Parts of Speech

P A R T O F S P E E C H

Types of nouns: (list three to five words of each type) · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: pro clubs,dickies, lowriders, reunions, long knee socks · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Whittier, Cholos, Chicano, Chicana, Cholas · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: freeway,, outside, fireworks, nighttime. · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: wheels, motor oil, engine · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX:pride, enthusiasm, dedication, fear.

Functions (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. · Subject (comes before the verb) Nico spoke proudly to the chicanos about the changing of the motor oil. .

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Luis asked Nico to fix the Chevrolet Bel Air for the car show on Saturday.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Jasmine gave a spare car piece to her boyfriend at the lowrider show.

PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you

P A R T O F S P E E C H

He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine our, ours

Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Relative:

Nominative Objective who whom

That that

those/ this

Possessive whose of that

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He bought himself more magazines of oldies songs than his friend. She bought herself two pro clubs in the color of black.

to intensify a point: The coordinator of the show himself delivered the spanking new car. Even though it was hard work to work on it for 2 years, “I can finish the Impala tonight” the chicano thought.

Demonstrative: this, these that, those Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses simple past, past, past perfect, past progressive, simple present present, present perfect, present progressive present perfect progressive, future future perfect

P A R T O F S P E E C H

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The crowd got to see the new designs of the latest pieces in the display show. (crowd are the subject) Passive: The display show has brought new designs of latest pieces to the crowd.. (pieces are the subject but treated as the object)

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · Bricely enjoys leisurely watching on the side of the road. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · There really is no crusing once the show ends.. · Mari carefully drove past the deserted road. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Nico likes to read information on oldies. .

P A R T O F S P E E C H

ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrate, Common,Rare, Unsure

ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) Loudly, Leisurely, Godly, Forward, Outwards,Likewise, Profitwise, Lengthwise · Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “Rare” becomes “Rarely”) Common becomes commonly Sound becomes soundly · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – Nick asked around what times where people were going to show up quickly. (How did he answer?)

Time – Sierra will leave for a homework assignment due at the same time of the event, immediately. (When will he leave?)

Place – Mr. Leal was willingly here earlier today working with other artist. (Where was he?) Degree – Ms. Sandra’s exceptionally good work on the vehicle cannot be over-recognized. (How good is she?) Frequency – Camry is consistently pleasant to the crowd of watchers. (How often is she pleasant?)

CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

P A R T O F S P E E C H

PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. A: Aha, Ahem, Ahh, Alas,Arg,Aw B: Bam, Bingo, Boo, Blah, Bravo C: Cheers, Congrats D: Dang, Darn, Duh E: Eek, eh, encore, eureka F: Fiddlesticks G: Gee whiz, Golly, Goodbye, Goodness Gracious H: Ha-ha, hallelujah, hey Hmm, Hot dog O: Oh, Oh dear, Oh my, Oh well P: Phew, Phooey, Pooh R: Rats S: Shh, Shoo T: Thanks, There U: Uh-Huh, Uh-oh, Ugh W: Well, Woah, Whoops Y: Yeah, Yikes, Yo

P A R T O F S P E E C H

Transitions of Logic Chart Milder Stronger a further , and , and then , then also , too , next , another other , nor , further , furthermore, moreover in addition , additionally , besides , again equally important first, second , finally, last

Comparison just as ... so too , a similar another... like, similarly comparable , in the same way , likewise Contrast but ,yet , and yet , still , otherwise or , though , but another , rather, however , still nevertheless , on the other hand , on the contrary even so , notwithstanding , for all that in contrast , alternatively , at the same time though this may be , otherwise , instead nonetheless , conversely Time then , now , soon , afterward , later, shortly , earlier , recently first, second, third , next ,before ,after , today tomorrow, meanwhile , at length , presently at last , finally , immediately , thereafter , at that time subsequently , eventually , currently , in the meantime in the past , in the future Purpose to do this , so that, to this end with this object , for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

P A R T O F S P E E C H

Purpose to do this , so that, to this end with this object , for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

Place there ,here , beyond , nearby , next to at that point , opposite to , adjacent to on the other side , in the front , in the back

Result so , and so , then, hence , therefore accordingly , consequently , thus thereupon , as a result , in consequence

Example that is , specifically , in particular , for one thing for example , for instance , an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis in sum , generally , after all , by the way in general , incidentally , naturally , I hope at least , it seems , in brief , I suppose in short , on the whole , as I said in other words , to be sure , in fact indeed , clearly , of course anyway , remarkably , I think , assuredly , definitely , without doubt , for all that on the whole , in any event , importantly , certainly