STUDIO AIR 2017, SEMESTER 1, DAN SCHULZ RAN LI
PART C C.1. DESIGN CONCEPT C.2. TECTONIC ELEMENTS & PROTOTYPES C.3. FINAL DETAIL MODEL C.4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
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C.1. DESIGN CONCEPT
C
BIOMIMICRY
AVAs (arteriovenous anastomoses) Hairless areas of the body that feature extensive networks of veins very close to the surface of the skin.
RABBIT EARS Built-in Radiator
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Heat-exchanging vein network Scenario 1: It is highly possible, if no effective countermeasures are taken, the global warming will continue to deteriorate and threatens to challenge human body’s capability to regulate its own temperature if exposed to high level of moisture and sunlight. This heat-exchanging vein network is invented, therefore, to assist our body’s self-regulation to cool the blood. Scenario 2: Many people, particularly athletes and outdoor workers, struggle to keep their core body temperature at a certain level during those long, hot days of the year, and consequently, heatstroke is a common concern, in need of further solution. The elevation of core body temperature, referring to the temperature of the body’s vital organs including the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and brain, often results in a feeling of tiredness. Accordingly, one will become less strong physically or less sharp mentally. To get rid of excess heat generated by those core organs, our body has also evolved to have “radiators”, generally referring to our neck and palms. Suppose a worker gets hot when he is laying bricks in the summer, blood flow at his neck and palms naturally goes up, helping the body to release heat.1 On top of that, there are also extensive network of blood veins laying close to the surface of our bare skin area, making it easier for heat exchange between our blood vessels and the external environment.2 Blood circulation mechanism: When extra heat is generated by an endotherm’s body, its blood vessels will dilate to allow for more blood flow and therefore step up the dissipating of heat via skin. As to furry mammals, they are endowed with a special network of vessels in the bare areas of the skin to tackle with extra body heat. The large ears of the jackrabbits are a good example for this case, without which it would be impossible for them to survive in desert.3 For stegosaurus, their extinction may also be partially because of the large size and rich blood vessels of their bone plates, which would have make it hard for them to maintain the body’s temperature.4 1. NCBI, “Arterio-venous anastomoses in the human skin and their role in temperature control”, 2016. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861183/> [accessed 27 October 2017] 2. Khanacademy “Temperature regulation strategies”, 2017. <https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/ metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies> [accessed 27 October 2017] 3. Khanacademy “Temperature regulation strategies”, 2017. <https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/ metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies> [accessed 27 October 2017] 4. LIVESCIENCE “Stegosaurus: Bony Plates & Tiny Brain”, 2016. <https://www.livescience.com/24184-stegosaurus-facts.html> [accessed 27 October 2017] CONCEPTUALISATION 101
FIGURE 1 VEINS AND ARTERIES
COLLAGE
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Stanford researchers’ cooling glove ‘better than steroids’ – and helps solve physiological mystery, too
FIGURE 2
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SITE AREA
FIGURE 5
In the first tutorial after the mid-term break, Dan gave us feedback and suggestions on this testing model, and we agreed on “Blood Cooling”. We thought about the idea of CNC; however, further discussion and research showed that it would not work in our project. We made a schedule before we started and made sure everyone was fairly involved. The first step was to finish the digital model. During the second tutorial, we showed Dan our model, made by grasshopper. The pattern on the surface was too simple and he suggested that we add more variations to it. He also encouraged us to discuss more about the concept of this design. We reviewed the design concept more than once during fabrication, and the discussion of our concept was part of every meeting. I was delighted to find that everyone in our group wanted to participate, contribute and we all did the best we could to improve the design. All of us spent a lot of time on it and it was totally worthwhile. Finally, during the oral presentation, no one questioned about our group’s design concept.
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CONCEPT SKETCHES VASOCONSTRICTION “Shrinking the diameter of blood vessels that supply the skin, a process known as vasoconstriction, reduces blood flow and helps retain heat.”5 Blood returning to heart hasn’t lost much heat
Blood flow bbypasses surface of skinw
VASODILATION “On the other hand, when an endotherm needs to get rid of heat—say, after running hard to escape a predator—these blood vessels get wider, or dilate. This process is called vasodilation. Vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin and helps the animal lose some of its extra heat to the environment.”6 Blood flows close to surface and heat is lost
Cooler blood returns to heart
5. Khanacademy “Temperature regulation strategies”, 2017. <https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/ metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies> [accessed 27 October 2017] 6. Khanacademy “Temperature regulation strategies”, 2017. <https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/ metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies> [accessed 27 October 2017]
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COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE
Warm blood from the body’s core travels down the leg in an artery (arterial blood)
Cold venous blood from the foot is warmed before it returns to the body’s core
Arterial blood passes heat to cold blood coming back from the foot (venous blood)
Arterial blood is now cooler and will lose less heat to the environment as it travels through the foot
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WOLF PANTING TO LOSE HEAT
FIGURE 6
In mid-term oral presentation, one of the guests pointed out that the cooling tubes were not long enough. More spaces for cooling down part was needed. I had an idea in my mind to address the problem, but it needed sophisticated technology. The cooling part should be able to extend according to changes in temperatures similar to the Fig. And all the extended part would only grow in the part shown in diagram 1 similar to the hair growing pattern on the arm. The development of this idea is analogical to the adventure that combined architect and engineer together.
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“Thermoregulation, or the maintenance of a fairly steady body temperature even under a variety of external conditions, is important to all animals because each species has a preferred body temperature at which functioning is optimal.”7 How does the body function under normal thermal circumstances? As a steady-state situation, the heat produced by the body is balanced by the heat lost to the environment. An equation for the body heat balance can be written as: M ± W = ± R ± C ± E ± S [W/m²] “where M is the rate at which thermal energy is produced by the body through metabolic processes, W is the rate of work produced by or on the body, R is the rate of radiant heat exchange with the surroundings, C is the rate of convective heat exchange with the surroundings, E is the rate of heat loss due to evaporation of body water, and S is the rate of heat storage in the body. Numerous studies have confirmed that in many species, an absorbed dose of microwave energy equivalent to the resting metabolic heat production, elevates the deep body temperature of the animal by 1 degree or more. S should ideally be close to zero in order to prevent body temperature changes.”8 What are the means of heat loss from the body? Radiation, convection, and evaporation are ways of heat loss that are directly related to the surface area of the human’s body.9 A example: wind makes a hot day feel much cooler due to heat is removed from human body more efficiently. How much heat does the body produce? According to the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), the heat production of a human in a thermoneutral environment (33°C or 91°F) at rest mentally and physically more than 12 hours after the last meal.10
7 Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 8 Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 9 Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10 Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
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SOME OTHER IDEAS BASED ON BIOMIMICRY
The idea is inspired by pigeon. A pigeon fluffs its feathers for warmth. In the sameway, the feathers are able to extend according to changes in temperatures.
FIGURE 7
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The structure of this design is based on humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s muscle structure. The blood is dispersed through the main blood cube to the surface, then it travels back into the blood tubes.
FIGURE 8
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The connection part final presentation model
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IMPROVE PART Based on the feedback from presentation, for the connection, we were thinking of using some sort of ‘plug and socket’ connection. The plug and socket is made of silicone material because they are non-reactive to most of the chemical. (Rachel’s idea) The socket is on located at the inner side of our elbow and wrist where blood vessels are nearer to the skin. Take note that the tube on the model is vacuum because the blood will not need to be forced in. Therefore external pump to pump the blood in is not needed to address the feedback on using other pattern then shortest walk, we need to first determine the optimum length for for blood to reach optimum blood temperature for optimum sport performance. Straighter pattern will have shorter distance than curvy one. (Squarish pattern is not encouraged because force is greater at the corner and will damage the pipe in long term) 3
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DESIGN PROCESS DESIGN SKETCH
FINAL DIGITAL MODEL
DIGITAL MODEL - FIFTH TRY
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DIGITAL MODEL - FIRST TRY
DIGITAL MODEL - SECOND TRY
DIGITAL MODEL - FOURTH TRY
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FIGURE 9
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Grasshopper + Rhino We are familiar with the generative systems, I believe it is a big breakthrough in architecture design. However, this technology cannot be applied to every part of the design. It does provide design solutions with higher cost-efficiency, but it is not suit for some details. I enjoyed the technique development in Part B as I was attracted by this technology. However, in Part C, I found that this system was not universal. Sometimes, we needed to turn to a more conventional way for solution.
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DIGITAL ITERATIONS
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NPONENT 1
NPONENT 2
NPONENT 3
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COLLAGE
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POSTER
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C.2. TECTONIC ELEMENTS & PROTOTYPES
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Our group had three testings before the final model. First one: clay and tubes Advantage: High plasticity and flexible Very light model Cheap and quick
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Disadvantage: As the clay dried, the model shrank. And the tubes needed extra glue to stay connected onto the clay. The natural connection between clay and tubes was not strong enough. It was hard to smooth the surface of the clay.
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Second one: cotton, balloons and glue Unfortunately, we lost this model in Fab lab, and therefore we didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see what happened to it when the glue was dry.
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Third one: iron wires and tubes This is the most successful model we made in the testing. It was Plan B. We had lots of exciting ideas for the connection part of this model.
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REFLECTION OF MATERIAL SELECTION For this project, the best way to fabricate is 3D printing. Most of groups in our studio chose 3D printing for their final project, as it met nearly all our requirements and it was highly efficient and accurate. To make 3D printing possible, we had to master many skills for making digital models, which was a prerequisite for the printing. More importantly, material selection is of top priority in 3D printing. Though the technology for 3D has been developing fast, we still encountered some problems in our project. During fabrication, the average speed and accuracy of printing were quite limited. The outcome was acceptable but in need of further repair and polishing. Moreover, if there were more materials to be selected from, we can refine our project in levels of transparency, hardness, color and many other aspects. For the connection part There are some choices in the market for the connection part, including liquid glue, glue gun, super glue etc. However, those materials only work well in small projects. For big projects, it is hard to find the suitable solution to connect different parts. In our project, the smooth surface of the tube made it difficult to use glue. The better solution was nails, like connection of the structures in real buildings. However, the 3D printed parts were not suitable for using nails. Finally, we decided to use different types of glue which had stronger viscosity, and wheb it was dry, we added another layer to make it stronger. If we build a house, we must learn construction design and it is important to understand the property of different materials. It is the same in our project, different materials used could bring about different results.
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FIGURE 10
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C.3. FINAL DETAILED MODEL CONCEPTUALISATION 141
Finally, we decided to use 3D printing for the final model. We also tried fiberglass sheet and resin. The 3D printing There were 3 main problems we encountered during fabrication: #1 The digital model size was bigger than the average printerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s size. #2 The thickness of the model surface part was hard to control. #3 It was hard to find the material which could result in great transparency.
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Our first try - Failed The digital model size was bigger than the average printerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s size. We changed the scale into 1:2 and cut the whole design into two parts. The 3D printer store we find in the first was very expensive. And the printing work would take a lot of time but the deadline was pressing. Therefore, we decided use another one.
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FABRICATION PROCESS PAINTING
BURNISH
DRYING
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CONNECTION PART
STAGE 1 THE MODEL FINISHED FROM FAB LAB AFTER REPAIRED
STAGE 2 THE MODEL AFTER PAINTED
STAGE 3 THE FINISHED MODEL
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FIBERGLASS SHEET AND RESIN FABRICATION PROCESS
We also tried fiberglass sheet and resin, for a transparent visual outcome.
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FINAL PHYSICAL MODEL 150
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FINAL DIGITAL MODEL
-PLAN 156
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-ELEVATION CONCEPTUALISATION 157
-SECTION 158
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ADVERTISEMENT To be unique, extraordinary and the trend-maker of our time. This project also represents a way of cultural exchange: Sport makes our life more colorful! Sport changes life! Sport is life! How does sport change our body? By improving stamina By stimulating metabolism We can usually identify courage and perseverance in those who love sports. They find it exciting to challenge themselves. As this is our first project in this company, we provide a team of professional advisors and we sincerely invite you to join our supreme club for free. Our project represents a new life style. Joining our club is the easiest way to find those with the same hobbies with you. We also provide tutorials, activities, proms and platforms for all the members. This is a great opportunity for you to make new friends and improve your health. Day by day, the world is developing, and the global warming is deteriorating. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard to project what our life will be 100 years from now. Changes can come overnight. Our company will keep researching into this area, and more and more programs will be available in the future. Today, become one core part of our group, and you can enjoy supreme privileges and lead the trend of our time.
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C.4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
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AA
RESEARCH READING WRITING
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RESEARCH TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT FABRICATION
B
CRITERIA DESIGN
C
DETAILED DESIGN FABRICATION GROUP WORK
Our Studio’s design concept aims to the future, which leads us to many new and exciting areas. This course can be divided into 3 parts, involving both individual and team works, and for each part, I had a clear objective. A�er I came back to Melbourne from China, I was reluctant to start the new semester. I then told myself that I needed to try my best. I imagined many scenarios that might happen at the end of this semester if I do not do the best I can. I spent my time studying and working instead of merely worrying, and the outcome really surprised me. I divided the learning objectives and outcomes into 3 parts: to learn from others, to become bold and visionary, and to address whatever problems that might rise.
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To learn from others I learn a lots from both my group mates and our tutor Dan. I didn’t know my group mate before the Air studio. During the Part C, we met almost every day, and worked together for most of the time. We expressed ourselves and listened to each other. Our group was well prepared for the work with a clear plan, a though�ul schedule and a fair division of work. We started testing the material during mid-term break, and we finished half a day early before the presentation. For each day, lots of problems would rise, but we solved them one by one. During the whole process, we discussed but never squabbled. Thai was responsible for the digital model. I helped him for this part and he taught me an easier way of using photoshop, which saved me lots of time. He was very patient when we had different views for the poster. Rachel impressed me with her rigorous a�tude. I still remember that she waited for our physical model until mid-night. I am glad to be part of this group. I also learned a lot from our tutor, Dan. He gave us sufficient space to think and develop, and helped us when we were stuck at some points. He was like a compass, guiding us toward the destination. When a problem rose, he would give suggestions that could enlighten us. We respect him greatly. For each tutorial and scientific arrangement, he would spend many hours preparing for the class, and such an a�tude also motivated me to do the best I could and to become a better student and a stronger person.
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To be bold and visionary and to address whatever problems that might rise In Part A we discussed the future of design. Architecture as a design practice is now closely intertwined with computation tools and processes. By writing and designing algorithms that relate to element placement, element configuration and the relationships between elements, algorithmic thinking and computation design are generating and exploring architectural spaces and concepts previously inconceivable by the human mind. It encourages architects to design and think about design from an innovative perspective. We are familiar with the generative systems, I believe it is a big breakthrough in architecture design. However, this technology cannot be applied to every part of the design. It does provide design solutions with higher cost-eďŹ&#x192;ciency, but it is not suit for some details. I enjoyed the technique development in Part B as I was attracted by this technology. However, in Part C, I found that this system was not universal. Sometimes, we needed to turn to a more conventional way for solution. I love challenges, but it is also hard for me to when there is huge pressure. Fortunately, along this semester, I found myself stronger. I picked up running every day aďż˝er my ankle healed. When I was stuck at home because of the incident, I was so hopeless and miserable and therefore I determined to keep exercising when I got better. Overall, this is an amazing studio which I enjoyed a lot. I will always cherish those best memories.
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COLLAGE On the other hand, it also made us realize that future design could be health-oriented. “Blood”, “global warming”, “fresh-air”, “medicine” and many words of the same category punctuated our discussion. Therefore, energy conservation and environmental protection should be put top on the list of every design. The awareness of sustainable development is highly recommended.
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For the future Keep part of traditional and combine with modern world. As same as Architecture, we can not forget handdrawing, but we keep learning and exploring. As the collage I made above, traditional arts and modern arts harmonious together.
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REFERENCES 1. NCBI, “Arterio-venous anastomoses in the human skin and their role in temperature control”, 2016. <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861183/> [accessed 27 October 2017] 2. Khanacademy “Temperature regulation strategies”, 2017. <https://www.khanacademy. org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/ animal-temperature-regulation-strategies> [accessed 27 October 2017] 3. Khanacademy “Temperature regulation strategies”, 2017. <https://www.khanacademy. org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/ animal-temperature-regulation-strategies> [accessed 27 October 2017] 4. LIVESCIENCE “Stegosaurus: Bony Plates & Tiny Brain”, 2016. <https://www. livescience.com/24184-stegosaurus-facts.html> [accessed 27 October 2017] 5. Khanacademy “Temperature regulation strategies”, 2017. <https://www.khanacademy. org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-and-thermoregulation/a/ animal-temperature-regulation-strategies> [accessed 27 October 2017] 6. LIVESCIENCE “Stegosaurus: Bony Plates & Tiny Brain”, 2016. <https://www. livescience.com/24184-stegosaurus-facts.html> [accessed 27 October 2017] 7. Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 8. Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 9. Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10. Polk, Charles and Elliot Postow, ed. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 2nd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
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REFERENCES - IMAGES Figure 1 http://www.funkidslive.com/learn/hallux/heart-beat/veins-arteries-and-capillaries/ [accessed 27 October 2017] Figure 2 http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2012/09/avacore_technologies_magic_ cooling_glove_from_stanford_won_t_transform_your_workout_.html [accessed 27 October 2017] Figure 3-4 http://tek-think.com/2015/07/18/stanford-university-research-into-rapidlycooling-body-temperature/[accessed 27 October 2017] Figure 5 https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/348254983667614208/ [accessed 27 October 2017] Figure 6-7 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/principles-of-physiology/metabolism-andthermoregulation/a/animal-temperature-regulation-strategies[accessed 27 October 2017] Figure 8 https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/416442296773079661/ [accessed 27 October 2017] Figure 9 https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/544513411187281320/?lp=true [accessed 27 October 2017] Figure 10 https://technologyoutlet.co.uk/products/flashforge-finder-3d-printer-in-stock-now [accessed 27 October 2017]
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