Design Thinking Research Book for my Final M.Arch Degree Project @ Washington University in St Louis by Brian Helfer, Jr., Assoc. AIA, NOMA

Engaging dormancy in the light of the St. Louis Renaissance Condition - North St. Louis Brian Helfer, Jr., Assoc. AIA, AIAS, NOMA M.Arch Candidate, FA 2021 Washington University in St. Louis Design Thinking Book Advisor- Dennis McGrath Assistant Advisor - Nathan Severiano

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IMMERSION

PROGRAM

POSSIBILITIES

PAGE 06 - PAGE 17

Immersion serves as an essential dive into the past, present, and future of the urban condition of St Louis in order to understand the thesis of this book.

PAGE 30 - PAGE 55

Program ponders the spacial potential of the established premise in order to develop and test the thesis of this book.

PAGE 80 - PAGE 87

Possibilities explores potential program massings on the established site as an initial proposal of the following degree project execution.

PREMISE

SITE&PLACE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PAGE 18 - PAGE 29

Premise establishes the initial topics, theories, and investigations of interest to develop the thesis of this book.

PAGE 56 - PAGE 79

Site & Place establishes both the location of the thesis represented in this book as well as the quality and character of place.

PAGE 88 - PAGE 93

Bibliography serves a crucial role in academia to provide credit to borrowed work but also to provide resources of the thesis presented in this book.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive Summary

Maya Angelou once said, “History, despite it’s wrenching pain, cannot be unlived; But if faced with courage, need not be lived again” and I can think of no better notion to keep in mind as the city of St. louis enters its new era that can only be understood as a renaissance. At the time of creating this book St. Louis is experiencing one of its most turbulent and promising accelerations in its history since its population decline after the advent of the white flight movement. That acceleration being the influx in young aspiring entreprenuers from local to international sources. This influx has resulted in new work typologies and solutions, new creative centers such as the T-REX facility, and new sources of community growth such as the Cortex Innovation Community. While this growth is an encouraging sign for St. louis and an opportunity to push St. Louis to greater places, current trends reflect a repeat of history. Current trends reflect a neglect to North St. Louis, a neglect for St. Louis’ greatest concentration of African American residents, a negelect to communities of in the greatest need of new infrastructure and igniging program, and a neglect to the same urban fabric that has been torn at and left unrepaired for decades. This book and the resulting Degree Project looks at engaging dormant potential through future-casting in one area of neglect to swing the momentuem of current trends in the favor of communities north of St. Louis’ divide. By weaving trends of innovative and entreprenuerial program types with community oriented uses we can create an incubation hub that encourages the growth of the individual as much as the growth of the community around the hub.

IMMERSION PAGE 06 - PAGE 17

IMMERSION

Immersion presents a series of pictorial archetypes of the physical urban condition in St. Louis to present two sides of a disconnected post-industrial city. Additionally, Immersion presents a short series of key mappings that further illustrate the non-physical barriers marginalized and divested St. Louisans experience everyday.

IMMERSION

St. L o

uis

City

-Cou nty

I-70

North City

i River

Central Corridor

Mississipp

I-64

South City 00 R -1

I-5 8

The city of St. Louis can be understood as three parts. North, South, and Center. The “Central Corridor” roughly follows the path of I-64 and is where the most severe case of division may be experienced, both physical and non-physical elements.

IMMERSION

I-70

I-64

00 R -1

White identifying residents Black identifying residents Other identifying residents

MAP KEY

This racial dot map demostrates the jarring division of people and ideas that lies outside of the visable realm. The majority of white and asian St. Louisans are concentrated in and to the south of the central5 corridor while the majority of the black and his-I-5 panic St. Louisans are located north of the divide.

IMMERSION

Not unlike other declining post industrial cities, St. Louis focuses its resources in the places it believes will generate revenue for the city and the gateway archgrounds are a significant draw of funding and effort. Meanwhile quality public spaces throughout North St. louis are left neglected, underfunded, and under programmed.

IMMERSION

Taylor Avenue is one of many connector streets that span across the divide and shawcase the true division that lies across St. Louis. These two images are taken just one mile from one another. One shows the vibrancy of the preserved historic urban fabric and the other the opposite.

IMMERSION

Residents on either side of the divide experience these neighborhoods everyday and continue to be subjected to the varing quaility and care that is afforded to the built enviornment around them.

IMMERSION

Vacant land is treated very differently on either side of the divide. In North St. Louis open space is treated as an opportunity to clear even more land and along the Central Corridor open space is gobbled up by developer after developer. Shown here is the new NGA site shortly after the remaining structures were cleared and the street connections erased.

IMMERSION

PREMISE PAGE 18 - PAGE 29

PREMISE

Premise states the thesis of this book, the foundational understanding of the selected area and topic of interest in St Louis, explorations and investigations of the selected area and topic of interest, and analyses and interpretations of the selected area and topic of interest in the pursuit of the theoretical underpinning(s) presented in this book.

Disconnection /,diskə’nekSHən/ (n.)(adj.)

1. The state of being isolated or detached, the act of detaching 2. Lacking a logical sequence; incoherent

Dormant /’dôrmənt/ (adj.)

1. Having normal functions suspended or slowed down for a period of time; in or as if in a deep sleep 2. Temporarily inactive or inoperative

Stimulator /’stimyə,lādər/ (n.)

1. A thing that encourages the development of or increased activity in a state or process 2. To rouse to action or increased activity; excite

PREMISE

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) Neighborhood Ranking (Redlining) Map - St. Louis, Missouri, Circa 1937

Meet [US] in St. Louis PREMISE STATEMENT

In 1944 Judy Garland recounted the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair in her movie, “Meet Me in St. Louis”. A point in history of not only a city on the rise but a city nearing the top. At the time St. louis was the 4th largest city in the United States in competition with the likes of New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. But like many other post industrial US cities it fell victim to the aftershocks of its own self inflicted racial housing practices (as shown above), “urban renewal” initiatives, and senseless acts of erasure and displacement whose scars can still be seen and felt today. With the few preliminary images and diagrams presented in the previous chapter one can only begin to perceive and understand this tale of two entirely different cities and two entirely different lived experiences. One of luxury, grander, and access, and another of isolation, anticipation, and resilience. Today the scars of these practices can be seen all across the city but none more jarring and juxtaposing than the division of the north portion of the city and the central spine of the city known as the Central Corridor. Along the corridor one can find adequate and affordable

housing, access to quality jobs and healthy food, and diverse educational opportunities while north of the corridor food deserts and mass vacancy comprise the majority of the neighborhoods, high paying jobs are few and far between, and schools go underfunded, many of which are shut down and lost forever. In recent years the city of St. Louis has found itself in a renaissance of growth as an incubation place for young entrepreneurs in the light of developments such as the Cortex Innovation Community and T-Rex entrepreneur development facility and once again has the potential to be a “city on the rise”. But the question stands to be asked, who are these new developments serving and who has access to them? Current trends suggest that once again North St. Louis will be left out of the equation. Herein lies the design problem and thesis objective. This project seeks to understand the current trends of startup focused developments and entrepreneurial geared investments in St. Louis and redirect that momentum to

bridge across the divide to bring financial and entrepreneurial opportunities to those who have historically been left behind and disconnected, those who reside in North City. This objective will be accomplished through a thorough study of the interstitial space that lies between those served and those underserved in St. Louis. This interstitial space can be understood as a dormant stimulator, defined in this book as a site that has all the potential to enact change and bridge connections but has yet to be realized and recognized as the powerhouse that is. This found and selected dormant stimulator should be able to capitalize on future connectivity efforts in St. Louis such as the North South Metrolink initiative and surface level Brickline/Greenway efforts while at the same time have the capability to serve the needs of the community around it, strengthening and building upon current efforts. Both single and multi-site strategies will be considered as the site and place becomes more focused and the benefits of a series of connectors becomes more apparent. AOA notates area of action on mappings. 21

PREMISE

Portland,OR

Minneapolis,MN

Denver,CO San Fransisco,CA

St Louis,MO

Columbus,OH Cincinnati,OH

Atlanta,GA

Boston,MA New York,NY Philadelphia,PA Baltimore,MD

Charlotte,NC

ESRI ArcGIS Pro Mapping / Forbes Magazine Dataset 2020

The tides are changing on the shores of historic innovational and startup focused hubs such as San Francisco,CA , Boston, MA , and New York City,NY. Across the counrty, notably in many cities that have experienced historic racial and financial divisions, cities are seeing an influx of new venture capital funds, investment opportunities for residents, and more supportive financial infrastructure allowing more people to pursue their version of the American Dream. In the light of COVID-19 these trends have only been amplified as many modalities of work have shifted to the home office and acceptance of living in these expensive and amplified housing markets have been challenged. Now software engineers for google can work from a sleeping porch in St. Louis and slice their cost of living by 75%.

+90% Venture capital investment dollars in past 3 years

+1.5B

Dollars invested in St. Louis Startups than in the previous 5 years

According to Forbes magazine, St. Louis has had 146 major venture capital investments within the last 3 years up 90% from the previous 3 years demonstrating a great deal of investor confidence in St. Louis startups. The St. Louis Alliance reports an increase of more than 1.5billion dollars invested in St. Louis startups in the past 5 years, approximatly 4 times more than the previous 5 year period.

PREMISE

I-70 UMSL Accelerate

STL VentureWorks

Apiary @ The Park RISE Collaborative Workspace TriveCo Office Evolution

AOA WashU Skandalaris Center

I-64

STL Small Business Development Center Tech Artista Balsa Foundation STL Foodworks Arch Grants Cortex Innovation Community Cambridge Innovation Center Wepower Venture Cafe

BEGIN Shared Kitchen VetBiz T-Rex SLATE Wework Covo St Louis Spark STL

Riefling South City Brick City Makes

Nebula

00 R -1 Central Corridor Bounds Existing Programs/Sites TIF District

MAP KEY

CoRadius Coworking

Mapping of existing innovation and entrepreneurial resources in St. Louis, 2021

The current concentration of these new innovation and entreprenurial centers are focused around the central corridor. Understandably these emerging centers can easily attach themselves to the existing urban fabric where currently there is existing density, access to multiple modes of public transit, and other buisness centers. With this concentration the act of separating resources and the 5 residents of North St. louis is maintained and even strengthened with each new center built.

I-5

PREMISE

2019 Recession

Trex is established

2008 Recession

2002 Recession

12.5%

10%

Project Opportunity

Cortex is built

7.5%

5.0%

2.5%

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

St. Louis Unemployment Percentages since 1990 / FRED Economic Dataset 2021

St. Louis unemployment numbers have varied over the past few decades, sucumming to each recession just as most other major US cities, but overall demonstrate a healthy downtrend in recent decades. The some of the lowest overall rates falling on present day numbers in the light of the COVID-19 recovering where the current unemployment rate rests near 3.5 percent, more than entire percent lower than the overall US unemployment rate, 4.8 percent. While correlation and causation are difficult to identify here in the case of falling unemployment rates and the development of facities such as the “T-REX Technology Entrepreneur Center” one can draw upon an opporunity at present day in the light of the COVID-19 recession recovery to fill the gap of another employment opportunity center.

15%

Highest unemployment percentage in North St. Louis

7.5%

Highest unemployment percentage along the Central Corridor

According to the most recent American Community Survey data, unemployment rates in and around North St. Louis reach as high as 15 percent and are nearly double those found along the central corridor where the highest is around 7.5 percent. Yet most developments and resource centers, specifically those centered around the St. louis entreprnuiral renaissance, are focused on areas of the least amount of need.

PREMISE

I-70

AOA

I-64

00 R -1 MAP KEY

Central Corridor Bounds Tier 2/3 Employment Tier 1 Employment Mapping of occupation prospects across St. Louis, ACS 2019

This trend of access to opportunity, or the lack there of, translates across all employment sectors and career prospects across the city of St. Louis. Shown above is a mapping of current access to employment opportunities accoruding to their skillset and pay wage. Tier 1 employment being high wage, full time, salary positions and tiers 2 and 3 being median to minimum wage, part time 5 and full time positions, and hourly compensation.

I-5

PREMISE

Working From Home

Walking

Biking

Public Transit

Personal Vehical

North St Louis Modality

Central Corridor Modality

South St louis Modality

Parts of St. Louis Share of Work Modalities / ACS 2019

When St. Louisans are getting to work the spread in modality is a bit surprising when considering those who have access to adequate public transit and developed bike networks. North St. louis residents are most likely to rely on public transportation in the form of buses to get to their place of employment. Central Corridor residents are most likely to travel using their personal vehical and South city residents own the largest share of bike-to-work and work-from-home modalities. These modalities are important to consider as these often determine where and when residents can work. A household without internet access would be unable to work from home the same as a household dependent on a bus route that stops running before the night shift is over would be unable to take such a position.

25%

Of St. Louisans live within 1 mile of a Metrolink stop

85%

Of those residents have access to a personal vehicle

About a quarter of St. Louisans have access to a metro stop within walking distance to their homes meaing they could realiably use it to access their daily source of employment. Of that quarter only about 15 percent have a real need for such rapid public transit as they do not own personal transportation. Leaving the majority of carless St. Louisans without access to rapid transit and oversuppling mobility options to those residents who already have multiple modes of transport.

PREMISE

I-70

AOA

I-64

Central Corridor Bounds 00-15% of Households 15-35% of Households 35-60% of Households 1m Walking Distance

MAP KEY

00 R -1

Mapping of households without ownership of personal vehicles, ACS 2019

The density of car ownership is another non-phyical divide that often goes unfactored when considering who has access to new developments and resource centers in St. Louis. As shown, across North St. louis about 1 out of 3 households have no access to a personal car and in some area as much as 2 out of 3 households have no access. These are the same residents that have been deprieved 5 of adequate rapid public transit such as the east-west metro lines on the central corridor.

I-5

PREMISE

I-70

AOA

I-64

00 R -1

Mapping of proposed Brickline Greenway Network, Great Rivers Greenway 2021

The Brickline Greenway proposes the linkage of the Gateway Archgrounds, Fairgrounds Park (North St. Louis), Forest Park (Central Corridor), and Tower Grove Park (South St. Louis) with multimodal transportation and a series of protected bikelanes redeveloped with the principals of the complete streets iniative in mind. Portions of this plan have already been completed so it is not so much 5 of an if rather than when these connections are restored.

I-5

MAP KEY

Central Corridor Bounds Proposed Bike Routes Connected Parks

PREMISE

I-70

AOA

I-64

00 R -1

MAP KEY

Central Corridor Bounds Proposed Metro route Proposed Metro stops 1m Walking Distance Mapping of proposed North-South Metrolink Connection, East-West Gateway 2018

The proposal of a North-South metrolink proposal would connect those residents of St. louis of the greatest need and bring opportunity north of the divide and further strengthen the already strong central corridor. The metrolink in question is currently proposed as a surface light rail that follows the center of some of St. Louis’ widest street sections inluding Natural Bridge Road in North 5 St. Louis.

I-5

PROGRAM PAGE 30 - PAGE 55

PROGRAM

Program presents the proposed spatialization of the previously established premise in both written and diagrammatic exercises, as well as an in depth analysis of programmatic requirements for the following Degree Project. Additionally, Program presents a series of explorations and evaluations of equivalent precedents with similar program typologies.

Grassroots /’gras,roots/ (n.)

1. Ordinary people regarded as the main body of an organization’s membership 2. Not adapted from or added to an existing facility or operation; Totally new

Incubator /’iNGkyə,bādər/ (n.)

1. An apparatus providing a controlled environment for the care and protection of premature or young things 2. A place, especially with support staff and equipment, made available at low rent to new small businesses

Entrepreneurship /,äntrəprə’nər,SHip/ (n.)

1. The activity of setting up a business, taking on financial risks in hopes of profit 2. The creation or extraction of value, in the case of change involving risk

PROGRAM

T-REX Innovation & Entrepreneur Development Facility- Downtown St. Louis, Missouri, Circa 2020

North City Innovation Center PROGRAM STATEMENT

As St. Louis experiences the next wave of growth and enters a comparable renaissance of innovation the question remains who can participate in this growth and better yet, who should participate in this growth. In the past North St. Louisans, specifically those of who have been marginalized, have been left out of the equation when it comes to development and growth. If there is not a deliberate attempt at refocusing the distribution of the opportunities available in St. Louis it will undoubtably continue to stay concentrated to the central corridor as it has for decades.

As briefly mentioned in the previous chapter, this project looks to locate itself in a found dormant stimulator that can ignite reconnection efforts of North and Central St. Louis to bring people North of the divide and conversations South of the divide. The space itself wants to foster the development of entrepreneurial ideas with a specific emphasis grassroots expansion and community wealth generation. This project looks to nest itself in the delicate urban fabric of North St. Louis becoming a hub for

creation and innovation while serving the existing needs and efforts of the community. This project should at the same time host private practices and processes while staying publicly available and visible. This project should avail itself to users both prepared to utilize the resources provided within as much as those who are not prepared. This project has the potential to act as a central hub that many other supplementary program spaces spring from across North St. Louis all under the umbrella of this new North City Center.

BRICKLINE GREENWAY

T M S TIM STI U NT L A T MA O R DOR DO R R M AN LATO T S T IM STIMU U L A T MANT OR DORM ANT STIMULATOR DOR N/S METROLINK

LEARN

DEVELOP

SUPPORT EXHIBIT

WORK PRODUCE

N/S METROLINK

NWAY BRICKLINE GREE

DO DO R RM TO ANT ULA M STIM I ST ULAT ANT M OR R DO DORM TOR ANT STIMU A L U M I T S LATOR DORMANT ULA TO T O ULA R DO STIM R M ANT A N T ORM S TI M R D U L AT LATO O R DORMANT STIMU STIMULATOR DORMANT

RM AN ANT RM O STIM D ULA R O T TOR A UL DORM STIM T N A ANT S TIMULAT DORM OR DORMANT STIMULATOR

PROGRAM

Finding the intersections of innovation DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS

OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN

Users should have the ability, tools, and space to develop their ideas from conception to reality without ever leaving the center. Users should also have the ability to develop their own brand, interface with the public, and buisness within the center.

Users should have access to the space and tools to learn how to build and execuite their ideas. Connections to local institutions and existing organizations will assist in the production of a collaborative and incubative environment to grow talent and discover innovation.

WORKSPACE

OPPORTUNITY TO SHOWCASE

Users should have the ability to work at multiple capacities, scales, and situations to accomplish aspirations. Users should have access to permanent and temporary, public and private, small and large spaces to conduct buisness and assist them in pursuit of their ideas.

Users should have the ability to showcase their ideas to both a private and public audience to test its feasability. Space should also be considered for community representation and exhibition to aid in the spirit of community collaboration.

PRODUCTION SPACE

SUPPORT CONNECTIVITY

Users should have access to the technology and tools necessary to test and iterate upon their ideas. Users should have the ability to store their work as well.

This entire space should insert itself carefully into its environment and provide both permenent and temporary space for community efforts already in progress.

PROGRAM

PRIMARY PROGRAMMATIC FUNCTIONS

IDEA FOSTERING & DEVELOPMENT Initial Program Exporation Innovation and Entrepreneurial Incubation Center A place to learn, grow, produce, gather, and establish yourself. A place for individuals, organizations, buisnesses, and community. A starting point for ideas and a place to explore dormant talent. A much needed center for activity.

EDUC ATIONAL ENRICHMENT MANUFACTURING & TESTING SPACE COMMUNITY CONNECTION BACK OF HOUSE & SERVICE AREAS

PROGRAM

PRIMARY PROGRAMMATIC TYPES

POTENTIAL MANIFESTATIONS

FINANCIAL ADVISING OFFICES/SEMINARS PUBLIC & PRIVATE WORK SPACES

BUSINESS/BRAND DEVELOPMENT SPACE COWORING & MULTIMODAL SPACE

INHOUSE PUBLIC VARIED WORKSPACE BUSINESS ADVISING FLEXABILITY PER USE C E N T E RT Y P O LO GY

T E A C H I N G WORKSHOPS DEDICATED CLASSROOMS

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENTS TEMPOR ARY USE LEARNING SPACE

L A R G E S E M I N A R SMALLER LEARNING SPACES/ASSEMBLY SPACES VARIED PER H A L L FO R M AS S T Y P O L O G Y GATHERINGS

PROTOT YPING & PRODUCTION LABS PUBLIC USE MAKERSPACE

PRODUCT/IDEA EXHIBITION SPACE BUISNESS LAUNCH SPACE/INCUBATOR

PUBLIC USE M ANU FAC T ERING PROCESSES WITH STOR AGE SPACES

INTEGRATED COMMERCIAL SPACE PUBLIC FACING DISPL AY SPACES

PUBLIC SPACES 24/7 ACCESS INDOOR AND O U T D O O R

DEDICATED OFFICE/ PL ANNING SPACE AFTER HOURS E N T E RTA I N M E N T

I A E C

COMMUNITY HALL/ CONGREGATION INTEGRATED VENUE/ PERFORMANCE SQFT

MANAGEMENT OFFICE SPACE RESTROOMS LOADING AREA

PRIVATE & PUBLIC STOR AGE SPACE MEP SPACE MASS STORAGE

N T E R I O R T T R I U M X T E R I O R OURTYARD

PROGRAM

VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTORS

Existing Innovation Typologies

St. Louis is now host to multiple major venture capital investors such as Lewis and Clark Ventures and Capital Innovators. Investors interested in contributing to “series A” funding for startup ventures are essential to securing successful launches and prolonged financial longevity.

Resources and tools already located in St. Louis Innovation is product of access to space, resources, services, tools, technology, and time. This is a catalog of those already developed typologies of idea incubation space, though many are currently out of reach for most St Louisans.

TEMPORARY (CO)WORKING SPACES St. Louis has been quite to adapt the coworking model where miltiple ventures can congregate in the same office setting for a lower operating price. These spaces are great for those entrepreneurs who are ready to take the leap but not the cost of a large overhead.

MAJOR INNOVATION DISTRICTS Districts such as the Cortex Innovation Community, are very attractive to both public and private entities estblish a hub or center for entreprnurial focused efforts can migrate towards. These efforts are most commonly focused on reviving depressed downtown centers since their conception in 2000.

PROGRAM

ENTREPRENEUR SUPPORT GROUPS

ENTREPRENEUR ACCELERATOR PROGRAM

St. Louis has already developed a series of public support sytems and group organizations that foster growth and collaboration. These groups are important for ensuring adequte accessability for those people who have ideas but do not nessisary know the proper outlet.

Accelorator programs are those that last a set amount of time in which entrepreneurs build up their buisness ideas, products, services, and branding to eventually pitch to long term investors. Most accelorator programs supply some series A funding in preparation for series B investors.

BUISNESS/STARTUP INCUBATORS

MAKERSPACE/TOOL SHEDS

Incubator spaces are organizations that assist startup iniatives and entrepreneurs to develop their buisness model in whatever way they need. Some provide management training, some offer marketing services, others advise in operation strategies, all of which end with venture capital financing.

Makerspaces and tool sheds are those places that allow the public to manifest their ideas to reality through a variety of creative outlets. These include access to computers, machinery, various technologies, tools, and software. These spaces often have an educational outreach component for growth serivces.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

EXISTING STARTUP GROUPS

Institutions such as Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis University, and University of Missouri-St Louis all have the resources and aspirations to root themselves in their community and support local iniatives. They just need a place to engage and focus resources.

Existing startup companies or groups are those that have already legally established themselves and have begun the undertaking of establishing a scalable buiesness model with a finished product or service. These would be great to focus in one area to support other emerging entrepreneurs.

PROGRAM

Existing Community Infrastructure Ongoing efforts in the North St. louis Community to build on and strengthen It is absolutly essential that this space for innovation have an integral focus on community connections and root itself in the efforts already at play in these resilient neighborhoods of revival in North city. This could manifest itself as permanent as a headquarters for this effort or as temporary as a meeting space for the effort every other month. The space should feel like it belongs to

PROGRAM

ELEMENTS OF INNOVATION & ENGAGEMENT THE TOOLS AND OBJECTS NEEDED TO MAKE USE OF SPACE This series of elements, or artifacts, collects and correlates the elements that translates built space into programmed space making it useful and useable for the user(s). These elements will then be used for space planning in the DP.

PROGRAM

SITE 1 40,000SF

Formula for Innovation & Engagement 30%

12AM

6 AM

WORKING SPACES

25%

MANUFACTURING SPACES

15%

These spaces serve both public and private efforts at varying scales in both permanent and temporary availabilities. These spaces are for idea fostering, idea development, and idea execution in which efforts at any stage in their development can be carried out.

These spaces are the users opportunity to make their idea a reality and iterate through prototyping. These spaces should serve both the interior users as well as avail itself to the community around the center providing a reliable makerspace for all creatives.

These spaces serve anyone who is interested in accessing the spaces and services within the center as well as knowledge sharing within the center as an encouragement of community integration and enrichment.

5000 ANCHOR TENANT WORK SPACE 5000 COWORKING WORK SPACE 2000 INDIVIDUAL PRIVATE WORK SPACE 2000 PRIVATE MEETING SPACE 1000 PUBLIC MEETING SPACE 500 MULTIUSE SEMINAR SPACE 1000 SHARED FOOD HALL/KITCHEN 1000 SHARED TECHNOLOGY LAB 500 SHARED MEDIA/PRINT LAB 250 RECEPTION/MAIL 1000 STORAGE SPACE TOTAL 20,250 SQFT

EDUCATIONAL SPACES

5000 3500 1000 1000 1500 500 2000 500 500 1000

WOODWORKING SHOP METALWORKING SHOP LASERCUTTING SPACE FABRICWORKING SPACE CERAMICWORKING SPACE 3D PRINTING SPACE WORKING/ASSEMBLY SPACE TOOL SHARE RECEPTION INDIVIDUAL STORAGE ALL SHOP STORAGE TOTAL

16,500 SQFT

5000 2500 1500 750 500 1000

LARGE ASSEMBLY HALL MULTIMODAL CLASSROOMS DEDICATED INSTITUTION SPACE SMALL GROUP SPACES INDIVIDUAL CUBBIE SPACE STORAGE SPACE

TOTAL

11,250 SQFT

PROGRAM

SITE 3 65,000SF

SITE 2 50,000SF

EDUCATIONAL ENRICHMENT SPACES MANUFACTURING & PROTOTYPING SPACES PRODUCTIVITY SPACES NOON

COMMUNITY & PUBLIC USE SPACES

6 PM

12AM

10%

These spaces serve the integral community connection and allow the center to serve the people around it as much as the users within it. These spaces should avail themselves around the clock and provide a reliable and safe place for people to migrate towards.

These spaces serve to foster the development of startup businesses and entrepreneurs and are for idea testing and launching in a controlled enviornment. They serve both interal needs of the users as well as exterior pieces of community engagement.

These spaces serve the functionality of the building and should be mostly hidden from the public eye, placed on the back edge of the project if possible.

COMMUNITY & PUBLIC SPACES

LARGE ASSEMBLY HALL INDOOR ATTRIUM SPACE OUTDOOR COURTYARD SPACE DEDICATED MEETING SPACE DEDICATED WORK SPACE PERFORMANCE “STAGE” CHILDCARE/DAYCARE AFTER HOURS ENTERTAINMENT

TOTAL

*5000 *5000 5000 500 500 500 1500 1000

9,000 SQFT

INCUBATION SPACES

BACK OF HOUSE SERVICE SPACES

ANCHOR COMMERICAL STARTUP COMMERCIAL STORAGE FINANCIAL ADVISING OFFICES BRANDING EFFORT SPACE IDEA EXHIBITION SPACE IDEA LAUNCH SPACE GENERAL STORAGE WORKING SPACES

TOTAL

2000 500 1000 1000 500 2000 250 XXX

7,250 SQFT

EXTERIOR LOADING DOCK SERVICE CIRCULATION RECEIVING SPACE GARBAGE IN/OUT GENERAL MECHANICAL GENERAL PLUMBING GENERAL ELECTRICAL BUILDING STORAGE SHOP MECH./ELEC. RESTROOMS

250 1000 500 250 250 250 250 2000 1000 1000 TOTAL

6,750 SQFT

GROSS

71,250 SQFT 47

PROGRAM

BUILDING STORAGE

EXTERIOR COURTYARD(S)

WOODWORKING SHOP

CHILD CARE

METALWORKING SHOP

ASSEMBLY SPACE CERAMIC SHOP

PROGRAM PROPORTIONS AT A GLANCE

PRIVATE MEETING

INSTITUTION SPACE

IDEA LAUNCHSPACE ANCHOR COMMERICAL 48

MULTIMODAL CLASSROOMS

LARGE ASSEMBLY HALL

PRIVATE WORKSPACE

COWORKING SPACE

ANCHOR TENANT WORK SPACE

PROGRAM

CERAMIC SHOP METALWORKING AASSEMBLY SPACE SHOP

BUILDING STORAGE LARGE ASSEMBLY HALL

CHILD CARE

WOODWORKING SHOP

COWORKING PRIVATE SPACE WORKSPACE PRIVATE MEETING

MULTIMODAL CLASSROOMS

ANCHOR TENANT WORK SPACE

ANCHOR CCOMMERICAL OMMERI

IDEA INSTITUTION LAUNCHSPACE SPACE

STUDY ONE

PROGRAM ADJACENCY STUDIES PRIVATE WORKSPACE COWORKING SPACE BUILDING STORAGE

WOODWORKING SHOP

ANCHOR TENANT WORK SPACE

STUDY TWO PRIVATE MEETING

ASSEMBLY SPACE

ANCHOR COMMERICAL

LARGE ASSEMBLY HALL IDEA MULTIMODAL AL CERAMIC CHILD MMETALWORKING CLASSROOMS C OOMS SHOP LAUNCHSPACE SHOP CARE INSTITUTION INS IN STITUTION SPACE

PROGRAM

CASE STUDY | KENDEDA BUILDING ATLANTA, GEORGIA|2019

“The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design was created to foster environmental education, research, and a public forum for community outreach.” - Lord Aeck Sargent Architect

PROGRAM

This community outreach and enviornmental research center achieved living building certification and provides a welcoming enviornment and diverse program for both full time and part time users. The design is centered around vernatcular southeastern architecture with a sustainably focused approach. Each building component is designed with a productive uses and a passive uses such as the the solar canopy that generates all the power for the building and collects all the water needed in the building. At the same time this canopy provides comfortable shade, a microclimate for passive cooling strategies, and a blurring of the indoor and outdoor boundary. Special attention was paid to the material palette for both its welcoming and tactile experience and its carbon footprint to ensure sustainable construction procedures.

PROGRAM

CASE STUDY | DISTRICT HALL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS|2014 “District Hall is the world’s first freestanding public innovation center, a single-story pavilion dedicated to gathering the innovation community together.” - Hacin + Associates

PROGRAM

A world’s first, District hall was constructed for gathering the innovation community together on Boston’s global investors waterfront development called Seaport Square at the heart of Boston’s innovation district. District Hall has been named the anchor of the district and studied as a new public infrastructure for the evolving 21st century economy. The program features spaces for emerging companies to meet and carry out business, exchange ideas, and host social events. Space scales range from flex pods for several people to meet to a large assembly space for up to 250 people. Uses include popup retail shops, educational spaces, and exhibition spaces for emerging ideas and companies. The spaces are designed in a way to be flexible and mailable, reconfigurable furniture, and multipurpose surface such as expo glass.

PROGRAM

CASE STUDY | WATT FAMILY INNOVATION CENTER CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA|2016 “[The] center provides a unique environment in which advanced instructional technologies foster student engagement and industry partnerships to address real-world problems” - Perkins & Will

PROGRAM

Clemson University’s Watt Family Innovation Center provides a place for students and industry partners to carry ideas from conception to reality to marketplace with a diverse set of spaces intended to foster the creation and development of ideas. Working spaces and spaces of innovation are put on display on the public half of the building the faces the University’s quadrangle park. High levels of transparent materials are used to encourage inquary within and projection outward. Spaces are layered in a way that people who pass through the space are able to see ideas in all stages of development. The massing of the building divides itself into two triangles, one a public oriented mass aligned to the University quadrangle and the other oriented at the back of the buildings holding all of the buildings utilities and private labratories.

SITE & PLACE PAGE 56 - PAGE 79

SITE & PLACE

The Site portion of this chapter explores both high level urban analysis of several potential site situations for the previously outlined program and finally determines and defines the final site selection to be used for the Degree Project in the following semester. The Place portion of this chapter explores and summarizes the character of the space this project seeks to nest itself into to ensure adequate urban integration.

Integration /ˌin(t)ə’grāSH(ə)/ (n.)

1. The action or process of integrating 2. The intermixing of people, groups, and ideas who many or many not have been separated

Respect /rə’spekt/ (n.)(v.)

1. Due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, and or traditions of others 2. Avoid harming or interfering with

Forecast Future /’fôrˌ,kast ˈfyo’oCHər/ (n.)(v.) 1. A prediction or estimate of future events 2. The planning of the future based on present day trends

SITE & PLACE

Missouri Historical Society Collection, Fairground Park Bear Pits, Circa 1895

Rooted in History, Invested in Future SITE & PLACE STATEMENT

The AOA or Area of interest lies between the historic Fairgrounds Park and the recently cleared community beneath the site of the soon to be Next NGA West site. Both sites are places of extended trauma and continued erasure and neglect. Fairgrounds Park was once one of the most attractive outdoor venues in the city, featuring public pools, a zoo, and public amphitheaters for community gatherings. It is also the site of extended segregation struggles and a noted point in the fight for equal civil rights.

The NGA site was a place of much contested approval as it called for another mass erasure in a city that already has a long history of removal and displacement in the name of urban expansion and city revival. The NGA site eliminates hundreds of residential parcels, connector streets and valuable neighborhood visual connections. Keeping this history in mind I am reminded of a quote from Maya Angelou that stated, “History, despite it’s wrenching pain, cannot be unlived; But if faced with courage, need not be lived again”

and I can think of no better notion to keep in mind when planning for new developments and new opportunities. As stated in the last chapter, if there is not a deliberate attempt at bridging the division of opportunity in the city there is little hope of cohesive revival. The North City Innovation Center looks to nest itself in an area on the rise with great potential and strengthen the efforts already in progress around it. The development may act as a reinforcement and jumping point to the future the community would like to see.

SITE & PLACE

Understanding Place to locate Potential Sites As explored previously, North St. Louis is consumed by under utilized space, acquired and consumed territories, and pockets of strong, personalized community hubs, many of which do not have a sense of center or a point of concentration but a sense of unity and commitment to make North City not only a place to live but a place to call home.

SITE & PLACE

Histo

ric F airgr ound

s Pa

rk Natu ral B

reet

ll St Parne

Road

Next NG

A West

Site

Gran

d Av enue

ridge

MAP KEY

N/S Metrolink Stops Community Anchors Mapping of immediate place, 2021

The area of interest referred to throughout this book nests itself between two potentially significant community generators, first the Historic Fairgrounds Park and second the development in progress, Next NGA West. Natural Bridge Road, Grand Avenue, and Parnell Street all act as excellent dynamic connector corridors and all run connect to the proposed N/S Metrolink line.

SITE & PLACE

Neighborhood Com. Opportunity Area Neighborhood Dev.

Mapping of St. Louis Strategic Land use Plan, 2019

The current St. louis Strategic land use planning documents marks much of North St. louis as areas of potential and areas of transition. With the planning of the North South Metrolink and the incoming development of the Next NGA West site much of the surrounding area has been outlined as OA or opportunity areas which are defined as “under utilized locations where the use of the land is in transition...This designation is intended to be flexible.”

MAP KEY

Regional Commercial Neighborhood Preserve Institution Preservation

SITE & PLACE

FAIRGROUND NEIGHBORHOOD

FAIRGROUND HISTORIC PARK

HYDE PARK NEIGHBORHOOD

JEFF VANDER LOU NEIGHBORHOOD

ST LOUIS PLACE NEIGHBORHOOD MAP KEY

Historic District TIF District Mapping of Surrounding Districts and Neighborhoods, 2021

The area of interest nests itself between the Jeff Vander Lou, St. Louis Place, Hyde Park, and Fairground neighborhoods. There are several opportunities to work within historic districts along Grand Avenue and just North of Natural Bridge Road. South of Natural Bridge Road the city of St. Louis have allocated much of the area surrounds the Next NGA West development as a Tax-Increment-Financing district commonly known as a TIF district. In these spaces public funding is used as a subsidy for community improvement projects 63

SITE & PLACE

Cleared Site for Next NGA West Development

Natural Bridge Avenue

Initial Site Placement & Studies Historic Community Archor - Fairgrounds Park

SITE & PLACE

ridge

Aven ue NS

N/S

Metr olink

Rout e

2 NS

Parnell Street

Natu ral B

NS 65

SITE & PLACE

Option One

Option Two

Option Three NS

SITE & PLACE

3720 Natural Bridge Avenue Site Area - 40,000 SQFT Access Roads - North Spring Avenue Street Frontage - Natural Bridge Avenue Existing Use - Vacant Parcels Adjacent Use - Residential & Institution Site Features - View onto Fairground Park - Short walk to metro stop - Strong relationship with institutions - Existing retail to build on - Short walk to metro stop

2632 Natural Bridge Avenue Site Area - 60,000 SQFT Access Roads - Palm Street Street Frontage - Natural Bridge Avenue & Farrar Street Existing Use - Vacant Parcels & Small Retail Adjacent Use - Residential and Retail Site Features - Dual street frontage - Existing retail to build on - Short walk to metrostop

2512 Natural Bridge Avenue Site Area - 80,000 SQFT Access Roads - North Spring Avenue & Hebert Street Street Frontage - Natural Bridge Avenue & Parnell Street Existing Use - Vacant Parcels Adjacent Use - Residential & Commercial Site Features - Triple street frontage - Intersection of two N/S metro paths - Strong relationship to intersection

SITE & PLACE

Selected DP Site Location

SITE & PLACE

2512 Natural Bridge Avenue Site Data

Access

Site Area Footprint - 80,000 SQFT Included Parcels - 11 total, 4 Occupied Existing Use - Vacant Parcels & Several Vacant Buildings Adjacent Uses - Residential & Commercial

Primary Frontage - Natural Bridge Road & Parnell Street Secondary Frontage - Herbert Street & N 25th Street Transit Access - N/S Metro line, Metro bus lines 4 & 41 Service Access - Existing service alleyways Vicinity Next NGA West development and surrounding neighborhood improvements, walking distance to Fairgrounds park, walking distance to Reasonable Park, and walking distance from proposed Brickline project.

390

225’

’

285’

180’

355’

230’

SITE & PLACE

Site Zoning Analysis & Restrictions Zoning Designation: The site is outlined as a opportunity area and defined as a area in transition, meaning with just cause can be rezoned with little bias to encourage dense development. Currently the parcels are zoned as “A-Single Family Residential”

Floor Area Ratio/Height Limitations: Zoning being pursued on the site can be classified as zoning type “G-Local Commercial and Office” following regulations under Chapter 26.44 of the St. Louis municipal zoning code. With this designation maximum height is restricted to 50’.

Lot Line Requirements: Front Yard - No Frontage/Front Yard Requirements Side Yard - 5’ offset from dwelling designations Rear Yard - No Rear Yard Requirements

SITE & PLACE

Site Analyses & Environmental Considerations

Yearly Presence of Wind on Site

Yearly Radiation on Site

Psychrometric Chart for indoor light work conditions 78

Yearly Heating Degree Days

SITE & PLACE

Yearly Dry Bulb Temperature

Yearly Normal Radiation

Yearly Sky Coverage

Yearly Relative Humidity 79

POSSIBILITIES PAGE 80 - PAGE 87

POSSIBILITIES

Possibilities is the first attempt at spatializing and organizing the proposed program on the selected site in preparation of the Degree Project in the following semester. Possibilities looks at program relationships with various frontage options along Natural Bridge Road, and Parnell Street, their relationship to the proposed N/S Metrolink, and their capacities to facilitate public and private uses and visibilities.

POSSIBILITIES

Community Porch & Public Frontage

POSSIBILITIES

Blending of Public & Private Uses

POSSIBILITIES

ANCHOR COMMERIC AL L ARGE AS

SEMBLY HALL

PRIVATE IDEA MEETING L AUNCHSP ACE

PRIVATE WORKSPA CE

ASSEMBLY SPACE INSTITUTION SPACE MULTIMODAL ANCHOR T ENANT CL ASSROO WORK SP MS ACE METALWO RKING CERAMIC SHOP CHILD SHOP CARE WOODWO RKING SHOP

COWORKIN G SPACE BUILDING STORAGE

POSSIBILITIES

Varied Approach & Multiuse Access Points North South Metroline

POSSIBILITIES

Service/Delivery Access

Easement/Trash Access

Brickli

ne Gre

enway

Trafﬁc

BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE 88 - PAGE 93

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography presents all sources and resources found, used, and presented in pursuit of the creation of this book and the theories and ideas presented throughout. This chapter serves as much as a credit to the work of others as well as a resource for further exploration of the theories and ideas presented throughout this book.

01 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

IMMERSION PAGE 06 - PAGE 17

Immersion serves as an essential dive into the past, present, and future of the urban condition of St. Louis in order to understand the thesis of this book.

OPEN SOURCE MAPPING/IMAGERY DATA https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/en/home/ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/life-expectancy/ https://earth.google.com/web/ https://github.com/microsoft/USBuildingFootprints https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/st-louis-new-gateway-arch-park-monument CITY OF ST LOUIS DATA https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/formats/format.cfm?id=21 https://www.metrostlouis.org/system-maps/ https://www.metrostlouis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/OP190179-MetroLink-Kiosk-Map-For-SSPP.pdf https://www.metrostlouis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/191115v2-Metro-Missouri-Map-w_Dwntn-1.pdf ADDITIONAL DATA https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=5/38.617/-94.482&text=about https://www.ewgateway.org/transportation-planning/corridor-planning-metrolink/ https://www.ewgateway.org/research-center/gis-maps/ https://datausa.io/profile/geo/st-louis-mo-il https://www.stlvacancytools.com/ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/life-expectancy/ http://mappingdecline.lib.uiowa.edu/links/ https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/index.cfm

02 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PREMISE PAGE 18 - PAGE 29

Premise establishes the initial topics, theories, and investigations of interest to develop the thesis of this book.

IMAGERY SOURCES https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=5/38.617/-94.482&text=downloads https://s3.amazonaws.com/holc/tiles/MO/StLouis/1937/holc-scan.jpg KNOWLEDGE SOURCES https://ywfleaders.com/history-despite-its-wrenching-pain-cannot-be-unlived-but-if-faced-with-courage-need-not-be-lived-again-maya-angelou/ https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/sldc/economic-development/business-services/Additional-Business-Resources.cfm https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2020/03/26/meet-me-in-st-louis--the-reemergence-of-an-innovation-hub/?sh=6f1d8a3b48ac https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2018/10/01/the-top-10-rising-cities-for-startups/?sh=34c8d90d6b37 https://www.trudydarwin.com/forbes-ranks-st-louis-as-a-top-city-for-tech-startups/ https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/ https://alliancestl.com/work-and-live-in-stl/startup-ecosystem/ https://learn.roofstock.com/blog/st-louis-real-estate-market https://entrepreneurquarterly.com/business-incubators/ https://greatriversgreenway.org/brickline/about/ https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/360366 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/STLUR ADDITIONAL DATA https://nextstl.com/2021/01/a-market-inefficiency-st-louis-is-a-rare-city-where-the-city-is-cheaper-than-the-metro-area/ https://alliancestl.com/work-and-live-in-stl/startup-ecosystem/#:~:text=Louis%20the%20No.,Starting%20a%20Business%E2%80%9D%20in%202017. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/ag-and-food-sectors-and-the-economy/ https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=5/38.617/-94.482&text=intro https://www.ewgateway.org/library-post/northside-southside-metrolink-corridor-study-2018/ https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-entrepreneurship https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/wealth/how-to-build-wealth-fast/ https://stlpartnership.com/st-louis-named-1-city-for-innovation/ https://www.ringcentral.com/us/en/blog/types-of-startups/ https://www.crunchbase.com/hub/united-states-incubators https://www.crunchbase.com/hub/st-louis-investors http://mappingdecline.lib.uiowa.edu/links/ https://www.nextngawest.com/#/home https://thestl.com/stlmade-toolkit/ https://ncrc.org/holc-health/ GIS SOURCES https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=9a9e43ec1603446880c50d4ed1df2207 https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/datasets/distribution.cfm?id=28 https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/datasets/distribution.cfm?id=117 https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/datasets/distribution.cfm?id=22 91

03 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92

PROGRAM PAGE 30 - PAGE 55

Program ponders the spacial potential of the established premise in order to develop and test the thesis of this book.

IMAGERY/PRECEDENT SOURCES https://www.archdaily.com/875802/watt-family-innovation-center-perkins-plus-will?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab https://www.archdaily.com/966808/the-kendeda-building-for-innovative-sustainable-design-miller-hull-partnership?ad_medium=gallery https://www.archdaily.com/505631/distict-hall-boston-s-public-innovation-center-hacin-associates https://commonreader.wustl.edu/c/touring-divided-city/ https://www.ulstl.com/program-logos.html https://theljc.com/projects/t-rex https://cityfoundrystl.com/ https://slaco-mo.org/ KNOWLEDGE SOURCES https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/inno/stories/inno-insights/2021/08/02/the-st-louis-startup-ecosystem-at-a-glance.html https://www.inc.com/erik-sherman/3-rules-to-encourage-innovation.html https://www.ulstl.com/mission--vision.html https://risestl.org/what-we-do/services-offered/ https://www.ulstl.com/urban-league-guild.html https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/320670 https://thestl.com/community/ https://investstl.org/ https://www.ulstlwbc.com/ ADDITIONAL DATA https://www.hksinc.com/our-news/articles/innovation-center-symbolizes-design-excellence-for-government-projects/ https://www.farmtoinstitution.org/sites/default/files/imce/uploads/FINE%20Incubator%20Model%20White%20Paper.pdf https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/sldc/project-connect/action-plan.cfm https://www.pps.org/projects/bass-center-for-transformative-placemaking https://www.steelcase.com/spaces-inspiration/resilient-workplace/innovation-center/ https://www.hok.com/projects/view/4240-laboratory-and-office-building/ http://www.urbanpastoral.co/development#projects https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38939236.pdf https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/life-expectancy/ ADDITIONAL PRECEDENT DATA https://www.archdaily.com/138218/icon-innovation-center-consarc-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab https://www.archdaily.com/868212/innovatin-center-scope-architekten?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab https://www.designboom.com/architecture/shop-architects-botswana-innovation-center-07-17-2020/ https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/reviews/nicca-innovation-center-1 https://www.archdaily.com/895359/merck-innovation-center-architect-henn https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/innovation-centre_o https://leverarchitecture.com/projects/footwear_innovation_lab https://shimodadesign.com/portfolio/steelcase-innovation-center https://www.idbldg.com/building-directory

04 • • • • • • • • • • •

SITE&PLACE PAGE 56 - PAGE 79

Site & Place establishes both the location of the thesis represented in this book as well as the quality and character of space.

OPEN SOURCE MAPPING/IMAGERY DATA https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/en/home/ https://earth.google.com/web/ https://github.com/microsoft/USBuildingFootprints https://mohistory.org/collections/item/N07204 CITY OF ST LOUIS DATA https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/formats/format.cfm?id=21 https://www.metrostlouis.org/system-maps/ https://www.metrostlouis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/OP190179-MetroLink-Kiosk-Map-For-SSPP.pdf https://www.metrostlouis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/191115v2-Metro-Missouri-Map-w_Dwntn-1.pdF https://library.municode.com/mo/st.._louis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=RECOSALO2020AN_TIT26ZO_CH26.44GLOCOOFDI

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Brian Helfer, Jr., Assoc. AIA, NOMA, AIAS Morgan State University, 20’ BSAED Washington University in St.. Louis, M.Arch Candidate 2022 Brian.Helfer.Jr@gmail.com 443-475-8567 Facebook.com/Brianhelferjr Linkedin.com/in/Brianhelferjr Brianhelferjr.com Issuu.com/brianhelferjr