i
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - TANYA DUCKETT
ii
foreword
learning objectives
This book has been written to correspond to the Edexcel GCSE Physical Education 2012 Course. This book supports students learning working on Unit 1 The Theory of Physical Education; Section 1.2: Your healthy, active body. This book focuses on the ‘Respiratory System’
• Gain knowledge and understanding of the structure and the functions of the respiratory system.
This book will help students to gain an insight and understanding into “The Respiratory System in sport”.
Author: Tanya Duckett
• Gain knowledge and understanding of the immediate and short-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system. • Gain knowledge and understanding of the long term effects and adaptations that take place as a result of regular exercise on the respiratory system.
The respiratory system The Respiratory System: contains all the organs that help you breathe, it provides oxygen to the bodies cells. The main components of the respiratory system are: lungs, bronchi, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli, intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
4
Respiratory
System structure The respiratory system is one of the most important parts of the human body. The components within the the respiratory system help you breathe. A good way to remember this is by thinking: respiration means breathing, so whenever someone talks about breathing think back to the respiratory system. It consists of five key parts: • The lungs • Bronchioles • Bronchi • Trachea • Diaphragm
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
When we breathe, the different areas of the respiratory system do different things. The respiratory system as a whole is split into two different parts, the upper respiratory tract is one. This consists of the nose, mouth and the start of the trachea. The second part is the lower respiratory tract, This consists of the lungs, bronchiole, bronchi and the trachea. As there are two different areas to the respiratory system, there are also two different stages when breathing. Inspiration and Expiration.
5
Epiglottis
of the respiratory system does.
Right Lung
Pleura Membrane Bronchial Tubes
Click on different areas of the interactive to see what each part
Larynx
Trachea
Ribs
Alveoli Diaphragm
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Inspiration vs expiration Inspiration When we breathe in, the intercostal muscles between our ribs contract, drawing in air, causing our chest to expand upwards and outwards. At the same time the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and lowers, changing from a dome to a flat shape. When the ribs lift upwards and outwards the lungs are pulled outwards too. The pressure inside the lungs is then reduced making the volume inside the lungs increase. Expiration When we breathe out, the intercostal muscles relax, resulting in our chest moving downwards and inwards. At the same time the diaphragm relaxes. Pressure inside the lungs increases as the air is forced out through the nose and mouth and the volume inside the lungs decreases.
6
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
What happens in your lungs when you exercise? Watch the video and find out!
7
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
8
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Alveoli The lining of the alveoli is very thin and this is where gaseous exchange take place; also known as the process of diusion, were oxygen and carbon dioxide move from a high concentration to a low concentration. Oxygen gets into the blood stream via the capillaries around the alveoli. Once it is in the blood it can get to the muscles where it is needed.
9
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
10
BELOW IS A TABLE THAT SHOWS THE DIFFERENCE IN THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE THAT WE BREATHE. BREATHED IN
Oxygen 21%
Carbon Dioxide 0.03%
BREATHED OUT
Oxygen 16%
Carbon Dioxide 4%
EXPLANATION OF DIFFERENCES IN PERCENTAGES: Oxygen used for energy. More carbon dioxide is produced as by-product of energy release.
Gaseous Exchange Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the deoxygenated blood and then is transported around the body via the red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli and is breathed out.
Oxygen from inhaled air is passed through the alveoli walls into the blood.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Key Terms There are names given to the different parts of the respiratory cycle. You need to know them and define them.
11
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
12
Drag each term to the correct definition.
Total lung Capacity
Vital Capacity
Tidal Volume
Vital Capacity
Total lung Capacity
Check Answer
Tidal Volume
13
The effects of exercise The effects of exercise varies depending on the amount of exercise you do. Doing more exercise on a regular basis will help you gain a healthier lifestyle. Whereas if you were to exercise only once a week it would not be as effective.
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
15
immediate
effects When taking part in physical activity the
body immediately reacts. In response to starting to exercise a number of changes happen immediately: Increase in breathing rate. Increase depth of breathing.
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
What happens to our breathing during exercise?
Increase in Breathing Rate We breathe more frequently, therefore our breathing rate becomes faster. If you breathe uncontrollably this is called hyperventilation which can lead to panic attacks and making the body shake from a lack of oxygen.
Increase Depth of Breathing We breathe more deeply, therefore more air is taken in with each breath. The benefits of the immediate changes: Increase in the removal of carbon dioxide; remember this is a waste product that must be removed. Increase in the amount of oxygen taken into our lungs in each breath; oxygen converts to energy enabling us to sustain the activity.
16
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
oxygen debt Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would normally have been when at rest. So in other words it is the extra amount of oxygen required after anaerobic exercise; short periods of high intensity exercise that requires no oxygen. If we do not repay the oxygen debt the lactic acid will build up in our muscles and cause cramp.
17
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
18
Long Term
effects Regular training results in a more efficient
respiratory system, which enables the body to cope with exercise more easily. As a result of training over a period of time it brings about adaptations such as: • Muscles • Increased lung capacity • Increased tidal volume • Increased vital capacity • Increased number of alveoli • Increased size and strength of intercostal • Increased size and strength of diaphragm.
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
The benefits of these adaptations are: Your respiratory system becomes stronger. Due to the increase in strength of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm you are able to take in more air and extract oxygen more effectively. More oxygen can be transported to the working muscles, therefore providing more energy. Due to increased capilarisation (reducing oxygen transfer distance) the process of diffusion becomes more efficient. This results in more oxygen becoming available for the working muscles.
19
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
What is the best way to breathe when working out?
20
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
Effects of Smoking Alongside the immediate and long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system you must also understand how smoking can also the effect the system. Smoking can damage the lungs, especially the alveoli reducing the ability to take in as much oxygen as possible or the removal of carbon dioxide as easily, meaning the process of gaseous exchange is less efficient and the person becomes short of breath. Red blood cells will carry carbon monoxide from the smoke instead of oxygen, reducing the oxygen carrying capacity.
21
Tap and rub away on the images below.
22
Credits
Author: Tanya Duckett Project Lead: Abdul Chohan Project Coordinator: Sofiya Patel Graphic design, illustration & animation: Elaine Hawkins & Christopher Brennan
All image and video content are free from copyright, obtained from official databanks, or have given the Essa Foundation permission to use their copyrighted content. Video content Chapter 1. (What Happens to Your Lungs when you Exercise - The Human Body - A Users Guide):YouTube/CPD for Teachers p.7 Chapter 2. (How to breath during exercise):YouTube/Wild Body p.20
Every effort has been made to contact the appropriate owners of content. Any enquiries regarding content please contact the following e-mails. BrennanC@EssaAcademy.org HawkinsE@EssaAcademy.org
©
Images Cover. (Dil Chora Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia 2010):Flickr/US Army Africa (College of DuPage Hosts Multi-Discipline Health Simulation 52) (Four Soldiers Win National Championships en route to Greco-Roman Crown 090415):Flickr/U.S Army (Learning to Shoot Shockers: April 2014):Flickr/Bil Kleb (Heart Exam ECG):Flickr/Speedoglyn1 (London Paralympics 5 September 2012):Flickr/Gill Griffin (Sport_070):Flickr/ Rob124 (Sailors Participate in Cardio Boxing Aboard USS Enterprise):Flickr/Official U.S Navy Page (06.Workout.Rosselem. 1730R.NW.WDC.11nov06):Flickr/Elvert Barnes (Below-The-Knee Amputee Fields Runs For Berth in 2012 Paralympics 090721):Flickr/U.S Army
Chapter 1. (Lung - Miliary Tuberculosis):Flickr/Yale Rosen p. TOC (Model # 10; Head, Neck, & Torso; “Pat”):Flickr/Camellia35 p.3 (Early Pneumonia):Flickr/Yale Rosen p.4 (The Lung Pleurea):Wikimedia/NA p.4 (Bronchial Anatomy):Wikimedia/Patrick J. Lynch p.4 (The Respiratory System):Wikimedia/NA p.4 (Butterly Rise):Flickr/Christiaan Botha Chapter 2. (Track and Field - 2015 Armory Invitational):Flickr/Steven Pisano p.TOC (Push up bars):Flickr/Stoopsmma p.14 (Getting Fit Guide: Mildura Gyms):Flickr/Your Mildura p.15 (Pilates Classes Help Keep European Millitary Communities Fit - FMWRC - US Army - 100924):Flickr/U.S Army p.15 (Indoor Track and Field - Jim Mitchell Invitational at the Army):Flickr/Steven Pisano p.15 (Bicycles in Central Park):Flickr/Vetatur Fumare p.18 (h5404_ru_key_artist_krausnad_gym):Flickr/Adifansnet p. 18 (Breaststroke):Flickr/Christiaan Botha p.18 (Model # 10; Head, Neck, & Torso; “Pat”):Flickr/Camellia35 p.18