management_of_pathogen

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ISBN

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°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª‰¥â·∫àß°≈ÿà¡¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ‚√§·≈–·∫àß√–¥—∫¢Õß°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߄π°“√°àÕ‚√§¥—ßπ’È °≈ÿࡇ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ °≈ÿà¡∑’Ë 1 (risk group 1) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë ‰¡à¡’§«“¡‡ ’ˬßÀ√◊Õ‡ ’ˬßπâÕ¬µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈·≈–™ÿ¡™π ‰¥â·°à ‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§∑’ˉ¡à°àÕ „À⇰‘¥‚√§„π§π·≈– —µ«å ‡™à𠇙◊ÈÕ Lactobacillus acidophilus ‡ªìπµâπ „Àâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈‚¥¬„™â√–¥—∫§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π√–¥—∫∑’Ë 1 (Basic Biosafety level 1) ‰¡àµâÕßÕ“»—¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ摇»… ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1

°≈ÿࡇ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ °≈ÿà¡∑’Ë 2 (risk group 2) ‡™◊ÈÕ°≈ÿà¡π’È¡’§«“¡ ‡ ’¬Ë ߪ“π°≈“ß ”À√—∫∫ÿ§§≈ ·µà¡§’ «“¡‡ ’¬Ë ßπâÕ¬ ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÕÈ ‚√§ ∑’°Ë Õà „À⇰‘¥‚√§„π§πÀ√◊Õ —µ«å ·µà‰¡à‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬√⓬·√ßµàÕºŸ∑⠔ߓπ„πÀâÕß ªØ‘∫µ— °‘ “√ ™ÿ¡™π ª»ÿ µ— «åÀ√◊Õ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚√§∑’‡Ë °‘¥¡’«∏‘ ª’ ÕÑ ß°—π·≈–¡’∏°’ “√ √—°…“∑’ˉ¥âº≈ ·≈–§«“¡‡ ’ˬߵàÕ°“√·æ√à‡™◊ÈÕ¡’®”°—¥ ‡™à𠇙◊ÈÕ Bacillus cereus ‡ªìπµâπ °“√¥Ÿ·≈µâÕß„™â√–¥—∫§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ Ÿß°«à“°≈ÿà¡·√°§◊Õ Basic biosafety level 2 ´÷ËßµâÕß¡’ biological safety cabinet ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 2

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°≈ÿࡇ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ °≈ÿà¡∑’Ë 3 (risk group 3) ‡™◊ÈÕ°≈ÿà¡π’È¡’§«“¡ ‡ ’Ë¬ß ŸßµàÕ∫ÿ§§≈ ·µà¡’§«“¡‡ ’ˬßπâÕ¬µàÕ™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’ˇ™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§√â“·√ß„π§πÀ√◊Õ —µ«å∑ª’Ë °µ‘®–‰¡à·æ√ஓ°§πÀ√◊Õ —µ«å∑µ’Ë ¥‘ ‡™◊ÕÈ ‰ª¬—ߧπÀ√◊Õ —µ«å Õ◊Ëπ ‚√§∑’ˇ°‘¥¡’«‘∏’ªÑÕß°—π·≈–«‘∏’√—°…“∑’ˉ¥âº≈ ‡™◊ÈÕ„π°≈ÿà¡π’ȇ™à𠇙◊ÈÕ Mycobacterium bovis ‡ªìπµâπ °“√¥Ÿ·≈„™â biosafety level 3 ´÷Ëß¡’À≈—°°“√‡À¡◊Õπ biosafety level 2 ·µàµâÕ߇æ‘Ë¡¡“µ√°“√ªÑÕß°—π°“√ —¡º— ·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ ‡¢â“‰ª„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’‡™◊ÈÕ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 3

°≈ÿࡇ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ °≈ÿà¡∑’Ë 4 (risk group 4) ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ‡ ’Ë¬ß Ÿß ”À√—∫∫ÿ§§≈·≈–™ÿ¡™π ‰¥â·°à ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë°àÕ‚√§√⓬·√ß„π§π·≈– —µ«å ∑’Ë “¡“√∂·æ√à‰ª¬—ß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊ËπÀ√◊Õ —µ«åÕ◊Ëπ‚¥¬∑“ßµ√ßÀ√◊Õ∑“ßÕâÕ¡ ‚√§∑’Ë

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‡°‘¥¬—߉¡à¡’«‘∏’ªÑÕß°—π·≈–‰¡à¡’«‘∏’√—°…“∑’ˉ¥âº≈ ‡™à𠇙◊ÈÕ Ebora ‡ªìπµâπ°“√ ¥Ÿ·≈ µâÕßÕ“»—¬ biosafety level 4 ´÷ßË πÕ°®“°®“°®–„™âÀ≈—°°“√¢Õß biosafety level 3 ·≈⫬—ßµâÕ߇æ‘Ë¡√–∫∫°√ÕßÕ“°“»·≈–‡ªìπÀâÕß√–∫∫§«“¡¥—π≈∫ µâÕß„™â biological safety cabinet class III ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 4

À¡“¬‡Àµÿ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß°≈ÿࡇ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕµàÕ √–¥—∫§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑“ßÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ µ“¡ µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2

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¡’ biological safety cabinet class II ·≈–√–∫∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡√–¥—∫ æ◊Èπ∞“π ”À√—∫∑ÿ°°‘®°√√¡ ∑’Ë ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ‡À¡◊ Õ π√–¥— ∫ 2 ·≈–‡æ‘Ë ¡ °“√ «¡‡ ◊È Õ ºâ “ ‡ªì π æ‘ ‡ »… ¡’ ° “√ §«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡¢â“„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’‡™◊ÈÕ ·≈–∑‘»∑“ߢÕß≈¡ ‡À¡◊Õπ√–¥—∫ 3 ·≈–‡æ‘¡Ë √–∫∫ air lock ¡’Ωí°∫—« ”À√—∫Õ“∫πÈ” ¡’ √–∫∫°“√°”®—¥¢Õ߇ ’¬∑’˵‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ ‡ªìπ摇»…

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(Containment Biosafety Level 3)

§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ Ÿß ÿ¥ ÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√‡™◊ÈÕÕ—πµ√“√–¥—∫ 4 (Maximum containment Biosafety Level 4)

¡’ Class III biological safety cabinet À√◊Õ √â“ßÀâÕ߇ªìπ√–∫∫ §«“¡¥—π≈∫ ¡’ autoclave ™π‘¥ ¡’∑“߇ªî¥ 2 ∑“ß ·≈–¡’‡§√◊ËÕß °√ÕßÕ“°“»

¡’‚µä–∑”ß“π·≈– biological safety cabinet class II ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π°“√ µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ®“°‡™◊ÈÕ∑’ËÕ“®°√–®“¬‰ª æ√âÕ¡≈–ÕÕߢÕ߇À≈«

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ÀâÕߪؑ∫µ— °‘ “√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢¡Ÿ≈∞“π ÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈ √–¥—∫µâπ, ·≈–ÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ”À√—∫™—π Ÿµ√‚√§·≈– Õπ

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ÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√ ”À√—∫°“√‡√’¬π ‡∑§π‘§∑’Ë¥’∑“ß “¢“®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“ ‰¡àµÕâ ß°“√‡§√◊ÕË ß¡◊Õ摇»… „™â‚µä– ∑”ß“π„πÀâÕߪؑ∫µ— °‘ “√ ∑—«Ë ‰ª °“√ Õπ√–¥—∫æ◊Èπ∞“π

‡∑§π‘§°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘

æ◊Èπ∞“π√–¥—∫1 (Basic Biosafety Level 1)

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°≈ÿࡇ ’Ë¬ß √–¥—∫§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¢Õ߇™◊ÕÈ (Risk group) (Biosafety Level)

µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß°≈ÿࡇ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕµàÕ√–¥—∫§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑“ßÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√

°“√®—¥®”·π°§«“¡‡ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ‚√§ (Risk Classification Criteria)

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°“√®—¥®”·π°§«“¡‡ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ‚√§ (Risk Classification Criteria) „πÀ≈“¬ª√–‡∑»√«¡∂÷ß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‰¥â®”·π°‡™◊ÕÈ °àÕ‚√§‡ªìπ°≈ÿ¡à §«“¡‡ ’ˬ߂¥¬¢÷Èπ°—∫§«“¡‡ ’ˬߵàÕ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ °“√µ‘¥µàÕ °“√ ªÑÕß°—π·≈–√—°…“ √«¡∂÷ßªí®®—¬Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ æ“À–¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§π—ÈπÊ ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√®—¥®”·π°§«“¡‡ ’¬Ë ߢÕ߇™◊ÕÈ °àÕ‚√§„πÀ≈—°°“√®–¡’≈°— …≥–∑’§Ë ≈⓬§≈÷ß °—π ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷Èπ°—∫«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå¢Õß·µà≈–ª√–‡∑» ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â®—¥ ®”·π°§«“¡‡ ’ˬߢÕß™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡À≈—°¢ÕßÕߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° „πªï§.».

2004 (1) ´÷Ëß®—¥·∫àߧ«“¡‡ ’ˬ߇ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡ ¥—ßπ’È 1. WHO risk group 1 (no or low individual and community risk). A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human disease or animal disease.

2. WHO risk group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community risk). A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread of infection is limited.

3. WHO risk group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk).

A pathogen usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measure are available.

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4. WHO risk group 4 (high individual and community risk).

A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available. ª√–‡∑»ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬„πªï§.». 2002 (2) ‰¥â°”Àπ¥·π«∑“ß ”À√—∫ §«∫§ÿ¡°“√ à߇™◊ÈÕÕÕ°πÕ°ª√–‡∑» (3) ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬°—∫ ª√–‡∑»π‘«´’·≈π¥å ‰¥â·∫àß°≈ÿࡇ™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡·π«∑“ß The Australia Group Common Control Lists of Biological Agents for Export Control ´÷Ëß·∫àß ‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡ ¥—ßπ’È 1. Group 1 (low individual and community risk). A microorganism that is unlike to cause human, plant or animal disease.

2. Group 2 (moderate individual risk, limited community risk).

A pathogen that can cause human, animal or plant disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread is limited.

3. Group 3 (high individual risk, limited community risk). A pathogen that usual causes serious human or animal disease and may present a serious hazard laboratory workers. It could present a risk if spread in the community or the environment, but there are usually effective preventive measures or treatment available.

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4. Group 4 (high individual and community risk). A pathogen that usually produces life-threatening human or animal disease represents a serious hazard to laboratory workers and is readily transmissible from one individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available. ´÷Ëß®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ °“√®—¥°≈ÿࡇ™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§µ“¡ª√–‡∑»ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’§≈⓬§≈÷ß°—∫„πÀ≈“¬ª√–‡∑» ‡™à𠷧𓥓 (4) À¿“æ¬ÿ‚√ª (5) √«¡∑—Èß Àπ૬ߓπ¢Õß WHO ”À√—∫Àπ૬ߓπ„πª√–‡∑»Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‡™àπ CDC À√◊Õ NIH (6) ‰¥â®—¥·∫à߇™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§‡ªìπ 4 √–¥—∫ µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑“ß ™’«¿“æ (Biosafety Level) ´÷Ë߇πâπºŸâªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§„π ·µà≈–√–¥—∫¥—ßπ’È 1. Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans, and of animal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.

2. Biosafety Level 2 is similar to level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment.

3. Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.

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4. Biosafety Level 4 is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents which pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and life-threatening disease. Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡‰¡à«à“®–®—¥®”·π°µ“¡§«“¡‡ ’ˬߢÕ߇™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§ (risk group) À√◊Õ¥Ÿ∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ (biosafety level) ∑’ËÕ“® àߺ≈µàÕºŸâªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“π µà“ß°Á‡ªìπ‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡—Ëπ„®«à“ºŸâ¥”‡π‘π°‘®°√√¡ ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫‡™◊ÕÈ ‚√§®–¥”‡π‘π°“√‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡À≈—°«‘™“°“√ ¡’°“√ªÑÕß°—𠧫“¡‡ ’ˬߵàÕ ÿ¢¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâªØ‘∫—µ‘À√◊ÕºŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕßÕ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡ √«¡∑—Èß ¡“µ√°“√ªÑÕß°—π¡‘„À⺟âª√– ߧå≈—°≈Õ∫𔇙◊ÈÕ‚√§‰ª„™â„π∑“ß∑’˺‘¥ ´÷Ëß®– ‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåµÕà §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¢ÕߺŸ§â √Õ∫§√Õ߇™◊ÕÈ ·≈–ºŸ¥â ·Ÿ ≈·≈–ªØ‘∫µ— ‘ ß“π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡™◊ÈÕ°àÕ‚√§

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‡™◊ÈÕ·∫§∑’‡√’¬°àÕ‚√§ „π§π·≈– —µ«å

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≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Abiotrophia Abiotrophia Abiotrophia Acanobacterium Acetivibrio Acholeplasma Acholeplasma Acholeplasma Acholeplasma Acholeplasma Acholeplasma Achromobacter Achromobacter Achromobacter Achromobacter Achromobacter Acidaminococcus Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Acinetobacter Actinobacillus

31

Actinobacillus

adiacens defectiva elegans bernardiae ethanolgignens axanthum hippikon laidlawii modicum morum oculi denitrificans piechaudii xylosoxidans xylosoxidans xylosoxidans fermentans alcaligenes anitratus baumannii calcoaceticus haemolyticus johnsonii junii lwoffii schindleri ursingii calcoaceticus calcoaceticus actinomycetem comitans capsulatus

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å

xylosoxidans denitrificans

calcoaceticus lwoffii

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2

2

2

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≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë

°ÿ≈ (genus)

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63

Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacillus Actinobacterium Actinobacterium Actinobacterium Actinobacterium Actinobaculum Actinobaculum Actinomadura Actinomadura Actinomadura Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces

™π‘¥ (species)

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å

delphinicola equuli equuli hominis lignieresii pleuropneumoniae rossii scotiae seminis suis ureae bovis israelii naeslundii viscosus schaalii suis latina madurae pelletieri bernardiae bovis bowdenii canis catuli europaeus funkei gerencseriae graevenitzii hordeovulneris hyovaginalis israelii israelii serotype II

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

2

2

2 2

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≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Actinomyces Aegyptianella Aerobacter Aerococcus Aerococcus Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas

marimammalium meyeri naeslundii neuii neuii odontolyticus pyogenes radicidentis radingae suimastitidis suis turicensis viscosus ramosum pullorum aerogenes urinae viridans allosaccharophila caviae enteropelogens hydrophila hydrophila hydrophila jandaei punctata punctata salmonicida salmonicida salmonicida salmonicida schubertii sobria

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å

anitratus neuii

anaerogenes hydrophila proteolytica caviae punctata achromogenes masoucida salmonicida smithia

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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2

2 2 2

2

2 2

≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129

Aeromonas Aeromonas Aeromonas Afipia Afipia Afipia Alcaligenes Alcaligenes Alcaligenes Alcaligenes Alcaligenes Alcaligenes Alcaligenes Alistipes Alloiococcus Anaerobiospirillum Anaerobiospirillum Anaerococcus Anaerococcus Anaerorhabdus Anaplasma Anaplasma Anaplasma Anaplasma Anaplasma Arachnia Arachnia Arcamobacter Arcanobacterium Arcanobacterium Arcanobacterium Arcanobacterium Arcobacter

trota veronii shigelloides broomeae clevelandensis felis denitrificans faecalis piechaudii xylosoxidans faecalis odorans xylosoxidans putredinis otitis succiniciproducens thomasii prevotii vaginalis furcosa caudatum centrale marginale ovis phagocytophilum propionicus propionica denitrificans bernardiae haemolyticum phocae pyogenes butzleri

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å

faecalis xylosoxidans type I denitrificans

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2

2

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°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162

Arcobacter Arizona Arthrobacter Arthrobacter Arthrobacter Arthrobacter Atopobium Atopobium Atopobium Atopobium Aureobacterium Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Bacterionema Bacterium Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å

cryaerophilus spp. albus cumminsii uteolus woluwensis fossor minutum parvulum rimae resistens anthracis cereus piliformis violaceus weihenstephanensis brevis matruchotii canale symbiosus caccae capillosus capillus chitinovora coagulans corodens distasonis eggerthii forsythus fragilis fragilis group3452 A gracilis helcogenes

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2/3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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2 2

2

≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195

°ÿ≈ (genus) Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides

™π‘¥ (species) melaninogenicus melaninogenicus melaninogenicus multacidus ochracea ovatus pentosaceus pneumosintes praeacutus putredinis pyogenes ruminicola splanchnicus suis tectus thetaiotaomicron uniformis ureolyticus brevis asaccharolyticus bivius buccacalis corporis denticola disiens endodontalis gingivalis levii loescheii macacae melaninogenicus melaninogenicus nodosus

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å melaninogenicus 2 asaccharolyticus 2 levii 2 2

2

2

2

2 2 2 2 brevis

macacae intermedius

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2

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23

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°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228

Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Bacteroides Balneatrix Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Bartonella Beneckea Beneckea Beneckea Bergeyella Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium Bilophila Bordetella Bordetella Bordetella

oralis salivosus intermedius melaninogenicus oris baccae alpica bacilliformis birtlesii clarridgeiae doshiae elizabethae grahamii henselae peromysci quintana talpae taylorii tribocorum vinsonii vinsonii vinsonii alginolytica parahaemolytica vulnifica zoohelcum dentium appendicitis eriksonii wadsworthia avium bronchiseptica hinzii

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å

arupensis berkhoffii vinsonii

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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2 2

≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261

°ÿ≈ (genus) Bordetella Bordetella Bordetella Bordetella Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Borrelia Brachyspira Brachyspira Brachyspira Brachyspira

™π‘¥ (species) holmesii parapertussis pertussis trematum afzelii anserina baltazardii brasiliensis burgdorferi caucasica coriaceae crocidurae dugesii duttonii garinii graingeri harveyi hermsii hispanica latyschewii mazzottii parkeri persica recurrentis theileri tillae turicatae valaisiana venezuelensis aalborgi alvinipulli hyodysenteriae pilosicoli

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2 2

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≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

Brevibacterium avium Brevibacterium mcbrellneri Brevibacterium paucivorans Brevinema andersonii Brevundimonas diminuta Brucella abortus Brucella canis Brucella melitensis Brucella neotomae Brucella ovis Brucella suis Bulleidia extructa Burkholderia ambifaria Burkholderia cepacia Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia multivorans Burkholderia pseudomallei Burkholderia stabilis Burkholderia vietnamiensis Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Campylobacter butzleri Campylobacter cinaedi Campylobacter coli Campylobacter concisus Campylobacter cryaerophilus Campylobacter curvus Campylobacter fennelliae Campylobacter fetus Campylobacter fetus Campylobacter gracilis Campylobacter hyoilei Campylobacter hyointestinalis Campylobacter jejuni

™π‘¥¬àÕ¬ √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (subspecies) §π —µ«å

fetus venerealis hyointestinalis doylei

2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2

2 2 2 2

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°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327

Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Campylobacter Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga Cardiobacterium Carnobacterium Carnobacterium Catonella CDC group 4d-1 CDC group DF-1 CDC group DF-2 CDC group E9 CDC group EF 13 CDC group EF 6 CDC group F CDC group IIa CDC group IIb CDC group IId CDC group IIe

jejuni lari mucosalis mustelae pylori pylori rectus sputorum sputorum sputorum upsaliensis canimorsus cynodegmi gingivalis granulosa haemolytica ochracea sputigena hominis maltaromaticum piscicola morbi

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CDC group IIk-2 CDC group IIk-3 CDC group IVa CDC group JK CDC group M-3 CDC group M-4f CDC group P-1 CDC group TM-1 CDC group Vb-2 CDC group Ve-1 Cedecea Cedecea Cedecea Centipeda Cetobacterium Chlamydia Chlamydia Chlamydia Chlamydia Chlamydia Chlamydia Chlamydophila Chlamydophila Chlamydophila Chlamydophila Chlamydophila Chromobacterium Chryseobacterium Chryseobacterium Chryseobacterium Chryseobacterium Chryseobacterium Chryseobacterium

davisae lapagei neteri periodontii ceti muridarum pecorum pneumoniae psittaci suis trachomatis abortus caviae felis pecorum pneumoniae violaceum balustinum gleum gleum indologenes meningosepticum scophthalmum

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Chryseomonas Chryseomonas Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Citrobacter Cladothrix Cladothrix Cladothrix Cladothrix Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium Clostridium

uteola polytricha amalonaticus braakii diversus farmeri freundii gillenii koseri murliniae rodentium sedlakii werkmanii youngae israelii bovis naeslundii viscosus absonum argentinense baratii bifermentans botulinum cadaveris carnis chauvoei clostridioforme colinum difficile fallax ghonii glycolicum haemolyticum

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Colobactrum Comamonas Comamonas Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium Corynebacterium

freundii acidovorans terrigena group JK accolens afermentans afermentans amycolatum argentoratense auris auriscanis beticola bovis camporealensis confusum coyleae cystitidis diphtheriae falsenii glucuronolyticum haemolyticum hoagii hofmannii imitans jeikeium kutscheri lipophiloflavum macginleyi mastitidis matruchotii minutissimum mucifaciens mycetoides

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°ÿ≈ (genus) Legionella Legionella Legionella Legionella Legionella Legionella Legionella Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira Leptospira Leptothrix Leptothrix Leptothrix Leptothrix Levinea Levinea Levinea Listeria Listeria Listeria Listeria Listonella Listonella Livinea Lyme disease agent Macrococcus Mannheimia Mannheimia

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Morganella Morganella Morganella Moritella Morococcus Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium Mycobacterium

morganii morganii morganii subsp. viscosa cerebrosus abscessus africanum asiaticum avium avium avium bovis bovis bovis subsp. branderi caprae celatum chelonae chelonae ssp. conspicuum elephantis farcinogenes flavescens fortuitum fortuitum gastri genavense goodii habana haemophilum heckeshornense heidelbergense immunogenum

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gallinarum gallisepticum gallopavonis gateae genitalium glycophilum gypis haemocanis haemofelis haemomuris hominis hyopneumoniae hyorhinis hyosynoviae imitans iners iowae lipofaciens maculosum meleagridis microti mobile mycoides mycoides neurolyticum ovipneumoniae penetrans phocacerebrale phocarhinis phocidae pneumoniae pullorum pulmonis

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capri mycoides

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°ÿ≈ (genus) Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Myroides Myroides Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neisseria Neorickettsia Neorickettsia Neorickettsia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia

™π‘¥ (species) putrefaciens salivarium spumans sturni subdolum suis synoviae verecundum wenyonii odoratimimus odoratus elongata flavescens gonorrhoeae iguanae lactamica meningitidis mucosa ovis sicca subflava weaveri helminthoeca risticii sennetsu spp. abscessus africana asteroides brasiliensis cyriacigeorgica cyriacigeorgica farcinica

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Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardiopsis Nocardiopsis Nocardia Nocardia Norcardiopsis Norcardiopsis Ochrobactrum Ochrobactrum Olsenella Olsenella Oribaculum Orientia Ornithobacterium Pandoraea Pandoraea Pandoraea Pandoraea Pantoea Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella

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nova otitidiscaviarum paucivorans pseudobrasiliensis salmonicida seriolae transvalensis dassonvillei albirubida dassonvillei dassonvillei caviae restricta alborubida antarctica anthropi intermedium profusa uli catoniae tsutsugamushi rhinotracheale apista pnomenusa pulmonicola sputorum agglomerans spp. bettyae caballi canis dagmatis gallinarum granulomatis haemolytica

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Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pasteurella Pelistega Pepstreptococcus Pepstreptococcus Pepstreptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptococcus Peptoniphilus Peptoniphilus Peptoniphilus

lymphangitidis mairii multocida multocida multocida multocida biotype6 piscicida pneumotropica septica stomatis testudinis trehalosi ureae enterocolitica tularensis pseudotuberculosis pestis europaea harei ivorii lacrimalis assacharolyticus glycinophilus indolicus magnus micros niger prevotii saccharolyticus variabilis asaccharolyticus harei indolicus

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Peptoniphilus Peptoniphilus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Peptostreptococcus Photobacterium Photobacterium Photorhabdus Piscirickettsia Plesiomonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Porphyromonas Prevotella

ivorii lacrimalis parvulum anaerobius asaccharolyticus harei indolicus ivorii lacrimalis magnus micros prevotii vaginalis damselae damselae asymbiotica salmonis shigelloides levii macacae asaccharolytica cangingivalis canoris cansulci catoniae circumdentaria crevioricanis endodontalis gingivalis gingivicanis gulae salivosa albensis

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damselae piscicida

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Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Prevotella Propionibacterium Propionibacterium Propionibacterium Propionibacterium Propionibacterium Propionimibium Proteus Proteus Proteus Proteus Proteus Proteus Proteus Proteus Providencia Providencia Providencia Providencia Providencia

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bivia bryantii buccae buccalis corporis denticola disiens intermedia loescheii melaninogenica nigrescens oralis pallens tannerae acnes avidum granulosum lymphophilum propionicus lymphophilum hauseri inconstans mirabilis morganii penneri rettgeri vulgaris vulgaris indole negative alcalifaciens alcalifaciens biogroup 3 rettgeri rustigianii P.friedericiana stuartii

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Pseudoalteromonas Pseudobacterium Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudomonas Pseudoramibacter Psychrobacter Ralstonia Ralstonia Rambacterium Raoultella Renibacterium Rhodococcus Rhodococcus Rhodococcus

piscicida brevis acidovorans aeruginosa alcaligenes anguilliseptica cepacia cocovenenans diminuta luteola mallei maltophilia mendocina odorans oryzihabitans paucimobilis piscicida plecoglossicida pseudomallei rubrisubalbicans hydrophila oryzihabitans luteola alactolyticus phenylpyruvicus mannitolilytica paucula ramosum ornithinolytica salmoninarum aichiensis bronchialis chubuensis

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Rhodococcus Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Rickettsia Riemerella Riemerella Rochalimaea Rochalimaea Rochalimaea Roseomonas Roseomonas Rothia Rothia

equi africae akari australis bellii canada canadensis conorii felis helvetica honei japonica montana montanensis parkeri prowazekii quintana rhipicephali rickettsii sennetsu sibirica slovaca tsutsugamushi typhi anatipestifer columbina elizabethae henselae quintana cervicalis fauriae dentocariosa mucilaginosa

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™π‘¥ (species)

Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Salmonella Sanguibacter Sanguibacter Sanguibacter Selenomonas Selenomonas Selenomonas Selenomonas Selenomonas Serpulina Serpulina Serpulina Serratia Serratia Serratia Serratia Serratia Serratia Shewanella Shigella Shigella Shigella

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Shigella Shigella Shigella Shigella Shigella Simkania Slackia Sphingobacterium Sphingobacterium Sphingobacterium Sphingobacterium Sphingobacterium Sphingomonas Sphingomonas Spiroplasma Spirillum Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus

biogroup D boydii dysenteriae flexneri sonnei negevensis exigua mizutaii multivorum spiritivorum thalpophilum versatilis parapaucimobilis paucimobilis mirum spp. albus aureus aureus caprae caseolyticus cohnii epidermidis felis haemolyticus hominis hominis hyicus intermedius lugdunensis lutrae pasteuri saccharolyticus

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anaerobius aureus cohnii

hominis novobiosepticus

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Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Stenotrophomonas Stenotrophomonas Stomatococcus Streptobacillus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus

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saprophyticus schleiferi coagulans schleiferi schleiferi africana maltophilia muculaginosa moniliformis acidominimus adjacens agalactiae anginosus avium bovis canis constellatus constellatus constellatus pharyngis didelphis difficilis durans (group D Enterococcus) dysgalactiae dysgalactiae dysgalactiae equisimilis equi equi equi zooepidemicus equinus faecalis (group D Enterococcus) faecium (group D Enterococcus) gallinarum gallolyticus garvieae infantarius iniae intermedius lutetiensis

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Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus Streptomyces Streptothrix Streptothrix Streptothrix Streptothrix Sutterella Suttonella Tannerella Tatlockia Tatlockia Tatumella

milleri milleri group mitis morbillorum mutans oralis ovis parasanguinis parvulum phocae pluranimalium pneumoniae porcinus pyogenes salivarius sanguinis sanguis shiloi sobrinus suis defectivus mitior somaliensis viscosus bovis israelii naeslundii wadsworthensis indologenes forsythensis maceachernii micdadei ptyseos

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Taylorella Tenacibaculum Tenacibaculum Tenacibaculum Tissierella T-mycoplasma Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Treponema Tropheryma Tsukamurella Tsukamurella Tsukamurella Turicella Ureaplasma Ureaplasma Ureaplasma Ureaplasma Vagococcus Veillonella Veillonella

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°ÿ≈ (genus) Veillonella Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Vibrio Waddlia Wauteria Weeksella Welchia Wolinella Wolinella Xanthomonas Yersinia Yersinia

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Akabane virus

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African swine fever virus

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Flaviviridae

Flaviviridae

Flaviviridae Paramyxoviridae Reoviridea

Retroviridae

Orthomyxoviridae

Picornaviridae

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African swine fever

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Bovine ephemeral virus Bovine leukosis virus

Bovine mammilitis virus Bovine papillomavirus Bovine papular stomatitis virus

Bovine parvovirus Bovine respiratory syncytial virus Bovine rhinovirus Bovine rotavirus Bovine viral diarrhea virus

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus Chicken anemia virus

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Simplexvirus Papillomavirus Parapoxvirus

Retroviridae Circoviridae

Parvoviridae Paramyxoviridae Picornaviridae Reoviridae Flaviviridae

Herpesviridae Parvoviridae Poxviridae

Ephemerovirus Rhabdoviridae BLV-HTLV retroviruses Retroviridae

Enterovirus

Mastadenovirus

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64

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

Coxsackie viruses type B1-6

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus Dengue virus type 1-4 Eastern equine encephalitis virus Ebola virus

29

30

31 32 33

Coxsackie viruses type A1-22, 24

Chikungunya Classical swine fever virus Cow pox virus

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28

25 26 27

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Flavivirus Alphavirus Filovirus

Nairovirus

Enterovirus

Enterovirus

Alphaviruses Pestivirus Ortho poxvirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Flaviviridae Togaviridae Filoviridae

Bunyaviridae

Picornaviridae

Picornaviridae

Togaviridae Flaviviridae Poxviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2

2

2

2

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4

4

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Dengue haemorrhagic fever

Encephalitis, Arthritis, Rash Classical swine fever Animal : papules, vesicle, pustules on teats tounge, lips Human : local lesions on hands, arms and face, fever, lymphadenitis Herpangina, Acute lymphatic, Paralysis, Aseptic meningitis, Exanthema, Hand-foot-and mouth diseases, Pneumonitis, Common cold, Hepatitis, Conjunctivitis, Diarrhoea Pleurodynia, Aseptic meningitis, Paralysis, Myocarditis, Pericarditis, Pneumonia,Hepatitis, undifferentiated febrile illness Haemorrhagic fever

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65

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

Hantaan virus

Hendra virus Hepatitis A virus

43 44

Foot and mouth disease virus

40

42

Egg drop syndrome 1976 virus Enterovirus type 68 Enterovirus type 70 Enterovirus type 71

36 37 38 39

Fowl pox virus

Ecthyma (Orf) virus

35

41

Echovirus type 1-9, 11-27, 29-33

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34

”¥—∫ ∑’Ë

Paramyxovirus Hepatovirus

Hantavirus

Fowl pox virus

Apthovirus

Adenovirus Enterovirus Enterovirus Enterovirus

Parapoxvirus

Enterovirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Paramyxoviridae Picornaviridae

Bunyaviridae

Poxviridae

Picornaviridae

Adenoviridae Picornaviridae Picornaviridae Picornaviridae

Poxviridae

Picornaviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2

2 2 2

2

3

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2

2

2

2

3

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Hepatitis A

Aseptic meningitis, Paralysis, Encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Pericarditis, Myocarditis Animal : papule or vesicle on skin, teat, udder, nostril ,lip Human: maculopapular or pustular lesion on skin Drop in egg production Pneumonia Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis Meningitis, Hand-foot-and mouth diseases Animal : Foot and mouth disease, vesicular disease Drop and stop of egg production, respiratory symptoms Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

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66

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

57

55 56

54

53

52

51

45 46 47 48 49 50

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Lymphocryptovirus

Varicellovirus

Simplexvirus

Simplexvirus

Orthohepadnavirus Hepacivirus Calcivirus Togavirus Hepacivirus Unclassified virus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Herpesvirus Type 5 (Cytomegalovirus) Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Type 6 Roseolovirus (Human B lymphotropic virus) Human adenovirus type 1-12, Mastadenovirus 14-30, 34-41

Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis E virus Hepatitis F virus (Non-AE hepatitis virus) Hepatitis G virus (Non-AE hepatitis virus) Hepatitis non A non B virus Hepatitis D virus Herpesvirus type 1 (Herpes simplex virus type 1) Herpesvirus type 2 (Herpes simplex virus type 2) Herpesvirus Type 3 (Varicella zoster virus) Herpesvirus Type 4 (Epstein-Barr virus)

™◊ÕË

Adenoviridae

Herpesviridae Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae

Hepadnaviridae Flaviviridae Calciviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2

2 2

2

2

2

2

2 2 2 2 2 2

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Respiratory infection, Gastroenteritis, Conjunctivitis

Burkittûs lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma Cytomegalic inclusion disease Exanthem subitum

Genital herpes simplex, Neonatal herpes Chicken pox ( Varicella)

Gingivostomatitis, Herpes labialis

Hepatitis B Hepatitis Acute viral hepatitis Fulminant hepatitis non-A-E Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia Hepatitis B

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67

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

Infectious bronchitis virus Infectious bursal disease virus Infectious laryngotrachelitis virus

Influenzavirus type A , B Influenzavirus type C Japanese B encephalitis virus

Japanese encephalitis virus Junin virus

66 67 68

69 70

Human coronavirus Human enteric coronaviruses Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 (T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus

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63 64 65

62

61

58 59 60

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Flavivirus Arenavirus

Influenzavirus Influenza C virus Flavivirus

Coronavirus Avibirnavirus Viricellovirus

Simplexvirus

Deltaretroviruses

Coronavirus Coronavirus Lentiviruses

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Flaviviridae Arenaviridae

Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae Flaviviridae

Coronaviridae Birnaviridae Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae

Retroviridae

Coronaviridae Coronaviridae Retroviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2 2

2

2 2

3 3

3

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2 2 2

2

2 2

3

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Animal : Rhinotracheitis, reproductive disorders, abortion, encephalitis Respiratory symptoms and diarrhea diarrhea, tumor and depression Acute respiratory disease with largngotracheitis Influenza Influenza Animal : Abortion and neonted mortalily Human : fever, headache, nervous sign Japanese encephalitis Ataxia nystagmus

Pneumonia, Myocarditis Diarrhoea Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) T-cell lymphoma

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68

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

Malignant catarrhal fever virus Mammalian Reovirus

Marburg virus Mareck ùs disaese virus

78 79

80 81

82 83 84 85 86

Kyasanur Forest virus Lassa virus Louping ill virus Lumpy skin disease virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Machupo virus Maedi-visna virus

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Simplex virus Orthroreovirus

Flavivirus Arenavirus Flavivirus Capripoxvirus Arenavirus Arenavirus Lentivirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Marburgvirus Gallid herpesvirus 2 Gallid herpesvirus 3 Measles virus Morbillivirus Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) Molluscipoxvirus Monkey pox virus Orthopoxvirus Mumps virus Rubulavirus Murray Valley encephalitis virus Flavivirus

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Paramyxoviridae Poxviridae Poxviridae Paramyxoviridae Flaviviridae

Filoviridae Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae Reoviridae

Flaviviridae Arenaviridae Flaviviridae Poxviridae Arenaviridae Arenaviridae Retroviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2

2 2

2

2

3

3

§π

4

4

2

3

4

Mumps (Parotitis and Orchitis)

Emaciation, leg paralysis, wing, neck and gait abnormality Measles Bening tumor

Animal : interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis Aniamal : Malignant catarrhal fever Minor respiratory and gastrointestinal illness of infancy and early

2 2

Animal : lumpy skin disease Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Diffuse encephalopathy

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3

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69

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

Papillomavirus type 6,11 ,8

Papillomavirus type 6, 11, 26, 42, 43, Papillomavirus 44, 53, 55, 62, and 66 low-risk cancers

97

98

95 96

Norovirus Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus Oropouche virus Papillomavirus type 2, 6,11,13,16 and 32 Papillomavirus type 5 ,8 Papillomavirus type 6 and 11

91 92 93 94

Papillomavirus

Papillomavirus Papillomavirus

Norwalk-like viruses Flavivirus Orthobunyavirus Papillomavirus

Nipah virus Henipah virus

Nairovirus Coronavirus Paramyxovirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

90

”¥—∫ ™◊ÕË ∑’Ë 87 Narobi sheep disease virus 88 Neonatal calf diarhea virus 89 Newcastle disease virus

Papovaviridae

Papovaviridae

Papovaviridae Papovaviridae

Caliciviridae Flaviviridae Bunyaviridae Papovaviridae

Paramyxoviridae

Bunyaviridae Coronaviridae Paramyxoviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2

2

2 2

2

2 3

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Squamous skin carcinoma Respiratory papillomas Conjunctiva papillomas Malignant progression of respiratory papillomas Cervical cancers and anal cancers

Oral cavity disease

Human : influenza like syndrome Animal : diarrhea Human : conjunctivitis Animal : sudden death, diarrhea, resopiratory and nervous symptoms Nipah Animal : respiratory symptoms and encephalitis Human : encephalitis, respiratory symptoms Diarrhoea

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70

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

Porcine cytomegalovirus Porcine encephalomyocarditis virus

Porcine enterovirus 1-11

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

107 108

109

110

100

101 102 103 104 105 106

™◊ÕË

Papillomavirus type 16,18,31 and 45, high-risk cancers Papillomavirus type 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68, middle-risk cancers Parainfluenza- 3 virus Parvovirus B19 Peste-des-petits ruminant virus Polio virus type 1-3 Porcine adenovirus 1-6 Porcine circovirus virus

99

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Coronavirus

Enterovirus

Roseolovirus Cardiovirus

Paramyxovirus Erythrovirus Morbillivirus Enterovirus Adenovirus Circovirus

Papillomavirus

Papillomavirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Coronaviridae

Picornaviridae

Herpesviridae Picornaviridae

Paramyxoviridae Parvoviridae Paramyxoviridae Picornaviridae Adenoviridae Circoviridae

Papovaviridae

Papovaviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2

2

2

3

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2

2 2

2 2

2

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Diarrhea Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) Rhinitis, pneumonia Animal : meningitis and myocardial lesions Human : fever, severe needache, nervous signs Polioencephalomyelitis, diarrhea, reproductive disorder, pneumonia, pericarditis and myocarditis Porcine epidemic dirrhea

Animal : Enzootic calf pneumonia Erythematous, Acute,biphasic illness Animal : diarrhea and pneumonia

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71

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

123

Rift Valley Fever virus

”¥—∫ ™◊ÕË ∑’Ë 111 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus 112 Porcine parvovirus 113 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome 114 Porcine respiratory coronavirus 115 Porcine rotavirus 116 Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus 117 Powassan virus 118 Pseudorabies virus 119 Pseudorabies virus 120 Rabies virus 121 Respiratory syncytial virus 122 Revovirus Coronaviridae Reorviridae Coronaviridae

Coronavirus Rotavirus Coronavirus

Phlebovirus

Bunyaviridae

Flaviviridae Herpesviridae Herperviridae Rhabdoviridae Paramyxoviridae Reoviridea

Parvoviridae Arteriviridae

Parvovirus Arterivirus

Flavivirus Simplexvirus Varicellovirus Lyssavirus Pneumovirus Orthoreovirus

Coronaviridae

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Coronavirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

2

2 2

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Animal : Mad itch encephalitis Pseudorabies (Aujeszky, s disease) Rabies (hydrophobia), encephalitis Pneumonia Animal : Acute respiratory and enteric disease Rift Valley fever Human : muscular and back pain, headache hemorhage RVF, memigoencephalitis or retinitis Animal : Abrtion, diarrhea

Reproductive failure Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrom Intersititial pneumonia Diarrhea Diarrhea

Vomiting and wasting disease

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72

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

Rinderpest virus

Rocio virus Rotavirus Rubella virus Sindbis virus St Louis encephalitis virus Swine influenza virus

Swine pox virus Swine vesicular disease virus Tick-borne encephalitis virus Variola virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Vesicular exanthema of swine virus Vesicular stomatitis virus

125 126 127 128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135 136 137

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124

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Suipoxvirus Enterovirus Flavivirus Poxvirus Alphavirus Calicivirus Vesiculovirus

Flavivirus Rotavirus Rubivirus Alphavirus Flavivirus Influenzavirus A, B

Morbillivirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Poxviridae Picornaviridae Flaviviridae Poxviridae Togaviridae Caliciviridae Rhabdoviridae

Flaviviridae Reoviridae Togaviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae Orthomyxoviridae

Paramyxoviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

2 2 2

3

3

3

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2 2

2 2 2

2

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Vesicular disease Animal : vesicular disease Human : vesicular disease, gastrointestinal symptoms

Swine influenza Animal : swine influenza Human : flu-like symptoms Swine pox Vesicular disease

Acute diarrhoea Rubella Arthritis, rash, mild fever

Animal : erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis

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73

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Wesselbron disease virus

Western equine encephalitis virus West Nile virus Yellow fever virus

139 140 141

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138

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Alphavirus Flavivirus Flavivirus

Flavivirus

°ÿ≈ (Genus)

Togaviridae Flaviviridae Flaviviridae

Togaviridae

ǧȌ (Family)

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West Nile fever Yellow fever

Human : Fever, headache, pain Animal : Abortion, neonatal death and congenital abnormalities

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

Absidia corymbifera Acremonium falciforme Acremonium kilienese Acremonium recifei Actinomadura madurae Actinomadura pelletieri Ajellomyces capsulatus ( Histoplasma capsulatum,teleomorph state) Ajellomyces dermatitidis ( Blastomyces dermatitidis,teleomorph state) Apophysomyces elegans Arthrographis kelrae Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus terreus Basidiobolus ranarum Blastomyces dermatitidis, yeast Blastomyces dermatitidis,filamentous Candida albicans Candida glabrata Candida krusei Candida tropicalis Cladophialophora arxii Cladophialophora bantiana Cladophialophora boppii Cladophialophora carrionii Cladophialophora devriesii Cladophialophora emmonsii Cladophialophora modesta Coccidioides immitis Conidiobolus coronatus Conidiobolus incongruus Cryptococcus neoformans, yeast

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75

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°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

32 Cryptococcus Teleomorph state 33 Cunninghamella 34 Chrysosporium 35 Cylindrocarpon 36 Emmonsia 37 Emmonsia 38 Epidermophyton 39 Exophiala 40 Exophiala 41 Exophialia 42 Exophiala 43 Fonsecaea 44 Fonsecaea 45 Fusarium 46 Fusarium 47 Fusarium 48 Geotrichum 49 Histoplasma 50 Histoplasma 51 Histoplasma 52 Histoplasma 53 Histoplasma 54 Leptosphaeria 55 Madurella 56 Madurella 57 Malassezia 58 Microsporum 59 Microsporum 60 Microsporum 61 Microsporum 62 Microsporum 63 Microsporum

neoformans basidiospores bertholletiae inops cyanescens parva parva floccosum dermatitidis jeanselmei lecanii-cornii spinifera compacta pedrosoi oxysporum solani verticillioides capitatum capsulatum, conidia capsulatum, yeast capsulatum, conidia capsulatum, yeast capsulatum senegalensis grisea mycetomatis furfur audouinii canis ferrugineum gallinae gypseum nanum

æ—π∏ÿå √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬Ë ß (variety) §π —µ«å 3

crescens

duboisii duboisii capsulatum capsulatum farciminosum

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3/2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™π‘¥ (species)

Microsporum Microsporum Microsporum Mortierella Neotestudina Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Nocardia Ochroconis Paracoccidioides Penicillum Phialophora Phialophora Phialophora Pneumocystis Pseudallescheria Pyrenochaeta Pythium Ramichloridium Rhinocladiella Rhinosporidium Rhizomucor Rhizopus Rhizopus Rhizopus Rhodococcus Saksenaea Scedosporium

persicolor praecox racemosum wolfii rosatii asteroides brasiliensis otitidiscaviarum nova pseudobrasiliensis farcinica transvalensis spp. gallopava brasiliensis marneffei europaea richardsiae verrucosa carinii boydii romeroi insidiosum mackenziei aquaspersa seeberi pusillus azygosporus microsporus schipperae equi vasiformis apiospermum

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°ÿ≈ (genus)

97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

Scedosporium Scopulariopsis Scopulariopsis Sporothrix Streptomyces Syncephalastrum Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichophyton Trichosporon Trichosporon Trichosporon Trichosporon Trichosporon

™π‘¥ (species) prolificans brevicaulis brumptii schenckii somaliensis racemosum concentrichum interdigitale mentagrophytes rubrum schoenleinii simii tonsurans verrucosum violaceum asahii beigelii inkin mucoides ovoides

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™◊ÕË Pathogenic free living amoeba Pathogenic free living amoeba Babesia Babesia Babesia Balantidium Balantidium Cyclospora Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium Entamoeba Entamoeba Giardia Isospora Isospora Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Microsporidium Pathogenic free living amoeba Plasmodium

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Acanthamoeba

castellani

2

Acanthamoeba

spp.

2

Babesia Babesia Babesia Balantidium Balantidium Cyclospora Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium Entamoeba Entamoeba Giardia Isospora Isospora Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Leishmania Microsporidium Naegleria

divergens microti spp. coli spp. cayetanensis parvum spp. histolytica spp. lamblia belli spp. braziliensis donovani ethiopica major mexicana peruviana tropica spp. fowleri

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Plasmodium

falciparum

2

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26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

°ÿ≈ (genus)

™◊ÕË Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium Sarcocystis Toxoplasma Trichomonas Trypanosome Trypanosome

Plasmodium Plasmodium Plasmodium Sarcocystis Toxoplasma Trichomonas Trypanosoma Trypanosoma

34 Trypanosome

Trypanosoma

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2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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81

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‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß 1. World Health Organization. 2004. çLaboratory Biosafety Manualé. 3rd Edition. WHO, Geneva.http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ biosafety/WHO_CDS_CSR_LYO_2004_11/en/index.html 2. Australian/new Zealand Standard AS/NZS 2243.3:2002. Safety in laboratories Part 3: Microbiological aspects and containment facilities. www.standards.com.au and www.standards.com.nz 3. AG Common Control List. List of Biological Agents for Export Control.

April 2005 http://www.australiagroup.net/en/control_list/bio_agents.htm 4. Canada. Minister of Health Population and Public Health Branch.

Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response. 2004. çLaboratory Biosafety Guidelinesé. 3rd Edition http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ lbg-ldmbl-04/index.html2.

5. European Union. 2000. Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work. (seventh individual directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EC Official Journal of the European Communities L262/21. October 17, 2000.

6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevent, and National Institute of Health. 2004. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm ( 5th edition).

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82

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

¿“§ºπ«° „πªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√»÷°…“√–¥—∫™’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¥â“πÕπÿ°√¡«‘∏“π‰¥â¡’§«“¡ °â“«ÀπⓉª¡“° ª√–°Õ∫°—∫°“√æ∫‡™◊ÈÕ™π‘¥„À¡à ∑”„Àâ¡’°“√µ—Èß™’ËÕ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë æ∫„À¡à√«¡∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß™◊ËÕ‡™◊ÈÕ‡¥‘¡∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ™◊ËÕ„À¡à ¥—ßπ—Èπ√“¬™◊ËÕ ∑’Ë¡’„π‡Õ° “√π’ȵâÕß¡’°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß„Àâ∑—π ¡—¬Õ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õ §≥–ºŸâ®—¥®÷ß∑” √“¬™◊ËÕ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’Ë¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õ∑’Ë¡’™◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡À≈—ß®“°°“√µ’æ‘¡æå‰«â „π¿“§ºπ«°π’È ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’√“¬™◊ËÕ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’˵âÕߧ«∫§ÿ¡µ“¡ æ.√.∫.‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§·≈– æ‘…®“° —µ«å æ.». 2525 ·≈–∑’Ë·°â‰¢‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ §√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∑ÿ°™◊ËÕ ·≈–À“° ¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ™◊ËÕ„À¡àÀ√◊Õ¡’™◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡®–‡æ‘Ë¡™◊ËÕÕ’°„π‚Õ°“ µàÕ‰ª ≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë

™◊ÕË ‡À¡◊Õπ

™◊ËÕ °ÿ≈ ·≈–™π‘¥

1186 Salmonella arizonae 1187 Salmonella bongori 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. arizonae Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. diarizonae Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. houtenae Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. indica Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. salamae Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. bongori

1195 Salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. arizonae Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. bongori Salmonella enterica subsp.bongori Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae Salmonella enterica subsp. indica Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae Salmonella bongori Salmonella enterica subsp.bongori Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß 83 art-ok

83

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

≈”¥—∫ ∑’Ë 1196 1197 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡

™◊ËÕ °ÿ≈ ·≈–™π‘¥ Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium Shigella biogroup A Shigella biogroup B Shigella biogroup C Shigella biogroup D Shigella boydii Shigella dysenteriae Shigella flexneri Shigella sonnei Salmonella choleraesuis Salmonella paratyphi

™◊ÕË ‡À¡◊Õπ Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella subgroup A Shigella flexneri, Shigella subgroup B Shigella boydii, Shigella subgroup C Shigella sonnei, Shigella subgroup D Shigella subgroup C, Shigella biogroup C Shigella subgroup A, Shigella biogroup A Shigella subgroup B, Shigella biogroup B Shigella subgroup D, Shigella biogroup D Salmonella enterica Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

84 °“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß art-ok

84

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“» Àπ—ß ◊Õ¢âÕ·π–π”°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’ˬßπ’È ”‡√Á®‰¥â ¥â«¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°§≥–∑”ß“π„π°√¡«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°“√·æ∑¬å §≥– ∑”ß“π®“° ∂“∫—π ÿ¢¿“æ —µ«å·Ààß™“µ‘ °√¡ª»ÿ —µ«å ∑’Ë„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ ¥â«¬¥’µ≈Õ¥¡“ ·≈–Õÿ∑‘»‡«≈“„π°“√√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®π∑”„ÀâÀπ—ß ◊Õ¡’ §«“¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å πÕ°®“°π’È¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ºŸâ∫√‘À“√°√¡«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°“√·æ∑¬å ‰¥â·°à Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°“√·æ∑¬å √ÕßÕ∏‘∫¥’ ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ∂“∫—π ºŸÕâ ”π«¬°“√°Õß·≈–§≥–∑”ß“π‡æ◊ÕË æ‘®“√≥“·≈–¥”‡π‘π°“√„À⇪ìπ‰ªµ“¡ æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—µ‡‘ ™◊ÕÈ ‚√§·≈–æ‘…®“° —µ«å∑’„Ë À⧔·π–π”·≈–„Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ „π∑ÿ°∑“ß®π∑”„Àâ°“√¥”‡π‘𠔇√Á®≈ÿ≈à«ßµ“¡«—µ∂ÿª√– ߧå∑’Ë«“߉«â ·≈– ¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥·æ∑¬åÀ≠‘ß¡≈. √—µπ ÿ¥“ æ—π∏ÿåÕÿ‰√ ·≈–§≥–°√√¡°“√ „πªï æ.». 2538 ´÷ßË ‡ªìπºŸ√â ‡‘ √‘¡Ë °“√®—¥∑”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÕÈ ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬Ë ß

°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß 85 art-ok

85

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

√“¬™◊ËÕ§≥–∑”ß“π®—¥∑”∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§ 1. π“ß¡¬ÿ√“

°ÿ ÿ¡¿å

ª√–∏“π§≥–∑”ß“π

2. π“ß “«®ÿ‰√√—µπå

√ÿàß‚√®π“√—°…å

√Õߪ√–∏“π§≥–∑”ß“π

3. π“߇¬“«¿“

æß…å ÿ«√√≥

§≥–∑”ß“π

4. π“ß “«≥—Æ∞’«√√≥ ªÿÉπ«—π

§≥–∑”ß“π

5. π“¬æŸ≈»—°¥‘Ï

æ√À¡ ÿ«√√≥»‘√‘ §≥–∑”ß“π

6. π“ß ÿ«√√≥“

‡∏’¬√Õ—ß°Ÿ√

§≥–∑”ß“π

7. π“ß ÿ¿“æ√

¿Ÿ¡‘Õ¡√

§≥–∑”ß“π

8. π“ßÕ“√≠“

¿—∑√¡“≈—¬æß…å §≥–∑”ß“π

9. 𓬫—≤πæß»å

«ÿ∑∏“

§≥–∑”ß“π

10. 𓬰“√—≥¬å

ÿ∑∏‘«√“¥¡

§≥–∑”ß“π

11. —µ«·æ∑¬åÀ≠‘ßæ—™√’ ∑Õߧ”§Ÿ≥

§≥–∑”ß“π

12. π“ß ÿ√“ߧå

‡¥™»‘√‘‡≈‘»

§≥–∑”ß“π·≈–‡≈¢“πÿ°“√

13. π“ß “«»‘√‘æ√

®—π∑πå‚√®πå

§≥–∑”ß“π ·≈–ºŸâ™à«¬‡≈¢“πÿ°“√

86 °“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß art-ok

86

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

∫—π∑÷° ○

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°“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß 87 art-ok

87

11/2/08, 12:25 PM

∫—π∑÷° ○

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88 °“√¥Ÿ·≈‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§µ“¡√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß art-ok

88

11/2/08, 12:25 PM