0325617
Bryan Yeoh Ern Thean
THS70112
Architectural Design Thesis 2
Taylor’s University - Master of Architecture - 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS. DESIGN NARRATION Abstract Background & Issues Timeline of Events Urban Analysis – Land Use Urban Analysis – Road Network Urban Design Strategies Problem Statement Research Questions Thesis Statement User Analysis Site Design Implementation Schedule of Accommodation Spatial Programming Circulation Planning User Scenario Architectural Plans Architectural Sections & Elevations Perspectives
ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY 01 02 03 04 05 06-09 10 11 12 13 14 15-16 17 18 19 20-22 23-30 31-33 34-42
Building Material & Technology - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks - Corten Steel Cladding - Composite Timber Shading Louvres - Metal Deck Roofing Thermal & Visual Comfort - Sun Path & Shadow Analysis - Daylight Factor Analysis Building Services - Rainwater Harvesting & Water Supply System - Electrical Supply - Other Services - UBBL Compliance - Fire Safety
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50-51 52 53 54-57
DESIGN NARRATION
ABSTRACT. The public perception of the existing public transport system in Malaysia has been declining over the years. Bus stations which were once the main hubs of networks ever since the development of roads and highways are now slowly being marginalised. The reduction of users of buses on the roads is the result of a staggering increase of registered private cars by 32% since 2012. With the intention of reducing the number of vehicles on the roads, the authorities have started the implementation of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) which has reduced the importance of buses which arguably are more flexible in our nation’s built environment. Moreover, the introduction of transitoriented developments (TOD) in Malaysia often refers to business oriented schemes in order to boost new property’s value rather than to improve the existing one. The role of bus stations as nodal points that influence pedestrian pathways and liveability of an urban context it is often not taken into account. With sufficient case design resources directed towards the nation’s public transport system, bus stations could be revitalised and cater for more communities in specific contexts. This research aims to explore the masterplan of the Central Klang region, proposing ways to improve the overall transportation network system surrounding the existing Klang bus terminal and reveal the importance of the bus terminal in its built environment. Hence, this research will explore the typology of space adjacencies in a bus terminal in relation to the surrounding urban context as a transportation hub which has the ability to serve its existing urban community on both local and a regional scale. This study discovers the importance in revitalising a centrifugal force through a series of literature reviews, case studies and urban site studies. This thesis suggests a convergence of transportation nodes in the city centre through bus terminal architecture.
1
BACKGROUND & ISSUES.
2
TIMELINE OF EVENTS.
3
URBAN ANALYSIS. LAND USE
4
URBAN ANALYSIS. ROAD NETWORK
5
URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES.
6
URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES.
7
URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES.
8
URBAN DESIGN STRATEGIES.
9
PROBLEM STATEMENT.
10
RESEARCH QUESTIONS. AIMS & OBJECTIVES
11
THESIS STATEMENT.
12
USER ANALYSIS.
13
SITE
14
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION. CONCEPTUAL PLANNING
15
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION. MASSING STRATEGIES
16
SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION.
17
SPATIAL PROGRAMMING.
18
CIRCULATION PLANNING.
19
USER SCENARIO. GENERAL USERS
20
USER SCENARIO. STUDENTS
21
USER SCENARIO. WORKERS
22
GROUND FLOOR PLAN.
FIRST FLOOR PLAN.
SECOND FLOOR PLAN.
25
BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN.
26
GROUND FLOOR PLAN.
27
FIRST FLOOR PLAN.
28
SECOND FLOOR PLAN.
29
BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN.
30
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE.
31
SECTIONS.
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ELEVATIONS.
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PERSPECTIVE.
34
PERSPECTIVE.
35
PERSPECTIVE.
36
PERSPECTIVE.
37
PERSPECTIVE.
38
PERSPECTIVE.
39
PERSPECTIVE.
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PERSPECTIVE.
41
PERSPECTIVE.
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ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY. AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS
ADVANTAGES. 1. Improved thermal efficiency reduces the heating and cooling load in buildings. 2. Porous structure allows for better fire resistance. 3. Workability allows accurate cutting, allows design flexibility in casting curvature walls and structure and minimizes generation of waste. 4. Resource efficiency gives it lower environmental impact in all phases of its life cycle, from processing to disposal. DISADVANTAGES. 1. Production cost higher than ordinary concrete and bricks. 2. Specific casting method, little experience with local contractors. 3. Not as strong compared to typical concrete and bricks. https://milfordsuppliesltd.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/aerated-concrete-blocks
WHY IS IT SELECTED? Due to the shape of the entire building, a more versatile material is needed to sculpture the curvatures. Therefore, the AAC was chosen as it allows a more efficient timeline in carving those curves through the modular blocks. Internal walls and external walls may use this blocks as it offers both load bearing and non-load bearing characteristics. As the pathway to the Klang site is very congested, the trips to deliver these blocks is considered minimal in comparison to delivering raw concrete to site, hence saving cost and time for construction. https://v-blockscorporation-province-vietnam
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is manufactured from sand, cement, recycled materials, lime, gypsum and aerating agents and is moulded, cut and steam pressure cured in an autoclave then cut in shapes. It is versatile and available in blocs and panels of various sizes for a broad range of load bearing and non-load bearing construction (external; internal walls, floors and fences). 43
BUILDING MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY. CORTEN STEEL CLADDING
ADVANTAGES. 1. Do not contain VOC from protective coatings or re-coatings. 2. Reduction in maintenance as the layer of rust acts as a protective layer in eliminating any repainting or cleaning. 3. Aesthetically beautiful, natural effect and well accepted by public. Rustic as the form of expressing rawness of the design. 4. Proven to be withstand use over the long-term, requiring minimal upkeep. DISADVANTAGES. 1. May cause potential staining of adjacent materials. 2. More care required in handling, detailing and installation. 3. Corrosion may possibly be uncontrolled under certain atmospheric conditions or exposure to salts. WHY IS IT SELECTED? The curvature of the building requires a flexible material in cladding and sculpturing the curve edges. Corten steel offers both cladding sheets and modular panels which allows customisation of profiles on site. As the Klang bus terminal is likely to be a long term structure in central Klang, a timeless material (in terms of aesthetics and maintenance) would be ideal. Low upkeep of this façade would prove effective in a public building which has high number of pedestrians moving in and out daily. http://img.archilovers.com/projects
Corten steel also known as the weathering steel has the characteristics of “useful corrosion”, in which naturally occurring rust not only lengthens the lifecycle of a weathering steel structure but also saves time and money associated with painting; maintenance. It is specifically developed with small amounts of copper, phosphorus, chromium, nickel and silicon which allows the sheets to form a layer of rust when exposed to weather and excluding the need for paint. 44
BUILDING MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY. COMPOSITE TIMBER SHADING LOUVRES
ADVANTAGES. 1. Helps reduce costs over the lifecycle of the building. 2. Adjustable and can be angled to shade from low sun angle in the day and dusk; and from high sun angle in the mid-day. 3. Requires low maintenance and corrosion free. 4. Colours may be customised to suit façade or adjacent materials. DISADVANTAGES. 1. More costly than usual fixed sun shading louvre systems. 2. Requires specialise craftsman to install. http://www.rcs-india.in/catalog/20-Solar%20Shading.pdf
WHY IS IT SELECTED? To create a more permeable building for a bus terminal, glass is widely used in the design. Thus, the louvres offer shading and likewise permeable characteristics. In the high traffic of pedestrians in and out of the building, these louvres offer shade from the sun and rain. Being able to be angled following the time of day, the louvres acts as a “movable façade” which creates an interesting change of look throughout the day.
Shading louvres are fixed or operable exterior shading louvre systems that incorporate an alternate solar shading solution. These are used as visual screening as well as sheltering from adverse weather or where rain penetration is acceptable. These louvres are made from low maintenance composite timber which is ideally suited for covering unsightly areas whilst still maintaining desirable daylight. 45
BUILDING MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY. METAL DECK ROOFING
ADVANTAGES. 1. Weighing at only 25% of the weight of the tile roof per metre square, it is considered lightweight and portable. 2. Requires low maintenance and in most cases, no maintenance for at least 5070 years.
3. Energy efficient as they reflect sun’s rays and may reduce air conditioning costs in the building by 20-30%. DISADVANTAGES. 1. More costly in comparison to other roofing options. 2. If not insulated properly, metal deck roofs may cause a huge amount of noise in a building.
https://allroofingsolutionsde.com/metal-roofing-advantages-disadvantages/
WHY IS IT SELECTED? The organic form of the roof in the Klang bus terminal design requires a more flexible roof material. The metal roof system allows drastic bends to occur when sculpting the roof and at the same time less structure load supporting the roof. The metal deck roof also reflects sun’s rays which helps in generating less heat in the building and less air-conditioning cost.
Metal deck roofs are categorised in many different types, made from tin; zinc; aluminium; copper; galvanised steel depending on the durability, style and price. Usually metal deck roofs are more durable than the traditional roof tiles and a longer lifespan which requires lesser maintenance.
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THERMAL & VISUAL COMFORT. SUNPATH & SHADOW ANALYSIS 8.00am
9.00am
10.00am
11.00am
12.00pm
1.00pm
2.00pm
3.00pm
4.00pm
5.00pm
ANALYSIS : The sun path and shadow analysis was simulated on 15th March, as being the hottest date of the year. Bus operations starts as early as 6.00am, however the effect of the sun influenced by the surroundings are only visible at 8.00am. However, the main entrances of the building are well shaded throughout the day as shown in the analysis. The bus and vehicular circulation in the middle of the building are naturally lit throughout the day between 9.00am to 4.00pm where traffic is at its busiest. But the platform areas surrounding the circulation are shaded with the help of the roof overhang.
47
THERMAL & VISUAL COMFORT. DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS BEFRRE :
AFTER :
RESULT -
10.0% 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
1. Reflective Corten steel
2. Low E-Glass ANALYSIS :
ANALYSIS :
Due to the direction of the sun path, it is noticeable that the government agency space at the south and the supermarket space at the north are directly exposed to glare which ranges from 6% to 8%.
The issues of glare and visual comfort have been identified and improved in using the proposed materials. Results shown that the daylighting factor which was measure before have been reduced significantly ranging from 0.0% - 2.0%.
The spaces are not well equipped with materials which has the ability to reflect light and heat away from the sun, allowing lots of sunlight to penetrate into the building throughout the day.
3. Composite Timber louvres
The interior portion of the entire bus terminal have been resolved and have dropped under the category of “Good� in the MS1525 : 2007 guidelines for daylight factors and distribution. 48
BUILDING SERVICES.
RAINWATER HARVESTING & WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
toilets
toilets
i.t. retails
toilets
taxi waiting area
toilets
cold water storage tank
supermarket
rain water pump harvesting room tank
pump room rain water harvesting tank
The roof profile of the bus terminal have been designed as a “butterfly-roof” which enables water to be harnessed through a centralised gutter before flowing down through pipes casted into the building columns, leading into the basement’s rain water harvesting tank. Water is then being treated and flows to the main valve and is stored in the main water tank. The clean water is then pumped to the upper floors of the building through the water pump. Clean water is distributed to all toilets, praying areas and the supermarket. 49
BUILDING SERVICES. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
The bus terminal provides the basic electrical rooms placed next to lifts at all floors (Ground; First & Second) to be functional :1. Electrical risers; 2. ELV riser; 3. Telephone lines.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN. 50
BUILDING SERVICES. ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
The bus terminal provides the basic electrical service rooms in the basement floor to be functional :1. TNB Consumer room; 2. TNB Meter room; 3. TNB Switch room.
BASEMENT PLAN. 51
BUILDING SERVICES. OTHER SERVICES
The bus terminal provides a centralised refuse chamber at the basement floor provided with a service lane and loading area which do not obstruct vehicular circulation and parking area.
BASEMENT PLAN. 52
BUILDING SERVICES.
handrail height – 1100mm
floor to ceiling height – 7.5m
UBBL COMPLIANCE
floor to floor height – 4.3m
floor to floor height – 3.8m
UBBL : minimum handrail height – 900mm
UBBL : floor to floor minimum 3.5m
riser height – 175mm
thread height – 300mm UBBL : minimum riser height – 175mm minimum thread height – 255mm
53
BUILDING SERVICES. FIRE SAFETY
FIRE HYDRANT LOCATIONS According to “Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia”, the fire hydrants shall overlap in the radius of 45 metres (90 metres diameter) along the entire driveway of the Bomba fire truck. As per investigated on site, there is only one fire hydrant which is located along Jalan Batu Tiga. In order to comply with the fire guide, a total of 3 fire hydrants is required to cover the entire site.
54
BUILDING SERVICES. FIRE SAFETY
FIRE COMPARTMENTATION According to “Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia”, the fire compartmentation of a general/retail floor in a sprinklered space shall not exceed 4,000sqm per compartment. The ground floor is split into three different compartments. Segregating the spaces in compliance to the fire compartment rule and based on their specific function.
AREA – 1,500sqm
55
BUILDING SERVICES. FIRE SAFETY
FIRE TRUCK ACCESS ROAD According to “Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia”, the driveway for a bomba truck shall be at least 6.1 metres (width). The site is an island site, therefore, the driveway shall be able to cover the entire site at all surroundings.
56
BUILDING SERVICES. FIRE SAFETY
STAIRCASE-TO-STAIRCASE DISTANCES (ESCAPE ROUTE) According to “Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia”, distances between a staircaseto-staircase in a sprinklered space shall not exceed 45 metres in radius. In this design, 6 sets of staircases is required to cover the entire site on every floor.
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END.