Nobel Prize Essay

MartinLutherKingNobelPeacePrize

IherebynominatetheAfricanAmericancivilrightsleader,Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.tobe awardedtheNobelPeacePrize.KingshouldreceivetheNobelPeacePrizemainlybecauseofhis nonviolentresistanceofracialprejudiceinAmericaHehasemphasizedequalrightswithhisnon–violentprotestsandhasmadesuchatremendousimpactontheworld.Ifheneverstoodupforwhat hebelievedinwecouldstillbestuckinatimewhereAfrican–Americansstillcouldn'tusethesame fountainsaswhitepeople.

MartinLutherKing,JrwasborninAtlanta,GeorgiaonJanuary15,1929;andisthemiddlechildof MichaelKingSr.andAlbertaWilliamsKing.Aroundtheageoftwelve,hetriedjumpingoutofa secondstorywindowinattempttokill

Dr.King'sNobelPeacePrizeLecturewasoneofthemostpowerfulreadingassignmentsduringmy firstyearintheUnitedStates.AsaninternationalstudentfromSaudiArabia,Ineverimaginedthat onepersoncouldchangetheworld.Dr.Kingbelievedin"non–violence"inordertoobtainsocial justice,racialintegration,andcivilrights.Inessence,Dr.King'sspeechrepresentedtheprogressive natureoftheUnitedStatesanditmotivatedmetobecomeafutureleaderinmyhomecounty,Saudi Arabia.

Dr.MartinLutherKing'sNobelPeacePrizespeechisanacademicpieceofwritingwhich documentshisbeliefsonnonviolenceoverhiscareerItwasmyfirstexperiencewithpolitical writingsincethisformoffreedomofexpressionisillegal...showmorecontent...

Kingbelievedthatviolenceisbothimpracticalandimmoral.KingwasanordainedBaptistminister, whoembracedthetenetsofChristianityandwholeheartedlypreachedbrotherhood,peace,andlove forallmen–includingwhiteandblacks,alike.Kingbelieved"Violenceasawayofachievingracial justiceisbothimpracticalandimmoralIamnotunmindfulofthefactthatviolenceoftenbrings aboutmomentaryresults"(King,1964,pg.8).Subsequently,Kingdidnotbelieveinviolenceand preachednon–violence.Kingfeltthatnonviolencewastheonlymeanstofightoppression,racism, andinjustice.Kingpreachedtenetsofuniversallove;moreover,Kingfoughtagainstdespair,racial separatism,andhate.King'smessageisextremelyinspiringandspeakstobebroadaudience, includingresidentsoftheMiddleEastTheequalityofracescanonlybeachievedthroughpeaceful argumentsanddemonstrations.Formyself,nonviolenceistheonlylegitimateweaponagainst fightingsocialinjustice.King'smessagecouldbeinterpretedandappliedtoanysituationor communityFormyself,hateandrevengecanbeonlybedominatedthroughtheapplicationof nonviolence.Kingalsospokeaboutbringingabouttheendtowarandpovertythroughcollective ...Getmorecontent...

ThankBobDylanWithTheNobelPrize

December20,2016

DearNobelPrizecommittee, TheNobelPrizeforLiteratureisanoutstandingprizethathonorsextraordinarypeoplefortheir worksinliterature.Ithonorspeoplethathavechangedliterature.OnOctober13,2016youawarded BobDylanwiththeNobelPrizeinLiteratureThismarkshimasthefirstmusicianevertowinthis prize.Manypeopleagreewithyourdecision,whileothersarenotdelightedwiththisfact.Iagree withthecommitteetohonoringBobDylanwiththeNobelPrizeinliterature"forhavingcreated newpoeticexpressionswithinthegreatAmericansongtradition"

BobDylanwasbornasRobertAllenZimmermanonMay24,1941inDuluth,Minnesota.While growingup,BobwasinfluencedbyElvisPresley,JerryLeeLewis,andLittleRichard.Hewasalso inafewbandswhilegrowingup.Whilehewasincollegehebeganperformingfolkandcountry musicatlocalcafesunderthenameBobDillonIn1960,hedroppedoutofcollegeandmovedto NewYork.InNewYork,BobmethisidolWoodyGuthrieandvisitedhimregularlyandbecame greatfriendswithhim.In1961,hesignedhisfirstrecordingcontractatColumbiaRecordsand becameoneofthemostoriginalinfluentialvoicesinthehistoryofAmericanpopularmusic. Throughouthislifetimehe'sbeenawardedwithGrammy's,AcademyandGoldenGlobeawards.In 2012,hereceivedthePresidentialMedalofFreedomfromPresidentBarackObamaBobDylan wrotemusicbasedonsocialissues,warandcivil

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TheNobelPrizeThefirstelementtheCuriesdiscoveredwascalledpolonium,whichcontaineda unstablenucleus.Yetshefelttherewassomethingmorepowerfulstilltrappedinthepitchblende. OnDecember26,theCuriesannouncedtheyhadfoundanotherelement.Thiswasradium!Sadly, otherscientistswouldn'tbelievethembecausetheydidn'thaveanyproof.Soforthenextfouryears Marietoileddayandnightinacoldanddampshedtogetapieceofpureradiumfromaton,asin 2000pounds,ofpitchblende.Finally,in1902,Marieproducedone–tenthofgramofpureradium.In November,1903,CuriesalongwithAntoine

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RhetoricalAnalysisofNobelPeacePrizeAcceptanceSpeechMalalaYousafzaiMalalaYousafzai, theauthorofthisacceptancespeech,isayoungfemalefromPakistanwhowontheNobelPeace PrizewiththehelpofKailashSatyarthiTheywonitbecauseoftheirwritingaboutthestrugglefor youngchildrentoreceivepropereducation.Theaudienceforthisspeechiseveryoneincludingher teachersandparents,majesties,royalhighnesses,andmembersofNorwegianNobelCommittee. Issuesthatshediscussesinherspeechincludechildrenneedingpropereducationandthateverysex shouldhavethesamerightstoeducation.Hermainpurposeforwritingthisspeechwastoencourage societytohelpmakequalityeducationforbothboysandgirlsaroundtheworld.MalalaYousafzai hopesthatreadersunderstandthatherspeechisabouttheeducationsystemandhowgovernment leadersneedtomakequalityprimaryandsecondaryeducationforbothsexes.InMalalaYousafzai NobelPeacePrizeAcceptanceSpeech,shediscusseshowimportanteducationisandhow discriminationofsexaffectspropereducationinhercountry.Educationisimportanttoherbecause itisaprivilegeandblessingtogotoschoolinhercountryandmanyothercountries.Sheshowsthat educationisimportantbyspeakingupforchildrenthatdonothaveaccesstoeducationThisis showninherspeechwhenshesays,"Iamheretostandupfortheirrights,toraisetheirvoice...itis nottimetopitythemItisnottimetopitythem"(Yousafzai1)ThroughoutYousafzai'sspeechshe repeatsphrasestoshowtheimportanceofwhatsheistryingtosay.Forinstance,intheabovequote sherepeats,"itisnottimetopitythem",byrepeatingtheselinessheshowsthatshewantsaperson tohelpthemandthatpityingthemwillnotdoanythingbeneficialfortheireducationalsituation Whendiscussingeducation,sheevenreferencestheIslamicreligiontodisplayhowsignificant educationistoeverything.ShementionstheIslamicreligionwhenshesays,"Anddoyounotknow thattheveryfirstwordoftheHolyQuranisthewordIqra,whichmeansread"(Yousafzai2).Itis significantthatreadisthefirstwordoftheHolyQuran,because

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MarieCurieisoneofthemostfamousscientiststhateverlived.ShewasborninNovember7,1867, inWarsaw,PolandandisaPolish–bornFrenchphysicistwhoisfamousforbeingthefirstwomanto winaNobelPrize.Sheisthefirstwomenprofessor;thefirstwomanwhoreceivesaNobelPrize;the firstpersonevertobeawardedtwoNobelPrizes.Together,herhusband,PierreCurieandshefound theradioactiveelementsRadiumandPoloniumAfterthecouplediscoveryofRadiumand Polonium,Mariecontinuedtoworkontheirdiscovery.In1910,herdiscoveryofRadiumelements bringshersecondNobelPrize.LookingatMarie'sachievements,itisnothardto

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AllIhavetosayaboutARoseforEmilyisthatshewasacrazyperson!Faulknerisareallyworthy andfamouswriterthathasalottosayinhiswritingsandIthinkthatheaccomplishesthatwhenhe writes"OnDecember10,hedeliveredhisacceptancespeechtotheacademyinavoicesolowand rapidthatfewcouldmakeoutwhathewassaying,butwhenhiswordswerepublishedinthe newspaperthefollowingday,itwasrecognizedforitsbrilliance;inlateryears,Faulkner'sspeech wouldbelaudedasthebestspeechevergivenataNobelceremony"(Padgett)WhenWilliam FaulknergavehisNobelAcceptanceSpeechhehadaquoteinthereandIthinkthathehelpedman endurebyliftinghisheartinARoseforEmily,healsoshowshow...showmorecontent... Therewerealotofdifferentemotionsthatwererepresentedinthisselection,butFaulknerdidn'ttell usthatthecharacterswereangryheuseddetailstoshowuspeople'semotions."Trytobebetterthan yourselfAnartistisacreaturedrivenbydemonsHedoesn'tknowwhytheychoosehimandhe's usuallytoobusytowonderwhy.Heiscompletelyamoralinthathewillrob,borrow,beg,orsteal fromanybodyandeverybodytogettheworkdone."(Faulkner/Stein)Whenhetalksheusesalotof emotionandthatshowshisstyleofwritingWilliamFaulknergaveaNobelPrizeAcceptance SpeechandinithewroteaboutARoseforEmilyhegiveshimselfchallengeswhenhewritesand oneofthechallengesispityandsacrificewhichhasbeenthegloryofthepastWhenhewritesheis sayingthatthepeoplewhohavehadpitythrownuponthemandthepeoplewhohavemadetheir sacrificesaretheonlyoneswhogettheglory."ThehumandramainFaulkner'snovelsisthenbuilt onthemodeloftheactual,historicaldramaextendingoveralmostacenturyandahalf"(Faulkner) InARoseforEmilythisisshownwhenallofthosepeoplewholeftherlifeshedidn'treallymakea bigdealoutofitshekeptto

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Obama'sNobelPeacePrizeItwasannouncedonOctober9,2009thatAmericanPresidentBarack Obamaisthisyear'srecipientoftheNobelPrizeforPeace.TheNobelFoundationstatesthatObama waschosen"forhisextraordinaryeffortstostrengtheninternationaldiplomacyandcooperation betweenpeoples."(NobelFoundation)Controversyanddebateensuedintheworldwidemedia. CriticshavedebatedObama'sworthinessSupportershavecitednumerousexamplesofthecurrent U.S.Presidents'nobility.Obamadoesdeservethisprestigiousaward.Nobelprizesareawardedfor Physics,Chemistry,PhysiologyorMedicine,Literature,Peace,andEconomics.Inhiswill,award creatorAlfredNobel"specificallydesignatedtheshowmorecontent (MacDougall)Othernotablepastwinnersincludethe2007winnersAlGoreandthe IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)"fortheireffortstobuildupanddisseminate greaterknowledgeaboutman–madeclimatechange,andtolaythefoundationsforthemeasuresthat areneededtocounteractsuchchange."In2001theUnitedNationsandKofiAnnansharedthe award"fortheirworkforabetterorganizedandmorepeacefulworld"and,in1993NelsonMandela andformerSouthAfricanPresidentFrederikWillemdeKlerkwereeachawardedhalfoftheprize "fortheirworkforthepeacefulterminationoftheapartheidregime,andforlayingthefoundations foranewdemocraticSouthAfrica"(NobelFoundation)Thequestionremains"Whathasthenew Presidentactuallydoneinamere10monthsinofficetoputhiminthesameleagueaspastlaureates suchasNelsonMandelaandMotherTeresa?"(Savage)SavagecitesfourreasonstheNobel Committeegavetodefendtheirchoice."Obama'sfocusonstrengtheninginternationaldiplomacy andsupportingtheUnitedNations,his"workforaworldwithoutnuclearweapons,"hisattentionto climatechange,andhisimprovementofhumanrightsIneacharea,Obamahasmadeastart" (Savage)Obamasupportersarguethat"Beyondmere

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DearNobelCommitteeforLiterature,TheNobelPrizeforLiteraturewasnotrewardedtothe deservingwriter.YouhaveawardedBobDylantheNobelPrizeforLiteratureonOctober13,2016 degradingdedicatedwritersaroundtheworldAfterdroppingoutofcollegeinthe1960'stopursue anoccupationinwhichhewasalreadywellknownasthetimes"mostlovedfolkpoet",heturnedto singingandwritingrock–typesongswithantiwarmessages.Whetherhedid"createnewpoetic expressionswithinthegreatAmericantradition"hehasnotprovenhimselfworthyofsucha significantaward.Suchalegendaryawardofferedtomanyotherbrilliantwriters,shouldbe receivedbysomeonewhocanandwillcontinuetochangetheworld.Thisawardcouldhelpout developingwriters,developingcountries,andshouldnotbehandedoutsinglehandedly.Newly prosperingauthorsandwritersdeserveasmuchachanceasanyone.Asyoumayrecall,afewofthe runnerupsfortheNobellaureatewereAdonis,NgugiWaThiong'o,andKoUnAlloftheseauthors shareduniquetalentsinwriting.Inpointoffact,Adonis,aSyrianessayist,translator,andpoet, experimentedwithessentialelementsinhispoetry.Herebelledagainstthestandardpoetstosaythe least,"Iwantedtobreakthelinearityofpoetictext–tomesswithit,ifyouwill" (poetryfoundation.org)Hewasnotbornintothewealthiestoffamiliesandfoundhimselfunableto payforeducation,yethehaspushedboundariesformany ...Getmorecontent...

WilliamFaulkner'sNobelPrizeAcceptanceSpeechanditsRelevance

WilliamFaulkner'sNobelPrizeacceptancespeechisadynamicstatementthatchallengesthewriter andmantonotsimplysitaroundandwatchtheendofman,buttohelpmanendureandprevail. Faulknerrefusestoacceptthenaturaliststhemethathumanbeingsaredominated,controlled,and overwhelmedbytheirenvironmentandnatureHedoesnotaccepttheendofman,butrathersays thatmanwillprevail.Thoughmanyhaveacceptedtheeasywayoutbysayingmanwillsimply endurebecauseonecanhearhissoft,inexhaustiblevoiceevenafterdeath,Faulkneralsorefuses this.Hesaysmanwillnotonlyendure,butheshallprevailortriumphoverdeath.Manwillshow morecontent...

EliotEliotwroteaboutman'sefforttotranscendtheforceoftimeandman'sefforttoachievethe timelessnessoftheeternal.Hiswritingsreflecthisownpersonalthemesanddirectionofhislife:the questforeternalsalvation.Hebelievesonecan"endureandprevail'asFaulknerdoesasevidentin "TheWasteland""TheWasteland"emphasizesthedecayofthewesterncivilization,yettherewas hopeandcourageinthewritings.EliotjoinsWilliamFaulknerintheargumentthatmancontrolshis

Alongwithmanyotherauthors,StephenCranewoulddisagreewithEliotandFaulknerontheir viewsbecausehewasanaturalisticauthor.Cranesawhumanbeingsaswhollycontrolledbytheir environmentandtheirheredity"TheOpenBoat"expressesCrane'snaturalisticqualitiesshowing menhavingnocontrolovertheirdestinyastheyarestuckintheoceanandarecontrolledbythesea. AlthoughCraneisseenasanaturalistwriter,heisalsoseenasaChristiansymbolistexpressing ultimateunderstandingoffaithandtheredemptionofpeople.

RobertFrost,likeStephenCrane,alsowasanaturalistwriterandwoulddisagreewithFaulkner.He believedmanhadnofreewillandmanwouldbecomethesumofyourchoicesFrostwritesin ordinaryspeechasFaulknerdidinhisNobelPrizeAcceptanceSpeech.

LikeFrostandCrane,EugeneO'Neillalsoexpressedanaturalisticpointofviewonhiswritings. O'Neill'snaturalistic

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Thereisnodenyingconflict.Everyonefacesconflictofsomesortintheirlives,whetheritbean argumentoverwhichsiblinggetstositinthefrontseatofthecaronthewaytoschool,ora potentiallydangerousconfrontationthatnecessitatesanimmediatereaction.WriterssuchasSusan CampbellBartolettiandElieWiesel,whowrote"HitlerYouth:GrowingUpinHitler'sShadow"and "NobelPrizeAcceptanceSpeech"respectively,portraysuchsituationsBartolettiwritesabouthow oneGermangirlfacedconflictduringWorldWarTwo,andWieselshareshispersonalexperience asaJewinaconcentrationcamp.Bothworksshowthatthemostimportantaspectoffacinga conflictisthewayinwhichapersonchoosestodealwithitOnecouldreacttoconflictby becomingangryorsullen,shoutingorgoingsilent,orsimplypouting.Noneofthesereactionsare thebest––somecanevenbecounterproductivetoone'sgoals.Thebestwaytodealwithconflictis totakeastandforone'sbeliefs.Firstoff,standingupforone'sbeliefscreatesmanypositiveeffects, forlargegroupsofpeopleaswellasforthe...showmorecontent...

"HitlerYouth:GrowingUpinHitler'sShadow"Studysync:Reading&WritingCompanion Sonoma,CA:BookheadEdLearning,LLC,2015.397–400.Print.

NationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism."UnderageDrinking."NationalInstitutesof Health.U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,n.d.Web.24Apr.2017.

NobelMedia."LiuXiaobo–Facts."Nobelprize.org.Nobelprize.org,n.d.Web.24Apr.2017.

TownHallMeetings"What'sNew"TownHallMeetingsToPreventUnderageDrinkingStop AlcoholAbuse,4Feb.2011.Web.24Apr.2017.

Wiesel,Elie."NobelPrizeAcceptanceSpeech."Studysync:Reading&WritingCompanion. Sonoma,CA:BookheadEdLearning,LLC,2015416–18Print

WorkLife4You.CommunicationSkillsforHealthyRelationships.N.p.:NationalOceanicand AtmosphericAssociation,n.d.

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AlfredNobelMajorAccomplishments

AlfredNobelwasaSwedishchemistwhowasbornonOctober21,1833,inStockholmSweden.He workedwithhisfatherinhisarmsfactory;hewasveryexperimentalasayoungmanandwent experimentingwithchemistryincludingexplosives.In1864anexplosionoccurredwentkillinghis youngerbrother,thistriggeredhimintoinventingasafermorecontrolledexplosivecalledthe dynamiteAlfredNobelheldover355differentpatentsfordifferentinventionsthatmadeagreat impactedstilltothisday.ThedynamiteisAlfredNobelmostfamousaccomplishments;including thesyntheticelementnobeliumwasnamedafterAlfredNobel.TheNobelprizeseachyearthatare awardedareheldincategoriesofphysics,chemistry,medicine,literatureand

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Faulkner'sNobelPrizeAcceptanceSpeech

Humble

InFaulkner'sNobelPrizeAcceptanceSpeech,hetalksabouthowtheawardwasnotanawardto himasaman,butanawardtohiswork.Faulknergivesallthecredittohiswritingcareerand earningtheNobelPrizetohiswritingandnottohimself.Hisspeechisaveryimportantpartof historybecauseitissuchahumblespeechandthethingshetalksaboutareverytrueabouthimasa person.InFaulkner'sshortstory,"ARoseforEmily",thehumblenessofhisspeechshowsthrough, andreallyshowsthatheisawonderfulwriterandtrulydeservedtheNobelPrizeAward."ARose forEmily"isashortstoryaboutayoungwomanthattalksabouthowshelteredshewasbecauseher fatherdidnotbelievesheneededtogetmarriedinordertobehappy.Not...showmorecontent... Faulknerwasoneofthegreatestwritersofalltimeanditshowedinhiswritingandthatiswhyhe wontheNobelPrizeAward.Hisspeechwasverywellwrittenandwenttoshowthatheknew exactlywhathewastalkingaboutwhenhewrote.EdmondVolpetalksaboutFaulknerlikehewas thefirstmantowalkonthemoon;hesaidthatFaulknerwasthegreatestwritersofalltime,but readinghisstoriestookadifferenttypeofreading.HesaysthatinordertoreadFaulkner'sworkyou needtohaveaveryopenmind,andthatissomethingthatshowsthroughin"ARoseforEmily" Faulknerwasnottheonlyonetosaythat.WilliamO'ConneralsostatedthatFaulknerhada "TangledFireofamind"anditshowedthroughinhiswork,butitmainlyshowedthroughinhis morefamousstory,"ARoseforEmily"Faulknerwasagreatwriter,andthatwasobviouslythe reasonthathewontheNobelPrize,andthereasonhisspeechbecameoneofthemostfamous speechesinthewriting

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WinningtheNobelPeacePrizeisanamazingfeatandaccomplishmentsthatveryfewpeople receive.OnlytwoUSpresidents,TheodoreRoosevelt,andBarackObamahavereceivedtheaward. RooseveltwasthefirsteverAmericantowinthisaward.Hislifestoryandeventfulexperienceshelp shapehimasthepersonwerecognizeasanimpactfulpersoninhistory. TheodoreRooseveltwasbornonOctober27thof1858intoaDutchfamilylivinginNewYorkAs achild,hestruggledwithhisasthma.Manyofhisfamilymemberscalledhim"Teddy",anamehe wasn'tfoundof.However,thatnamelatchedonuntilpeopleusedhisnicknametomakeatoymany ofusarefamiliarwith,aTeddyBearHisfather,TheodoreRooseveltSr,knewhewasvery intelligentbutthoughthedidnothavethebodytomatch.Hetoldhimto"makehisbody"by exercising,soyoungTheodoredidandbecamestronger.Thisledhimtogainaninterestinwrestling andweightlifting.WhenTheodorebecameateenagerhealsobecameinterestedingymnasticsand continuedtoenjoysportsintohiscollegeyearsandbeyond.RooseveltwenttoHarvardCollegeand spent4yearsthereAtHarvard,hestudiednaturalscienceashismajoratfirst,howeverwhenhis fatherdiedheswitchedhismajortolaw.Heexcelledinsportsandeducationandfoundagood balancebetweenthetwo.Roosevelthadaninterestingandinfluentialfamilythathelpedhimbethe personweknowstartingwithhisfirstchild.OnFebruary12,1884,

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CriteriaforaNobelPrizeinLeadershipAlanWeber(2009)wroteanarticlefortheWashington Post,thatfocusedonthecriteriathatonemightusetosuggestanominee.Inhisarticle,Weber offeredthatcandidacyfortheprizeshouldnotbebaseupon"achievementbroadlydefined,or abstractqualitiesthatcanbeattributedtoleaders,butclearandundeniablemoralauthority"(Weber, 2009,para1)Cook(2009)addedthathewouldchooseanominee"whohasprettymuch transcendedhisorherownego,andwhoseeshumanityasinterconnectedinavastsystemtowhich weall,ultimately,arecontributing"(Cook,2009,para.4).Whilethesepointsprovideagoodstarting pointforselectionthedevelopmentofselectioncriteria,Ihavedeminedthatanyindividualwho wouldbeacandidateforaNobelPrizeinPaulineLeadershipshouldbecharacterizedbythe followingthefollowing:

DemonstratedChristCenteredCoreValues

UnwaveringSenseofMissionandPurpose AlignmentofCharacter,Ethics,andActions(Bradberry&Greaves,2012)

ServantOrientation

LeadsbyExample

Humility

SelfDiscipline(Lee,2003)

EquippingorDevelopingOthers(Lee,2003)

LastingConcernfortheBroaderCommunity

InfluenceandImpact

ExplanationoftheFirstNobelLaureateAsLutheranPastor,itshouldnotbeasurprisethatIhave chosenthe16thCenturyReformerMartinLutherasthefirstNobelLaureateinPaulineLeadership. MartinLutherwasanAugustinianmonkandpriest,

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WilhelmConradRontgenwasbornonMarch27,1845inLennep,Prussia;whichisnow Remscheid,Germany.HisfamilymovedtoApeldoornintheNetherlands,wherewewentto InstituteofMartinusHermanvanDoorn,aboardingschool.Hedidnotshowanyspecialaptitude, buthehadafascinationwithnatureandlovedroamingthecountrysideandwalkingthroughforests. LaterheattendedatechnicalschoolinUtrecht,butunfortunatelywasunfairlyexpelledforallegedly drawingarudecaricatureofoneoftheteachers,whichwasinfactdrawnbyanotherstudent.He thenenteredtheUniversityofUtrechtin1865tostudyphysics.Hedidnothavetherequired credentialstoentertheUniversity,butheheardhecouldenterbypassinganexamHeshowmore content...

Henamedthisnewdiscovery"X–Ray"becausexisthetermforanunknownnumberin mathematics.Itwaslatercalled"RoentgenRays"althoughchangedbackto"X–Ray".Withhisnew discovery,hefoundthattherayswouldtravelthroughhumantissue,butleaveashadowofboneand metalbehindOneofhisfirstexperimentswasonhiswifeBertha'shandwitharingonherfingerin 1895.MedicalX–raysworkbylettingfastmovingelectronscometoasuddenstoponametalplate. Theyshowupdifferentontheradiographbecauseofdifferentabsorptionratesofdifferentmaterial. Thecalciuminbonesabsorbthemostx–rayssotheyappearwhiteonaradiograph,orthefilmx–raysaredisplayedon,althoughotherthingsliketissue,fatandskinabsorbitlesssotheyappear greyAirabsorbstheleastx–rayssothisiswhylungslookcompletelyblackonaradiograph Todaysx–raymachinesaremuchfaster,moreefficientandproducemuchlessharmfulradiation. Excessiveexposuretox–rayscanbedangerousbutinmodernmedicinedoctorsareabletokeepus safewiththeirknowledgeonthisTheoriginalx–raymachinetook90minutesandproduced1500 timestheradiationasmodernx–rays.WilhelmConradRoentgenhasmadeahugeimpactontodays technology.It'sobvioustoseethatinventingthex–rayisabigdeal,butthiswasactuallyaverybig accomplishmentandmadealotofnewthingspossible.Withoutthex–rayourabilityinthemedical worldwouldbe

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AhmedZewailNobelPrizeWinner709Words

AboywhowasnamedAhmedZewailwasbornFebruary26,1946inDamanhur,the"Cityof Horus",only60kmfromAlexandria.HelivedagoodchildhoodintheCityofDisuq,which isthehomeofthefamousmosque,SidiIbrahimHewastheonlysoninafamilyofthreesistersand twolovingparents.Hisfatherwaslikedandrespectedbythecommunitybecausehewashelpful, cheerfulandverymuchenjoyedhislife.Heworkedforthegovernmentandalsohadhisown businessHismotherwasagoodnaturedpersonanddevotedallherlifetohershowmorecontent HewasadmittedtothefacultyofscienceatAlexandriaUniversityandfeltthegreatnessofthe university.Hisgradesthroughoutthenextfewyearsflourished.Theyflourishedincourseslike mathematics,physics,chemistry,andgeology.Hisgradeswereeitherexcellentorverygood.Inhis secondyearhescoredveryhighlyinChemistryandwaschosenforagroupofsevenstudentscalled "specialchemistry",anelitesciencegroupHegraduatedwiththehighesthonors,with above90%inallareasofchemistry.AftergraduatingwiththedegreeofBachelorofScience,he wasappointedtoaUniversitypositionasademonstratortocarryonresearchtowardaMastersand thenaPh.D.degree.

AhmedZewailwhoiscurrentlytheLinusPaulingChairProfessorofChemistryandProfessorof Physics,andthedirectoroftheNSFLaboratoryforMolecularSciences(LMS)attheCalifornia InstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.HewasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizein1999.Hewas awardedinthecategoryofChemistryforhisnewdevelopmentsinthefieldoffemotoscienceHe madeitpossibletoobservethemovementoftheindividualatomsinafemotosecond.A femotosecondisasplitsecondthatisamillionthofabillionthofasecond.Thisbrilliant developmentwhichchangedourviewofthedynamicsofmatterholdsgreatpromiseintheareasof technologyandlifesciences.Hiscurrentresearch

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Intheworld,thereareabout6909differentlanguagesbeingspoken.Millionsofpeoplearespeaking thoselanguagesallaroundtheglobe,buthowmanyofthemareactuallyspeaking?Languageisnot justaboutcommunicationwithwords.ToniMorrisonelaboratesmoreonthatideainherspeechthe NobelLecture.Toni'swritingillustratesherbeliefsaboutlanguageandthedeepermeaningofit. Sheexplainsthatlanguageshould"Permitnewknowledgeorencouragethemutualexchangeof ideas"(Morrison).ShebelievesthatAmericaisnotachievingthoseideasforlanguagebutinfactis doingtheopposite.Americanpeopledonotknowthemeaningandeffectoflanguageandbecause ofthat,truelanguageisdyingInthespeech,theNobelLecture,byToniMorrison,theauthor narratesrepetitionandconnotationinordertoemphasizeandelaborateideasandpurposesof language,ultimatelyexposingherbeliefsaboutlanguage.

Inthespeech,theword"dying"andothersynonymslikedeadarerepeatedmultipletimes.Weknow thatthethebirdmentionedinthestoryisametaphorforrepresentinglanguagebecauseMorrison says"theheartofsuchlanguageislanguishing,orperhapsnotbeatingatall–ifthebirdisalready dead".Thatsentenceconnectshowthebirdandlanguagearecorrelatedinthespeech.Sothereader caninferfromtherestofthespeechsowhenshesaysisthebirddead,sheisreallysayingisthe languagedead.Morrisonbelievesthatduetotheexamplesof

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MalalaYousafzaiNobelPeacePrizeSpeechAnalysis"Iamthose66milliongirlswhoaredeprived ofeducation.AndtodayIamnotraisingmyvoice,itisthevoiceofthose66milliongirls."Malala YousafzaimakesthisstatementinherspeechtotheNobelCommitteeasthefirstPakistaniand,at theageofsixteen,theyoungestpersontoreceivetheNobelPeacePrizeAward.Malalawas unfortunatelyshotintheheadbyamemberoftheTaliban,duetothefactthatshedefiedaculture thatdidnotallowgirlstohaveaneducationDespiteherbrushwithdeath,shenotonlyrecovered, butbecameachampionfortherightsofchildrenandgirlsaroundtheworldtoreceiveaneducation.

MalaladeliveredaspeechbeforetheNobelCommittee...showmorecontent...

Heruseofpathosallowshertoconnectwiththeaudienceonanemotionallevelandhelpsdrive homeherargument.

Additionally,heruseofethosallowshertopresentherselftotaudienceasareliablefigureby saying,"somepeoplecallmethegirlwhowasshotbytheTaliban...somepeoplecallmeanobel Laureatenow."Sheconvincestheaudienceofhercredibilitybyremindingthemofherpersonal experienceandthatshestandsasacrediblesourceMalalasaysthattheawardisnotonlyforher, but"theNobelPeacePrizemoney[willbededicated]totheMalalaFund",theofficialorganization ledbyMalalaYousafzaiShebuildsonpersonalexamplesfromherlifetosupporttheissue,which showsthatshehasfirst–handexperiencewiththeproblemandthatsheisdedicatedtofindinga solution.

Togetherwithstrongappealstopathosandethos,sheestablishesthesignificanceofthissubject, persuadingtheaudiencetolistentohercalltoaction.Shesays"Dearsistersandbrothers,dear fellowchildren,wemustwork...notwait.Notjustthepoliticiansandtheworldleaders,weallneed tocontribute.Me.You.We.Itisourduty"(Malala).Shereinforcesherideasandprovidesthe strengthandseriousnessthatthetopicdeserves,whilemotivatingtheaudiencetouniteandfacethis issueFurthermore,shesaysthat

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NobelPrizeResearchPaper

NobelPrize

InthispaperIamgoingtodiscusstheNobelPrize.FirstlyIwillinformyouofthehistoryofthe prize,secondlyitsorigin,andhowitisawardedtoday.AfterthatIwilldiscussthe2010NobelPrize forMedicine,1901NobelPrizeforPhysics,andthe1930NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine.

AlfredNobel

TheNobelPrizewasnamedafteraSwedishinventorandindustrialist,AlfredBernhardNobel. AlfredNobelwasborninStockholm,SwedenonOctober21,1833.Hewasbornintoawealthy family,althoughduetothemisfortuneoflosingbuildingmaterialsonsunkenbarges,Immanuel Nobel,Alfred'sfather,wasforcedintobankruptcythesameyearAlfredwasborn.In1842the familymovedtoSt.Petersburg,Russia.Alfredshowmorecontent

AlthoughhestartedworkingonIVFinthe1950sittookhimabout30yearstomakeitsuccessful, andabout60yearsuntilhewontheNobelPrize.EdwardsisaprofessorattheUniversityof CambridgeEngland,healsofoundedBournHall,thefirstIVFcenterToday,vitrofertilizationis responsibleforover4millionbirthsworldwide.Edwardsdiscoveredthatanembryocanbe fertilizedinaPetridishinalaboratory((4)

http://nobelprize.org/nobelprizes/medicine/laureates/2010/adv.html).ThestepsofIVFarestarted byprescribingafertilitymedicationtocontrolthetimingoftheeggsrelease.Theymonitorthe ovariesusingultrasoundtomakesurethemultipleeggscanbecollectedandthattheyare developingtheeggsproperlyandthathisiscalledovulationinduction.Toretrievetheeggsaminor operationisrequired,sedationandanesthesiaisusedtopreventdiscomfort.Ahollowneedleis insertedthroughthepelviccavityintotheovarytocollecttheeggsNowthespermisneededfor completionoftheprocedure,thisiscollectedbyejaculation.Theprocessofinseminationnow begins;asinglespermisinjectedintotheeggforfertilization.Theeggismonitoredtomakesure celldivisionisachieved.Itisnowconsideredanembryoafteritisfertilized.Threedaysafterthe eggisretrievedfromtheovary,andfertilizationisachievedthenitisinsertedintothewomen's uterusThetwotofourcellembryosisplaced

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