Phrases /Clauses

PHRASES and CLAUSES

Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun.

The group of kids in th 6 period was waiting excitedly for the bell to

ring. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb.

The restaurant didn’t know they would be working overtime. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb.

Ms. Miles appreciated her students for cleaning the classroom. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS.

Cindy, the top student , failed her cooking exam. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Walking up the hill, the family saw the carnival ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. The chefs were tired after cleaning the kitchen ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to ” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The students were getting ready to start the cooking contest

CLAUSES

Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate ”) INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern.

Pre-heating the oven can give better results DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence

and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds:

Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ Where the seed is planted can make a huge dierence when it ripens ○ Kindly give whoever the farmer worker is a raise. ○ The teacher was happy when the students successfully backed an apple pie ○ Ms. Flores checked for what kinds of vegetable seeds Kiara had.

Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ This is the store where the most popular candy is sold ○ There is an ingredient that I absolutely needed for a new recipe I created. ○ The flavor that you wanted was to dicult to make Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ The blue jolly rancher is obviously the best flavor out there. ■ There goes the teacher whose class is usually about candy recipes. ■ Health class sometime goes over how much sugar food contains ■ Is this the donut recipe you ’ ve been looking for? ■ Mina is the chef whom she higley looked up to. ■ The golden ticket which to get in a candy bar was ripped ■ Amy is the girl who always fails to make the cupcake rise.

Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: ■ They misplaced the rotten ingredients with the fresh ones in the storage room. ■ When the timer rang , no one was finished with their cake ■ They hurriedly ran to the store for food coloring they thought they had. Modifying adjectives:

■ Waiting for the chocolate to melt seems to take longer than microwaving it. ■ The foriegn chef surprisingly made good traditional food.

Modifying adverbs: ■ Mark made more frosting than his other teammates usually do. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ○ The student who finished last must do the dishes Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ○ When cooking the teacher likes to play music Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The dish ms. sandy likes is tamales Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The festival, which was planned for 3 months, was canceled so the people can’t enjoys various food anymore