Phrases & Cl auses

SECTION 3 PHRASES and CL AUSES

Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. Everyone wanted justice for all the lives that Ted Bundy took. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The police teams knew they would be working hard trying to catch the killer. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Her body was dragged deep into the forest. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. The zodiac killer, active from the year 1968-1969, has now been possibly identified. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Running down the street, she avoided the man in the beige car. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. As she walked to her car she couldn’t shake the feeling that she was being followed. initiative Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. He watched her for days, each day getting closer to strike.

SECTION 3 PHRASES and CL AUSES CL AUSES

Cl auses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)

INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Every victim and their family deserves justice.

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds:

Noun Cl ause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ The conditions he grew up in might have been the root of his problems Adjective Cl ause: Used to modify a noun in an independent cl ause. Some adjective cl auses begin with an introductory word: ○ This is the Florida state prison where Ted Bundy was executed. (“where” is an introductory word) Some adjective cl auses begin with rel ative pronouns: ■ Jeffrey Dahmer was the one who was killed by prison inmates. (ONE is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective cl ause.) Adverb Cl ause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent cl ause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, pl ace, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: ■ He left her in a deserted area where a few could see. (pl ace) Modifying adjectives: ■ Christmas was never as joyful as it used to be for the Ramsey's . (how much) Modifying adverbs: ■ He watched her more than she looked at herself in the mirror. (condition) Rel ative Cl auses: Dependent cl ause that begins with a rel ative pronoun. ○ The person who committed the zodiac killer murders has been unidentified to this day. Elliptical Cl auses: Adverb cl auses in which part of the cl ause is omitted. ○ When driving, she picked up a hitchhiker not knowing that this would lead to her disappearance. Essential Cl auses: Cl auses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ His type to which he showed most interest, is clearly tall blonde women. Nonessential Cl auses: Cl auses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The spree killings, which began six months ago, are finally over.