Southern Astronomer, June 2014 by Brian Halls

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014

SOUTHERN ASTRONOMER THE

NEWSLETTER OF WORTHING ASTRONOMERS & WORTHING SKYWATCHERS

WORKSHOP EVENING

This issue Workshop Evening The Sea of Serenity Observing Notes

front p.3 p.5 - 11

Astronomy Meetings All the groups listed below begin their meetings at 19.30hrs BST Worthing Astronomers (WA) meet on the first Friday of the month, every two months (February, April, June, August, October and December) at Goring URC, corner of Shaftsbury Avenue and Barrington Road, Worthing, BN12 4EA. Admission £3. Adur AS (AAS) meet at Southwick Christian Community Church, 1-5 Roman Crescent, Southwick BN42 4TY.Admission: £5 for guests, £3 for members. Foredown Tower Astronomers (FTA) at Emmaus Charity Premises, on the corner of Manor Road and Drove Road, Portslade Old Village, BN41 2PA. Admission £3 for guests. Worthing Astronomical Society (WAS) meet at Heene Community Centre, 122 Heene Road, Worthing BN11 4PL. Admission: £4 for guests. PLEASE NOTE NEW VENUE AND MEETING DAY ( details - next page) AAS, FTA, venues have off road parking facilities and grounds adjacent for setting up telescopes when conditions allow. WA members will always be made welcome at these groups. More information 01903 521205 or 07801 692244. Fuller details of what our colleagues in neighbouring societies are doing at their monthly meetings is in the Quick View Diary, page two, Worthing Astronomers is a free to join society with a membership of over 300, all interested in the same hobby of Astronomy. With the aid of this newsletter, regular star parties, workshops and public observing events we hope to encourage and share our interests in observing the sky with the public, our colleagues in our own group and with neighbouring societies.

June 6 We shall be meeting again at Goring URC for our popular Workshop evening. This evening will be more about How, What and Why? - for example, how can I get my telescope to do this; what should I be able to see with my 'scope; why can't I see this etc. In fact the list is endless. So, if you are having problems with your telescope and don't know why, bring it along (if you can) and we'll see what we can do. If you have a general query regarding astronomy bring that up – if you think it might be a bit basic and might be embarrassed to bring it up because you think it might be a bit fundamental, drop us a line first and we'll answer it anonymously! It will also be a great time to have a chat and socialise over a cup of tea or coffee. Members will be bringing their equipment along and showing what they do. If you think you can help or you drop a line to Steve Bassett steve_bassett@hotmail.com ; you can also drop him a line using the Worthing Skywatchers page on Facebook; if you have that burning question you would really like answered then drop us a line at info@worthingastronomers.org.uk and we'll do our best to answer it on the night. Meeting start time is 7.30 p.m. and entrance is £3 at the door. Finishing time is about 9.30 p.m. WHATS COMING UP The Steyning Festival is on during the first week of June; Andrew Coates of Mullard Space Science Laboratories – details on page 2 – will be speaking on the subject of the Rosetta Mission. Due to meet up with comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in August of this year, this timely talk explains what the mission is all about. Andrew Coates is an excellent speaker and may be more familiar to readers as a space expert often interviewed on news channel space stories. There will also be a live demonstration of making a comet from dry ice, water and household materials. Something for the DIY enthusiast! The Sompting Festival occurs mid-month and we will be having a table at that event on Saturday, June 14. If the weather is fine we hope to be showing some views of the Sun in h-alpha, plus a telescope or two on display to show the public what we are all about! Looking forward to July, the British Astronomical Association will be holding their Summer Meeting in London with the theme of the all day session being: Observational Astronomy Then and Now: the Legacy of Sir Patrick Moore. There is a line up of speakers that will be talking about the varying aspects of Patricks' own astronomy interests with the last talk of the day being a talk by the great Dr Alan Chapman. More information about this special meeting is on page 9 with a link to download a booking form – the only way to attend is by ticket. Free to BAA members, £7.50 to non-members.

The Southern Astronomer No.69 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; June 2014

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014 The Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis) Anyone familiar with the face of 'The Man In The Moon' will have seen the Mare Serenitatis even without the aid of a telescope. It is part of the left(ish) eye of the face. A fair pair of binoculars will show its rugged out line from about 5 days after new until about 4 days after full. In a small telescope many features can be seen around its shoreline.

QUICK VIEW ASTRO EVENTS DIARY

June All times shown are Universal Time (UT = BST minus 1 hour)

The Mare (Latin for sea) is actually an almost circular lava plain measuring 650 km (just about 400 miles). Its circular size gives away its origins. It is believed to have been created by a massive impactor just under 4 billion years ago; what this impactor might have been - a rogue asteroid or even a piece of the material excavated by the impact of the Earth and a large body which ultimately created the Moon, we do not know. What ever it was, the massive crater that formed, filled with liquid lava and began the process that started the plain we see today. A view of the Mare can be seen in this photograph by Sinead Woods taken in May. In the image (north is upper) we can see that the crater walls that were formed by the original impact have been flooded by lava to the north, west and (just out of view to the lower right) the south. Much of this may be the result of other large impacts, especially the Mare Imbrium to the west (in shadow in Sineads' picture).

Mare Serenitatis at early lunar morning

Point a small telescope to the area around first quarter, and it becomes obvious that further impacts have occurred. Many of these have been buried by further lava flows but around the edges are other craters and remains of craters - such as Le Monnier on the north eastern shoreline, which looks like (if we continue the oceanic sounding names) a bay, just south of the impressive crater Posidonius, sited to the north east of the Mare. Between 4 and 5 days after new moon, the terminator is moving across the plain slowly revealing objects as the light of the long lunar morning strikes them. One of the oddest features observable in this low light are features called dorsa but are commonly known as wrinkle-ridges. These wrinkle-ridges show that the Mare plain is not smooth at all and these may be the end result of numerous out pourings of lava that have occurred over the aeons.

'Serenitatis Wrinkle-ridges'

Some may mark the ghostly walls of ancient craters now almost obliterated by lava.

The mare itself is free of any large craters except Bessel, about 16km (10 miles) across. To the west of Bessel is a small craterlet, a bowl of about 3km across, hardly visible in all but a moderate to large telescope called Linné which was the source of a 'mystery-that-was-notquite-a-mystery'. In the 19-century it was thought that the crater had undergone drastic changes in its appearance but, as it turn out it appears not to have done. When the sunlight shining on the lunar surface is just right Linné appears as a light annulus, due to impact material from its formation about 1 billion years ago.

For AAS, FTA and WAS details, see front page 1 Sunrise 0354h : Sunset 2008h Jupiter 5.4°N of Moon (06h) 2 Member Gary Burford celebrates the big Five-Oh AAS: Comets 3 Moon at apogee (04h) Steyning Festival* 4 Regulus 4.8°N of Moon (14h) 5 Moon: First Quarter (20h) 7 Mercury stationary (10h) Mars 1.5°N of Moon (23h) International Astronomy Show** 8 Spica 1.8°S of Moon (23h) International Astronomy Show 10 Neptune stationary (06h) Saturn 0.6°N of Moon (18h) 13 Full Moon (04h) 14 Sompting Festival 15 Moon at perigee (03h) 18 Neptune 4.6°S of Moon (07h) WAS: Members Evening 19 Moon: Last Quarter (18h) Mercury inferior conjunction (22h) FTA: Calendars, Cultures & Clocks 21 Uranus 1.6°S of Moon (01h) Solstice (10h) 24 Venus 1.3°N of Moon (13h) 25 Aldebaran 1.9°S of Moon (06h) 26 Moon furthest North (19.0) (09h) Mercury 0.3°S of Moon |(12h) 27 New Moon (08h) 30 Sunrise 0352h : Sunset 2022h Jupiter 5.4°N of Moon (18h) Moon at apogee

*STEYNING FESTIVAL Rosetta: Rendezvous with a Comet, talk by Professor Andrew Coates (MSSL) The lecture takes place at 7.45pm on Tuesday 3rd June in Steyning Methodist Church, doors open 7.15 p.m. for tea & coffee. Tickets cost £5 and are available from the Festival box office (Steyning bookshop), and via the website http://www.steyningfestival.co.uk. **INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMY SHOW Warwickshire Exhibition Centre, Fosse Way, Leamington Spa, CV31 1XN Details at: www.ukastroshow

The Southern Astronomer No.69 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; June 2014

A finder chart of the major craters in the Sea of Serenity area by Peter Grego (north at bottom, south at top thus showing a visual telescopic view) The Sea Of Serenity continued

Three studies of the crater Posidonius during a lunar 'day'. Lunar sunrise (above)

Lunar morning

Lunar mid-day (near to Full Moon) ÂŠ Brian Halls all images North up in all photographs

Like many areas of the Moon, craters and other features will take on different appearances as the shadows decrease as the sun rises over the lunar surface, taking on a washed-out look when the Sun is almost (lunar local) overhead, before the shadows increase once more at lunar sunset. The above pictures of the crater Posidonius on the north-east shoreline of the Mare Serenitatis, shows what the differing solar angle can do. In the left hand picture, the rilles and smaller craters on the floor of the floor of Posidonius are shown in stark relief before softening as more sunlight illuminates the crater, until near to Full Moon many features are washed out but revealing bright albedo areas not obvious under shallow illumination.

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014 OBSERVING NOTES June All times are expressed as Universal (UT) and can be considered the same as GMT (BST minus 1 hour) Information, unless otherwise stated is for the 15th of the month

Have you thought of joining the BAA, the UK's premier amateur astronomy organisation? Special deal: * 18 months' membership for the price of a year * February, April and June 2014 Journals FREE * NEW 72-page Observing Guide, worth £7.50, FREE This special offer is not available to existing BAA members.

Lunar and planetary visibility mid-month

Our monthly solar system visibility chart above shows that at this point in high summer true night hardly occurs. Astronomical twilight ends when the Sun drops 18° below the horizon (evening) and begins when the Sun rises above the 18° point below the horizon in the morning. From our particular latitude at this time of year, astronomical twilight ends only a short time after it begins. The Sun has remained moderately active during May, though near the end of the month it was nearly spotless. Some nice images of the many sunspot groups that appeared have been taken by members – notably Rob Aro, Andy Li and, Sinead Woods. © Sinead Woods (left)

Nothing more to pay until August 2015. Offer closes 2014 June 30. Click the link: www.britastro.org/join and join now.

BEWARE OBSERVING THE SUN IF YOU ARE NOT SURE HOW TO DO IT SAFELY - THEN DON'T!

ASTRO LINGO R – is for relative sunspot number; a system devised during the mid 19thcentury to create a quantitative method of calculating sunspot activity. It was devised by Wolf at Zurich observatory. Though it was an arbitrary system it has worked fairly well.

The leading S-shaped sunspot in AR 2049 captured by Sinead Woods on May 3 (above). Rob Aro captured these groups (right) as they approached the western limb of the Sun prior to rotating off of the Earth-facing disk. Around the spots, bright features – faculae can be seen. Once thought to be clouds of hot-hydrogen floating in the low solar atmosphere they are now known to be associated with the photosphere (visible 'surface')

Basically the method is as follows: the daily number of sunspot groups is counted and the total is multiplied by 10. The number of sunspots visible across the disk is then made. This is then added to the group total.

Above, May 16 showing AR's 2056, 2055, 2057 and AR 2060 (left side spot). © Rob Aro

At a recent Space Weather Workshop held in Boulder, Colorado it was announced that the maximum for this sunspot cycle (number 24) had been reached. A comparison with other sunspot cycles however puts this maximum way, way down with some of the lowest recorded in over 300 year. As one attendee noted, “Perhaps it ought to be called a Mini-Max.” Brian States and myself continued to count sunspots during the month of April. The R value was 95.2 (the average number of sunspots observed daily). Brian States observed the Sun on 29 days. The planned Sun Day observing event was cancelled due to weather – as it was in 2013 – but we hope to try again soon.

Example: 5 sunspot groups x 10 = 50 34 sunspots in total. 34+50 = 84. Therefore the R value for the day is 84. These daily totals are then added up over the month and then divided by the number of days observed during the month giving a monthly daily average. The system has been tweaked over the years by professional observatories to make allowances for the type of telescope used for the count and experience of the reporting observer.

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014 Observing Notes continued

Well done to the team of observers who went to Kithurst Hill in mid-May and got good telescope views of Mercury in the evening sky. Hants Astro members and WA members got views of this elusive little planet in a dob. mounted Newtonian reflector. May was a favourable month for seeing the planet. It is still (theoretically) observable just after sunset, but it is not as good as it was in May, it will appear as a thin crescent due to its orbit and position to ourselves. So careful searching of the low western sky after sunset may be best. It is about 12 arc-seconds in diameter. Venus too exhibits the same orbital behaviour as Mercury as described in the diagram on the left. This time Venus is in the position of the disk to the right of 'full' – with an 80% phase. The phases of Venus can be seen even with a small telescope and sometimes a good pair of binoculars, especially when it is the crescent phase. It rises at about 02.15UT and early risers will see it shining at -3.9m out to the east just before the sky brightens before dawn. Members have been very active with their images of Mars over the last few weeks. Though this has not been considered a perfect apparition of the planet, it has been moderately high enough to enjoy views of it. The south polar cap has been prominent. A collection of Mars images by members are shown below. Phases of the inner planets as seen from Earth. Mercury this month is close to us and its orbital position is similar to that of the nearest figures in the diagram above.

ASTRO LINGO appulse – neither an old English spelling for apple or something someone has when they go for a medical examination, an appulse is related to a conjunction but the definitions differ in detail. An appulse occurs when the separation between two bodies as seen from the Earth is at its minimum, a conjunction occurs at the instant when the two bodies have the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude.

April 6 © Gary Isherwood

April 8 © Steve Bassett

In general, the precise time of an appulse will be different from that of a conjunction. It is possible in some particular cases for an appulse to occur but no conjunction. An appulse is related to a conjunction but the definitions differ in detail.

April 16 © Andy Li Steve and Andy used web-cams to capture their images while Gary and Sinead used straight forward digital SLR cameras at their telescopes. Well done all, for catching spectacular images of a planet not known for its ease of observing. May 12 © Sinead Woods

More Mars pictures can be found at our Flickr page.

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014 Observing Notes continued

With plenty more opportunities to observe Mars over the next few weeks, even though it is receding from us, we turn and say goodbye to planet Jupiter from our evening skies due to its gathering proximity to the Sun in twilight, by months end. Members however have again been busy observing the planet over the last few months. THE GREAT RED SPOT The first report of the object is found in an observation reported by Riccioli in 1635. The spot actually rotates in a counter clockwise direction over a period of about 6 days though this last apparition, BAA observers have calculated this as being just over 3 days. The dimensions vary as the spot changes shape – it can vary from 24 – 40 000 km along its east-west axis and 12-14 000 km north-south. Our Earth would plop into the GRS with a little space to spare.

Jupiter and two satellites, with shadow of satellite on planet disk © Rob Aro The image above by Rob Aro was captured using a Canon 650D DSLR camera on March 16, 2014

Andy Li (left picture) used his 127mm Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope and a NexImage 1 colour camera plus a x2 barlow to capture 2000 frames, reduced to the best 70% and then processed in Registax and Photoshop to get this picture.

It has been speculated that it might be circular by about 2040 – though the last 400 years or so of observations show it to have maintained its rugby-ball shape; the idea of a circular GRS is considered highly speculative. Observations in the infra-red show the GRS to be much more cooler than the surrounding atmosphere. The origins of its red colour are unknown though it is considered likely that sulphurous compounds in the Jovian atmosphere may be responsible. The colour comes and goes and it can range from brick-red to almost white.

February 15, 2014.

This picture shows the storms in the belts © Andy Li

One of the features observed and recorded by members has been the shrinking of the Great Red Spot (GRS) over the last few months. The GRS has been observed for centuries – we know it to be a storm as there are rotating cloud features within it but, what sort of atmospheric phenomenon can it be that remains the same for hundreds of years? It is not constant. Recent observations show it to be shrinking in size – something that has been observed at different times. This produces a lighter area called a halo around it and can be seen in the picture in the right hand side bar. The colour of the GRS has been a red/deep orange colour and that can be seen from the images by Andy and Rob above. While Saturn sinks slowly in the west, the next planet out from Jupiter, Saturn is making an appearance in the evening sky. The rings are obvious in a small telescope and even some binoculars though it requires moderate to large instruments to make out planet disk and ring detail. With modern imaging techniques, colour of the planet is often bought out – visual observing can often show the planet in pastel type shades.

More astro-pictures taken by members can be found on our Flickr page

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014 Observing Notes continued

TRIBUTE TO SIR PATRICK MOORE

BAA SUMMER MEETING Saturday July 12 (All day),

The above picture taken in mid-May shows the large bright equatorial belt and the differing rings colours and divisions. It is is hard to believe that some portions of the thickness of the ring are measured in metres rather than kilometres. It shows the inner ring, the Crepe, very well.

A special meeting introduced by Dr John Mason on the topic of 'Observational Astronomy Then and Now: the Legacy of Sir Andy used his 127mm MakCas and NexImage colour camera to capture the view above. Patrick Moore'. The meeting will be held at University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ. The meeting will start at 10am and conclude around 5:30pm. A booking form can be downloaded here. Provisional list of talks: 21st Century Imaging of the Moon and Planets by Pete Lawrence Notes and Drawings from the Observational Notebooks of Sir Patrick Moore by Dr John Mason Observing Variable Stars – Then and Now by Dr David Boyd Observing Our Dynamic Sun by Lyn Smith The Legacy of Sir Patrick Moore in a Historical Context by Dr Allan Chapman BAA Members Free – non-members £7.50 Booking is neccessary for tickets

The planet is not well placed – being low in our UK skies - however the above picture shows what can be done. Of course, plain simple looking through the telescope eyepiece with the eyeball night after night is just as rewarding; after several nights, the eye will become adapted at looking at the various shades and will show the planet in its splendour. Mid month, Saturn will be 0.3m and its angular diameter about 18 arc-seconds. The rings are tilted 22° towards us so the northern portion of the planet is displayed. We rarely mention Minor Planets but over the next few weeks two of the brighter ones are close to each other in the sky and you may get a chance to do some real science while enjoying the spectacle. 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta lay about 3° from each other at the start of the month but they will gradually begin to close in on each other until early-July they will be only about 10 arcminutes apart from each other. This will be an appulse and next month we will explain more about how you can help scientists determine data about these minor planets. In the meantime they can be found not far apart from each other in the constellation of Virgo (see page 9). There is something to write about on the Comets and Meteors front this month. The 'new' Camelopardalis meteor shower hyped for its would-be excellent displays over the predawn USA came, not suprisingly, to nothing. Meteor rates observed did not exceed a 'normal' type of shower and reports indicate that most of the valuable observations of this shower were performed by radar – indicating that many of the meteors observed by this technique were in the 6m -7m range and would have been faint for visual observers. A meteor shower that will be visible this month but is one of the lesser known showers is the June Boötids. This shower is well placed for northern observers such as ourselves. They appear from about June 26 to July 2. They are not known for their spectacular displays though in the 1998 peak they produced an average of 100 per hour.

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014 Observing Notes continued

Any meteors seen after midnight around the end of June and sometimes considered to be a sporadic (that is, not associated with any meteor stream) may actually be one of these meteors. The Moon is new on June 27 which coincides with the peak. They are associated with comet 7P/Pons-Winnecke which has a period of about 6.37 years. The radiant point lays between the 'kite' peak of the constellation of Boötes and Ursa Minor. Comet C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) at 8m is gliding through the northern portion of our skies during the month and may still be seen with anyone with binoculars. It lays in Leo Minor midmonth out towards the north-west but it will be laying close to the horizon at night fall. C/2014 E2 (Jacques) is out of view until next month due to its proximity to the Sun, when it will return to our morning skies in early July. The Stellar and Deep Sky object to observe this month is Virgo as it lays almost due south. Mars lays within Virgo's border and it is not the only solar system object visible with its confines. Minor planets Ceres and Vesta are there too. Using binoculars or a low power on your telescope find the 3.6m δ (delta) Virgo, and scan eastwards towards the 3.4m ζ (zeta) Virgo. Vesta at a little over 6.05m lays about two-thirds away along. Ceres at 7.4m is about half way between Vesta and ζ. There are a number of deep sky objects in the westerly portion of the constellation but not all of them are visible in small telescopes.

PANSTARRS imaged on May 18 by Steve Bassett – the bright star at the top of the picture is χ-Ursa Major. NGC 3877 is a faint smudge close to the upper left of the picture. Steve used 12x180 second exposures and processed them to capture the picture. © Steve Bassett

On the right is a view of some of the deep sky objects visible and known as the Virgo Cluster though some of them – like M99 are technically part of the neighbouring constellation, Coma Berenices. Most of these objects are about 9m or 10m and will be visible in a moderate telescope (10cm refractor or 15cm reflector). There are several face-on spiral galaxies – like M61, or an elliptical object like M49 or M60 (which look like a fuzzy blobs in the telescope). The brightest star in the constellation is known as Spica (α-Virgo) 1.4m and the brightest star in the constellation. It is a blue giant and a binary; it is a β-Cepheid type variable - a star that varies in brightness due to pulsations of the star. Though a binary system, the proximity of Spica and its companion means they can not be resolved separately in a telescope. Their relationship was inferred originally via spectroscopic means. To find Spica follow the handle of the Plough to Arcturus, and then the same distance again on the same line. This can be summed up by the phrase: follow the arc to Arcturus and speed on to Spica, or alternately, arc to Arcturus and spike to Spica.

The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014

A view of Virgo as it appears this June, showing Mars and Vesta

Image by Stellarium

The star, 70 Virginis has one of the first extra-solar planets discovered orbiting around it- an object 7.5 times the mass of Jupiter. Now, there are about 35 verified planets orbiting 29 stars associated with the constellation. In classical mythology the constellation represents a young woman holding an ear of corn. By coincidence, the minor planet Ceres (named after the Roman goddess of agriculture and the harvest) is in the constellation also, so that portion of the sky has a real agricultural theme about it at the moment. Vesta ( also close by Ceres at the moment) is also the Roman goddess of the hearth/home and her shrine was usually placed in the area where cooking was undertaken. Virgo as a constellation is probably associated with Persephone the daughter of Ceres. As a female entity she has her roots (no pun intended) with sustenance bought about by growing food. The Saxon historian, the Venerable Bede associated her with the Saxon pagan-goddess, Eostre from whom we get the modern word Easter. It was probably the ancient Babylonians who first gave this star group its agricultural associations. The star (gamma) γ-Virgo is known as Vindemiatrix or the Grape Gatherer ; so called due to γ rising with the Sun just before the grape picking time. This agricultural association with this group of stars is probably due to its rising in the evening sky in late winter, early spring – a sign to our ancient ancestors that spring and warm weather was on its way and thus, sowing time was near due.

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The Southern Astronomer No.69 – June 2014

Image by Stellarium

The sky from Sussex at around 21.30 UT (22.30 BST) on June 15 Contributions – written articles (preferably word processed), photographs or letters to the editor for the July issue should be in by June 16 and sent to the editor at the contact address: editor@worthingastronomers.org.uk Detailed occultation predictions and other data in PDF format may be had by contacting the same address. (Please include exact latitude, longitude and approx height above sea level – these can be found using a service like Google Earth, for example.) If you no longer wish to subscribe to the group and receive newsletters and other information, please send an email (to the address above) with Unsubscribe in the subject line; we do not want our stuff to end up like spam littering your inbox. Volunteers are always welcome: if you want to find out more, call 01903 521205 or drop us a line at the e-mail address above. If you like the newsletter or its content please feel free to distribute it to anyone you know who migt be interested. Content is subject to copyright to the group and/or the individuals whose images or articles are used.

The Southern Astronomer No.69 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; June 2014

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