စစ်သုံး ဝေါဟာရများ by Burma Military Secrets

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Military Golssaries ppfoHk;a0g[m&rsm;

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ppfoHk;a0g[m&rsm; (Military golssaries) txGaxGppfoHk;a0g[m&rsm; (General Glossaries) cspD pf (Advance) wdu k pf pf (Offensive Operation) cHppf (Defence) cGmppf (Retrograde)

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1 14 29 40 55

13 29 39 55 64

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uefYowf ppfoHk;a0g[m&rsm;(Military Glossaries)

161/ umwyf (Covering force) A force operating a pair from a main force for the purpose of intercepting, engaging, delaying, disorganizing, and deceiving the enemy before he can attack the force covered. It must collect the enemy information.

umwyf &efoEl iS x hf ad wGUaeaomwyfrsm; aemufoq Ykd w k o f nft h cg &efot Yl aejzifh Mum;cHppfEiS hf cHppfae&mopfrsm;odYk vsijf refpmG awGUxdEikd jf cif;r&Sad pa&; aESmifah ES;atmifjyKvyk Nf y;D &efot l m; trsm;qHk;xdcdkufusqHk;rI&Sdap&ef wm0efxrf;aqmif&aomwyfjzpfonf/ ¤if;onf &efolY owif;udkvnf; axmufvSrf;&onf/

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ppfyG(J War)

The highest form of the struggle between nations Countries, Classes and political groups. It came into being after the private property and the class appeared. The war is the continuity of the politics can be divided into just and unjust war according to the character.

ppfyGJqdkonfrSm vlrsdK;pkwpfpkESifhwpfpkMum;? EdkifiHwpfckESpfwpfcktMum;? tqifh twef;wpfckESifhwpfcktMum;? EdkifiHa&;t,l0g' rwlnDolwpfzGJUESifhwpfzGJUtMum; oabmxm;uG J v G J j cif ; \ aemuf q H k ; ½k e f ; usef w d k u f c d k u f j cif ; yif j zpf o nf / ¤if ; uJ h o d k Y wdu k cf u kd jf cif;rSm ud, k yf ikd pf rG ;f aqmifEikd rf EI iS t hf wl t&nftaoG;rsm; ay:xGuf vmaponf/ EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrsm;ESifhywfoufí ppfyGJrsm; qufvufjzpfyGm; aeOD;rnfomjzpfNyD; ppf y G J \ toG i f v u© P may:rl w nf í w&m;aomppf E S i f h rw &m;aomppf [ l í cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ 2/

acwfopfppfyGJ (Modern Warfare)

The warfare in which more modern advanced weapons, other technology and equipment are used. It demands the action of close co-ordination of all arms and services, scientific organization, command, full and reliable logistics support.

acwfrDvufeufu&d,mrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm;tm; toHk;jyKwdkufcdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ acwfopfppfyGJrsm;wGif ajcvsifwyfrsm;? tulvuf½Hk;wyfrsm;? acwfrD enf;ynmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? uGyfuJrItzGJUrsm;? aumif;rGefaom axmufyHha&; wyfrsm; twlwuGy;l aygif;yg0ifayonf/ 3/

oHk;buftoGifo@mefppfyGJ (Three dimensional warfare)

The war that is conducted simultaneously or alternately on the ground (Water Sarface) Under the ground (Water), in the air, and in the front and in the rear. Such warfare was started after the employment of planes in wars. With the development of technical weapons, such as employment of nuclear-powered submarines guided missile, aviation weapons, etc, the wide use of the enhancement of the ability of the troops to meneuver in helicopters, the enhancement of

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uefYowf 2 the ability of the troops to manoeuver in the air, the scope of three-dimensional warfare will be enlarged continuously.

oHk;buftoGifo@mefppfyGJqdkonfrSm ajrjyif (a&jyiftygt0if)? ajratmuf (a&rsuEf mS jyifatmuftygt0if)? a0[ifwrYkd S (ajrjyif? a&jyif? a0[ifwrYkd )S vnf;aumif;? a&SUydik ;f odrYk [kwf aemufyikd ;f wdrYk v S nf;aumif; acwfrv D ufeuf u&d,mrsm;toH;k jyKí wpfcsed f wnf;wpfNydKifwnf; (odkYr[kwf) wpfvSnfhpD wdkuf cdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ tcsdKUppfyGJrsm;wGif avaMumif;tiftm;udk t"duwdu k cf u kd f toH;k jyKaeNyjD zpfonf/ acwfrv D ufeufu&d,mrsm; wdk;wufajymif;vJvmjcif;? Oyrmtm;jzifh EsLuvD;,m;pGr;f tmif toH;k jyKwu kd cf u kd Ef ikd af om a&ikwo f abFmrsm;? yJx h ed ;f 'H;k rsm;? avaMumif;vufeufrsm; tp&So d nfwYkd toH;k jyKwu kd cf u kd f Edkifjcif;? &[wf,mOfrsm;tm; wGifus,fpGmtoHk;jyKjcif;? a0[ifwGifppfupm;EdkifrI pGrf;&nf BuD;rsm;wdk;yGm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifh oHk;buftoGifo@mef ppfyGJrsm;onf qufvufwdk;wuf ajymif;vJaeOD;rnfjzpfayonf/ 4/

ajymufusm;ppf (Guerrilla warfare)

The war conducted with guerrilla warfare as the main pattern of the fight. It is a good pattern of armed struggle for the people's revolutionary forces to defeat enemy and try to expand themselves when they are weak.

ajymufusm;ppfqdkonfrSm vl? vufeuftiftm;udk t"durxm;bJ &SdorQaom tiftm;jzifh vufeufqu JG ikd Nf y;D tjrwfxw k w f u kd cf u kd jf cif;udk t"duxm;aom ppfyjJG zpfonf/ jynfov Yl w G af jrmufa&;wyfzUJG i,frsm; jynfopYl pfwyfzUJG rsm;zGUJ pnf;í &efot l m; tjrwfxw k f acsrIef;wdkufcdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ajymufusm; wyfom;rsm;onf &efoltm;enf;csuftm; &SmazGí e,fajrcsJUxGifwdkufcdkufMuayonf/ 5/

r[mAsL[m (Strategy) The method guiding the war as a whole, namely the military strategy.

ppfyrJG sm;tm;xde;f csKyw f u kd cf u kd jf cif; oabmw&m;yifvQif ppfr[mAsL[m[k ac:wGif Edik af yonf/ 6/

uefYowf 51 tcsed &f &S&d eftwGuf &efot l rsm;qH;k usq;kH Edik &f ef tcsed q f w JG u kd Ef ikd &f ef a&G;cs,x f m;aomae&m jzpfonf/ 158/ AHk;rsOf; (Bomb line) An imaginary line arranged, if possible, to follow well defined geographical features, the enemy side of which the air force is free to attack without danger to or reference to own ground forces. It is laid down by the highest headquarters for the conduct of operations in a particular sector of the theatre. It is not a static line, and changes with the movement of own forces.

AH k ; rsOf ; owfrw S x f m;aomtcsed w f iG f rdrw d yfrsm;jzwfausmNf y;D jzpf&ef owfrw S x f m;aomae&m jzpfonf/ rdr\ d avaMumif;wdu k cf u kd rf EI iS hf tajrmufypfcwfrw I jYkd zifh aemufrv S u kd yf grnf&h efol tm; vGwv f yfpmG ypfcwfEikd &f eftwGuf rdrw d yfrsm;tm; cGijhf yKonft h csed w f iG f jzwfausm&f ef owfrSwfay;xm;aom rsOf;aMumif;jzpfonf/ 159/ tydkif;rsOf; (Phase line) Units should always report crossing phase lines, but do not half unless specifically directed. Phase lines are often used to prescribe the timing of delay poerations.

tydkif;rsOf; cGmppf\wd;k wufru I kd od&&dS ef (odrYk [kw)f txufoo Ykd wif;ydEYk ikd &f ef owfrw S x f m;aom tydkif;tjcm; pum;0Sufrsm;jzifh owfrSwfavh&Sdonf/ 160/ cHppfae&mopf (Alternative position) A reconnoitred and prepared position to which a unit, or guns motors may move to carry out the same tasks as the main position.

cHppfae&mopf

wdkufyGJpOf (Campaign)

The sum total of a series of battles foughts by troops under the respective-unified command of the opposing sides within a certain period at time in accordance with their operational intentions to achieve partial or the whole aim of a war.

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uefYowf 50 xm;avh&o dS nf/ &efo\ l vufeufBu;D ^tajrmufrsm;\ xda&mufrt I uGmta0;ay:rlwnfNy;D owfrw S af vh&o dS nf/ 155/ cGmppfvrf;aMumif; (Route) The percribed course to be treveled form a specific point of origin to a specific distination.

cGmppfvrf;aMumif; ñTefMum;csuft& owfrSwfxm;aomae&mrS owfrSwfxm;aom &nfrSef;csufodkY xGufcGm&ef pDpOfxm;aomvrf;aMumif;/ 156/ ppfaq;&yf (Check point) A selected point on the ground, at which individuals groups sub units or units, report to a responsible person during a move, with a view to providing the commander, with the necessary information regarding the progress of the move, and to assit him to exercise control. Individuals etc, do not holt at this point unless ordered to do so or when it is necessary for the purpose of regaining the required degree control.

uefYowf 3 ppfyBJG u;D rsm;\ &nf&, G cf sut f &aomfvnf;aumif; ppfqifa&;Bu;D rsm;\ &nf&, G cf suf atmifjrifa&;\ wpfpw d w f pfa'oaMumifyh ifjzpfap owfrw S x f m;aom tcsed u f mvwpfck twGi;f oufqikd &f me,fajrtoD;oD;wGif wdu k yf iJG ,frsm;tm; pkpnf;uGyu f w J u kd cf u kd jf cif;yif jzpfayonf/ 7/

wdu k yf JG (Combat)

The directly and organized armed struggle which is conducted between the army groups, untis and elements of the enemy and our sides in short time and small area. It is the basic means to achieve the purpose of campaign and war the basic type includes offensive combat and defensive combat.

vufeufuikd t f zGUJ tpnf;? wyftzGUJ tpnf; wpfcEk iS w hf pfct k Mum; &efoEl iS rhf rd w d yfrsm; tMum; ae&ma'owpfct k wGi;f tcsed w f t kd wGi;f wdu k cf u kd Mf ujcif;jzpfonf/ wdu k yf rJG sm;onf (Campaign War) wdu k yf pJG Of(od)Yk ppfyrJG sm;\&nf&, G cf suaf tmifjrifatmif wdu k cf u kd &f jcif; jzpfonf/ wdu k yf rJG sm;wGif wdu k pf pfwu kd yf EJG iS hf cHppfwu kd yf [ JG í l tajccHtm;jzifh cGjJ cm;owfrw S f Edik o f nf/ 8/

ppfenf;AsL[m (Tactics) The methods of guiding battles.

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ppf a q;&yf cGmppfqifEaJT eonfh wyfzUJG rsm; cGmppfqifEaJT epOf txufwyfrLS ;xH cGmppfw;kd wufrI od&&dS ef ppfaq;&rnfah jrjyifay:wGif owfrw S x f m;aomae&mjzpfonf/ (wpfenf;tm;jzif)h cGmppfqifonfhtcgwGif wyfzGJUESifh txuftqifhwyfrsm; owfrSwfay;xm;onfh qHk&yfodkY toGm;vrf;wGif jzwfoef;oGm;&onfah e&mjzpfonf/ wyfrsm;onf xdak e&mwGif &yfwef&Y ef rvd?k odaYk omfwyfrLS ;onf rdrw d yftpdwt f ydik ;f tm;vH;k jzwfoef;oGm;Ny;D onft h cg owif;ydYk &rnf/ vlppfae&mwGif a&'D,dktquftoG,f&Sd&rnf/ 157/ Mum;cHppfae&m (Intermediate) An area of ground, occupied temporarily in the withdrawal from a defensive position. sin rear.

Mum;cHppfae&m

yl;aygif;ppfqifa&; (Joint operation)

An operation conducted by the troops of two or more arms and services under the unified plan and command for completing common mission. It can be divided into joint campaign and joint combat.

wyfESpfck(odkYr[kwf) ESpfckxufydkaom vufeufudkifwyfrsm;? vuf½Hk;wyfrsm;pkpnf; yg0ifNyD; &nfrSef;csufwpfckjynfhpHkpGm atmifjrifa&;twGuf twlwuG pDrHaqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;wdkufyGJpOfESifh yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;wdkufyGJ[lí ESpfrsdK; cGjJ cm;Edik o f nf/ 10/

nwdkufyGJ (Night Combat)

cHppfae&mopfESifh ta[mif;Mum;wGif &efoludk[efYppfqif&ef owfrSwfxm;onfh ae&mjzpfonf/ cHppfae&mopf jyifqifrNyD;ao;rD &efolYwdkufcdkufjcif;rS umuG,f&efESifh

The operation condected at night. In night combat, it is very difficult to bring the technical weapons into full play and the obervation, command, communication and coordination are also difficult but favorable for closing to the

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uefYowf 4 enemy secretly and defeating enemy's opponent by a surprise move and wiping out the enemy in close combat. The army being good at night combat can ofter defeat the enemy with the superiority in equipments.

ntcsdefwdkufcdkufppfqifjcif;jzpfonf/ nwdkufyGJwGif enf;ynmvufeufrsm;tm; xda&mufpmG toH;k jyK wdu k cf u kd &f efc, J Of;onf/ uif;axmuf&ef? uGyu f &J ef? qufo, G &f efEiS hf yl;aygif;n§Ed iId ;f &efvnf; vGepf mG cufco J nf/ odaYk omf &efox l o H Ykd vQKd U0Supf mG csO;f uyf&ef tcGihf omonf/ &efot Yl pdwt f ydik ;f rsm;tm; tvpftidu k , f l csO;f uyfumteD;uyfwu kd cf u kd &f iS ;f vif; &eftcGifhomonf/ &efolxHcsOf;uyfNyD; vufeufud&d,mrsm;tm; wpfae&mwGif pkpnf;í tiftm;tompD;jzifh wdkufcdkufEdkifonf/ 11/

teD;uyfwdkufyGJ (Close combat)

The combat fought between both the enemy's and our sides in short range. The fire in short range, point-black fire, hand grenade and infightiong are used to annihilate the cnemy. It is the key to win the victory. It is the brave and indomilable expression and a good tradition of our army to dare fight a close combat.

&efoEl iS rhf rd Ed pS b f ufpvH;k ae&ma'owpfct k wGi;f wdu k cf u kd jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ wmeD;ypf cwfjcif;? teD;uyfñeT Mf um;wdu k cf u kd jf cif;? vufypfA;kH rsm;? teD;uyfavmifcsmrsm; toH;k jyKí &efot l m;acsreI ;f ypfjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf teD;uyfwu kd yf aJG tmifjrifa&;\ aomhcsuyf if jzpfonf/ teD;uyfwu kd yf o JG nf uREykf w f w Ykd yfrawmf\ aumif;aomtpOftvmt& tEdik rf cH t½IH;ray; &efoltm;wdkufcdkufacsrIef;jcif;jzpfonf/ 12/

tiftm;xyfrHjznfhwif;jcif;? ppfulay;jcif; (Reinforcement)

To reinforce the troops carrying out one mission with strength. The way of einforcement has support and attachment.

wyfrsm;tm; &nfreS ;f csuw f pfcu k kd wm0ef,al qmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef tiftm;xyfrjH znfw h if; ay;jcif; (wpfenf;) cdik rf mapjcif;jzpfonf/ tiftm;jznfw h if;jcif;? ppfual y;jcif;onf wyfrsm; xyfrHaxmufyHhjznfhay;jcif;ESifh wGJbufay;jcif;jzpfonf/ 13/

axmufyHhjcif; (Support)

In battle, the fire power and strength used to support the units its command or adjacent troops.

uefYowf 49 (e) Security and speed. (f) Retain centralized control and decentralized execution.

cGmppfqif&mwGif tajccHpOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; sm;/ cGmppfqif&mwGif tajccHtm;jzifh t"dupOf;pm;&rnhftcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf (u) &efoltm; xdcdkufusqHk;rItrsm;qHk;jzpfapjcif;/ (c) ajrtaetxm;t& ta&;omrItm;vHk;udk tjrwfxkwfjcif;/ (*) wyfrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;vG,fulrI&Sdjcif;/ (C) vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufEdkifrIudk xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;/ (i) vHkNcHKrIESifh vsifjrefrI&Sdjcif;/ (p) A[dkrSpk½Hk;BuD;Muyfxm;aomfvnf; vufawGUaqmif&Guf&mwGif vufatmuf tqifhrsm;odkY tmPmjzefYa0ay;xm;jcif;/ 153/ qHk&yf (Rendezvous) The rendezvous is behind check point. It is located fairly close to the embussing area. Here the commander gains control of his command. It should be within resonable marching distance but out of range of small arms force. It should also be protected.

qHk&yf wyfzGJUtwGif; ppfaq;rIrsm;jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf awGUqHk&efowfrSwfxm;aomae&m jzpfonf/ wdkufyGJrSqkwfcGmvmcsdef rdrdwdkYwyftpdwftydkif;tvdkuf wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm;pk wpfct k aejzifh pk½;kH í jyefvnfzUJG pnf;onfah e&mjzpfonf/ ppfaq;&yf\aemufwiG f xm;&Sd &rnfq h &kH yftm; ,mOfwuf&yfEiS ehf ;D uyfaom oihaf wmfrnfah e&mwGix f m;onf/ wyfrLS ;onf ¤if;\acgif;aqmifru I kd jyefvnf&,laom ae&mjzpfonf/ &efov l ufeufi,frsm; ypfcwfrI uif;a0;NyD; csDwuf&efoifhawmfaom ae&mjzpf&rnf/ ¤if;ae&mvHkNcHKrI&Sd&rnf/ 154/ ,mOfwuf&yf (Embussing area) The embussing area should have good cover and traffic circuits. If possible, it should be close to the battalion, rendezvous and should be protected. Here the vehicles are placed in sub-unit lots and if the withdrawal is by day they will be well dispersed.

,mOfwuf&yf ,mOfay:wuf&efowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mjzpfonf/ ,mOfwuf&yfonf &efol\ zdtm;ay;rIr&Sdygu AHk;rsOf;ra&mufrDxm;&SdEdkifNyD; &efol\zdtm;&Sdygu AHk;rsOf;tvGefwGif

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uefYowf 48 150/ aemufydkif;odkYqkwfcGmjcif; (Retirement) An operation which force is not in contact with the enemy conducts an adminstnative movement to rear.

aemufydkif;odkYqkwfcGmjcif; ppfqifa&;wGif &efoEl iS x hf ad wGUrIr&Sad om wyfzUJG rsm;taejzifh aemufyikd ;f odYk tkycf sKyf rIqikd &f ma&TUajymif;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ 151/ [efYppfqifrnfhwyfrsm; aqmif&GufEdkifaomtcsufrsm; (Factors can be carried out by dalaying forces)

(u) &efow l yfzUJG rsm;udk aESmif, h u S jf cif;? pdwyf ifyef;EGr;f e,fapjcif;? tm;enf;apjcif;ESihf [efYwm;jcif; (Harass, exhaust, weaken and delay enemy forces) (c) &efoltm;enf;csufudk azmfjyjcif; (odkY) &SmazGawGU&Sdjcif; (Expose or discover enemy weakness)

(*) rvdkvm;tyfaom wdkufcdkufrIrsm;udk a&SmifMunfjcif; (Avoid undersirable combat)

uefYowf 5 wdkufyGJwGif ¤if;\uGyfuJrIatmufwyfrsm; (odkYr[kwf) wGJbufyg0ifaomwyfrsm;rS ypftm;ESifh tiftm;wdkYtm; toHk;jyKaxmufyhHay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ 14/

Some strenght attached by superiority or in organization are temporarily moved by army commander to a commander of one unit under its command to command and use.

wyftiftm;tcsdKUu tiftm;BuD;jrifhap&ef wGJzufapjcif;yifjzpfonf odkYr[kwf wyftzGUJ tpnf;wpfct k m; wyfrLS ;wpfO;D \ uGyu f rJ aI tmufrS tjcm;uGyu f rJ aI tmufoYkd txuf wyfzGJUrSL;\ tpDtpOfjzifh,m,Da&TUajymif;í toHk;jyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ 15/

e,fajrwpfct k wGi;f &Sd tus,Ef iS x hf w k u Ykd kd owfrw S x f m;aom ae&mwpfcjk zpfonf/ ¤if;tm; (xx) oauFw (3)ckESifh txufowfrSwfay;onf/ Oyrm- xx, xx, xx e,fajr

of the force)

or shorten lines of communication)

(p) ab;eHwyfrsm;\ qkwcf mG rI(od)Yk wyfjzefrY ?I a&TUajymif;rI? aemufyikd ;f odYk qkwcf mG rI rsm;udk tumtuG,af y;jcif; (Cover the deployment, movement, retirement of retreat of friendly units)

152/ cGmppfqif&mwGif tajccHpOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (Basic considerations) The basic considerations in executing a withdrawal will be as follows: (a) Cause maximun damage to the enemy. (b) Exploit advantages of terrain. (c) Mobility of the force. (d) Maintain freedom of action.

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a'o (Region)

The area on the land with certain width and depth. Normally it is marked by three of more paints. For example: xx, xx, xx areas, namely the area among xx, xx, xx areas.

(C) aemufcsefwyfzGJUrsm;twGuf tcsdef&&Sdap&ef (Gain time for the remainder (i) tjcm;aomwyfzUJG rsm;\ a&TUajymif;rIrsm;udk tqifajyapjcif; (od)Yk qufo, G rf I vrf;aMumif;wdak pjcif; (Conform to movements of other friendly troops

wGJbufjcif; (Attachment)

16/

e,fajrtus,ft0ef; (Sector of the Area)

A sector in one area. The scope is normally marked by two points. For example: Regiment defensive sector.

e,fajrtus,ft0ef;wpfckjzpfonfh txuf (2)ckjzifhazmfjyonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh wyf&if;BuD;e,fajr/ oauFwjzifhazmfjyonf/ 17/

ab;eHwyf (Flank)

The left and right flanks of the operational disposition, march formation, combat formation or position of the troops.

ppfqifa&;wyfrsm; csw D ufvmaomwyfrsm; wdu k yf 0JG ifwyfrsm;\ b,fnmwyfrsm; jzefcY aJG e&m,lwu kd cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/

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uefYowf 6 18/

wyftcif;tusif; ( Disposition)

In battle, the strength and weapons are disposed at the proper position according to the mission, enemy situation and terrain condition.

wdkfufyGJwGif rdrd\&nfrSef;csufwm0eft&aomfvnf;aumif; &efoltajctaet& aomfvnf;aumif; ajrrsufESmjyiftaetxm;t&aomfvnf;aumif; rdrdwyftiftm;ESifh vufeufrsm; tpDtpOfwus jzefYcGJae&mcsxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ 19/

umypf (Fire Cover)

An operational action taken to annihilate, neutralize and contain the enemy and directly support the troops or men through firepower.

&efoltm; ppfqif&mwGif acsrIef;wdkufcdkufjcif; pGrf;tifESdrfypfcwfwdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh wdkufcdkufypfulay;jcif; tp&SdonfwdkY vIyf&Sm;wdkufcdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ 20/

pGrf;tm;ESdrfwdkufcdkufjcif; (Fire neutralization)

The effective strength of the fire target and its technical weapons are partly damaged by the fire so that can not fight back transiently and their action is confined.

&efolrS rdrdtm;xda&mufpGm aESmifh,SufEdkifonfh vufeufESifht"duae&mrsm;tm; aESmifh,Sufwdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh &efolrSrdrdtm; wefjyefxda&mufpGm wdu k cf u kd jf cif;rjyKEikd &f efEiS hf &efov Yl ufeufrsm;tm; uefo Y wfxrd ;f csKy&f ef pGr;f tm;ESrd yf pfcwf jcif;yifjzpfoonf/ 21/

t"duusaomaomhcsufae&m^ tcsuftjcmae&mrsm; (Key position)

The traget or position concerning safety of the overall situation of the operation. For example in defensive disposition, the main points, commands posts and artillery positions affecting the overall situation are key positions.

ppfqifa&;wpfckvHk;\ tajctaetm; vHkNcHKrIay;Edkifaom t"duusonfh ypfrSwf (odrYk [kw)f ajctaetxm;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh cHppfajrtaetxm;wGif t"duusonfh ae&m? uGyu f rJ aI e&mESihf tajrmufjzefcY x JG m;&Sad omae&mwdo Yk nf ppfqifa&;\ ta&;Bu;D aom ae&mrsm;yifjzpfonf/

uefYowf

uefYowf 47 147/ tcsdef&&Sdygu [efYppfqifonfhwyfrsm; vkyaqmifoifhaomtcsufrsm; (Factors ahould be undertaken by delaying force, if they normally gain time)

(u) cHppfjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef (To reestablish the defense)/ (c) cHppfqifrnfh (odkY)qkwfcGmrnfhwyfzGJUudk tumtuG,fay;&ef (To cover a defending or withdrawing unit)/ (*) tjcm;aomwyfzGJUrsm;\ ab;eHudkumuG,f&ef (To protect friendly units flank)/ (C) tiftm;NcdK;NcHacRwm&ef (To participate in an economy of force effort)/ 148/ [efYppfqifonfhwyfrsm; vkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsufrsm; (Factor must be carried out by delaying force)

(u) rdrpd pfupm;rItjyifbufoYkd a&SmifusO&f efBuKd ;pm;aeaom &efoEl iS x hf ad wGUrIukd xdef;xm;&ef (Maintain contact with the enemy to avoid being out manoeuvred)/ (c) &efoltm; tqifhqifh[efYwm;wdkufcdkuf&ef (Cause the enemy to plan and to conduct successive attacks)/ (*) &efov l w G v f yfpmG ppfupm;rIukd xde;f odr;f &ef (Preserve its freedom to maneuver)/ (C) ppfqifa&;pkpnf;rIudk xdef;odrf;&ef (Maintain operational coherence)/ (i) wyfzGJUrsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif; (Preserve the force)/ 149/ wdkufyGJrSqkwfcGmjcif; (Withdrawal) When the commander finds it necessary to reposition all or parts of his force for a new mission he conducts a withdrawal.

wdkufyGJrSqkwfcGmjcif; rdrw d yfzUJG wpfpw d w f pfa'oudjk zpfap? tm;vH;k udjk zpfap &efoal csreI ;f jcif;rcH&ap&ef twGuf vdktyfaomtcsdefwGif txufwyfrSL;\ tpDtpOfjzifh tusdK;r&Sdonfhae&mrS qkwcf mG jcif;jzpfonf/

uefYowf

uefYowf 46 owfrw S x f m;aomtcsed t f wdik ;f twmwpfct k wGi;f &efox l ;kd azmuf0ifa&mufru I kd cGirhf jyK jcif;jzpfonf/ 144/ [efYppfqifjcif; trsdK;tpm;rsm; (Type of delay) (u) ae&mtqifhqifhrS [efYppfqifjcif; (1) wyfzGJUwpfzGJUwnf;jzifh [efYppfqifjcif; (Delay from successive position)/ (2) wyfzGJUESpfckjzifh wpfvSnfhpDajymif;vJ[efYppfqifjcif; (Delay from alter native position)/ (c) ae&mwpfckwnf;rS[efYppfqifjcif; (Delay from single set of position)/ 145/ wyfzGJUwpfzGJUwnf;jzifh [efYppfqifjcif; (Delay from successive position)

uefYowf 7 22/

acsrIef;ypfjcif; (Annihilation)

The enemy effective strength is annihilatled. Wounded and captured, so, the enemy is disarmed and deprived of the ability to resist.

&efo\ l t"duusaom tiftm;pkrsm;tm; acsreI ;f ypfjcif;? xdcu kd 'f Pf&m&apjcif;ESihf wdkufcdkufzrf;qD;&&Sdjcif;wdkYaMumifh &efoltaejzifh vufeufrsm;xda&mufpGm toHk;jyKEdkifrI r&Sdjcif;? ckcHwdkufckdufrItm;,kwfavsmhapjcif;yifjzpfonf/ 23/

wdkufcdkufjcif; (Attack)

The operations fought by the troops on their own initiative to attack the enemy. It's one of the basic operational pattern and the primary means to annihilate the enemy.

The conduct of a delaying oreration by finding rearward from one possible or for specified time.

rdrdwyfrsm;tajctae zefwD;EdkifcGifh&&ef &efoltm;acsrIef;wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ ppfqifa&;tajccHtusq;kH wdu k cf u kd rf o I @mefjzpfNy;D t"dutcsurf mS &efot l m;acsreI ;f ypfjcif; yifjzpfonf/

wyfzGJUwpfzGJUwnf;jzifh[efYppfqifjcif;

24/

wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkY qkwfcGm&mwGif [efYppfftqifhqifhvkyfaqmifrIjzpfonf/ [efpY pfae&mwpfcck si;f pDukd twwfEikd q f ;kH tcsed q f x JG m;&ef (odrYk [kw)f owfrw S x f m;aom tcsdefumv twdkif;twmwpfcktxd xdef;odrf;[efYppfqifjcif;jzpfonf/ 146/ wyfzGJUESpfckjzifh wpfqifhpDajymif;vJ[efYppfqifjcif; (Alternative position) The conduct of delaying operation by a force, one element behind the other and after holding forward as long as possible or for a specific time, passing the forward element to another position.

wyfzGJUESpfckjzifh wpfqifhpDajymif;vJ[efYppfqifjcif;

csHKcdkwdkufyGJ (Ambush combat) The combat to annihilate the moving enemy in the way of ambush.

vIyf&Sm;csDwufvmaom &efoltm; csHKcdkíwdkufcdkufacsrIef;ypfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ 25/

awGUqHkwdkufyGJ (Meeting engagement)

The battle that is fought when two opposing troops came across during their marches. It's classified as expected meeting engagement and unexpected meeting engagement. It can take place on the march or in the procedure of offensive or defensive combats. Both sides strive to be the first to fire, deploy, rushoccupy favourable terrain, launch the assault and forstall the opposite side.

wyfzUJG tiftm;pkwpfpo k nf aemufwyfzu JG \aemufwiG f tqifq h ifch x H m;Ny;D a&SUwef; ae&mtm; twwfEikd q f ;kH tcsed q f cJG ck &H ef (odrYk [kw)f owfrw S x f m;aom tcsed u f mv twdik ;f twmwpfct k xd [efpY pfqifuma&SUwef;tiftm;pkonf aemufwpfae&modYk a&TUajymif;í tqifhqifh[efYppfqifjcif;jzpfonf/ wyfzGJU (2)ck tqifhqifhae&mvGJajymif;,lí [efYppf qifonfh enf;pepfrsdK;jzpfonf/

qefu Y sib f ufEpS cf ck sw D ufvmpOf awGUqHw k u kd jf cif;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;odYk xdawGUwdu k cf u kd f &mwGif arQmv f ifx h m;aom awGUqHw k u kd yf EJG iS rhf arQmv f ifb h J awGUqHw k u kd cf u kd jf cif;[lí ESprf sKd ;cGJ jcm;Edkifonf/ ,if;odkYwdkufcdkuf&mrS qufvufcsDwufjcif; (odkYr[kwf) wdkufppf (odkYr[kwf) cHppftoGio f Ykd ajymif;vJusio hf ;kH wdu k cf u kd &f ayrnf/ ESpb f ufpvH;k ypfcwfjcif;? wyfjzefjY cif;? tcGio hf maomajrtm; tjreford ;f ydu k jf cif;? acsreI ;f a&;wyfrsm;apvTwí f acsreI ;f wdu k cf u kd f jcif;ESifh vufOD;rI&,lí acsrIef;wdkufcdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf/

uefYowf

uefYowf 8 26/

tiftm;oHk;wdkufckdufjcif; (Attack by force)

After making deliberate organization and preparation, the trrops and fire are concentrated to attack the enemy in defense by force.

wyfrsm;tm; BuKd wifzUJG pnf;jyifqifNy;D tiftm;ESiyhf pftm;udk pkpnf;í &efocYl pH pftm; tiftm;oH;k wdu k cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ 27/

pD;eif;wdkufcdkufjcif; (Raid)

jyifqifrrI &Sad om&efot l m; tidu k zf rf;wdu k cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh e,fajr&Sd &efolpcef;tm; wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ ajymufusm;ppfqifjcif;enf;udk toHk;jyKí pD;eif; wdu k cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGicf suaf umif;tm; xd;k ESuw f u kd cf u kd jf cif; (odrYk [kw)f vufpwH;k wdu k cf u kd jf cif;ESio hf mrefp;D eif;wdu k cf u kd jf cif;[lí wdu k cf u kd rf t I aMumif;t&if;ay:rlwnfujJGym;onf/ pD;eif;wdkufyGJ (Rapid Attack) A. A hasty attack conducted in unexpected meeting engagement. B. A burst of violent attack against the enemy.

(u) xdawGUaeaom&efolESifh tqufjzwf&ef (To disengage from combat)/ (c) &efoltm;ta&;edrfhaprnfh ae&modkYusHK;oGif;ac:aqmif&ef (To draw the enemy into an unfavourable sittuation)/ (*) tqH;k tjzwfay;rnfh wdu k pf pfrqifrD tcsed yf rkd &kd &Sad p&ef (To gain time without fighting a decisive engagment)/ (C) tjcm;wyfrsm;ESihf wyfjzefyY w kH pfnw D nf;jzpfap&ef (To place forces involved in a more favourable position in relation to friendly troops)/ (i) rdrdtiftm;tcsdKUudk tjcm;wpfae&mwGif toHk;jyKcGifh&&Sdap&ef (To permit the use of aportion of the force elsewhere)/

143/ [efYppfqifjcif; (Delay action)

Also called the first-step task of the attacking troops. It's usually executed by the first echelon.

OD;pGmaqmif&u G &f onfw h m0efjzpfonf/ &efot l m; wdu k cf u kd af &;wyf\ a&SUOD;wm0ef jzpfonf/ ¤if;tm; a&SUOD;ppfaMumif;rS vkyfaqmif&onf/ 30/

cGmppfqdkonfrSm txufwyfrSL;\ trdefYt&aomfvnf;aumif;? &efol\zdESdyf wdu k cf u kd rf u I kd ckcjH cif;jzifh tusKd ;,kwEf ikd zf , G &f o dS jzifv h nf;aumif;? &efoEl iS ahf 0;&m (odrYk [kw)f aemufyikd ;f odYk pepfwuszUJG pnf;a&TUajymif;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ cGmppfqif&mwGif pepfwuszUJG pnf; jyifqifjcif;? xd;k ppftjyKtrl&jdS cif;? &efow l yfEiS v hf ufeufypön;f u&d,mrsm;tm; xdcu kd yf supf ;D apjcif;wdkY yg0ifayonf/

142/ cGmppftrsdK;tpm;rsm; (Type of retrograde operation) (u) [efpY pfqifjcif; (Delay action)/ (c) wdu k yf rJG S qkwcf mG jcif; (Withdrawal)/ (*) aemufyikd ;f odq Yk w k cf mG jcif; (Retirement)/

(u) &efoEl iS t hf rSwrf xifawGUqHw k u kd cf u kd &f mrS ½kwcf sn;f pD;eif;wdu k cf u kd af csreI ;f jcif; jzpfonf/ 29/

cGmppft"dyÜg,f

141/ cGmppfqifjcif;\&nf&G,fcsuf (Purpose of retrograde)

To made a surprise attack on the enemy unprepared. Usually it refers to raid on the stationed enemy. It's the main method adopted in gureeilla warfare. It's also called coup de main or normal raid on different occasions.

28/

uefYowf 45

qufvdkuf&nfrSef;csuf (Follow-up mission)

Also called the second-set task. The second-set task of the attacking units. It is usually carried out by second echeion. In carrying out follow-up mission.

uefYowf

An operation which space is traded for time and maximum punishment is inflicted on the enemy without accepting decisive engagement, penetration or being by passed. Delaying operation are normally conducted to deny the enemy access to a specified area for a soecified time.

[efYppfqifjcif; ajrae&mESifhtcsdeftm; vJvS,fjcif;jzpfNyD; tqHk;tjzwfay;aomwdkufyGJ &efol xdk;azmufppfqifjcif; (odkYr[kwf) tvG,fwula&SmifuGif;roGm;vmapEdkifbJ &efoltm; xdcu kd u f sq;kH 'Pf&m&&Srd I rsm;jym;ap&efjzpfonf/ [efpY pfqifjcif;onf yHrk eS t f m;jzifh &efot l m; uefYowf

uefYowf 44 aemufydkif;e,fajr a&SUwef;wyfrsm;\ aemufyikd ;f e,ferd w d rf pS í txufXmerS owfrw S af y;xm;aom wyfraemufydkif;e,fedrdwftxd us,fjyefYonf/ yifrXmecsKyfESifh vuf½kH;wyftcsdKU&dSonf/ 138/ wm0efe,fajr (Area of responsibility) A defined area of land in which responsiblity is specially assigned to a commander for the development and maintenance of installations and control of the movement and conduct of tactical operations invalving troops under his control, along with parallel authority to exercise these functions.

uefYowf 9 'kwd,tqifh vkyfief;wm0ef[kac:qdkEdkifonf/ wdkufcdkufa&;wyfzGJUrsm;rS 'kwd, vkyfief;wm0efudk aqmif&Guf&onf/ 'kwd,ppfaMumif;rS aqmif&Gufavh&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY qufvdkuf&nfrSef;csufudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcsdefudkufn§dEdIif;zGJUpnf;aqmif&Guf&onf/ 31/

The depth of the area to be captured through accomplishment of the initail mission and follow up mission.

ueOD;&nfreS ;f csuEf iS hf qufvu kd &f nfreS ;f csuw f u Ykd kd odr;f ydu k Nf y;D e,fajrtm; euf½iId ;f pGmwdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ydu k jf cif;jzpfonf/ 32/

wm0efe,fajr wyfrBuD;(odkY) wyfawmfrSL;wdkYrS owfrSwfxm;aom e,fajrjzpfonf/ 139/ vGrf;rdk;e,fajr (Area of influence) A geographical area where in a commander is directly capable of influencing operations, by manoeuver of fire-support systems normally under his command of control. Area of influence begins at the area of interest and ends at the rare boundary that is defined by superior. It should be 150 kilometer (or) 90 miles in depth.

vGrf;rdk;e,fajr wyfrBuD; ppfqifrIe,fajr\ tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfNyD; yx0D0iftaetxm;t& ydik ;f jcm;avh&o dS nf/ a&SUumwyf? a&SU&Hwyfrsm;tygt0if uDvrkd w D m 150 rdik f (90)txd&o dS ifh onf/ (72)em&DtwGif; tusdK;oufa&mufapEdkifrnfh &efolYwyfrsm;yg0ifap&rnf/ cGmppf (Retrograde) 140/ cGmppft"dyÜg,f (Definition) A retrogarade operation is a movement to rear or away from the enemy. These operations may be forced by enemy action or may be made voluntarily. In either event such and action must be approved by the higher commander. A wellplanned and organized retrograde, aggressively executed, provides opportunities for inflicting heavy damage to enemy troops and material.

uefYowf

&nfrSef;csufxk (Depth of misson)

umwyf (Covering Force)

The troops undertaking the task of covering the other troops. The purpase of sending out covering force is to guard against the enemy's raid from the ground and from the air so as to ensurd the security of troops and important targets. For example- The troops undertaking the covering task in withdrawal from a bottle or in retreat.

tjcm;wyfrsm;tm; &efolwdkufckdufjcif;rS umuG,f&efwm0ef,laqmif&Guf&aom wyfjzpfonf/ umwyfonf &efoal 0[if? ajrjyifwrYkd S pD;eif;wdu k cf u kd jf cif;r&Sad p&ef rdrw d yfrsm; vHNk cKH a&;tm; wm0ef,al qmif&u G af y;&onf/ wdu k yf rJG q S w k cf mG pOfwiG v f nf;aumif;? aemuf ydkif;odkY qkwfcGm&mwGifvnf;aumif;? vHkNcHKa&;aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ 33/

ypfulay;tzGJU (Fire Group)

The combat group undertaking the task of fire support in an assault team in an offensive positional operation. It has mainly the elements of machinegun, recoilless gun mortar.

wdu k pf pfqif&mwGif acsreI ;f a&;wyfrsm;tm; ypfual y;wm0ef,&l onfh wdu k cf u kd af &; wyfzGJU0ifyifjzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif vufeufrsm;? pdefajymif;? armfwmrsm;yg&Sdonf/ 34/

t"duwdkufppf (Main Attack)

Also called main assault. It is attack conducted by the attacking troops with concentration of force in the main derection. The purpase is to penetrate the enemy's defence quickly and brank up and annihilate the enemy.

uefYowf

uefYowf 10 t"duacsreI ;f a&;[kvnf;ac:onf/ &nfreS ;f csut f m; t"duvrf;aMumif;rS tiftm; pkpnf;wdu k cf u kd af omwyfjzpfonf/ &nf&, G cf surf mS &efocl pH pftm; vQijf refpmG xd;k azmufwu kd f ckduf&ef csdK;azmufwdkufcdkuf&efESifh acsrIef;&efjzpfonf/ 35/

t"dur[kwfaomwdkufppf (Secondary Attack)

Also called supplementary assault. It is attack conducted by part of the attacking troops in the secondary direction. The purpose is to cooperate with the main attacking troops in wiping out the enemy.

acsreI ;f a&;taxmuftuljyKwyfzUJG [kvnf; ac:qdEk ikd o f nf/ wdu k cf u kd af &;wyfrsm;rS &efou l kd a,mifjytjcm;ae&mrS wdu k cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ &nf&, G cf surf mS t"duwdu k cf u kd af &; wyfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;n§Ed iId ;f í &efot l m;acsreI ;f &Si;f vif;&efjzpfonf/ 36/

acsrIef;jcif; (Assault)

The attacking infantry (motorized and mechanized infanty) and tank units fiercely charge with-out stop towards the close-range objective, wiping the enemy out with point-blank fire, handgrenades, bayonet charge and tank movements.

wdu k cf u dk af &;ajcvsiw f yfrsm;(,mOfwifajcvsiw f yfrsm;tygt0if) wifw h yfzUJG rsm;onf &nfreS ;f csut f m; vsijf refpmG xd;k azmufwu kd cf u kd jf cif;? &Si;f vif;wdu k cf u kd jf cif;? vufypfA;kH rsm; ypfcwfwdkufcdkufjcif;? vSHpGyfxdk;acsrIef;jcif;ESifh wifhrsm;tm;a&GUvsm;wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ 37/

forces allocated to this echelon will consist of both corps and divisional assests, and may include air and armour cavalry, armour, air defence, attack helicopters, artillery, engineers and mechanised infentry elements backed up by tactical air support. The covering force will fight a major battle to wear down the enemy, to strip way his reconnaissance force, to force him to deplay and conduct deliberate attacks.

vHkNcHKa&;e,fajr a&SUumwyfEiS hf &efox l ad wGUrIrsO;f rS yifrwdu k yf eJG ,fajr\ a&SUcHppfpnf;txdjzpfonf/ &efolYwdkufppfudk BudKwifodEdkifatmif wdkufuif;? axmufuif;? umuif;ponfh vHkNcHKa&; wyfxm;&dSonf/ &efoludk[efYwm;jcif;? z½dkz&Jjzpfapjcif;? aESmifhaES;apjcif;jzifh yifrwyfudk jyifqifcsed &f &do S nf/ The main battle area of the division begins at the division begins at the forward adge of battle field area and extends to a considerable depth to the rear boundries of the forward brigades. Due to the large fountages, a division may occupy the main battle area with all the three brigades up. The divisional commander retains total control to permit repaid shiffing of forces between brigades and the reserve to ensure a correct combat power ratio at the critical place and line. A pre-requisite for these tactics is mechanized infantry, capable of moving with the tanks and fighting from armoured personnel carriers.

yifrwdkufyGJe,fajr

azmufppf (Pentration)

An operational ation taken by troops to open a breach in hostile defensive position or operational disposition. There are tactical penetration. Campaign penetration and straegic penetration.

38/

uefYowf 43

azmuf0ifjcif; (Breach)

The openning made in hostile defensive position or operational disposition. It's width and depth should ensure a smooth commitment of the follow-up echelon to combat, especially the tank and motorized units.

&efo\ l pepfwus cHppftaetxm;tm; yGix hf u G o f mG ;ap&ef wdu k cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ &efolcHppf\ tus,fESifhxktm; pepfwuscsdK;azmuf0ifa&mufNyD; qufvdkuftzGJUrsm;jzifh csw d q f ufwu kd cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh wifEh iS , hf mOfwifwyfrsm;toH;k jyK csw d q f uf&onf/ uefYowf

a&SUcHppfpnf;rS aemufyikd ;f txd owfrw S x f m;onf/ cHppftqHt k jzwf wku d yf rJG sm;udk a&SUcHppfpnf;ESihf yifrwdu k yf eGJ ,fajrMum;wGif qifE&JG wwfonf/ yifrwdu k yf eJG ,fajrtwGi;f tEÅ&m,ftrsm;qH;k cHppftuefUudk tajrmuf? avaMumif;? tif*sief , D mwdjYk zifh OD;pm;ay;ae&m csxm;&onf/ rdkif;uGif;twm;tqD;rsm;udk yifrwdkufyGJae&m\ a&SUücsxm;&onf/ ¤if;udk ypftm;jzifh xde;f csKyf umuG,&f onf/ &efoal zmuf0ifvmEkid yf gu wefjyefwu kd pf pfvyk &f rnf/ 137/ aemufydkif;e,fajr (Rear or reserve area) The rear (or) reserve area begins of rear boundary of the main battle area and extend to a considerable depth to the rear boundary that is defined by surperior. A division will rarely be able to retain more than a two unit sized reserve.

uefYowf

uefYowf 11

uefYowf 42 132/ jzwfausmf&yf Passage point

39/

A place where units will pass through one another either in an advance or a withdrawal. It is located where the commander desires, subordinate units to physically execute a passage of lines.

An operational ation taken by troops to win still greater victories on the basic of success already obtained.

jzwfausmf&yf

rdrd\atmifjrifrItm; tjrwfxkwfatmifajrcsJUwdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ 40/

wyfrsm;csDwuf&mwGif (odkY) qkwfcGm&mwGif wyfwpfwyfESifhwpfwyftjyeftvSef jzwfausmaf omae&m? vufatmufcw H yfrsm;twGuf jzwfausmv f rf;udk wyfrLS ;rS ae&mowf rSwo f nf/ 133/ jzwfausmfvrf; (Passage lane) Areas along which a passing unit moves to avoid stationary units and obstacles.

jzwfausmfvrf; cHppf,x l m;aom wyf\twm;tqD;udk jzwfausm&f eftwGuf owfrw S af y;xm;aom vrf;jzpfonf/ 134/ euf½dIif;e,fajr (Deep battle area)

tjrwfxkwfatmifajrcsJUjcif; (Exploitation of Success)

ab;yefwufwdkufcdkufjcif; (Outflanking)

The monoeuvre towards the enemy's rear, which is conducted under the condition that the enemy has an exposed flank or a big gap in his defensive disposition. The purpose is to cut off the enemy's retreat, stop his reinforcements and cooperate with the frontal attacking force and flanking surrounding force in annihilatong the enemy. It is divided into tactical outflanking, campaign outflanking and strategic outflanking.

&efol\aemufydkifodkY ppfupm;wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ &efol\[maeaom ab;eH (odrYk [kw)f cHppfrv S pS [ f maeaomae&mtm; yefwufwu kd cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ &nf&, G cf surf mS &efolqkwfcGmrItm; jzwfawmuf&ef? &efolYppfultm; [efYwm;&yfwefY&ef? a&SUrsufESmpm wdu k pf pfEiS hf yl;aygif;wdu k cf u kd af csreI ;f &ef 0dik ;f &Hxm;aomwyfrsm;ESihf &efot l m;acsreI ;f wdu k cf u kd f &efjzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif ppfenf;AsL[mwdu k yf BJG u;D rsm;ESihf ppfr[mAsL[mt& ab;yef;wufwu kd f cdkufjcif;[lí (3)rsdK;cGJjcm;xm;onf/

Deep battle area begins at the area of interest and ends at the covering force area.

41/

euf½dIif;e,fajr

A dummy and false attack, which is taken to mislead the enemy and conceal one's real intention.

cHppf\a&SUumwyf? a&SU&Hwyfpaom vHNk cKH a&;wyfrsm;xm;&Sad omae&mrSpí axmufvrS ;f e,fajrtpxd e,fajrudkac:onf/

a,mifjywdkufckdufjcif; (Feint Attack)

a,mifjywdu k cf u kd jf cif;ESihf twkta,mifwu kd cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ &efot l m;rdrw d u kd pf pf\ &nf&G,fcsuftm; rod&Sdap&efESifh ½IwfaxG;oGm;ap&ef wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ csDppf (Advance)

136/ Covering force area

42/

The covering force area begins at the line of contact (forward line of own troops) (border) and ends at the forward edge of battlefield area. At corps level,

t"dyÜg,f (Definition)

Advance is a tactical movement marching with expecting that will contact with enemy on the way or destination or after arriving at objective.

&efoEl iS x hf ad wGU&ef vrf;c&D;üjzpfap? vrf;c&D;tqH;k üjzpfap? a&muf&jdS y;D rMumrDwiG f jzpfap &efolESifh wdkufcdkuf&vdrfhrnf[laom ,lqcsufjzifh csDwuf&aom wdkufcdkufa&;a&TU ajymif;rIyifjzpfonf/ uefYowf

uefYowf

uefYowf 41

uefYowf 12 43/

128/ tcsuftjcmajr (Vital ground)

&nf&G,fcsuf (Purpose) (a) To destroy the enemy. (b) To regain contact with enemy. (c) To create the opportunity for final assault.

(u) &efoEl iS x hf ad wGUNy;D acsreI ;f &ef/ (c) tqufjywfoGm;aom &efoludk xdawGUrIjyefvnf&&Sdap&ef/ (*) tqHk;jzwfay;rnfh acsrIef;a&;twGuf tajctaezefwD;Ekdif&ef/ 44/

trsdK;tpm; (Categories) (a) The advance to contact. (b) The follow up of a planned strategic withdrawal. (c) Pursuit.

(u) &efoEl iS x hf ad wGU&efcsw D ufjcif;/ (c) tpDtpOfjzifh qkwfcGmaom&efoludkvdkufjcif;/ (*) ½IH;edrfhíz½dkz&JxGufajy;aom&efolaemufodkY xyfcsyfvdkufjcif;/ 45/

&efolESifhxdawGU&efcsDwufjcif; (The Advance to Contact)

The advance will general be opposed by an enemy unbeaten in battle and operating on a well considered and coordinated plan a degree of initiative may be possessed by both sides. Tactical emphasis will be on wide reconnaissance with main forces kept concentrated for the have to be taken, particularly when contact is iminent.

46/

Ground, the capture of which by the attacker, will render the defender incapable of fighting a successful defensive battle in that defended zone or sector, is termed vital ground.

tcsuftjcmajr cHppfae&m,l&mwGif tcsut f jcmtusq;kH ESihf ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfí umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f xm;onfhae&mrsdK;jzpfonf/ 129/ ppfAsL[mta&;BuD;ajr (Ground of tactical importance) Ground, the loss of which will have a corresponding effect on the defence, below divisional level, as the loss of vital ground has at divisional (or ) higher level.

ppfAsL[mta&;BuD;ajr ppfenf;AsL[mt& wdu k yf aJG tmifjrifa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyKaomajr? tcsuf tjcmavmuf ta&;rBuD;aomfvnf; rdrdcHppftm; Ncdrf;ajcmufEdkifaomae&mjzpfonf/ 130/ wdkufyGJae&m (Battle position) A defensive location on the ground, selected on the basic of terrain and available weapons, from which units can defend of attack.

&efolESifhxdawGU&efcsDwufjcif; (u) us,fjyefpGmuif;axmufjcif;/ (c) yifrwyfurkd oH;k bJ &efoEl iS &hf ifqikd Ef ikd &f ef toifjh yifqifxm;jcif;/ (*) tajctaezefwD;EdkifcGifh vuf0,fxm;jcif;/

wdkufyGJae&m

tpDtpOfjzifh qkwcf mG aom&efou l v kd u kd jf cif; (The follow up of planned stategic

131/ n§dEdIif;&yf (Coordinating point)

withdrawal) Bold action and calculated risks, to maintain contact and there by exploit the initiative which the attacker always holds. In following up a deliberate withdrawal, that need is tempered by the importance of reataining balance through out the force at all times, so that enemy counter thrusts can be resisted without disrupting or slow down the advance.

uefYowf

wyfrsm;cHppf,lEdkif&ef ajrtaetxm;ESifh &&Sdaomvufeufrsm;tay: tajccHí a&G;cs,fxm;aom cHppfae&mjzpfonf/

A designated point at which, in all types of combat, adjacent units or formations must make contact for purpose of control and coordination.

n§dEdIif;&yf cHppf,x l m;aom wyfEpS w f yf ypfcwfrEI iS hf ppfupm;rItwGuf tjyeftvSet f ultnD ay;Edik &f ef e,ferd w d af y:wGif ESpb f ufwyfrLS ;rsm; awGUqHNk y;D aygif;pyfnEd§ iId ;f owfrw S x f m;aom ae&mjzpfonf/ uefYowf

uefYowf 13 tpDtpOfjzifhqkwfcGmaom&efoludkvdkufjcif; (u) vsijf refrEI iS &hf UJ 0Hph mG pGepYf m;aqmif&u G jf cif;/ (c) [efcsun f jD cif;/ (*) a&SUwef;wGif wyfrsm;vHkavmufpGmxm;&jcif;/

uefYowf 40 cHppfypfta&;BuD; cHppfypfteD;xJrS ta&;Bu;D qH;k ypfrw S (f odrYk [kw)f tEÅ&m,ftjyKEikd q f ;kH ypfrw S u f kd cHppf ypfrw S u f kd cHppfypfta&;Bu;D tjzpf a&G;cs,o f nf/ wdu k ½f u kd t f ulay;aom tajrmufwyfzUGJ onf cHppfypfta&;Bu;D ypfrw S af y:odYk csed w f , G x f m;Ny;D &S&d rnf/ cHppfypfta&;Bu;D ypfrw S o f nf oufqdkif&mvufeufrsm;\ab;uif;rItuGmta0;twGif; rjzpfap&/ 126/ umwyf (Covering force) A force generally composed of all arms working ahead of the defensive position to observe harass and delay the enemy's advance so that he is prevented from interfering with our defensive preparations. A company or more troops in reserve force are selected and composed by divisional commander or deputy divisional commander. It is placed with (8)miles and (15) miles ahead of the defensive position.

47/

The pursuing force must act with greater boldress and take risks which enemy would not ordinarily take. Initiative, dask and speed will be of paramount importance. Preplanning will be necessary to ensure that the situation is fully exploited and if nessary deep penetration must be made to disrupt the enemy. Some element of security may have to be sacrificed in the interest of speed and the necessity to remain in contact at all times.

½HI;edrfhíxGufajy;aom&efolaemufodkY xyfcsyfvdkufjcif; (u) &JU0Hph mG aqmif&u G jf cif;/ (c) ywfoufEdkifonfhtcGifhta&;udk vufrvTwfapjcif;/ (*) wyfrLS ;\qH;k jzwfcsut f a&;Bu;D jcif;/ (C) &&SdaomtcGifhta&; roHk;wwfygu tcGifhta&;qHk;½IH;wwfjcif;/

umwyf yifrcHppfae&m a&SU&efou l kd [efpY pfqif&eftwGuf wm0efxrf;aqmifonfh a&TUajymif; &vG,u f al omwyfzUJG rsKd ;jzpfonf/ umwyfukd wyfrrSL;? 'kwyfrrSL;wdu Yk wyfrt&HwyfrS wyfcJG wpfcGJ (odkYr[kwf) xdkxufydkaom tiftm;jzifh zGJUpnf;apvTwfonfh cHppfpnf;a&SU (8)rdkifrS (15)rdkiftwGif; ae&mcsxm;avh&Sdonf/ a&TUajymif;&vG,fulaom vuf½Hk;wyfrsm;jzifh tcsKd ;uszUJG pnf;onf/

48/

a&GUajymif;rIyHkpHrsm; (Types of movements) (u) enf;AsL[ma&GUajymif;rI (Tactical moves) (c) ppfqifa&;a&GUajymif;rI (Operational moves) (*) r[mAsL[ma&GUajymif;rI (Strategic moves) (C) tkyfcsKyfa&;a&GUajymif;rI (Administrative moves)

49/

enf;AsLl[ma&GUajymif;rI (Tactical moves)

127/ umuif; (Screen) Detachment, generally composed of all arms, occuping an area of ground so as to interfere, as much as possible, with the enemy's preparations for attack: the aim being to prevent enemy observation and reconnaissance of the forward defended localities and the main obstical and to make him deploy earlier than necessary. It is placed with (800)yards to (1500)yards of the defensive position.

umuif; a&SUumwyf&o dS nfjzpfap? r&So d nfjzpfap yifrcHppfaemufukd &efou l if;raxmufEikd &f ef cHppfpnf;a&SU (800)udu k rf S (1500)udu k t f wGi;f csxm;aomwyfjzpfonf/ wpfcx k ufrenf;aom tiftm;&S&d rnf/

uefYowf

½IH;edrfhíxGufajy;aom &efolaemufodkYxyfcsyfvdkufjcif; (Pursuit)

These ate moves carried out by formations and units when they are tactically grouped and are either moving deployed for battle or are moving ready for deployment into battle. The movement of the leading brigade in an advance, the movement of and advance guard or the movement of the various groups of an infantry brigade from assembly area to a forming up place and beyond, during an attack are examples of tactical moves.

wdkufyGJ0ifrnfhtaetxm;jzifhwyfjzefYí toifha&GUajymif;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) wdkufyGJ 0ifEikd &f eftwGuf wyfjzefaY &GUajymif;rIuekd nf;AsL[majrmufzUJG pnf;aomtcg wyf&if;ESiw hf yfzUJG rsm;tm;jzifh aqmif&u G &f aom a&GUajymif;rIrsm;jzpfonf/ cspD pfwiG f a&SUajy;AsL[m\a&GUajymif;rI? uefYowf

uefYowf 14 a&SU&Hwyf\a&GUajymif;rI? pk&yfrS pD&yfodkYcsDwufaeaom ajcvsifppfAsL[mwpfck\ trsdK;rsdK; aomtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ a&GUajymif;rIrsm;onf enf;AsL[ma&GUajymif;rI om"ursm;yifjzpfonf/ 50/

ppfqifa&;a&GUajymif;rI (Operational moves)

These are move carried out by formations and units, within a higher formation's operational zone of sector, in pursuance of an operational plan. Movements from permanent location to concentration area, or deployment areas (for defence) or from concentration area to assembly area, generally, neither tactically grouped nor deploy for contact with the enemy.

ppfqifa&;pDrcH sut f wdik ;f txufwyfzUJG Bu;D rsm;\ ppfqifa&;e,f(odrYk [kw)f tuefY twGif; wyf&if;rsm;ESifhwyfzGJUrsm; trsm;tm;jzifh aqmif&Guf&aom a&GUajymif;rIjzpfonf/ wyf&if;XmecsKyrf sm;rS aygif;&yfae&mrsm; (od)Yk wyfjzef&Y efae&mrsm; cHppftwGuf (od)Yk aygif;&yf ae&mrsm;rS pk&yfae&mrsm;odkY a&GUajymif;rIrsm;onf ppfqifa&;a&GUajymif;rI om"ursm;yif jzpfonf/ xdo k aYkd om a&GUajymif;rIrsm;wGif wyfzUJG rsm;ESihf wyf&if;rsm;udk &efoEl iS x hf ad wGU&ef arQmfvifhcsufjcifh enf;AsL[majrmuf wyfjzefYzGJUpnf;rIryg0ifay/ 51/

r[mAsL[ma&GUajymif;rI (Stategic moves)

These are moves carried out by formations and units from one theatre to another in Pursuance of a strategic plan. They are planned and controlled by Army Headquater.

r[mAsL[mpDrHcsuft& ppfajrjyifwpfckrS tjcm;ppfajrjyifwpfckodkY wyf&if;rsm;ESifh wyfzUJG rsm;tm;jzifah qmif&u G &f aom a&GUajymif;rIjzpfonf/ ppf½;kH csKyrf S xde;f csKypf rD cH suaf &;qGo J nf/ 52/

tkyfcsKyfa&;a&GUajymif;rI (Administrative moves)

Moves of formation and units other than tatical, operational or straegic are called Administrative moves. Moves of units for routine relief (Infantry Relief, Artillery Relief, Engineer Relief) or moves or formation and units to changes their locations are example of such moves.

enf;AsL[mppfqifa&; (od)Yk r[mAsL[ma&GUajymif;rIr[kwaf om wyf&if;rsm;ESiw hf yfzUJG rsm;\ a&GUajymif;rIrsm;udk tkycf sKyaf &;a&GUajymif;rI[ak c:onf/ omrefvyk ½f ;kd vkypf Of xGucf mG rItwGuf wyf&if;rsm;a&GUajymif;rI (ajcvsix f u G cf mG rI? tajrmufxu G cf mG rI? tif*sief , D mxGuf cGmrI)(od)Yk ae&mopfoYkd wyf&if;wyfzUJG rsm;a&GUajymif;rIukd tkycf sKyaf &;a&GUajymif;rI[ak c:onf/

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uefYowf 39 Defensive fire tasks in depth in depth are selected usually off the map by the brigade commander advised by the affiliated artillery commandering officer. However, at successively higher level, such as divisional commander and commander and commander artiliery brigade more may be added.

cHppfypfcwfrIta0; &efow l u kd pf pfjyifqifaerIukd ysujf ym;ap&ef &nf&, G o f nf/ pD&yforYkd csw D ufrD pk&yf ae&m&Sd &efow l yfrsm; wdu k cf u kd &f efjzpfonf/ pD&yftvGeyf pfrw S rf sm;jzpfonf/ ppfAsL[mrSL;rS tajrmufwyfrSL;ESifh n§dEdIif;a&G;cs,favh&Sdonf/ wyfrrSL;rS jznfhpGufrIjyKEdkifonf/ 124/ cHppfypfcwfrI (teD;) (Close defensive fire tasks) These tasks are selected dose in front of the forward defended localities with the aim of breaking up the attack at the forming up place, on the start line or during the actual assault. They are closen by infantry battlion commanders advised by their battery commander. Close defensive fire should be a minimun of 250 meters away for field guns and 350 meters away for medium gun.

cHppfypfcwfrI (teD;) &efo\ l wdu k cf u kd rf u I kd NyKd uo JG mG ;ap&ef &nf&, G o f nf/ &efot l m;pD&yfEiS hf prsO;f Mum; wdu k yf 0JG ifpOfwpfavsmufv;kH ypfcwf&\/ cHppfteD;uyf ypfrw S rf sm;rSm rdrcd pH pfpnf;ESihf &efoYl pD&yfMum;wGifjzpfonf/ ¤if;udk wyf&if;rSL;ESifhtajrmufwyfcGJrSL;wdkYu n§dEdIif;a&G;cs,fonf/ (vdktyfu rdrdcHppfpnf;wGif a&G;cs,fEdkifonf) cHppfteD;ypfrSwfrsm;rSm tayghpm;tajrmuf BuD;rsm;ESifh tenf;qHk;rDwm 250 cefYa0;uGmoifhNyD; tvwfpm;tajrmufrsm;ESifh 350 rDwmcefu Y mG a0;pGm&So d ifo h nf/ 125/ cHppfypfta&;BuD; (Defensive fire (SOS) tasks) These are the most dangerous close defensive fire tasks selected with the aim or breaking up an enemy's assault on which guns and mortars are kept laid when not engaged on other tasks and which are brought bown immediately in reply to the SOS call. For defensive fire (SOS) tasks which may well be selected very near the localities, the distance from occupied localities should not generally be closer than the minimun safety distance for that weapon.

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uefYowf 38

uefYowf 15 csDppf\ tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; (FUNDAMENTALS OF ADVANCE)

qufoG,f&yf

53/

ESpzf UJG xufyakd om wyfzUJG rsm; wpfzUJG ESiw hf pfzUJG ajrjyifqufo, G rf v I yk Ef ikd &f ef owfrw S f xm;aomajrjyifü odomxif&Sm;vG,faom ae&mjzpfonf/ ¤if;udk ( Œ )oauFwjzifh azmfjyonf/

FUNDAMENTALS OF ADVANCE (a) wide reconnaissance. (b) Maintenance of momentum. (c) Air support. (d) Decentralization. (e) Proper composition. (f) Order of march. (g) Morale. (h) Administration and logistic. (i) Command, control and communication.

121/ cHppfypfcwfrI (Defensive fire) Fire which is prearranged and can be brought down quickly to disorganise the enemy's preparations for attack and to break up his assault when it is deliveued.

cHppfypfcwfrI cHppfypfcwfrIqdkonfrSm &efol\wdkufppfqif&ef jyifqifrIudk NydKuGJap&ef? &efolrS wdkufcdkufvmaomtcgü ¤if;\acsrIef;a&;udk csdK;zsuf&ef BudKwifpDpOfxm;aom ypfcwfrI jzpfonf/

csDppf\tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; (u) us,fjyefYpGmowif;axmufjcif;/ (c) cspD pft[keu f x kd ed ;f odr;f jcif;/ (*) avaMumif;tiftm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;/ (C) vufatmufodkYtmPmjzefYa0ay;xm;jcif;/ (i) rSeu f efpmG pkzUJG aygif;pyfjcif;/ (p) csw D ufrt I pDtpOfaumif;jcif;/ (q) pdw"f mwfMuchH ikd af umif;rGejf cif;/ (Z) tkyfcsKyfrIESifh axmufyHhydkYaqmifa&;pepfaumif;jcif;/ (ps) BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrIESifh qufoG,frIpepfaumif;jcif;/

122/ cHppfypfcwfrI (Defensive fire tasks) The aim of defensive is to disorganise the enemy's preparation for attack and break up his assault when it is delivered. The defensive fire plan must be drawn up early in the planning stage. It should be ensured that the plan cover the whole fornt and that the maximun artillery resourses can be concentrated on any position of the front.

cHppfypfcwfrI

54/

&efow l u kd &f efjyifqifru I kd ysujf ym;ap&efEiS hf &efow l u kd pf pfukd NyKd uaJG p&ef&nf&, G o f nf/ cHppfypfcwfrIudk pDrHcsufa&;qGJpOfuyif xnfhoGif;a&;qGJ&onf/ cHppfypfcwfrIonf cHppf a&SUrsuEf mS pmwpfcv k ;kH udk cHppfpnf;a&SU&Sd rnfonfah e&mudrk qdk tajrmufrsm;\ pk½;kH ypfcwfrI jzifh vTrf;rdk;xm;oifhonf/ 123/ cHppfypfcwfrIta0; (Defensive fire tasks in depth) These are essentially enemy's assembly areas, apporaches to forming up place (FUP) his reserves and headquarters. Primarily these tasks are engaged before the enemy forms up for an attack. Tasks in depth with the aim of disorganising the enemy's preparations for an attack.

uefYowf

us,fjyefYpGmuif;axmufjcif; (WIDE RECONNAISSANCE) The task of wide reconnaissance are (a) To locate the enemy delaying positions. (b) To detect gaps or lightly held areas in the enemy defensive system which can be exploited to envelop or bypass the enemy. (c) To obtain information on going and routes. There are two categories of reconnaissance. They are (1) Air reconnaissance. (2) Ground reconnaissance.

uefYowf

uefYowf 16 (u) &efo[ l efpY pfqifwu kd cf u kd Ef ikd af omae&mrsm;/ (c) &efolYcHppf\aysmhuGuf (odkYr[kwf) [muGuf&Sdaomae&mrsm;? ¤if;ae&mrsm;rS rdrdwyfrsm; jzwfodef;ppfupm;wdkufcdkufEdkifonf/ (*) csDwufrnfhvrf;aMumif;\ aemufqHk;owif;tajctae (1) a0[ifru S if;axmufjcif;/ (2) ajrjyifru S if;axmufjcif;/ 55/

uif;axmuf&efvdktyfcsuf (FACTORS NEEDED FOR RECONNAIS-

SANCE) (a) Enemy. (b) Terrain. (1) Vital ground. (2) Ground of tactical importance. (3) Observaion & Field of fire. (4) Cover & concealment. (5) Obstacles. (6) Approach.

uif;axmuf&efvdktyfcsuf

cHppfe,f wyf&if;tqifh cHppf,x l m;aomae&m? cHppfa'orsm; xk&adS tmif zGUJ pnf;xde;f csKyx f m; aomppfqifa&;e,fajrjzpfonf/ 117/ cHppfrsufESmtuefY (Defended sector) Ground, organised for defence by a formation for example, brigade or divisional defended sector.

cHppfrsufEsmtuefY wyfzGJUBuD;wpfck cHppf,lxm;aome,fajr? ppfAsL[m(odkYr[kwf) wyfrtqifhcHppf qifonfhrsufESmpmtuefYjzpfonf/ 118/ e,fedrdwf (Boundary) A control measure drawn along indentifiable terrain features and used to delibrate areas of tactical responsibility for subordinate units of a military force.

e,fedrdwf wm0ef,lxdef;odrf;xm;&rnfh cHppfa&SU^0J^,mESifh aemufe,fpyfwpfavQmufudk ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/

(u) &efo/l (c) ajrtaetxm;/ (1) tcsuftjcmajr/ (2) ppfAsL[mta&;BuD;ajr/ (3) ypfuiG ;f jrifuiG ;f / (4) tumtuG,Ef iS zhf ;kH uG,rf /I (5) twm;tqD;/ (6) csO;f uyf&mvrf;aMumif;/ 56/

uefYowf 37

csDppfpDrHcsufjyKvkyf&mwGif yg0if&rnfhtcsufrsm; (FACTORS SHOULD

BE INCIUDEN IN MAKING PLAN) (a) Missions to contact with enemy. (b) Holding ground. (c) Correct grouping. (d) Tasks for own troops. (e) Gap and deloyment between own troops.

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119/ a&SUcHppfpnf; (Forward adge of battle area) A lind where one's ground troops directly face the forces of the enemy being seen as the forward edge of a deep battlefield.

a&SUcHppfpnf; a&SUwef;tusqHk; pcef;a'orsm;\ wpfckESifhwpfck qufpyfxm;aom tMurf;zsOf; rsOf;aMumif;wpfavQmufudk a&SUcHppfpnf;[kac:onf/ 120/ qufoG,f&yf (Contact points) A point in the terrain, easily indentifiable, where two or more units are required to make physical contact with one another. It is depicted by cross symbol.

uefYowf

uefYowf 36 (c) euf½iId ;f e,fajr (Deep Battle Area) (*) vHkNcHKa&;e,fajr (Covering force Area) (C) yifrwdkufyGJe,fajr (Main Battle Area) (i) aemufydkif; (t&H)e,fajr (Rear Area) txufyge,fajr (5)ckv;kH udk wm0efe,fajr[kac:onf/ (All areas are called as area of responsibility)

113/ Defende post The defence held by a small sub-units, such as infantry section. Defended posts are grouped together in mutual support, to form a defended locality.

114/ cH p pf p cef ;

uefYowf 17 (f) The time by which advance can commence and time by which the task should be completed. (g) Defining boundary. (h) Portection from assault aircraft. (i) Rate of march. (j) Axis. (k) Column. (l) Assembly area, start line and H-hour. (m) Report line. (n) Bound. (o) Logistic. (p) Location of headquarter. (q) Communication.

An area of operational responsibility containing group of mutually supporting defended localities organised in depth, such as a battalion defended area.

csDppfpDrHcsufjyKvkyf&mwGif yg0if&rnfhtcsufrsm; (u) &efoEl iS x hf ad wGUrnf&h nfreS ;f csuaf e&mrsm;/ (c) tcsut f jcmajrESihf ppfAsL[mta&;Bu;D ajrae&mwdt Yk & OD;pm;ay;odr;f ydu k &f ef ajrae&mrsm;/ (*) wyftpdwftydkif; toD;oD;twGuf [efcsufnDaompkzGJUyHk/ (C) wyfzUJG tvdu k w f m0ef/ (i) wyfrsm;tuGmta0;? wyfjzefYyHk/ (p) pwifcsDwuf&efESifh NyD;&rnfhtcsdefrsm;/ (q) uGyfuJrIvG,ful&ef e,fedrdwfowfrSwfjcif;/ (Z) ajrjyifESifhavaMumif;&efwdkY umuG,fa&;tpDtpOfrsm;/ (ps) csw D ufEeI ;f / (n) csw D uf&efA[drk sO;f / (#) cspD pfvrf;aMumif;/ (X) pk&yf? prsOf;? e-em&D/ (!) owif;ydrYk sO;f / (¡) wpfaxmufem;&yf/ (P) axmufyHhyHkESifh ydkYaqmifa&;tpDtpOf/ (w) XmecsKyfrsm; wnfae&m/ (x) qufo, G af &;tpDtpOf/

uefYowf

wyfpw d t f qifh wyfzUJG i,frsm;tm;jzifh xde;f csKyx f m;aom cHppfae&mjzpfonf/ cHppf a'ozGJUpnf;Edkif&ef cHppfpcef;rsm;udk tjyeftvSeftaxmuftuljyKí pkzGJUonf/ 115/ cHppfa'o (Defended Locality) An area of ground, organised or sited for all round defence, such as, a platoon or a company defended locality. It consits of a group of multually supportion sub-units organised in depth. Those defender localities which are likely to come first in contact with the enemy, are termed as forwarded localities.

cHppfa'o wyfpw k pfp(k odrYk [kw)f wyfcw JG pfcJG cHppf,x l m;aom e,fajrywfvnf cHppftwGuf yHpk cH sxm;aom (od)Yk zGUJ pnf;xm;aom ajrae&mjzpfonf/ xkjzifzh UJG pnf;xm;Ny;D tjyeftvSef taxmuftuljyKaom wyfzUJG rsm;yg0ifonf/ &efoEl iS hf yxrOD;qH;k xdawGUrI&adS om txufyg cHppfa'orsm;udk a&SUcHppfa'o[kac:onf/ 116/ cHppfe,f (Defended Area)

57/

uefYowf 18 csDppfpDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (PLANNING CONSID-

ERATIONS) (a) Mission. (b) Enemy strength, composition, depositions, probable intention and likely courses of action. (c) Terrain between own troops and enemy including presence of natural and artificial obstacles. (d) Concept of local resident. (e) Routes. (f) Availability of own resources. (g) Logistics.

csDppfpDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (u) rdrv d yk af qmif&rnfh ppfqifa&;\&nf&, G cf su/f (c) &efolYtajctae? vufeufBuD;ESifh wyfjzefYrItaetxm;? rdrdtaetxm; aygif;pyfnEd§ iId ;f rI/ (*) rdrEd iS &hf efoMl um;ajrtaetxm; obm0? vlvyk t f cuftcJEiS hf twm;tqD;rsm;/ (C) ¤if;a'o&Sd jynfolvlxkoabmxm;/ (i) toH;k jyKEikd rf nfv h rf;/ (p) rdrb d ufr&S Edik o f nft h axmuftulrsm;/ (q) rdr\ d axmufyahH &;tajctae/ 58/

csDppfwGif wyfpkzGJUrItpdwftydkif;rsm; (TACTICAL GROUPING) (a) Covering force. (b) Advance guard. (1) Van guard. (2) Main guard. (c) Main body. (d) Flank guard. (e) Rear guard.

uefYowf 35 109/ cHppfpDrHcsufrsm; (Outlines plan carried out in defence) (u) wyfESifhvufeufae&mcsxm;rIpDrHcsuf (Allocation of arms and services plan)

(c) twm;tqD;pDrHcsuf (Obstacles plan) (*) ypfcwfrI pDrHcsuf (Fire plan) (C) vHkNcHKa&;pDrHcsuf (security plan) (i) tkyfcsKyfrIpDrHcsuf ( Logistic plan) (p) qufo, G af &;pDrcH suf (Signal plan) (q) wefjyefwdkufcdkufrIpDrHcsuf (Counter attack plan) (Z) qkwcf mG rIprD cH suf (Withdrawal plan) 110/ ydwfqdkY&mwGif pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (Considerations for road block) (u) &efolYwifhum;vmEdkifonfhvrf; (Axes which the enemy's armour may approach)

(*) rdkif;uGif;rsm;csxm;&efae&m (Site to be laid down mine fields) (C) obm0twm;tqD;rsm;udk tusKd ;&Spd mG toH;k jyKjcif; (Maximun use of natural obstactes)

(i) vlvkyftwm;tqD;rsm; jznfhpGuftoHk;jyKjcif; (Using artificial obstactes combined with natural obstactes)

111/ t&Hxm;&Sd&onfhtaMumif;t&if; (Employment of Reserve) (u) wefjyefwdkufcdkuf&ef (To evecute counter attack) (c) &efolxdk;azmufrIudk ydwfqdkY&ef (To black hostile penetration) (*) ab;eHEiS ahf emufyikd ;f vHNk cKH rI (To extend the flanks of the battle position of occupy a rear position)

csDppfwGif wyfpkzGJUrItpdwftydkif;rsm; (u) a&SUumwyf/ (c) a&SU&Hwyf/ (1) a&SUajy;wyf/ (2) a&SU&Hwyf\ yifrwyf/

line units)

(i) pdrfh0ifvmaom&efoludk okwfoif&ef (To deal with infiltrators) 112/ wyfrBuD;(odkY) wyfrawmfcHppfe,fajrpkzGJUyHk (Frame work of defence) (u) axmufvSrf;e,fajr (Area of interest) uefYowf

uefYowf

uefYowf 34 (i) wyfzGJUrsm;cHppf,lxm;aom rsufESmpmonf ae&mcHppfwnfaqmufEdkifpGrf;udk ausmfvGefaomtcg (Frontage assigned to the defending force exceeds its capa-

uefYowf 19 (*) yifrwyf/ (C) ab;&Hwyf/ (i) aemuf&w H yf/

bility to establish effective positional defence)

(p) vIyf&Sm;cHppf,l&ef ajrtaetxm;Esifh &nfrSef;csuft& tajctaeay;onfh tjyif twGif;ydkif;üwdkfucdkufaomtcg (Ground and mission permit de-

59/

(a) To get opportunity of perparation for main body before contact with enemy. (b) To have security of the own troops. (c) Not to delay the march of main body.

fence to be rganized and fought in depth)

(q) cHppfjyifqifzGJUpnf;&ef tcsdefrvHkavmufaomtcg (Sufficient time is not available for organization and preparation of defence)

(Z) ajrtaetxm;\oGm;vmEdkifIonf vIyf&Sm;ppfqifrIudk jyKvkyfEdkifaomtcg (Trafficable of the ground permits mobile operation)

(ps) avaMumif;ta&;omrI&Sdaomtcg (Favourable air situration) 108/ ae&mcHppf,l&efzefwD;aomtcsufrsm; (Factors favouring positional defence)

a&SUumwyf\&nf&G,fcsuf (u) &efolESifhrxdawGUao;rDtajctaeudk apmpD;pGmpdwfBudKufzefwD;&ef/ (c) wyfzGJUwpfckvHk;\ vHkNcHKrIjyKvkyf&ef/ (*) yifrwyfcsw D ufru I kd aESmifah ES;rIr&Sad p&ef/ 60/

cific areas)

(c) cHppf,x l m;aomwyfrsm; vIy&f mS ;Edik rf eI nf;aomtcg (od)Yk wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f aom vIyf&Sm;Edkifaomtcg (defending forces tack mobility or are semi-mobile)

reserve)

(i) cHppf,l&efajrtaetxm;aumif;aomtcg (Good defensive terrain) (p) ajrtaetxm;t& cHppf,o l nfw h yfzUJG rsm;\ vIy&f mS ;Edik rf t I ay: uefo Y wfcsuf &Sdaomtcg (Restricting imposed on the mobility of the defending forces by terrain conditions)

(q) cHppfjyifqifzUJG pnf;&ef tcsed v f akH vmufaomtcg (Sufficient time is available for preparation and organization of defence)

(Z) cHppfe,fajrwGif xkr&Sdaomtcg (Lack of depth in the defensive area) uefYowf

a&SUumwyf\wm0ef (THE TASKS OF COVERING FORCE) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

(u) owfrSwfae&mwpfckudk xdef;odrf;&efvdktyfaomtcg (Need to retain spe-

(*) vIyf&Sm;Edkifaom t&HwyfrvHkavmufaomtcg (Lack of adequate mobile

a&SUumwyf\&nf&G,fcsuf (PURPOSE OF COVERING FORCE)

To get contact with enemy at an early stage. To occupy the ground of tactical importance. To drive in minor opposition. To carry out security for main body. To maintain the monentum of advance. To hold the enemy when its too strong.

a&SUumwyf\wm0ef (u) &efolESifh BudKwifxdawGUwdkufcdkuf&ef/ (c) ta&;BuD;ajrae&mrsm;tm; odrf;ydkuf&ef/ (*) &efolckcHrItm; wydkifwEdkiftwGif; acsrIef;wdkufcdkuf&ef/ (C) yifrvHNk cKH raI qmif&u G af y;&ef/ (i) csDppfaESmifhaES;rIr&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;&ef/ (p) &efoltiftm;rsm;ygu xdef;csKyfxm;&ef/ 61/

a&SU&Hwyf\&nf&G,fcsuf (PURPOSE OF ADVANCE GUARD) (a) To prevent the main body from running blindly into the enemy. (b) To drive in minor opposition of if opposition is too strong for it to overcome, to secure a firm base and cover, the deployment of main body.

uefYowf

uefYowf 20

uefYowf 33

a&SU&Hwyf\&nf&G,fcsuf (u) rdrdumwyfESifhrawGUao;aom &efolae&mudk rdrdyifrwyfrsm; r0ifrdatmif umuG,&f ef/ (c) tiftm;enf;aom &efocl ck rH u I kd &Si;f vif;Ny;D tiftm;Bu;D aom &efocl ck rH t I wGuf yifrwyf wyfjzefcY sed &f &Sad p&ef/

the enemy; to stop him ahead of or on the forward defence. A small portion of available force is usually kept in rear. The defenders rely upon the ability of the forces deployed onground and the fire power available to them to repulse or destroy the attack force which have penetrated into the defence.

62/

a&SU&Hwyf\wm0ef (TASKS FOR ADVANCE GUARD) (a) (b) (c) (d)

To prevent from observation by enemy. To prevent the enemy's surprise attack. To gain time and deployment for main attack. To destory the enemy who will not be cleared by covering force.

a&SU&Hwyf\wm0ef (u) yifrwyftm; &efoltuJMunfhjcif;rS umuG,f&ef/ (c) &efot Yl idu k zf rf;wdu k cf u kd rf rI S umuG,&f ef/ (*) yifrwyf wdkufcdkufrItwGuf tcsdef? ae&m? wyfjzefYrI&&Sdap&ef/ (C) a&SUumwyfrS &Sif;roGm;&ao;aom &efolrsm;udk acsrIef;&ef/ 63/

wyfrSL;vdkufygoifhaomae&m (POSITION OF COMMANDER) (a) Position in which can control battle at an early stage. (b) Position in which can control battle at an early stage. (c) Position in which can give order to subordinate and control the situation is changed from advance attack.

wyfrSL;vdkufygoifhaomae&m (u) wdkufyGJudk tapmqHk;uGyfuJEdkifrnfhae&m/ (c) vQyfwjywftcGifhaumif;udk vufrvTwfwrf; tjrwfxkwfEdkifrnfhae&m/ (*) cspD pfrS wdu k pf pftoGiu f ;l ajymif;Edik af om tcGit hf a&;udk vufrvGwEf ikd af tmif trdeaYf y;Edik af omae&m/ 64/

A[dkrsOf; (Axis of advance)

A line of advance assigned for purpose of control: often a road of a group of roads or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy.

cspD pfqif&onfw h yfrsm; t&yfrsuEf mS rSm;,Gi;f rIr&Sad tmif xde;f odr;f ay;onfh 0if½;kd ozG,f owfrSwfxm;aomrsOf;jzpfonf/ csDwuf&rnfhwyfrsm;onf A[dkrsOf;ay:rlwnfNyD; uefYowf

ae&mcH p pf ajrae&mudk xde;f odr;f Edik &f efO;D wnfaqmif&u G o f nf/ rdrw d yfzUJG rsm; ajcukw, f x l m;aom e,fajrwGi;f odYk xd;k azmuf0ifa&mufvmaom &efou dl ydk pftm;pkNyKH o;kH í acsreI ;f onf/ cHppf a&SUydkif;wGif tiftm;trsm;pkxm;NyD;aemufydkif;wGif tiftm;tenf;pkomxm;onf/ 106/ vIyf&Sm;cHppf (Mobile defence) The defencers aim at the destruction of the enemy by canaliying the attacking force into a suitable area and then launching a counter attack with strong mobile reserve to destory him. The forward defence echelons-minimum necessary forces initially committed forward. Bulk of forces are deployed in rear. A division is the lowest level at which mobile defence can be pructiced.

vIyf&Sm;cHppf wdu k cf u kd v f maom&efot l m; rdrv d yI &f mS ;wyfrsm;udt k oH;k jyKí wefjyefwu kd cf u kd Ef ikd af om ae&mtxd usKH ;oGi;f 0ifa&mufciG jhf yKxm;Ny;D tiftm;awmifw h if;pGmzGUJ pnf;xm;aom rdrt d &H wyfjzifh ydwq f aYkd csreI ;f jcif;jzpfonf/ a&SUydik ;f wGif tiftm;tenf;pkomxm;Ny;D aemufyikd ;f wGif tiftm;trsm;pkxm;onf/ wyfrESit hf xuftqifw h iG o f ;kH onf/ tiftm;Bu;D rm;aom t&Hukd zGUJ pnf;onf/ 107/ vIyf&Sm;cHppf,l&ef zefwD;aomtcsufrsm; (Factors favouring mobile defence) (u) EsLuvD;,m;AHk;vufeufrsm;Ncdrf;ajcmufrI (Neuclear threat) (c) wefjyefwu kd cf u kd rf t I wGuf tiftm;awmifw h if;aomvIy&f mS ;t&Hwyfrsm;udx k m;&Sd xdef;odrf;aomtcg (Strong mobile reserve for counter attack can be maintained)

(*) cHppfqifo\ l vIy&f mS ;rIonf wdu k pf pfqifox l uf ydv k yI &f mS ;Edik af omtcg (Defence is as mobile as, or more mobile than, the attacker)

(C) wdu k pf pfqifoo l nf cHppfqifox l uf tajctaezefw;D Edik cf iG hf ydrk &kd adS omtcg (The attacker has considerable numerical superirity over the defender)

uefYowf

(i)

uefYowf 32 wdu k pf pfrqifrD &efot l iftm;udjk yKe;f wD;ap&ef/ (p) ppfr[mAsL[m? enf;AsL[m? &nfrSef;csufae&mrsm;udk udkifwG,fxdef;odrf;&ef/

102/ vkyfief;wm0efrsm; (Task for defensive operation) (a) To delay. (b) To stop. (c) To destroy.

vkyfief;wm0efrsm; (u) &efoludk aESmifhaES;ap&ef/ (c) &efou l kd &yfwefaY p&ef/ (*) &efoludk acsrIef;zsufqD;&ef/ 103/ cHppf\tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; (Basic consideration of defence) (u) ajrtaetxm;udk rSefuefpGmtoHk;jyKjcif; (Proper utilization of terrain) (c) vHkNcHKrI&Sdatmifaqmif&Gufjcif; (Security) (*) tjyeftvSefulnDjcif; (Mutual support) (C) xkjzifhcHppfqifjcif; (Defence in depth) (i) ywfvnfcHppfqifjcif; (All round defence) (p) aygif;pyfnEd§ iId ;f xm;aom ypfuEl iS yhf pfcwfrpI rD cH su&f jdS cif; (Coordinated fire

uefYowf 21 vrf;aMumif;a&G;cs,ff&onf/ ajryHk^ajrjyifwGifowfrSwfavh&Sdonf/ csDppfqifETJ&rnfh wyfxuf tqifhjrifhaomwyfzGJUrS owfrSwfay;onf/ 65/

A feature of tactical importance, on reading with sub-units and formations report their arrival to enable the higher commander to coordinate movement of leading troops and to ensure that balance and control are retained orders will specifically state whether sub-units, units or formations will half on bounds or continue their movement. Unless orders to the confarary are issued, subunits, units or formations will half and secure the bound tactically.

wpfaxmufem;&yf cspD pfvrf;aMumif;&Sd ppfAsL[mta&;Bu;D ae&mrsKd ;wGif acwå&yfem;&ef owfrw S x f m;onfh ae&mjzpfonf/ vdt k yfygu BuKd wiford ;f ydu k Nf y;D rS &yfem;&rnf/ rvdt k yfvQif Mum&Sn&f yfem; &efrvdb k J tcsed o f wfrw S cf sut f &aomfvnf;aumif;? txufwyfrLS ;\ trdet Yf &aomfvnf; aumif;? qufvufxGufcGm&efjzpfonf/ csDwufaeonfh wyfrsm;&yfem;&ef tkyfcsKyfrIudpö aqmif&u G &f efEiS hf csw D ufEeI ;f udu k n f aD tmif n§Ed iId ;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f efjzpfonf/ trnf0u S jf zifh owfrw S af y;avh&o dS nf/ 66/

plan)

(q) aygif;pyfn§dEdIif;xm;aom twm;tqD;pDrHcsuf&Sdjcif; ( Coordinated antitank and obstacle plan)

(Z) ajymif;vG,jf yifv, G Ef ikd af om tpDtpOf&jdS cif; (flexibility) (ps) xdk;ppftjyKtrl&Sdjcif; (offensive action) (n) t&efxm;&Sdjcif; (Feserve) 104/ cHppftrsdK;tpm; (Forms of defence) (a) Positional defence (or) Area defence. (b) Mobile defence.

cHppftrsdK;tpm; (u) ae&mcHppf/ (c) vIy&f mS ;cHppf/

Bulk of forces are deployed in holding and denying important ground to

uefYowf

owif;ydkYrsOf; (Report line)

The line utilized for control and coordination of military operations, usually a terrain feature extending across the zone of action. No need to halt that line.

owif;ydkYrsOf; ajryHkwGif pdwfwdkif;usa&G;cs,fxm;aomrsOf;? ppfAsL[mta&;BuD;ajrae&mr[kwf? ajryHw k iG f tvG,w f uljrifEikd af omae&mjzpfonf/ vufatmufcw H yfrsm;rS cspD pfw;kd wufrI (odkYr[kwf) ¤if;wdkYa&muf&Sdaomae&mudk owif;ydkYEdkif&ef owfrSwfxm;aomrsOf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif &yfem;&efrvdk? trnf0Sufjzifh owfrSwfay;avh&Sdonf/ 67/

105/ ae&mcHppf (Positional defence)

wpfaxmufem;&yf (Bound)

&nfrSef;csufae&mrsm; (Objective)

The physical objective of the action taken eg, a definite teatical feature, the seizure and / or holding of which is essential to the commander's plan. Objective may be assembly area for deliberate attack.

uefYowf

uefYowf 22

uefYowf 31

&nfrSef;csufae&mrsm;

tcsuftcsmajr

wyfwpfwyf rvGrJ aoGa&muf&&dS ef owfrw S x f m;aomae&m? tcsed o f wfrw S x f m;ygu ra&mufa&mufatmifcsw D uf&rnf/ BuKd wifppD Ofaom wdu k pf pftwGuf cspD pfwiG f &nfreS ;f csuf onf pk&yfae&mjzpfonf/

ppfqif&onfeh ,fajrtwGi;f xdak jrudw k pfzufrS odr;f ydu k v f u kd o f nfEf iS hf tjcm;wpfzuf rSrnforYkd Q qufvufr&yfwnfEikd o f nftxd tusKd ;oufa&mufapEdik o f nfh ajrrsKd ;jzpfonf/

68/

p&yf (Start point)

99/

Ground of tactical importance An important ground supported to win the battle for own troops.

A clearly defined point on a route at which movement becomes controlled by the commander ordering the move.

ppfenf;AsL[mt& rdrdtwGuf wdkufyGJatmifjrif&ef taxmuftuljyKaom ta&; BuD;onfh ajrae&mjzpfonf/

p&yf

cHppf (Defence)

cspD pfvrf;aMumif;tpjzpfonf/ cspD pfwiG f cspD pfwyfrLS ; uGyu f rJ aI tmufoYkd a&muf&o dS nf/ cspD pfvrf;aMumif;wpfcw k nf;wGif oD;jcm;wyfrsm; csw D uf&ef&u dS p&yfrx S u G cf mG csed f Bu;D Muyf uGyu f aJ y;&efvo kd nf/ p&yfrx S u G cf mG csed rf mS pxGucf sed jf zpfonf/ wyftm;vH;k xGucf mG &efrvd/k a&SUajy;wyfrsm; pwifxGufcGmcsdefonf pxGufcsdefjzpfonf/ wdkufppf (Offensive Operation) 69/

wdkufppf\t"dyÜg,f (Definition)

An offensive operation is boldly to destroy the enemy by using combination fire and menoeuvre under fire support with correct leadership, effective command control.

wdkufppf\t"dyÜg,f

The defence is the employment of all means and methods available to prevent, resist or destory an enemy attack. The defensive is that attitude or condition of a force when it stands ready to protect itself against the enemy attack.

cHppft"dyÜg,f wdu k cf u kd v f maom&efou l kd rdrw d w Ykd iG &f o dS rQaomtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf enf;vrf;tm;vH;k udk pkpnf;Ny;D wmqD;jcif; (odrYk [kw)f ckcw H eG ;f vSejf cif; (odrYk [kw)f tNy;D wdik af csreI ;f okwo f ifjcif; yifjzpfonf/ 101/ cHppf&nf&G,fcsuf (Purpose of defence)

ypfcwfrEI iS hf ppfupm;rIukd [efcsun f aD ygif;pyfNy;D ypfu?l ypftm; tumtuG,&f ,lí rSeu f efaomacgif;aqmifr?I xda&mufaomBu;D MuyfuyG u f rJ w I jYkd zifh &JU0Hjh ywfomG ;pGm &efot l m; wdu k cf u kd af csreI ;f jcif;yifjzpfonf/ 70/

100/ cHppft"dyÜg,f (Definition)

wdkufppf\&nf&G,fcsuf (Purpose of offense) (u) &efolwyfzGJUtiftm;pkrsm;tm; atmifEdkif&ef (Defeat enemy forces) (c) tcsuftjcmajrESifh tqHk;tjzwfajrrsm;tm; vHkNcHKpGmxdef;odrf;&ef (Secure the key decisive terrain)

(*) &efolYpGrf;yum;udk ray;bJxm;&ef (Deprive the enemy resources) (C) &efoo Yl wif;&,l&ef (Gain information) (i) &efoltm; vSnfhpm;vrf;vTJ&ef (Deceive and divert the enemy) (p) &efolYwdkufcdkufrItm; NzdKcGif;&ef (Disrupt an enemy attack) uefYowf

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Cause an enemy attack to fail. Gain time. Concentrate forces else where. Control essential terrain. Wear down enemy forces before launching oftensive action. Ratain strategic, operational of tactical objective.

cHppf&nf&G,fcsuf (u) &efow l u kd pf pfuykd sujf ym;ap&ef/ (c) xdk;ppfqif&eftwGuf vdktyfaomtcsdefudk &&Sdap&ef/ (*) tjcm;wpfae&mwGif tiftm;pkpnf;wnfaqmufEdkif&ef/ (C) tcsuftjcmae&mudk xdef;odrf;&ef/ uefYowf

uefYowf 30 95/

71/

t&efwyf (Reserve force) Force who is employed as a reserve for contingency.

t&efwyf wdu k yf t JG wGi;f rarQmrf eS ;f Edik af om tajctaeay:aygufvmygu toH;k jyK&eftwGuf t&eftjzpfxm;&Sad omwyfjzpfonf/ 96/

t"duwdkufppf (Main attack)

Troop (or) echelon assinged to seize the objective. It is not simulated. His main task is to attack the objective.

Co-ordination) (ps) t&efxm;&Sdjcif; (Reserve force) (n) avaMumif;ta&;omrI&jdS cif; (Air Superiority) (#) jyefvnfzUJG pnf;rIaumif;jcif; (Reorganization) (X) tkyfcsKyfaxmufyHhrIaumif;jcif; (Administanation and logistics)

t"duwdkufppf &nfreS ;f csuaf e&mtm; wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ydu k &f ef wm0efay;tyfc&H aomwyf(od)Yk ppfaMumif; jzpfonf/ &efou l v kd n S phf m;a,mifjyjcif;r[kwb f J &nfreS ;f csuu f kd wdu k cf u kd &f ef t"duwm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/ 97/

t"dur[kwfaomwdkufppf (Subsidiary attack)

An attack launched in conjunction with the main attack along an alternate or subsidiory axis or approach, with the aim of dividing the reachion of the enemy. Depending on the success achived, the attacker may switch forces from the main effort toward the subsidiary axis approach, if he so desires.

t"dur[kwfaomwdkufppf &efol\wefjyefwdkufcdkufrIudk wpfoD;wpfjcm;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh t"du wdkufppfESifh qufpyfvsuftjcm;wpfzufrS (odkYr[kwf) t"dur[kwfaom 0if½dk;twdkif; wdu k cf u kd &f aom wdu k pf pfjzpfonf/ atmifjrifr&I Edik jf cif; &S^d r&St d ay:rlwnfí wdu k pf pfqifol taejzifh t"dur[kwfaomwdkufppfudk t"duwdkufppftjzpf ajymif;vJEdkifonf/ 98/

tcsuftcsmajr (Vital Ground)

uefYowf 23 wdkufppf\tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; (u) wdusaom&nfrSef;csufxm;&Sdjcif; (Maintence of the objective) (c) aygif;pyfpzk UJG rIEiS hf wyftcif;tusi;f rSeu f efrI (Proper composition) (*) ypfulxda&mufpGm toHk;jyKjcif; (Effenctive fire support) (C) tcdkiftrm ajcukwfpcef;xm;&Sdjcif; (Firm base) (i) xkjzifhwdkufppfqifjcif; (Attack in depth) (p) wdu k pf pfenf;y&d,m,faumif;jcif; (Tactical skill) (q) wdkufppf[kefrusatmif xdef;odrf;jcif; (Maintence of monentun) (Z) BuD;MuyfuGyfuJrIESifhaygif;pyfn§dEdIif;rIaumif;jcif; (Command, Control and

wdkufppf ppfupm;enf;rsm; (Form of maneuver) 72/

e*g;ywfwdkufppf (Envelopment)

In the envelopment maneuver, the attacker avoids the enemy's front and uses supporting attacks to fis the defender's attention forward, while maneuvering its main effort to strike at the enemy's flanks or rear.

e*g;ywfwdkufppf &efo\ l tcdik t f rmumuG,x f m;onfh a&SUrsuEf mS pmudak &Smifí tm;enf;onfah b;eHrS wdu k cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ &efo\ l a&SUrsuEf mS pmudk xde;f csKyx f m;onf/ &efo\ l yifr (odrYk [kw)f aemufrjS zwfwu kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ &efo\ l tm;enf;aomab;eHukd acsreI ;f &efab;(odrYk [kw)f aemufodkYt"dutiftm;jzifhwdkufum t"dur[kwfaom wdkufppfjzifh&efoludkae&mwGif xde;f csKyo f nfeh nf;jzpfonf/ &efot l m; ppfrsuEf mS pmESpcf jk zifh tMuyfuikd af omenf;jzpfonf/ 73/

vSnfhwufppf (Turning movement)

Ground, the capture of which by the attacker will render the defender in capable of fighting a successful defensive battle in that defendent zone or sector, is termed vital ground.

The turning movement uses maneuver to avoid the defense entirely, by moving through terrain not occupied by the enemy or under enemy observation, and to strike deep in the enemy's rear.

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vSnfhwufppf

qufoG,f&yf

&efot l "duwyfrsm;udak &Smifí aemufyikd ;f odeYk uf½iId ;f pGm0ifNy;D ae&mwpfcu k kd odr;f ydu k f onf/ &efol\vuf&Sdae&mudk pGefYpm;atmif (odkYr[kwf) t"duwyfrsm; a&GUajymif;atmif jyKvkyfonf/ &efol\aemufydkif;ESifh ab;eHudkwdkufckdufjcif;rS a&Smif&Sm;onf/ euf½dIif;aom aemufyikd ;f &Sd tcsut f jcmae&mtm; odr;f ydu k í f &efox l u G af ygufukd ydwq f &Ykd eft"dujzpfonf/ a&SUydkif;wGif&efolrS tcdkiftrmcHppfqifxm;onfhtcg oHk;onf/

ESpzf UJG xufyakd omwyfrsm; wpfzUJG ESiw hf pfzUJG ajrjyifqufo, G rf v I yk Ef ikd &f ef owfrw S x f m; aomajrjyifü odomxif&mS ;vG,af omae&mjzpfonf/ ¤if;udk ( Œ )oauFwjzifah zmfjyonf/

74/

pdrfh0ifppf (Infiltration)

Infiltration uses covert movement of forces through enemy lines to a favorable attack position in the rear. (a) The movement through or into an area or tettitary occupied by either friendly or enemy troops or organizations. The movement is made either by small groups or by individuals, at extended or irregular intervals. When used in connection with the enemy . It implies that contacts is avoided. (b) When user in conjunction with a tactical vehiculars march, vehicles are dispatched individually or in small groups at irregular intervals to reduce traffic density and prevent unduce massing of vehieles.

pdrfh0ifppf &efo\ l jyifqifxm;aomcHppfae&mrsm;tm; wdu k cf u kd jf cif;rjyKbJ &efoal emufyikd ;f odYk 0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ wdu k cf u kd af &;wyfzUJG wpfcv k ;kH (odrYk [kw)f wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f onf &efol aemufyikd ;f wgif rdrt d wGut f cGio hf monfh taetxm;wpfc&k &S&d eftwGuf &efocl pH pfaMumif;udk vQKd U0Supf mG wdu k cf u kd jf cif;jzpfonf/ atmifjrifaompdr0hf ifppftm;vH;k onf &efo\ l axmufvrS ;f od&rdS EI iS hf xdawGUrIrsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;Edik &f rnf/ pdr0hf ifEikd o f hf wyft&G,t f pm;ESihf tiftm;uefo Y wf csurf sm;aMumifh &efocl pH pfpcef;Bu;D rsm;udk pdr0hf ifwu kd pf pfypkH w H pfrsKd ;wnf;jzifh wdu k cf u kd &f efc, J Of; aomfvnf; tjcm;ppfupm;rIyHkpHrsm;jzifh wGJbufí xda&mufpGmusifhoHk;Edkifayonf/ 75/

azmufppf (Penetration)

92/

An easily indentifiable point on the ground where two forces contact a linkup. When are force is stationary, linkup points are normally established where the moving force's routles of advance intersect the stationary force's, security element. Linkup points for two moving forces are established on boudaries where the two forces are expected to comvarge.

wyfcsif;quf&yf ajrjyifwiG f vG,u f pl mG owfrw S Ef ikd af om ae&mwpfcjk zpfonf/ ¤if;ae&monf wyfEpS cf k qufpyfqufoG,faomae&myifjzpfonf/ wyfwpfwyfrS &yfem;aomtcg omreftm;jzifh wyfcsi;f quf&yfonf vIy&f mS ;aeaomwyf\ csw D uf&mvrf;aMumif;ESihf &yfem;aeaomwyf\ vHkNcHKa&;ae&mwdkYudk jzwfvsufwnf&Sdonf/ vIyf&Sm;aeaomwyfzGJU (2)zGJUtwGuf wyfcsif; quf&yfonf ¤if;wyf(2)wyfawGUqH&k efarQmv f ifx h m;aom e,ferd w d af y:wGif owfrw S o f nf/ 93/

uefYowf

wdkufppfe,f (Zone of attack)

An area forward of the line of contact assigned a force having a mission to attack, normally delinated by boundaries extending forward into enemy territory. The next higher commander assigns a zone of attack, and subdivide it for their units.

wdkufppfe,f wyfwpfwyftwGuf wdkufppfqifETJ&ef owfrSwfay;xm;aom e,fajrjzpfonf/ ¤if;e,fajrudk 0J^,me,ferd w d ?f prsO;f ? atmifajrcsUJ owfrw S x f m;onfh rsO;f wdjYk zifh abmifcwf ay;avh&Sdonf/ tqifhjrifhwyfrsm;wGifoHk;NyD; wyfcGJUtqifhwGifvnf; oHk;Edkifonf/ 94/

Penetration is used when the enemy's flanks are not assailable or when time does not permit some other form of maneuver. Its purpose is to capture enemy defense on a narrow front to create a breach, hold open the shoulders and allow access to the enemy's rears.

wyfcsif;quf&yf (Link up point)

acsrIef;a&;wyf (Assault force) Units undertaken to attack the enemy closely.

acsrIef;a&;wyf &efoludkteD;uyf wdkufcdkufacsrIef;&eftwGuf wm0ef,l&aomwyfjzpfonf/ uefYowf

uefYowf 28 &nfrSef;csufudktydkif;cGJjcm;NyD; wdkufcdkufoGm;&efjzpfonf/ 87/

wdkufppf0if½dk; (Axis of attack) The line giving the general direction, astride which a formation of unit it to

move.

wdkufppf0if½dk; &nfreS ;f csuu f ckd sw D uf&mwGif OD;wnfcsw D uf&rnft h &yfrsuEf mS udk owfrw S af y;xm;aom rsO;f jzpfonf/ 88/

e,fedrdwf (Boundary)

A control measure drawn along identifiable terrain features and used to definate areas of tecticl responsibility for subordinate unit of a military force.

vufatmufcw H yfrsm;twGuf ppfqifa&;e,fajr½Iyaf xG;rIrjzpfap&ef odomxif&mS ; onfhajrae&mwpfavQmuftm; e,fedrdwftjzpf owfrSwfonf/ csOf;vrf;rsm; (Approach)

(&efo\ l cHppfaMumif;udk jyif;xefaomtiftm;ESihf xd;k azmufjcif;jzpfonf/ &efocl pH pf ae&mudk qufwdkufxdk;azmufNyD; rdrdt"duppfaMumif;jzifh tcsuftjcmajrudk tjrwfxkwf acsrIef;onf/ rdrdrS&efolxuf tqrweftiftm;omvGefrSoHk;oifhonf) Enemy defence could be penetrated by violent fire. Main attack penetrated critical ground in enemy defence. It should be used when own forces greater than enemy forces.

a&SUrsufESmpmwdkufppf (Frontal attack)

The frontal attack is the least desirable form of maneuver. It is also the simplets form of maneuver, however, and is useful for overwholing weak defenses, security outposts, on disorganized enemy forces.

&nfrSef;csufae&modkY csOf;uyf&eftwGuftoHk;jyK&rnfh vrf;aMumif;rsm;jzpfonf/

a&SUrsuEf mS pmwdu k pf pfqo kd nfrmS toH;k jyKrt I enf;qH;k aom ppfupm;rIypkH jH zpfonf/ ¤if;onfv, G u f &l iS ;f vif;onfh ppfupm;rIjzpfaomfvnf; &efot l m;enf;aom cHppfae&mrsm;? vHkNcHKa&;wyfrsm;udk vTrf;rdk;Edkif&ef (odkYr[kwf) &efoltiftm;pkrsm;udk NydKuGJap&eftwGuf aqmif&u G &f mwGit f oH;k 0ifonf/

ppfaq;&yf (Check points)

77/

csOf ; vrf ; rsm;

The selected pointed on the ground at which individuals, groups of units report to a responsible menber of friendly forces, during a move.

ppf a q;&yf csDwufaepOftwGif; oD;jcm;(odkYr[kwf) pkzGJUxm;aomwyfzGJUrsm;rS e,fajrtvdkuf wm0ef,l&aom wyfzGJUrsm;xHodkY owif;ydkY&ef a&G;cs,fxm;aomae&mjzpfonf/ 91/

azmufppfukd &efo\ l ppfet H m;wdu k cf u kd &f eftvG,u f al omtcg (odrYk [kw)f tjcm;aom ppfupm;enf;rsm;toH;k jyK&ef tcsed u f efo Y wfcsu&f adS omtcg toH;k jyKonf/ ¤if;\&nf&, G f csurf mS cHppfrsuEf mS pmtm; rsuEf mS pmusO;f usO;f ESihf csKd ;azmuf&eftwGuf zefw;D aqmif&u G &f ef? &efopl pfyck ;kH udk xde;f csKy&f efEiS hf &efo\ l aemufyikd ;f odYk xd;k azmuf0ifa&mufEikd &f eftwGujf zpfonf/

a&SUrsufESmpmwdkufppf

Foutes that are used to approach to the objective.

90/

azmufppf

76/

e,fedrdwf

89/

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qufoG,f&yf (Contact point)

A point in the terrin, easily identifiable, where two or more units are require to make physical contact with one another. It is depicted by cross symbol.

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qHk&yf (Fendezvous)

The rendzvous is behind the check point. Here the commander gains control of his command.

qH&k yfonf ppfaq;&yf\aemufwiG &f o dS nf/ ¤if;ae&mwGif wyfrLS ;onf¤if;\uGyu f rJ I ud&k ,lonf/ 78/

pk&yf (Assembly Areas)

The troops will move forward from the concentration area to assembly areas where they will complete their preparations for the attack.

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uefYowf 27

uefYowf 26 pk & yf

&nfrSef;csufae&m

qH&k yfae&m\a&SUwGi&f NdS y;D wdu k yf 0JG if&eftwGuf wyfrsm;jyifqifpzk UJG Edik &f ef owfrw S f xm;aomae&mjzpfonf/

wyfrLS ;\tem*wf &nfreS ;f csujf zpfaom odr;f ydu k &f rnfh ppfAsL[mta&;Bu;D (odrYk [kw)f tcsuftjcmajr/

79/

pD&yf (Forming up place)

83/

&nfrSef;csuf (Mission)

From the assembly area, the troops move forward to the forming up place, where they deplay into the assault formation.

The task together with its purpose for it, clearing indicating the action to be taken and the reason therefor.

pD & yf

&nfrSef;csuf

pk&yfae&mrSwyfrsm;onf ¤if;ae&modkYcsDwufNyD; wdkufcdkufacsrIef;onfhyHkpHtwdkif; wyfjzefY&aomae&mjzpfonf/

wyfrsm;pGr;f aqmif&rnfh &nfreS ;f csuw f m0efjzpfonf/ &nfreS ;f csuo f nf &Si;f vif; wdus&rnf/

80/

prsOf; (Start line)

84/

This is an imaginary line arranged, if possible, to follow well defined features or marked artificially on the ground; it is crossed by the assaulting troops at H-hour.

prsOf ; ajrjyifay:wGipf w d u f ;l jzifh owfrw S pf pD Ofa&;qGx J m;aom rsO;f jzpfonf/ acsreI ;f a&; wyfrsm;onf ¤if;rsOf;tm; e-em&DwGifjzwfausmf&rnf/ 81/

acsrIef;a&;rsOf; (Assault line)

An imaginary line that defined on identifiable terrain features to make preliminiary attack to enemy.

acsrI e f ; a&;rsOf ; rdrw d yfrsm;rS&efou l kd teD;uyfwufa&mufacsreI ;f wdu k cf u kd jf cif;udpk wif&ef owfrw S f xm;aomrsOf;jzpfonf/ 82/

&nfrSef;csufae&m (Objective)

Ground of such tactical importance, the seizure of which is in furtherence of the commander's aim.

e-em&D (H-hour)

The defailed timing of the attack are based on H-hour, which is the time at which are leading troops cross the start line.

e=em&D acsreI ;f a&;wyfzUJG rsm; prsO;f udjk zwfausm&f ef owfrw S x f m;aomtcsed jf zpfNy;D wdu k pf pf\ tao;pdwftcsdefrsm;onf e-em&Day:wGif tajccHíowfrSwf&onf/ 85/

,-&uf (D-Day)

The day on which an operation begins or is due to begin. This may be the begining of hostilities of any other operation.

,-&uf ppfqifa&;pwifaomaeY(odrYk [kw)f pwif&efowfrw S x f m;aomaeYjzpfonf/ ppfqifa&; (odkYr[kwf) ppfyGJrsm;\tpjzpfEdkifonf/ 86/

wdkufppftydkif; (Phase)

The assault stage may be sub-divided into phases if the objective can not be capture in the initial assault.

wdkufppftydkif; &nfreS ;f csuw f pfcu k kd wpfBurd w f nf;jzifh odr;f ydu k &f efrjzpfEikd af om tajctaersKd ;wGif

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