Phrases and clauses

P H R A S E S / C L A U S E S

Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. All the chicanos seriously wanted an extension to plug in their cars at night. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The team of engineers knew they would be working hard for the show. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Matt was extremely welcomed in anticipation of seeing al of the cars..

Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS.

Ronny, a new rider, worked diligently to help the crowd receive free photos of his autographed car..

Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Running down the street, the women finally saw the old lowrider.

Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective.

The man quickly got up from the floor due to the accident of slipping on motor oil. .

Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

Many officers actually knew it was a lowrider show and tinted vehicles had to write violations .

CLAUSES

Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)

INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Car shows requires a bunch of oldies and engineers to work really hard.

P H R A S E S / C L A U S E S

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds:

Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word:

Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns:

Where he grew up firmly made the chicano who he is.

Kindly give whoever calls an answer.

That the man was happy when the girl finished was totally obvious. Ms. Flores wisely checked what he had for utilities.

This is the show where cholos triumphantly get praise well. (“where” is an introductory word) There is the suit that I absolutely needed. The grade that you wanted is clearly within your grasp.

Danny is obviously the one who got the most votes in the display for best color. (ONE is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.) There goes the kid whose is usually alone. (KID is the antecedent of whose and is modified by the adjective clause.) They informatively teache you how relative climate change is the affects the state of the engine. Is this the book that you so vehemently want? (that is the direct object of want) Tina is the player whom he shyly challenged to a duel. (whom is the direct object of challenged.) The recommendation letter to which you refer has sadly been lost. (which is the object of the preposition to.) Hector is an athlete who easily shrugs off criticism. (who is the subject of shrugs.)

P H R A S E S / C L A U S E S

Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession

Modifying verbs: They unfortunately put the bus sign where a few could see it. (place)

When the bell finally rang, everyone left. (time)

We sluggishly left the library because we were tired. (purpose)

The ASB president talked as if she were passionately running for re-election. (condition)

Modifying adjectives: Spring semester coldly seems twice as long as it used to be. (how much)

Mr. Russell is as amusingly funny as his students. (to what extent)

Modifying adverbs: Suzy studied harder than her sisters typically did. (condition)

Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. The student who finishes first will earn an indulgently tasty cookie.

Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.

Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

When driving, the instructor keenly keeps her eyes on the road.

The course that most interests Mr. Marks is clearly AP English Literature.

Mr. Fette’s choir lessons, which began six months ago, are regretfully over.