Contents 1.0 Problem space ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Customer requirements ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Functional requests ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Energy performance criteria ............................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Indoor environmental criteria ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4.1 Thermal environment .................................................................................................................. 3 1.4.2 Visual environment ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.3 Atmospheric environment ........................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Additional building regulations ........................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Selected criteria .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.7 Project focus ....................................................................................................................................... 4
PROBLEM SPACE DTU JAN 2009 BRIAN HURUP‐FELBY, JONAS VENDEL JENSEN, THOMAS MONDRUP
1.0 Problem space Based on the design manual and information collected throughout the trip to Greenland the problem space is defined. The purpose of defining a problem space is to outline the specific requirements and given prerequisites. The problem space features the following items; ”customer requirements”, ”functional requests”, ”building performance criteria”, “indoor environmental criteria”, ”additional building regulations”, “selected criteria” and “project focus”. In the following part the problem space is defined.
1.1 Customer requirements In connection with the trip to Greenland various interviews with relevant actors were made; people managing tourist organisations, members of staff at the municipality, energy engineers and local interest groups. The information obtained by the different interviews together defines the overall customer requirements: The requirements are presented by the following items: • • • • • • • • • •
Overall needs; tourist huts, possibly a small hotel Location; various terrain (inland and coastal areas), around Sisimiut and round the “100 Mile Circle” at “Igloo Mountain” north of Sisimiut Target group; tourists taking pleasure in hiking, skiing, righting dog sled, shelter for hunters Capacity; 10 persons, possibility of expansion Usage; annual basis, periods ranging from 1 day to a week (or more) Structural principle; modular building work, individual modules with possibility of assembling, modulated on the basis of terrain Architecture; mixture of traditional and modern architecture, fit into nature, strong colours Energy, water and waste; accommodating innovative and sustainable solutions Transportation; most cost‐effective way, transporting parts of building, small modules Maintenance; locals shall be able to repair the huts by them self, using traditional methods
1.2 Functional requests The interviews resulted in a number of important functional requirements, that all have to be taken into account when developing new tourist huts. The requirements are pointed out via the following items: • • •
Storage for clothing (drying) and equipment, cooking facilities, dining/linger area Possibility for overnight stays Sanitary facilities (tourist huts; no hot water)
However, the actors interviewed underlined that there is no need for luxury. When tourists travel to Greenland (as it is today) they do not expect luxury, they come to Greenland because of the nature. Thus, overnight stays (to some degree) appear secondary.
1.3 Energy performance criteria The energy performance criteria include; energy consumption. When designing in Greenland the energy performance criteria are set on the basis of the Greenlandic building code. 2
PROBLEM SPACE DTU JAN 2009 BRIAN HURUP‐FELBY, JONAS VENDEL JENSEN, THOMAS MONDRUP
However, the building code in Greenland does not include separate regulations for dwellings that are in use only selected periods of the year (buildings like tourist huts, summer cottages and other second homes). That is, there exist no codes of practice regarding energy performance for tourist huts [Janus Køster, Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Home Rule Greenland]. Thus, the criteria are set on the basis of existing Greenlandic codes and common sense. As a result of the customer requirements the energy consumption is described for both tourist huts and hotels: • • •
Greenlandic building code: 290 MJ/m2 per. years, plus 280 MJ/m2 per year divided by the buildings number of floors, plus 13.000 MJ per. year divided by build area Tourist huts: Not included Hotels: 290 MJ/m2 per. years, plus 280 MJ/m2 per year divided by the buildings number of floors, plus 13.000 MJ per. year divided by build area
1.4 Indoor environmental criteria The indoor environmental criteria include; thermal environment, visual environment and atmospheric environment. The Greenlandic building regulations does not include criteria regarding the indoor environment. Thus, when designing, the criteria are set on the basis of Danish and European Standards (DS7730, DS700 and prEN15251). As for energy performance criteria, there exist no codes regarding indoor environment regarding tourist huts. Furthermore, tourists come to Greenland because of the nature (as mentioned earlier). Thus, the huts mainly will be used for shelter and short overnight stays. Consequently, this project does not include indoor environmental criteria in the traditional way. The criteria are set on the basis of the Danish and European Standards and common sense. Again, the criteria are evaluated for both tourist huts and hotels.
1.4.1 Thermal environment The thermal environment includes indoor air temperature and air velocity: 1.4.1.1 Temperature • prEN15251: The comfort range (Class II) is set to be within 20°C ‐ 25°C during summer and 23°C ‐ 26°C during winter (when people are present) • Tourist huts: The comfort temperature is estimated to be around 18°C (minimum) • Hotels: The comfort temperature is estimated to be around 20°C (minimum) 1.4.1.2 Air velocity • DS7730: The average air velocity in the occupied zone should be kept under 0,15m/s in winter and 0,25m/s in summer • Tourist huts: Not included • Hotels: The air velocity should be maximum 0,15m/s during winter and 0,25m/s during summer
1.4.2 Visual environment The visual environment includes the visual conditions, indicated by means of amount of daylight:
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PROBLEM SPACE DTU JAN 2009 BRIAN HURUP‐FELBY, JONAS VENDEL JENSEN, THOMAS MONDRUP
1.4.2.1 Daylight • DS700: Daylight factor of minimum 2% in the middle of the room • Tourist huts: Not included • Hotels: Daylight factor of min 2% in the middle of the room
1.4.3 Atmospheric environment The atmospheric environment includes the maximum level of carbon dioxide: 1.4.3.1 Carbon dioxide • prEN15251: The maximum level of carbon dioxide (Category II) is set to be 500 ppm above the outdoor level = approximately maximum 1000 ppm • Tourist huts: Not included • Hotels: Maximum 1000 ppm
1.5 Additional building regulations Building huts or small hotels outside built‐up areas and settlements does not require a traditional building permission. However, the building regulation (BR 2006) prescribes that all building for regular visits and overnight stays are approved by the municipal, regardless of the building location. When approving buildings for regular and overnight stays outside built‐up areas the municipal building authorities especially emphasise the importance of the conditions regarding rescue. That is, good escape routes for persons and users. Moreover, the building regulation requires some sort of fire extinguisher, i.e. a water sprayer, a foam extinguisher or a fire blanket [Janus Køster, Department of Infrastructure and Environment, Home Rule Greenland].
1.6 Selected criteria As pointed out, it is estimated that the development of new tourist huts does not include the inclusion of a given energy frame. This is based on the usage of the tourist huts. The tourist huts are not used regularly, for which reason it is not viable to calculate the total consumption. Thus, the objective of the project is not to document the specific energy consumption of a given hut. However, the energy is in focus; the overall objective is to design tourist huts that use the minimum amount of energy. This is done because: • • • • •
You reduce the carbon footprint You reduce the amount of energy you have to deliver the hut It will be easier to supply the hut with renewable energy It will be easier to heat up the building (requiring high‐quality insulation) You make a general statement
1.7 Project focus As mentioned, the need for both tourist huts and small hotels are present. However, the focus of this project is the development of new tourist huts. Thus, the problem space, used for this project, is defined on the basis of; “costumer requirements”, “functional requests”, “tourist huts criteria” and “additional building regulations” (outlined in the preceding part). 4