THE TECH SCIENCE DIGEST
ENVIRONMENTALISM
CONT ENTS ENVIRONEMT ALISM
16
04
BIOLOGY NEWS
18
08
CHEMISTRY NEWS
24
COMMUNITY SPOTLIGHT
12
PHSYICS/ ASTRO NEWS
24
SNHS EVENTS
03
EARTH SCIENCE NEWS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE NEWS
A VERY special thank you to Clarke Leung, Lauren Tsui, Maya Tello and Allen Wu for contributing to the making of this magazine!
Environmentalism Section On April 21st, there were three
There have been many guest events: Shower Power, guest speakers and Solar One, and Future Meets organizations that have Present. Shower Power is an participated in informing app that "encourages users to the Brooklyn Tech think about conserving water" community about sustainability. On April 20th, given the issues regarding there were three guest climate. As for Solar One, the events: Meter Hero, NYC Solar CTE Program is an Newtown Creek Alliance, educational program that and Cafeteria Culture. teaches topics in solar Meter Hero is a program education. Future Meets that empowers students Present is an idea and social with an interest in positive design company in which their action and STEM careers. "work takes the form of graphic, Newtown Creek Alliance is communication, product, and an organization aiming to benefit Newtown Creek by community design to bring that vision to life." The vision in this restoring the quality of the context is the sustainable water, habitat, and so on. Cafeteria Culture is an future. And this company organization that works creates "indicators" also known with the youth to benefit as solutions. the environment.
On April 22nd, there have been 10 guest events: Urban ARK, NY Sun Works, Cornell University FishTracker, New York Wolf Conservation Center, NYCDEP, University of Westminster, DOE Office of Sustainability, Big Sue LLC, Brooklyn GreenRoof and, NYC Department of Design and Construction. Urban ARK is a project that “addresses flood risk assessment generation and risk communication…” This project is essential to create flood maps that are more accurate and generate a new way to communicate “risk conditions to local residents”. NY Sun Works is an “organization that builds innovative science labs in urban schools”, “envision a generation of environmental innovators” as well as create solutions to challenges globally and educating people about sustainability. FishTracker is a "project based at Cornell University" that consists of tracking and mapping the presence/absence of fish species using samples from nearby bodies of water. The New York Wolf Conservation Center is an organization that aims to educate and advocate as ways to protect and preserve the endangered species of wolves which are the Mexican gray wolf and the red wolf. The NYCDEP (New York City Department of Environmental Protection) aims to create “a sustainable future for all New Yorkers.” As for University of Westminster, guest speaker Mehrdad Borna with an environmental and architectural background, creates designs to sustain the environment. The DOE Office of Sustainability aims to make public schools more sustainable such as inspiring their participation in environmental programs. Big Sue LLC has renovated buildings using sustainable resources such as solar power, recycled materials, and so on. Brooklyn GreenRoof's role is to "provide green roofing services in a design/build capacity to those interested in reducing their energy bills and swiftly decreasing their carbon footprint.” The NYC Department of Design and Construction is responsible for the construction of buildings, water main construction projects, sewers, sidewalks, and so on. Brooklyn Tech Sustainable Earth Week Initiative <Live Tracker and Classroom>
NEW DISCOVERY
2 UNUSUAL SPECIES OF ANCIENT BURROWING MAMMALS BIO NEWS
Through fossils dating back to 145 to 100 million years ago, paleontologists have discovered two new species of burrowing mammal-like creatures known as Fossiomanus sinensis and Jueconodon cheni. Fossiomanus sinensis is a mammal-like reptile called a tritylodontid and is the first of its kind to be documented in this ecosystem. Jueconodon cheni is a eutriconodontan, a distant relative of modern placental mammals and marsupials which were relatively common in this habitat. The two both sport shorter limbs, strong forelimbs with robust hands, and short tails, trademark features of burrowing and digging animals. The two animals also share an unusual feature, an elongated vertebral column above the 26 vertebrae count in most mammals. These animals are likely the first "scratch-diggers" discovered in northeastern China, representative through their physical characteristics. There are many theories on why animals choose to dig into the ground and live under, such as protection from predators, a desire to maintain a consistent temperature, and to make use of food sources such as insects or plant roots.
BRAIN DISEASE CAUSED BY TICKS MAY BE TREATABLE
Tick-borne encephalitis is a disease that causes a destructive neurological disease. With flu-like symptoms, brain swelling, memory loss, and cognitive decline, it's as unappealing at its name. There is no cure, and its vaccine provides temporary protection. However, a new study details antibodies capable of neutralizing this virus, and shows promising results in both preventing and treating the condition. Lead author Marianna Agudelo and colleagues examined nearly 800 antibodies from TBE recovered individuals. Identifying a potent set of antibodies, named VH3-48, turned out to not only neutralized TBE, it took out other tick-borne illnesses with it. However, it is not common, but it does provide hope for a more permanent TBE vaccine, requiring less booster shots while providing more protection to other viruses. These antibody trials are slowly advancing, and our group of scientists hope trials will translate to humans, and eventually to the public.
NATURAL HISTORY IN BAT FECES
Deep in a Jamaican cave, scientists have discovered a chronologically treasure trove of bat feces left over the course of 4,300 years. Known as guano, this pile is around 2 meters tall, largely undisturbed, and holds valuable information on climate changes and bat diet changes over millenia. Limnologist Jules Blais and colleagues study natural archives to reconstruct natural history through the residuals of the past left on Earth. Applying the same techniques used to analyze the past residuals, they extracted a vertical "core" extending from the top to the oldest deposits at the bottom. By looking at biochemical diet markers called sterols, scientists can observe traces of these markers in excrement that have been preserved for thousands of years. The core recorded chemical signatures of nuclear testing and gasoline combustion, which are uniquely human. By observing below those layers, scientists will be able to also observe possible ecosystem changes and diet shifts.
AN EVOLVED FORM OF FLUORINE FOUND Robert J. Charity, research professor of chemistry in Arts & Sciences, and Lee G. Sobotka,
professor
of
chemistry
and
physics, teamed up with groups from MSU, Western Michigan University, and University of Connecticut to discover the new isotope, 13F, which has four neutrons removed from the proton drip line. The team has a history of working together, making this is the team’s fifth new isotope, each having exotic properties,
that
they’ve
discovered
together. Charity mentions the purpose of this new experiment was to make a new isotope of oxygen, dubbed "featherweight
M u s i c
+spider
oxygen," which would be a technical achievement
previously
reported
in
Physical Review Letters. This new isotope of
w e b s ?
fluorine was created through a chargeexchange reaction with a beam of 13O. This new method is unusual in the creation of the very proton-rich isotopes in the past. However, Charity is confident that this method will be useful in finding another new isotope.
Spiders, some may say, are the masters of art and shapes and when scientists dived into their world they concluded that they have translated the structure of a web into music, which could have applications ranging from better 3D printers to cross-species communication and otherworldly musical compositions. Markus Buehler, Ph.D., the project's principal investigator explained that because spider’s cannot see very well, their webs vibrate on different frequencies to help them understand what’s going on in their world. These frequencies take place during the construction of a web and when prey falls into the web. Buehler, who has long been interested in music, toys with the idea of using the frequencies to make beats for music. Buehler and his colleagues at MIT together with collaborator Tomás Saraceno at Studio Tomás Saraceno look into the 3D architecture and construction of webs. To make this a possibility, the researchers scanned a natural spider web with a laser to capture 2D cross-sections and then used computer algorithms to reconstruct the web's 3D network. The team assigned different frequencies of sound to strands of the web, creating "notes" that they combined in patterns based on the web's 3D structure to generate melodies. The researchers then created a harp-like instrument and played the spider web music in several live performances around the world. They also created a virtual setup that allowed people to hear and see the world of spiders. To gain insights into how spiders build webs, the researchers scanned a web during the construction process, transforming each stage into music with different sounds. Buehler states, “the sounds our harp-like instrument makes change during the process, reflecting the way the spider builds the web".
Pg. 1 "Music + Spiderwebs?" continues here This knowledge can help lead to building "spider-mimicking"
3D
printers
that
build
complex microelectronics and don’t need support
material
as
current
3D
printing
methods do. Another exciting idea Beuhler has in mind is listening to the frequencies spider webs make to communicate certain actions so the team can create a language using those frequencies to communicate with spiders. Beuhlar finishes off by saying, “if we expose them to certain patterns of rhythms or vibrations, can we affect what they do, and can we begin to communicate with them? Those are really exciting ideas”.
NEW SOLUTION FOUND TO SEPARATE BEER WASTE INTO PROTEINS FOR FOODS AND FIBER FOR BIOFUELS Originally when home brewing enthusiasts and major manufacturers make beer, there is a lot of leftover protein from the grains. These left over proteins are used for cattle food or put in landfills. Scientists however, reported a new way to extract and porten and use it to create new types of protein sources, biofuels, etc. During the spring meeting of the American Chemical Society, researchers such as, Haibo Huang, Ph.D., the project’s principal investigator and Yanhong He, a graduate student who is presenting the work at the meeting shared their results. Huang points out that reusing the left over protein for other projects helps reduce the waste leftover. He adds to this by stating that grain has some of the highest protein levels compared to other agriculture waste. As craft brewing demands increase in the U.S, so does the amount of waste in materials, 85% of which is spent grain. This byproduct comprises up to 30% protein and up to 70% fiber, and while cows and other animals may be able to digest spent grain, it is difficult for humans to digest it because of its high fiber content. To address this problem, Huang and He developed a novel wet milling fractionation process to separate the protein from the fiber. This is effective because grain does not have to be dried. When tested on alcalase, neutrase and pepsin, the alcalase treatment had the best separation without losing large amounts of either component. The result was 83% protein concentrate captured and a fiber-rich product. Huang and He started to explore the possibility of using the protein as food ingredients, catering to the consumer demand for alternative protein sources. Although it was a good idea, it left the remaining fiber-rich product without a specific use. A first step towards a solid solution was found when Huang’s postdoctoral researcher Joshua O’Hair, Ph.D., reported finding a new species of Bacillus licheniformis in a spring at Yellowstone National Park. The team found that the fiber, which was broken down to sugar, could be fed to the bacteria. To keep building on this idea, the team plans to work on the separation of fiber and protein components and economic feasibility of the separation process, because the enzymes currently used to separate the protein and fiber components are expensive. Finally, Huang and He hope to find suitable enzymes and green chemicals to make this process even more sustainable, scalable, and affordable.
PHYSICS / ASTRO NEWS
IS THERE A FLAW TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PHYSICS?
μ
The Standard Model is a framework that includes four interactions: the strong force (which holds the nucleus together), the weak force (which leads to radioactive decay), gravity, and
electromagnetism. Almost everything in the universe is governed by these four interactions.
The muon is a heavier, unstable relative to the electron. Like electrons, they have electric charges and generate a tiny
magnetic field. This orientation and strength of this field is called its magnetic moment, and is affected by all the
interactions of the Standard model in different ways. Thus,
physicists have been attempting to determine the magnitude of each interaction’s control on the magnetic moment. More specifically, the strong force.
There have been two predictions made over the past decade.
The first involved a mixed theoretical-experimental model that has been repeatedly used to refine the estimate to produce a
very precise estimate in 2020. This is reinforced by a Fermilab experiment that used a more intense muon force and still produced an almost perfectly matching measurement.
However, Brookhaven’s 2006 direct measurement of the muon’s magnetic moment was larger than it should’ve been in theory.
This is reinforced by some other experimental models, that use a variety of strong force values on a grid and evaluate the
evolution of this grid. The more, the better. This allowed for the
most precise magnetic moment to be calculated. It comes into question: which was right? The theories, or the experiment?
PHYSICS / ASTRO NEWS
URANIUM ‘SNOWFLAKES’ COULD SET OFF THERMONUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS OF DEAD STARS
MARS DIDN’T DRY UP IN ONE GO
Expired stars called white dwarfs
The Perseverance rover’s precursor
slowly cool as they age. As they cool,
Curiosity continues to provide its
heavy elements such as uranium
scientists with useful exploration and
crystallize within its core forming
observation. A French-US team led by
‘snowflakes’. Once a sufficient
William Rapin (CNRS researcher at the
amount of uranium crystallizes (an
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique
amount close to the mass of a grain
et Planétologie) recently discovered that
of sand) it can initiate a chain of
Mars, almost 3 billion years ago, has a
nuclear fission reactions: the
climate that alternated between dry
splitting of atomic nuclei. As
and wet periods. Moving through the
temperatures increase from nuclear
terrain at the base of Mount Sharp, the
fission, nuclear fusion(or the merging
ChemCam device observed both brittle,
of atomic nuclei) comes into play to
resistant beds and wind-formed dunes,
produce an enormous explosion that
which are formed by wet and dry
destroys the star. While white dwarfs
episodes respectively. The observing
are already explosion-prone, this
scientists concluded that Mars’ climate
uranium snowflake proposal is still
fluctuated between dry and wet
hypothetical and more research is
conditions that eventually lead to the
needed to determine its viability.
arid conditions today.
Evidence of Seafloor from Diamonds
Diamonds contain proof of the seafloor's chemical reactions. It would be helpful to geoscientists to understand the relationship between the earth and the depths of the earth regarding material exchange by probing them. Peridotite is the Earth's mantle's main rock type. Serpentinite is "a rock that forms from peridotite". Recent work has shown that serpentinite “can carry surface water as far as 700 kilometers deep by plate tectonic processes.” Subduction is a process when tectonic plates bend and slide into the Earth’s mantle. This process allows the ability for the Earth to recycle; materials such as water. Turns out, Serpentinite resides in the plates that are subducted (being slid into the earth’s mantle). Researchers studied diamonds in order to dive deeper into these chemical reactions. From observation, diamonds contain these tiny small minerals, providing evidence of what happens in Earth’s mantle.
Way To Study the Seafloor The songs of the fin whales echo through the ocean floor. Researchers found that the sound waves of the “songs can help probe the structure of the crust…” Seismologists have studied and observed six songs from one whale in the Pacific Ocean, each song lasting a range from 2.5 to 4.9 hours. Fin whales’ songs can be up to 189 decibels, loud as a ship. The sound waves were measured by seismic instruments. Some of the energy from the waves can convert into seismic waves. As
the waves navigate through different layers of rock of the ocean floor, scientists can tell 1) the layers’ thickness and 2) what type of rocks the waves encountered. From the study in the Pacific Ocean, it was revealed that there are three sites of the whale's path: layers of sediment 400-650 meters thick, basalt rock layer 1.8 kilometers thick, and layer of gabbro which is an oceanic rock. The songs of the fin whale can be used as a way to study the seafloor.
Cause of Environmental Crisis A recent study has supported the fact that the magnetic poles’ flip flop that occurred between 41,000-42,000 years ago have caused the Earth’s magnetic field strength to decrease leading to a series of environmental problems. Researchers have studied and analyzed ancient tree fossils which helped in looking at human behaviors and climate pattern shifts before and throughout the Laschamps excursion which was a period of time that the magnetic poles reversed. Considering that the reversal of the magnetic poles actually weakens the magnetic field, researchers have linked that to extinction. The decrease of strength of the magnetic field also may have contributed to weather patterns making the Earth cool.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE NEWS
POWERING THE FUTURE - WITH LAKES Researchers from the University of Basel in Switzerland have proposed to use methane from lakes and other freshwater bodies for sustainable energy production. According to Maciej Bartosiewicz, a postdoc in the Department of Environmental Sciences of the University of Basel, methane from these lakes and natural water reservoirs would theoretically be enough to meet the world’s energy needs. Phytoplankton in lakes continually absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it to carbon, which is then converted into methane when they process biomass.It is hypothesized that these “natural” renewable methanes can be used to partially replace fossil fuels. The team of researchers are currently proposing that by using a hydrophobic gas-liquid membrane contactor, a methane-containing gas mixture should be able to be separated from water and allow the methane to be concentrated.
BUILDING SOLAR CELLS - WITH HUMAN HAIR A group of researchers, led by Professor Hongxia Wang in collaboration with Associate Professor Prashant Sonar of QUT's Centre for Materials Science, showed the carbon nanodots could be used to improve the performance of perovskites solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are seen as the best PV candidate to deliver low-cost, highly efficient solar electricity. These solar cells could be used in a lot of different scenarios, unlike silicon cells, such as solar-powered clothing. By adding carbon dots, obtained from human hair, into the process of making perovskites, the researchers found that the
carbon dots formed a wave-like perovskite layer, which helps protect the perovskite from moisture and other environmental factors. In addition, they also had a higher power conversion efficiency and a greater stability than perovskite cells without carbon dots.
LIGHTNING STRIKES IN THE ARCTIC The year 2015 was an exceptional fire year because of a record number of fires being started. James Randerson, a professor in UCI’s Department of Earth System Science, investigated the link between this and lightning. When looking over over-twenty-year-old NASA satellite data on lightning strikes in northern regions, Randerson and his team estimated a significant increase in lightning strikes as a result of increases in atmospheric convection and more intense thunderstorms, which is why, in 2019, the National Weather Service in Alaska reported spotting the first-known lightning strikes within 300 miles of the North Pole. Randerson says that an increase in lightning in the Arctic would burn away short grasses, mosses, and shrubs that are important to the Arctic tundra’s ecosystem. After these fires burn away these low-lying plants, seeds from trees buried beneath, held back by the low-lying plants, would now be able to grow, which would allow forests to expand north. Evergreen forests could replace typical snow-covered landscapes. Since snow’s white hue reflects sunlight, and darker forests absorb solar energy, the region would warm even further as well. Additionally, an increase in fires in the region would mean more permafrost melting. Permafrost stores a lot of organic carbon, and, if melted, will convert to greenhouse gases which would further heat up the region.
Community Spotlight Last week from April 20th to April 22nd was the Brooklyn Tech Sustainable Earth Week Initiative created by members of the Brooklyn Tech community. The purpose of the Brooklyn Tech Sustainable Earth Week Initiative is to inform the Brooklyn Tech community about the topic of sustainability, environmental justice, and why it is important to protect the Earth we live on. This initiative consisted of lessons relating sustainability to various subject areas as well as guest speakers from various career fields. There were also activities such as trivia and movie night hosted by the Brooklyn Tech Science National Honor Society. On April 20th and April 21st, teachers were encouraged to use lessons from the lessons catalog about sustainability to present to their students. There were also workshops and guest speaker events students participated in after school. On April 22nd, there were a series of guest speakers.
Principal Newman's Earth Day Address Brooklyn Tech Sustainable Earth Week Initiative <Classroom>
April Events
5
The Events Committee hosted their 4th where students explored the scientific phenomena Supermoons and designed their own moons as the activity.
20
A Brooklyn Tech teacher shares their advice and personal experience with science .
26
7 11-17 19
The Tutoring Committee hosted an experiment, which mainly consisted of online experiments/stimulations people can use to aid their understanding in several subjects such as chemistry and physics!
21
STEM Week was filled with events that embody science, technology, engineering, and math!
In this Trivia Night event, members played a fun trivia to enhance their knowledge of biology and chemistry.
The Career Advancement Committee hosted an Engineering Career Panel! In this event, members discovered and explore the variety of careers in engineering for inspiration!
22
Movie Night, “The Imitation Game” was watched. It is a great movie about a newly created British intelligence agency in which the characters build a machine to decipher messages!
The Events Committee had their 5th Makerspace Event about Meteor Showers, where they discussed what causes them and engaged the audience with a fun activtity!
23
The Trips Committee brought to SNHS a trip to the California Science Center, located in L.A, where members explored exhibits featuring the ecosystem of the Earth and the heights we can reach through air and space.
Cited Sources “BRAIN DISEASE TRANSMITTED BY TICK BITES MAY BE TREATABLE.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 9 APR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/04/210409145852.HTM. “CARBON DOTS FROM HUMAN HAIR BOOST SOLAR CELLS.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 8 APR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/04/210408112401.HTM. “CARBON-NEUTRAL 'BIOFUEL' FROM LAKES.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 31 MAR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/03/210331103612.HTM. CONOVER, EMILY. “URANIUM 'SNOWFLAKES' COULD SET OFF THERMONUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS OF DEAD STARS.” SCIENCE NEWS, 30 MAR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCENEWS.ORG/ARTICLE/DEAD-STARS-URANIUM-SNOWFLAKESTHERMONUCLEAR-SUPERNOVA-EXPLOSIONS. CONVERSATION, THE. “DID WE JUST DISCOVER NEW PHYSICS? THESE THEORETICAL PHYSICISTS DON'T THINK SO.” TNW | SCIENCE, 20 APR. 2021, THENEXTWEB.COM/NEWS/DID-WE-JUST-DISCOVER-NEW-PHYSICS-THEORETICALPHYSICISTS-DONT-THINK-SO-SYNDICATION. “DEEP DIAMONDS CONTAIN EVIDENCE OF DEEP-EARTH RECYCLING PROCESSES.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 31 MAR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/03/210331143028.HTM. “FECES CORE RECORDS 4,300 YEARS OF BAT DIET AND ENVIRONMENT.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 12 APR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/04/210412114850.HTM. GRAMLING, CAROLYN. “A MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSAL 42,000 YEARS AGO MAY HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO MASS EXTINCTIONS.” SCIENCE NEWS, 19 FEB. 2021, WWW.SCIENCENEWS.ORG/ARTICLE/EARTH-MAGNETIC-FIELD-REVERSAL-MASSEXTINCTIONS-ENVIRONMENT-CRISIS. GRAMLING, CAROLYN. “FIN WHALE SONGS CAN REVEAL HIDDEN FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR.” SCIENCE NEWS, 12 FEB. 2021, WWW.SCIENCENEWS.ORG/ARTICLE/FINWHALE-SONGS-SEISMIC-WAVE-HIDDEN-FEATURES-OCEAN-FLOOR. “LIGHTNING STRIKES WILL MORE THAN DOUBLE IN ARCTIC AS CLIMATE WARMS.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 5 APR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/04/210405113622.HTM. “MARS DIDN'T DRY UP IN ONE GO.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 8 APR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/04/210408131457.HTM. O'NEILL, MIKE. “NEW METHOD TO SEPARATE BEER WASTE INTO PROTEINS FOR FOODS, AND FIBER FOR BIOFUELS.” SCITECHDAILY, 6 APR. 2021, SCITECHDAILY.COM/NEWMETHOD-TO-SEPARATE-BEER-WASTE-INTO-PROTEINS-FOR-FOODS-AND-FIBER-FORBIOFUELS/. O'NEILL, MIKE. “PALEONTOLOGISTS DISCOVER TWO UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF ANCIENT, BURROWING MAMMAL ANCESTORS.” SCITECHDAILY, 13 APR. 2021, SCITECHDAILY.COM/PALEONTOLOGISTS-DISCOVER-TWO-UNUSUAL-NEW-SPECIES-OFANCIENT-BURROWING-MAMMAL-ANCESTORS/. “RESEARCHERS OBSERVE NEW ISOTOPE OF FLUORINE.” SCIENCEDAILY, SCIENCEDAILY, 30 MAR. 2021, WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM/RELEASES/2021/03/210330143054.HTM. STAFF, SCIENCE X. “MAKING MUSIC FROM SPIDER WEBS.” PHYS.ORG, PHYS.ORG, 12 APR. 2021, PHYS.ORG/NEWS/2021-04-MUSIC-SPIDER-WEBS.HTML.
Executive Board President: Mariya Meleganich Vice-President: Ethan Kwok CO-Secretaries: Nitya Patel & Eric Osipov Treasurer: Hannah Gong Media Manager: Danyal Ahmad Our Committee Head(s): Magazine: Erda Eyubova Career Advancement: Brian D. General Events: Rose D. & Srewashi M. Merch. & Fundraising: Jiaxuan J. & Upama H. Outreach: Ruby P. & Shanika P. Recognition & Ceremonies: Sanova H. Trips: Alivia T. Tutoring: Suzana M.
We would like to extend a special thank you to our fantastic magazine committee for their efforts! 25