The Relationship Between Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteraemia
Primary Infection Foci and Patient fFactors in the SNAP Trial
Don Deshan Wijesinghe
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal human microbiota, however with an associated high morbidity and mortality when it causes disease. The Staphylococcus aureus Network Adaptive Platform trial provides invaluable data to better understand and manage S. aureus bacteraemia (SAB). This project aimed to explore the relationship between SAB foci and related patient factors. Methods: Data was collected from Queensland Health Electronic Medical Records, then entered into the SNAP registry–Spinnaker. Participants entered into SNAP
before May 2024 were included based on SNAP eligibility criteria. Infection foci were collated into two groups, non- deep seated and deep -seated infections. Descriptive data analysis and tabulation were completed using Microsoft Excel and Jamovi Statistics. Results: Of 32 participants, 72% were male, and 28% female (median age = 62 years). The two most common foci were skin and soft tissue and native osteoarticular infections (n=7 in each). The median care durations were 30 and 31 days, non-DS and DS, respectively. Median treatment durations were 22 and 28 days for intravenous (IV) antibiotics and 13 and 5 days for oral, non-DS, and DS respectively. Median time until sterile culture was 2 days, longer in DS infections. Conclusion: This project highlighted differences in sex, duration of oral and IV antibiotics and time until sterile culture by infection foci in this sample of SNAP participants. Closer analysis of the relationship and significance of other demographic factors, specific infection foci, antibiotic susceptibility and eligibility of early oral switching with a larger sample size could reduce healthcare burdens.
IG 20: To What Extent Does Religion Influence the Delivery of Culturally Safe Healthcare to Pregnant Muslim Women? A S coping Review
Harrish Ravikumar
Objective: Culturally safe care for Muslim women requires that healthcare workers treat their religious beliefs with respect. The religious beliefs of Muslim women influence their decisions about what kind of care they are prepared to engage in. Healthcare is culturally safe for Muslim women if their religious beliefs are respected in the course of the delivery of their healthcare. This review aims to identify the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of Muslim women regarding prenatal genetic testing and pregnancy termination, and to examine how religious observance impacts healthcare decision-making processes. By synthesizing findings from various studies, the review seeks to provide insights into the challenges and facilitators in providing culturally safe healthcare to this population, and to offer recommendations for healthcare providers to enhance the cultural sensitivity and effectiveness of healthcare services for pregnant Muslim women. Methods: Between October 2023 and January 2024, three databases were searched: PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar. Search terms included: Islam, Muslim, Moslem, Pregnancy, Prenatal, Antenatal, Prenatal care, Screening and Scan. The search articles were filtered by applying the inclusion- exclusion criteria, Covidence software and manual review. Results: Eight studies were included for review. The scoping review revealed that religion significantly influences the delivery of culturally safe healthcare to pregnant Muslim women, particularly in the context of prenatal genetic testing and pregnancy termination. Religious Muslim women were less likely to undergo invasive prenatal tests, such as amniocentesis, compared to their secular counterparts. This reluctance was primarily due to religious opposition to pregnancy termination following abnormal test results. Secular Muslim women who underwent In-Vitro -Fertilization were more likely to perform invasive tests and terminate pregnancies with abnormal findings than religious Muslim women. Practice implications: Training for healthcare providers on cultural and religious aspects, collaboration with religious authorities, tailored counselling approaches and enhanced support systems are some practice recommendations.
IG 21: β-Thalassaemia Major in Deesa, Gujarat, India
Sean Singh
Introduction: β-Thalassaemia, an inherited haemoglobinopathy, particularly affects the Indian subcontinent contributing to around 10% of global cases with an estimated 42 million carriers. Case Study: The case discussed is of a 7-year- old girl in Deesa, a predominantly agricultural city located in the state of Gujarat in North West India. The child presented with symptomatic anaemia on a background of β -Thalassaemia Major diagnosed at 3.5 months old. She was subsequently admitted to the paediatric ward for blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy. Diagnostic Challenges: The diagnostic challenges of β-Thalassaemia in India include limited access to accurate and cost- effective screening tests, and poor standardisation and implementation of genetic counselling for at risk couples. Comparison of Treatment Outcomes: Treatment outcomes for people with β-Thalassaemia are much more favourable in high-income countries. This is due to effective mitigation of transfusion transmitted infections and implementation of iron chelation therapies. However, blood supply for transfusion remains a universal challenge regardless of the income of a country. Health Equity Analysis: The impact of social determinants on health outcomes of β-Thalassaemia in India is evident from the case study. The case highlights the significance of health literacy and timely screening. Financial challenges and limited access to healthcare compound the issue. Cultural beliefs, including consanguineous marriage and stigmatisation, further hinder prevention efforts. Ethical concerns and social implications around mandatory screening are discussed, advocating for balanced approaches respecting autonomy. Targeted education programs and community involvement offer practical solutions to mitigate the disease's impact and foster health equity.
IG 22: Simulation Based Education MD Report
James Cleary
Introduction: Simulation based learning is a key component to the education of medical students. This facet of medical education helps to promote a safe learning environment, prepares students for realistic clinical scenarios, provides the ability to gain mastery of skills through repetition, and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration alongside emotional preparedness of stressful tasks. The learning outcomes for this project were thus developed around these positive educational impacts of simulation based learning. Alongside an investigation of the literature surrounding this area the project goals were outlined to then be reflected upon at the completion of the clinical component to this MD project. Methods: The simulation based education project was then outlined and expectations were provided by the project supervisor. The project methodology consisted of attending a number of simulation based learning exercises, alongside the ‘Bond Virtual Hospital’ simulated pre- clinical teaching in conjunction with attending a series of specialised workshops. These activities were then reflected upon and the learning objective originally outlined and the successfulness of their completion was quantified. Project Outputs The perceived success surrounding the learning objectives that were involved and achieved in this rotation were quantified. This was done by looking at amount of hours attended, personal and clinical growth achieved by the participant, and feedback given by the supervising individuals involved in the project. Utilizing these parameters of project success the individual learning outcomes were deemed to be achieved over the course of the clinical rotation and in the weeks following upon reflection. Discussion and Conclusions: Following inquiry into each individual learning outcome and discussion of these outcomes using the medical literature surrounding simulation based education, the project was deemed to be successfully completed. The learning
outcomes outlined in the introductory section of this report were then reflected upon and their impact on the clinical learning that was achieved by the project participant was outlined in the conclusion.
