Parts of Speech

PartsPartsParts ofofof SpeechSpeechSpeech

Nouns Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Ex: colored tv systems, side burns, poodle skirts · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Ex: Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Paul Anka · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Ex: dining-table, breakfast, train-spotting · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: television, soda fountain, play dough · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: uniformity, conformity, traditional Functions (How nouns are used): · Subject (comes before the verb) Mrs. Becker reprimanded the students who had disobeyed.

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Dalaylah asked her husband John to pass her the butter.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) After WW2 traditional roles were reaffirmed amongst the people. PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine our, ours

Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Relative: Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose

That that of that those/ this

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: Tim grades himself more harshly than his peers. She bought herself two new poodle skirts. to intensify a point: President Eisenhower himself delivered the speech. Even though WW2 forced new employment patterns for men and women, “I will embrace traditional roles” Nancy thought.

Demonstrative: this, these that, those

Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: subject takes the action The crusade against communism exposed how divided American society was. Passive: Roy Plunkett has brought the non-stick pan to Americans. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · Cindy was preparing to go to the dance by putting on her makeup. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective -- verb used to describe · There was an embracing of traditional roles yet again. · Mrs. Becker drove past the deserted school in the summer.

Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Abby likes to hula hoop.

ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper Demonstrative: They’re conformists. Common: White Proper: American

ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings traditionally · Conversions Routine → routinely Consistent → consistently Dramatic → dramatically · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – Mrs. Becker pickled up the telephone eagerly. Time – Tim has to get to school quickly or else he’ll be late. Place – Nancy was at the diner after work. Degree – Beth's astonishingly beautiful poodle skirt was admired by all her peers. Frequency – Mr. Becker waits daily for his wife to cook dinner.

CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are oneword prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from,

PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common oneword prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS Interjections are words that show emotion. They are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. A aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C cheers, congratulations D dang, drat, darn, duh E eek, eh, encore, eureka F fiddlesticks G gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh, humph, hurray O oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P phew, phooey, pooh, pow R rats S shh, shoo T thanks, there, tut-tut U uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

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