Final timeline

BRANDY SHIGEMOTO HISTORY OF GDES TIMELINE

10000BCE

CAVE PAINTINGS

3000BCE

2000BCE

1000BCE

PICTOGRAPHS

PAPYRUS MANUSCRIPTS

500BCE

1000

ROSETTA STONE

MOVABLE TYPE IN CHINA

PAPER

UNCIAL LETTERING

WRITING HITTITE ORACLE BONE WRITING

1200

PAPER MILL IN ITALY

1300

1400

1500

PRINTING PRESS GUTENBERG BIBLE

1600

GARAMOUND TYPE FOUNDRY

BCE-1000s •

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15000-10000 BCE Cave paintings at Lascaux o Drawing of visual communication using pictographs, elementary pictures or sketches that represent things depicted.

3600 BCE Blau Monument o Combines images and early writing o Inscribed stone objects from Mesopotamia. Etched writing and carved relief figures.

3100 BCE Early Sumerian pictographic scripts on clay tablets o This pictographic script contained seeds for development of writing. Information is structured into grids by horizontal and vertical division.

3100 BCE King Zet’s ivory tablet o Earliest Egyptian pictographic writing o The writing evolved into hieroglyphics.

2750 BCE Formal land-sale contracts written in cuneiform o Abstract writing that only few could understand.

2600 BCE Early surviving papyrus manuscripts o Paper like substrate for manuscripts. Papyrus is made from papyrus flowers, which is also used for other items such as sails, mats, cloth, rope, and sandals.

2345 BCE Pyramid texts in tomb of Unas o Decorative and textural qualities were carved into stone.

2000 BCE - Early Cretan pictographs, Phaistos Disk o Flat terra-cotta disk that has 241 signs consisting of pictographic and alphabetic forms.

1800 BCE – Legendary Ts’ang Chieh invents writing He was inspired to invent writing by contemplating claw marks of brids and footprints of animals.

1739 BCE Scarab of Ikhnaton and Nefertiti o Carved scarab emblems were used as identification seals. The flat underside was engraved with a hieroglyphic inscription.

1650 BCE Stamp-cylinder seal o Hittite, a signature that combines decorative figures and images. It has an image on the side for rolling, and an image on the bottom for stamping. This allows images to be reproduced.

1500 BCE Hieratic scripts o Invented and developed for keeping records, accounts, and writing letters.

1500 BCE Ras Shamra script o Used for bureaucratic and commercial documents and for myths and legends, reduces cuneiform to 32 characters.

1500 BCE Oracle bone writing

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o Ancient pictographic writing, often found on tortoise shells, which conveys communications between the living and the dead.

1420 BCE Papyrus of Ani 1300 BCE Early Book of the Dead papyrus scrolls 1000 BCE Early Greek alphabet o Evolved from the Phoenician alphabet, Greeks set foundation for accomplishments in Western culture.

850 BCE Aramaic alphabet o Gestural curves of this alphabet evolved into Hebrew and Arabic alphabets.

400 BCE Demotic script o A northern variant of the Hieratic script. Used for writing documents in ink on papyrus.

250 BCE Small seal calligraphy 197 BCE Rosetta Stone o Used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics by Champollion.

190 BCE Parchment used for manuscripts 100 CE Pompeiian wall writing o Over 1600 messages of political campaign messages, advertising, etc. were preserved under more than 3.6 meters of volcanic ash.

105 CE Ts’ai Lun invents paper 114 CE Trojan’s Column o Consists of monumental capitals and gives silent testimony to the ancient Roman dictum “the written word remains.” Controlled brush-drawing combines with the precision of the stonemason’s craft to create letterforms of majestic proportion and harmonious form.

165 CE Confucian classics carved in stone 200 CE Regular style calligraphy 250 CE Greek uncials o Broad single stroke letters and round forms.

250 CE Roman square capitals and rustic capitals o Ancient form of writing and the basis for modern capital letters.

300 CE Chops are used as identifying seals; chops used in Han dynasty o Chops were used to imprint the names of owners or viewers of a painting.

425 CE Vatican Vergil o The earliest surviving illustrated manuscript from the late antique and early Christian era.

500 CE Uncial lettering flourishes o Rounded strokes were made with the pen held in a straight horizontal position. Uncial lettering also demonstrates the emergence of ascenders and descenders.

500 CE Early Arabic alphabet

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600 CE Insular script 680 CE Book of Durrow o Full pages of decorative design called carpet pages were bound into manuscripts.

751 CE Arabs learn papermaking from Chinese prisoners 770 CE Early datable Chinese relief printing; printed Buddhist charms 781 CE Caroline minuscule are developed o The forerunner of our contemporary lowercase alphabet.

868 CE Diamond Sutra o Wang Chieh sought spiritual improvement by commissioning the duplication of the Diamond Sutra by printing.

1000 CE Naskhi becomes dominant Arabic alphabet o A bold inscriptional lettering with extended thick characters that was widely used on coins, manuscripts, and inscriptions.

1000 CE Chinese calligraphy printed with perfection 1040 CE Pi Sheng invents movable type in China

1600

1620

1640

1660

1680

1700

1720

1740

1760

1780

1800

TOKUWAGA PERIOD OF SECULUSION BAROQUE ART 1ST NEWSPAPER

USA INDEPENDENCE

1ST CASLON

LITHOGRAPHY

ELECTRICITY KODAK CAMERA

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION QUEEN VICTORIA’S RULE

ROCOCO ART NEOCLASSICAL ART

1200s-1700s •

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1200s Universities start appearing o Demand of books increase and incorporation of Arabic numerals occur.

1276 Paper mill established in Italy o By 1276 a paper mill was established in Fabriano, Italy.

1300 Relief printing o Textiles in Europe o Xylography, or relief printing, from a raised surface that originated in Asia.

1423 Early dated woodblock print 1450 Gutenberg printing press o Revolutionary development.

1455 Gutenberg and Fust complete 42-line Bible o An illuminator added red headers and text, initials, and floral marginal decoration by hand.

1460 Pfister o 1st printed book with illustrations 1465 Sweynheym & Pannartz o First Italian print press o First printed music 1470 Freiburger, Gering, & Kranz o First printing press in France 1470 Jenson’s roman typeface o Wider letterforms, lighter tones, and an even texture of black strokes on the white ground.

1475 Caxton o 2nd English-language typographic book o Caxton used eccentric, jerky type that ushered the era of the typographic book into the British nation.

1514 De Brocar Polygot Bible 1530 Garamond establishes an independent type foundry o Type foundry used to sell cast type ready to distribute into the compositor’s case.

1557 Granjon o Civilit type o Imitates French cursive letters of the Renaissance.

1600-1750 Baroque Art o Portrayed motion o Encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church to communicate religious themes 1603-1867 Tokuwaga period of seclusion in Japan o Feudal Japanese military government

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1621 Weekly Newes o First English newspaper 1702 1st book print with Romain du Roi o Compared to earlier roman fronts, Romain du Roi has a crisp geometric quality and increased contrast.

1720-1790 Rococo Art o Fluid and graceful o Reaction against strict regulations of Baroque art 1722 First Caslon Old Style font o Used for Declaration of Independence o The straightforward practicality of Caslon made it a dominant roman style throughout the British Empire far into the nineteenth century.

1737 Fournier le Jeune standardized type sizes 1752 Invention of electricity by Benjamin Franklin 1757 Baskerville, title page for Vergil o Reduced design down to letterforms, which made it more simplistic and elegant.

1760-1840 Industrial Revolution o Birth of steam machine o Division of labor, factory system, and speedy production o Poor working conditions, several worker protests o More products for middle class, market growth, education, and lower costs 1765 Cotterell o 12-line pica type o These display letters seemed gigantic to society as they were used to setting handbills using types that were rarely even half this size.

1776 US Independence 1784 Didot o True, modern style typeface 1787-1799 French Revolution 1790 Bodoni 1796 Lithography by Senefelder o The idea that stone could be etched away around grease pencil writing and made into a relief printing plate. Greater freedom with color and larger sizes.

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

ART NOUVEAU CIVIL WAR

1ST SANS SERIF

1812 WAR

DAGUERREOTYPE

TELEPHONE & BELL

LINOTYPE MACHINE PHOTO PRINTING

1ST MOTION VIENNA PICTURE SUCCESSION KODAK CAMERA

1ST COMPUTER QUEEN VICTORIA’S RULE

NEOCLASSICAL ART

ARTS & CRAFTS

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1750s-1890s Neo-Classical Art o Revival of styles and antiquity 1800 Cast-iron press 1815 Figgins o First Egyptian typeface 1816 First sans serif introduced o Caslon 1818 Harper Brothers Printing Firm o Simplistic, shapes 1834-1896 William Morris o Father of the Arts & Craft’s movement o Floral patterns o Called for fitness of purpose, truth to nature of materials o Brought ideas from the past to the future in a beautiful way o Made his own type – Kolmcott Press 1836-1933 Jules Cheret o “Father of the modern poster.” o French painter and lithographer 1837-1901 Queen Victoria’s rule 1839 Daguerreotype o First practical photographic process 1846 American Chromolithography o Method of making multi-color prints 1860-1939 Alphonese Mucha o Lots of detail, lithography o Rejected being an artist o Most comprehensive statement, patterns & organic forms 1861-1865 Civil War 1863 Henry Ford o Development of assembly line 1863-1957 Van de Velde o Inspired by pre-Columbian images 1864 Henri de Tolouse-Lautrec o Less detail movement, dramatic o Large areas, few color 1866 Lewis Carroll experiments with typography o Unexpected and different from the rest of his work o Figurative typography 1867-1959 Frank Lloyd Wright o Architect and designer o Philosophy of organic architecture 1868-1940 Peter Behrens o 1st book in san serif

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o Geometric designs o Design should integrate all aspects o Grid structure 1870 Wood type posters decline o Lithography becomes dominant 1871 Photoengraving lithography 1872 Aubrey Beardsley o Positive and negative space, shocking art o Included content that wasn’t “moral” 1876 Invention of bell and telephone 1876-1944 Filippo Marinetti 1880 Photo printing half tone screens 1880-1890s Arts and Crafts movement o Harmony between production and human life o Elements of symmetry, ornament, detail, realism, and glorification of the past o Stood for traditional craftsmanship 1881-1962 Natalia Goncharova 1882-1916 Humberto Boccioni 1883 Eadweard Muybridge o Pioneered animal locomotion, used multiple cameras to capture a horse in motion which projected motion pictures 1884 Invention of flexible film 1886 Linotype invention o Mergenthaler o First line-casting keyboard typesetter 1887 Monotype machine o Lanston o Punches out metal types from cold strips of metal 1888 Kodak camera 1888 Golden type o Morris 1890-1910 Art Nouveau o Decorative style with an Asian influence o Generic name for different approaches o Uikyo-e pictures of floating world § Form of meditation, gestures of nature o Inspired by natural forms of structures o Elements of geometry, pattern, simplification, expression, and new forms 1890s-1940s Golden Age of illustration 1891-98 Kolmcott Press o Refashioned Victorian typography o Created beautiful books by traditional methods

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1893 Chaucer type o Morris 1895 Camelot o Goudy’s first typeface 1896 First motion picture 1898 Vienna Succession o Very important o Stormy protests, clash of tradition and new ideas o White space o Ver-Sacrum design § Flat images started to gain depth

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

PLAKASTIL CUBISM

2000

2013

DIGITAL REVOLUTION

PSYCHEDELIC FUTURISM

WWII

POST MODERNISM

DADA

POP ART

ART NOUVEAU

DE STIJL

NEW YORK SCHOOL

CONSTRUCTIVISM BAUHAUS

VIETNAM WAR COLOR TV

ART DECO WWI

1ST MAC

MODERN MOVEMENT IN AMERICA DEPRESSION

INKJET PRINTING

1ST COMPUTER

LASER PRINTING

INTERNET

IPOD

IPAD

1900s •

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1905-1930 Plakastil Movement o Originated in Germany o Lucian Bernhard’s match painting o Simplistic, less is more, negative form, and counter form 1907 Cubism Movement o Avant-garde art movement o Picasso, Braque, Leger o Mainly art movement o Objects at different point of view o Influence from tribal art o Interested in Old Asian culture 1910 Screen printing 1914 Futurism o Marinetti, Mailarme, Apollinaire o Deals with typography, letters are the same strength as the human voice o Carmina Figurata o Diagonal, corruptive, rough 1914 WWI o War posters became prominent § Design can persuade people to do something § Germans are symbolic, Americans are illustrative § Migration was very influential 1914-1996 Paul Rand o ABC, Next, IBM § Philosophy that logos should be functional over time § Make a commitment to your symbol and never change 1916 Dada Movement o Zurich, Switzerland o No predominant medium o Duchamp, Tzara, Arp o Almost childish, but primitive o “Ready made” – take an object that already exists. o Key for conceptual art today 1917-1931 De Stijl Movement o Horizontal, vertical, primary colors, add black o Theo van Doesburg is the movement 1917 Russian Revolution o Dismantled Tsarist autocracy 1919 Russian Suprematism & Constructivism o Lissitzky, Lebedev o Stencils, shapes o Extremely political, visual discourse

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o People are denied their individual expressionism 1919 El Lissitzky o Russian artist, architect, designer o Greatly influenced Bauhaus and constructivist movements 1919-1933 Bauhaus o Founded by Walter Gropius o Paul Klee, Piet Mondrian, Herbert Bayer, Wassily Kandinsky o Kindergarten Movement § Friedrich Frobel, Rosseau, Pestalozzi § We were born creative, we just need to remember it § Drawing was used as a form of writing § Development of analytical skills through drawing from grids of points and squares o Nazi’s forced the school to close 1920s-1940s International System of Typographic Picture Education o Otto Nerath, Gerd Arntz o Used future, visual syntax of shapes and colors, pictographs 1920s Art Deco movement o Cassandre o Between the wars, extension of Art Nouveau o Metropolis was an important film 1924 Surrealism o Elements of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions 1926 Stegfried Odermatt & Rosemarie Tissi o Expressing offset 1927 Jan Tschichold o Designs a “universal alphabet” o Explains modernism through typography o Less refined o Eventually reverted back to roman shapes because his old work was like the swastika; he couldn’t do it after the war.

1929 Milton Glaser o Known for I <3 NY logo, Bob Dylan poster o Follows impulses, very personal, Pushpin studios o Poppy Records 1930-1951 Modern Movement in America 1932 1st color photo on the cover of Vogue 1935 New Deal/Works Progress Administration 1936 Container Corporation of America, Egbert Jacobson o 1957, Ralph Eckerstem takes a typical logo and transforms it 1937 Matthew Carter – super family typeface o Walker § Different serifs 1939 Raymond Lowie

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o Exxon, Shell, BP § Elements of simplicity, reduction, form, counter form, and symmetry 1941 Bruno Monguzzi o Challenges legibility and clarity 1941 Wolfgang Weingart o Breaks several rules of Swiss typography o Plays with textures 1945 Barbara Kruger o Strong, conventional messages o Feminism, communism 1948 Paula Scher o Takes elements from the past and incorporates that into her work o Pentagram o Notable work includes posters for The Public Theater 1950s International Typographic Style movement o Switzerland and Germany o Notable designers such as Anton Stankowski, Walter Herdeg, Max Huber, Herbert Matter, Emil Ruder, Adrian Frutiger designs Univers, Armin Hofmann, Josef Muller-Brockmann o Elements of grid, negative space, visual axis, hard typography, composition, san serif typefaces 1950s New York School o Dietmart Winkler, Jacqueline S Casey, Paul Rand, Alvin Lustig, Bradbury Thompson, Saul Bass, Charles and Rae Eames, Henry Wolf, Herb Lubalin, Ivan Chermayeff, Helmut Krom, George Lois 1951 Inkjet printing 1951 Introduction of the colored television 1956-1975 Vietnam War 1957 Neville Brody o Punk movement 1957 First computer released 1960s Photography becomes prominent 1960s Olympic pictographs and phototypography 1960 The internet is introduced 1964 Hartford Railroad o Herbert Matter uses horizontality to represent a railroad 1965 Alan Fletcher o Pentagram o Everyday life becoming graphic design 1966 Psychedelic Art movement o War in Vietnam, drugs, scandalous 1967 Day of Heroic Guerilla o Social justice

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1968 Mexico Olympics o Lance Weisman and modular components Chermayeff & Geismar Associates o Chase, Time Warner, NBC § International Style influence 1969 U.S. Moon landing’ 1969 Laser printing 1972 Munich Olympics o Munich Massacre o Solar design 1972 Watergate Scandal 1979 Cal Arts o Poster by April Greiman o Different from rational approach 1981 MTV logo o Manhattan Design 1982 Carin Goldberg o Attacked of jive modernism 1984 Release of first Mac o Chicago, New York, Geneva were the first fonts § Jagged edges 1984 Los Angeles Olympics o Modern vs. postmodern 1984 future of Digital Revolution o Expression of technology and new visual vocabulary and tools 1985 The Guerilla Girls o Feminist, female artists o Fight sexism and racism within the art world Post Modernism & New Wave o Visual discourse o Counter culture o Denounce and protest April Greiman o Explores and embraces the possibility of computers o Low resolution images o Overlapping of information Cranbrook Academy of Art o Notable designers such as Katherine and Michael McCoy, Ed Fella, David Carson, Nancy Skolas 1990 The World Wide Web is introduced 1991 People have wider access to the internet 1992 Banksy o Subversion, makes a statement 1993 Digital press

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1994 1st major commercial browser 1994 Wired magazine 1994 Netscape 1997 30+ billion users have accesses to the internet 2001 Rotterdam, cultural capital of the world 2001 iPod is introduced 2004 Facebook is created 2007 Helvetica documentary o Designers that speak include Massimo Vignelli, Rick Poyner, Herman Zapf, Matthew Carter, Alfred Hoffmann, Bruno Steinert, Michael Bierut, Erik Spiekermann, Neville Broy, Lars Muller, Stefan Sagmeister, Paula Scher, David Carson, Michael Place, Dmitri Bruni o Discuss the neutrality of the typeface 2008 Beijing Olympics 2010 The first iPad is released 2010 Close to 7 billion access the internet 2012 3D printing market increases worldwide