Parts of speech Phrases and clauses……………………………19

PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS

Types of nouns:

· Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or

ideas.

Cake, Pie, Candy, Ice cream · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person,

place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized).

Zumbo's just desserts, Baskin Robbins, The Sugar Factory, See's candies. · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Cupcake, Shortbread, Sugarcane, buttercream · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Oven, pan, cooking sheet, powdered sugar. · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. Delicious, creative, aromatic

Functions (How nouns are used):

· Subject (comes before the verb) Stacy placed the muffins in the oven.

· Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom)

Diana asked her students to start rolling the dough for the pies.

· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom)

Jamie handed over the dry ingredients to the small boy in the kitchen.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.

Personal:

Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)

I/we me/us

you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive

My, mine

our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs

Relative:

Nominative who

That Objective whom

that those/ this

Interrogative:

who, which, what, whatever, whoever Possessive whose

of that

Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves)

Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:

She told her students to watch themselves while using knives because they could cut themselves.

to intensify a point:

Demonstrative:

this, these Gordon Ramsey himself told the chef that his food was not good enough to be served. He also said that he should keep horrendous food to himself .

that, those

Indefinite:

all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS

Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.

Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The guest enjoyed the tiramisu that they ate. Passive: The tiramisu that was eaten was enjoyed by the guest.

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS)

Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · Jose is enjoying the pastruries from the bakery. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · Henry told me that baking wasn’t hard. · They made sure that the cake cooled down before having it plated. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs

·Jessica likes to ice the cake with whipped buttercream.

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper (Give one example of each using words related to your subject)

ADVERBS

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) –ly, -wards, -wise · Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “Educational” becomes “Educationally”) Crumbly, shiftwise, · Types:

Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – Katelynn flipped the pan with grace. (how did she flip it so effortlessly?) Time - The water was taking an eternity to boil. (how long will it take to boil?) Place –The chef told us that if we made an impressive dessert he would take us on a trip. (where would he take us?) Degree – Kamilas creme brulee was amazing. The chef said it was the best he had ever tasted. (how good was that creme brulee?) Frequency – In order to make a good syrup you have to keep stirring at the same pace the whole time it is on the stove. (what pace is it ?)

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so

Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while

Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word

prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

A INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech.

Aah, ack, agreed, ah, aha, ahem, alas, all right, amen, argh, as if, aw, ay, aye

B

Bah, blast, boo, hoo, bother, boy, brr, by golly, bye

C

Cheerio, cheers, chin up, come on, crikey, curses

D

dear me, doggone, drat, duh

E

easy does it, eek, egads, er, exactly

F

fair enough, fiddle-dee-dee, fiddle sticks, fie, foo, fooey

G

G'day, gadzooks, gah, gangway, gee, gee whiz, geez, gesundheit, get lost, get outta here, go on, good, good golly, good job, gosh, gracious, great, grr, gulp

H

Ha, ha-ha, hah, hallelujah, harrumph,haw, hee, here, hey, hmm. ho hum, hoo, hooray, hot dog, how, huh, hum, humbug, hurray, huzza

I

I say, ick, is it, ixnay

J

Jeez, just a sec, just kidding, just wondering

K

kapish

L

La, la-di-dah, lo, long time, look, look here, lordy

M

Man, meh, mmm, most certainly, my, my my, my word

N

Nah, naw, never, no, no can do, no thanks, no way, nooo, not, nuts

O

Oh, oh no, oh-oh, oho, okay, okey-dokey, om, oof, ooh, oopsey, over, oy, oyez

P

Peace, pew, pff, phew, pish posh, psst, ptui

Q

quite

R

Rah, rats, ready, right, right on, roger, roger that, rumble

S

Say, see ya, shame, shh, shoo, shucks, sigh, sleep tight, snap, sorry, sssh, sup

T

Ta, ta ta, ta-da, take that, tally ho, tch, thanks, there there, there, time out, toodles, touche, tsk, tsk-tsk, tut, tut-tut

U

Ugh, uh, uh-oh, um, ur, urgh

V

very nice, very well, voila, vroom

W

Wah, well, well done, well, well what, whatever, whee, when, whew, whoa, whoo, whoopee, whoops, whoopsy, why, word, wow, wuzzup

Y

Ya, yea, yeah, yech, yikes, yippee, yo, yoo-hoo, you bet, you don't say, you know, yow, yum, yummy

Z

Zap, zounds, zowie, zzz

Transitions of Logic Chart

Addition

Comparison Milder

a further and and then then also too next another other nor further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

just as ... so too a similar another... like similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Stronger

Contrast

Time

Purpose

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow meanwhile at length presently at last

finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

to do this so that to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

Place

Result

Example

Summary and Emphasis

there here beyond nearby next to at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

so and so then hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

that is specifically in particular for one thing for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

PHRASES and CLAUSES

Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. The culinary students wanted to learn how to make desserts from different countries. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The bakers knew they would be mixing a lot of dough this weekend. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Ms. Huuges was running to the kitchen. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Ms. Mendoza, a new chef, worked diligently to help her family with new recipes. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Baking in your own home is very peaceful and therapeutic. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. The students were going to practice their caramel making skills in the abandoned cafeteria. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Many chefs knew it was time to practice for the upcoming event.

CLAUSES

Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)

INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. The cheesecake factory has different flavors of cheesecake.

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence

and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds:

Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ Where he grew up firmly made him the chef he is today. ○ Kindly give whoever calls an answer. ○ The teacher was happy when the students finished making their creme brulee from scratch. ○ Mr. Hoffman wisely checked what ingredients he had to make the cake. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ This is the culinary school where students tend to drop out. (“where” is an introductory word) ○ where is the torch that I absolutely need. ○ The new spatula that you wanted is going on sale. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ Olivia is obviously the one who got the most stars. (ONE is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.) ■ There goes the teacher whose class is usually failing. (TEACHER is the antecedent of whose and is modified by the adjective clause.) ■ The sculpting class informatively teaches how to make a decorative tall cake without having it collapse or cave in. ■ Is this the knife that you so vehemently want? (that is the direct object of want) ■ Tina is the sous chef who was shyly challenged to a duel. (who is the direct object of the challenge.) ■ The recommendation letter to which you refer has sadly been lost and the chef will not be receiving any more chefs. (which is the object of the preposition to.) ■ Hector is a chef who easily shrugs off criticism. (who is the subject of shrugs.) Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: ■ They unfortunately took out all of the flammable desserts where there was small spaces. (place) ■ When the alarm finally rang, she went to check on the oven. (time)

■ We sluggishly left the bakery because we were tired from baking all day. (purpose) ■ The sous chef talked as if she was already the head chef of the restaurant. (condition) Modifying adjectives: ■ For the doughnuts there needs to be fifty grams of powdered sugar. (how much) ■ Casey is being generous to her customers by giving free samples. (to what extent) Modifying adverbs: ■ Suzy stirred the pot harder than her co-workers typically did. (condition) Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ○ The student who finishes first will earn an indulgently tasty cookie. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ○ When driving, the instructor keenly keeps her eyes on the road. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The course that most interests Mr. Marks are Japanese desserts. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ Garret had finally finished his first semester at culinary school, which began six months ago.