Genetic Essay by Buy Custom Essays Thousand Oaks

ArgumentativeEssayOnGeneticManipulation

Geneticmanipulationormodificationistheprocessofscientistschangingaperson'sDNAbefore birthtohelpbenefitthatperson'slife.Thisprocessisfairlynewandinexperiencedandmanypeople believethatitiswrongandoutlandishThebenefitsofgeneticmanipulationoutweighthe repercussionsandthefullextentofthosebenefitsisyettobeseen.Ibelievethatgenetic manipulationneedstobecomeamorewidespreadoperationinorderfordoubterstoseethebenefits thatcomefromtheprocess.Also,inorderforgeneticmanipulationtobeconsiderednormaltothe commonperson,thereneedstobemorecaseswheregeneticmanipulationchangedaperson'slife forthebetterThereareonlyahandfulofcasesaroundtheworld,andaccordingtoAnnabel Ferriman,"thescientists,fromtheInstituteforReproductiveMedicineandScienceatStBarnabasin NewJersey,saidthat30babiesworldwidehavebeenbornasaresultofthistechnique,knownas ooplasmictransfer"Theworldneedstoknowmoreaboutthesecasesofgeneticmanipulationin ordertomorefullyunderstandit.Peoplewhodisagreewithgeneticmanipulationoftensaythatitis notrighttodotoanunbornbabywhodoesnothaveasayinthematterofbeinggenetically manipulated.Opponentsalsosaythatitwilllimitthegenepoolandthatsomemaytakeittoofar. Mostopponentsofgeneticmanipulationwillusetheargumentoftheprocessbeingtakentoofarand childreninthewombseenasthings

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Geneticengineeringis"theabilitytochangehumannature"(Fukuyama671),topleaseparents. Geneticengineeringisawaytochangegenesofchildrenwhohaveadiseaseorwhoseparentswant themtohaveacertainappearance.Whenapersonisexpectingachildorwantingtohaveachild, whatiftheycouldchoosethegenderorcharacteristics.FrancisFukuyamaisadirectorandprofessor atJohnsHopkinsUniversityBeforetheIraqWarhewasknownasaneoconservativepolitical party,butnowheisacentrist.Beforegeneticengineeringoccurredonhumans,itstartedonplants. Farmerswouldgeneticallymodifytheircropssotheycouldwithstanddiseases,weather,andto producemoreWheneverwinterwouldcomeitwouldgetcolder,whichcausesmoreplantstodie beforetheyarefullygrownandproduced,orbeforetheyareabletoproduceagain.Wheneverplants dieitcausesfarmerstonotbeabletomakemoneyfromsellingtheirplants,sotheyhaveahardtime feedingtheirfamilies.Scientiststartedtotestonplantslikeontheirrootsandseeds,sotheycould lastduringharshwintersandproducefaster.Wheneverthescientistfiguredouthowtogenetically engineerplants,thenewplantswerebought,mostlikelybyfarmers,andproducehugeamountsof money.Farmersarechangingtheformsofplantsandmodernizingthemsotheycanproducemore. Farmershavemodernizedwildmaize/cornbecause"cornletstheirseedsfalltotheground,where theygrowtobecomethenextgeneration,butmoderncornhasbeenbredtoholdontothekernelsso theirseedscanbeeaten.Withouthumanhelp,itsseedswouldnotbeabletosurviveuntilthenext planting"(Hodge2–3)Therehasalsobeentestingdoneonanimalswhichincludetryingtoclone animals.Dolly,asheep,isthefirsteverclonedsheepandanimalever.AfterDolly,"Mollyand Pollyweretwolambsthatwerenotonlycloned,butthatweregeneticallyengineeredtoproduce humanblood–clottingproteins"(Humber4)Ifparentshavethechancetodecidewhatgendertheir kidwouldbe,wouldtheparentsmakethedecision?Whenparentswanttheirkidstolookacertain waytheywillgosomewhereandpaythemoneyeveniftestingandgenetically

ArgumentativeEssayOnGeneticEngineering

SelectiveBreedingAndGeneTherapyEssay

HumanshavebeenabletousetheprinciplesofDNAreplication,genetransferandgeneexpression (asobservedinnature)astoolstomanipulatespecificgenestowardspreferredoutcomes.An advantageofbeingabletomanipulategenetictherapyistheabilitytoeliminate/curegenetic disease/disorderswithotherwisenoothercure.Humansareabletoremovethegenescausingthe geneticdisorderfromthegenepoolofpopulations,allowingorganismstolivelongerandhealthier lives.Twowaysofmanipulatinggenetictransferwhichwillbeexploredfurtherinthisreportare selectivebreedingandgenetherapy.

Thehumanracehasbeenmanipulatinggenetictransferforover10000years.Wehavebeenusing thesameprincipleof'naturalselection'(selectionbytheenvironmentforthefittest)todevelop artificialselectionalsoknownasselectivebreeding(selectionbyhumansforthefittest.). Selectivebreedinginanimalsandplantsisstillcarriedoutbybothcommercialandhobby breeders/growersSelectivebreedingallowsyoutobeabletobreed/growtheexactanimal/plantyou want,sotheycanservethepurposeyouwantthemto.Selectivebreedingcanbeusedtominimise theimpactsand/ortreatgeneticdisease.

Ihavechosentodoacasestudyoncattleaboutthegeneticdisorder,Osteopetrosis(marblebone disease).Thisdiseasecausesoverlydensebutbrittlebonesthatshattereasily.Ifacalfisbornwith thisdiseasehavedeformedskullswithrecedinglower

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GeneticResearchEssay

GenomicDiscoveriesProvideNewLeadsforCancerPreventionandTherapy:

Geneticresearchisthewaytoimprovedcancerdiagnosticsandtherapy.Theunderstandingof geneticabnormalitiesormutationsinnormalandcancercellisoneofthegreatestadvancesin cancerresearch.Becausegeneticmutationscancausecellstoproduceabnormalamountsofcertain proteins,thatcandisruptnormalcellbehaviorinanumberofwaysandultimatelyleadtothe developmentofcancer.Largegenomicstudyoffermolecularoriginsofcancer,andarecent mutationalanalysisshow5millionmutationsfromroughly7,000cancers(Alexandrovetal.,2013). Researchersidentifiedsomespecifiedfactorssuchastobacco,ultravioletlightexposure, certain...showmorecontent...

CurrentlyFDAapprovedseveralanti–HER2drugsfortherapeuticstrategiesforHER2positive metastaticbreastcancer,whicharetrastuzumab,lapatinibandpertuzumab(Orphanosand Kountourakis,2012;Nielsendletal.,2013).TrastuzumabisahumanizedIgG1monoclonal antibody,inducesreceptordownregulation,andpreventionofhomodimerizationincancercells (Nahtaretal.,2006),whichcanbeusedtotreatbothearly–andlate–stagebreastcancer.Inearly–stage,trastuzumabwithneoadjuvantchemotherapysignificantlyimprovesoverallsurvival(OS) 33%andreducestheriskofrecurrence(Nahtaretal.,2006).

Intriplenegativebreastcancer(TNBC)thevascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF)istreated withthemonoclonalantibody(bevacizumab),whichincreaseresponserate(RR)andPFSof patientswithmetastaticdisease(Milleretal.,2007;Robertetal.,2011).Whichbindsspecificallyto theligandofVEGF–A,howeverlimitedbindingaffinityforotherVEGFreceptorligandssuchas VEGF–BandVEGF–C(Tyagietal,2005)TheTNBCpatientstreatedwithanti–VEGFRtyrosine kinaseinhibitors(TKIs)suchassunitinibandsorafenibshownimprovedsurvival.Poly(adenosine disphosphate–ribose)polymerase(PARP)enzymesplayakeyroleinrepairofsingle–strandDNA breaksthroughbaseexcisionrepair.ThelossofPARPactivityincreasesingle–strandbreaks,thisis generallyrepairedbydouble–strandhomologousrecombination

BehavioralGeneticsEssay

Isbehaviorlearned?Itisinborn?Whatofaggression,intelligence,andmadness?Thereisacrucial relationshipbetweenthebehaviorofhumanstowardtheirownkindandtheviewoflifetheyhold. Interestinbehavioralgeneticsdependsonwantingtoknowwhypeoplediffer.AccordingtoJackR. Vale,inGenes,Environment,andBehavior,recognitionoftheimportanceofhereditaryinfluence onbehaviorrepresentsoneofthemostdramaticchangesinthesocialandbehavioralsciences duringthepasttwodecades.Ashiftbegantowardthemorebalancedcontemporaryviewthat recognizesgeneticaswellasenvironmentalinfluencesonbehavior.Behavioralgeneticsliesinits theoryandmethods,whichconsiderbothgeneticandshowmorecontent

However,genetichypothesesshouldalsobeconsidered.Researchinbehavioralgeneticsisdirected towardunderstandingdifferencesinbehavior.Methodsareemployedthatconsiderbothgenetics andenvironmentalinfluences,ratherthanassumingthatoneortheotherissolelyimportant. Behavioralgeneticsresearchstudieswhetherindividualbehavioraldifferencesareinfluencedby hereditarydifferencesThen,estimatestherelativeinfluencesofgeneticandenvironmentalfactors Althoughgeneticandenvironmentalinfluencesinteractwithinanindividual,thisdoesnotimply thattheseparateeffectsofgenesandenvironmentcannotbeuntangledwhenwefocuson differencesamongindividuals

Controversyariseswhennature(inheritance)iscombatedagainstnurture(environment)This controversybeganwiththedevelopmentofthebehavioristicpointofview."Behaviorismaroseasa protestagainstallformof"introspectivepsychology,"whichwasconcernedwithmentalstatessuch asconsciousnessandwill"(Plomin3)Itledtoanenvironmentalismthatrejectedthepossibilityof geneticsinfluencesonbehavior.Theburdenofexplainingindividualdifferencesfellcompletelyto environmentalfactors.Geneticsinvolvegenes,whicharechemicalstructuresthatcontrolthe productionofproteins,therebyindirectlyaffecting

TheBenefitsOfGeneticTesting

Genetictestingcanprovidetypesofselectedinformation,suchasasickness,differenttypesof DNA,familyheritage,andmore.Recently,parentshavebeenstrugglingtomakethedecisionof whetheritwouldbebetterforchildrentomaketheirowndecisionsonwhentheytakethetests,orif theyshouldmakethedecisionsforthekids.Researchershavesuggestedtoletkidsmaketheirown decisionsbecausekidsmayfindthattheyarenotrelatedtotheir'family',evenadultshaveastruggle withtakingthefactoftheirchildhavingadisease,andchildrenshouldnothavetogothroughthe worryofsomethingthatisn'thealthy.Areasonwhyitisbetterforkidstomaketheirownchoiceon whentheyhavetheirgenetictestingdoneisthatshowmorecontent Onthewebpageofwww.impact–study.co.uksaysthata"positivegenetictestcanalsoleadtoan increasedlevelofanxiety",andthatalsothechildrenwouldfeelguiltythattheirparentsfeelitis theirfaultforhaving"potentionallypassedagenealterationontotheirchildren."Thisshowsthat notonlycanchildren'sanxietycouldbebadforthem,butitshowsthatthechildcouldalreadyhave theanxietyofhavingadiseaseanditbeingincreasedwhentheteststurnoutpositiveAlso,itmakes thechildrenfeelliketheydidbadbymakingtheparentsfeelguiltyforsomethingtheycouldnot control.Anotherpieceoftextualevidenceisstatedinthearticle"WhyShouldWeThinkTwice AboutGivingGeneticTeststoOurKids",statingthatthedecisiontobemadeisalreadystressfulfor adults,itis"notoneforagirlshouldhavetoagonizeoverthroughoutherchildhoodifshedoesn't haveto"Thisshowsthatthedecisionissurelyalreadystressfulforaparentwhohastolookafter thechild,butayounggirl,suchasanageofeightthroughtheadultyearsshouldhavetoworry aboutwhattheyshoulddoforacure.Alastexampleisshowninthearticle"GeneticTestingfor Kids:IsItaGoodIdea"whenitsaysthatchildrenhaveahardtimewhen

Wehaveknownforcenturiesthattraitsarepassedfromparentstooffspring.Whathasnotalways beenunderstoodishowtraitsaredetermined.Oneexplanationthatappealedtoscientistformany centurieswasthattraitsofparentswereblended,ormixedinoffspring.Theblendinghypothesis accountedformanyobservabletraitsandwaswidelyacceptedformanyyears.However,theideaof blendingcouldnotaccountfortheappearanceofunexpectedtraitsinsomeoffspringItwasnot untilscientistdiscoveredthecellularbasisoflifethattheinheritanceoftraitswasbetterunderstood.

ThefirstcluestounderstandinginheritancecamefromGregoryMendel,oneofthemost outstandingscientistsintheshowmorecontent

WhatresultsdidMendelexpect?Accordingtotheblendinghypothesis,thegreenandyellow,Peas ofMendel'splantsinthePgenerationshouldhaveblendedtoproducechartreuseoff–spring. Instead,MendelfoundthatallofthatFhybridplantshadyellowpeas.Therewereneithergreennor chartreusepeasinthefirstgenerationofpeaplants,eventhoughoneoftheparentplantshadgreen peasWhenMendellettheFhybridplantsself–fertilize,hefoundoutthatthingsarenotwhatthey alwaysseemandeveniftheyarethenyouwillneedtoseemeandseemegood.

ThestructureofthepeaflowerenabledMendeltoisolateanimportantvariable,fertilization.In fertilization,themaleplantgamete,locatedatthebaseofthepistil.Therelativelyclosedstructureof thepeaflowerpetalsmakesitveryeasyforpollenfromtheanthertofertilizethepistilofthesame flowerThisprocessiscalledself–fertilizationIfaplantoranyorganismreceivesthesamegenetic traitsfrombothofitsparents,itiscalledpurebred.Self–fertilizationproducespurebredpeaplants. AsyoucanseeMendelalsoalteredplantsandtransferredpollenbyhand.Bycontrollingpollination andpreventingself–fertilization,Mendelcrossbredplants,producinghybridsAhybridisan organismthatreceivesdifferentformsofagenetictraitfromeachparent.

Instead,MendelfoundthatallofthatFhybridplantshadyellowpeas.Therewereneithergreen

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TraitsandGeneticsEssay

ArgumentativeEssayOnGeneticEngineering

Imagineifwecouldmakediseaseathingofthepastandextendtheaveragehumanlifespanpast 100years.Withgeneticengineering,somedaythisfuturecouldbecomereality.Geneticengineering cancuregeneticdiseases,andextendandempowerhumanlife.However,manypeoplehave overestimatedandreactedtoethicalandsafetyconcernsassociatedwiththisnewtechnology. Geneticengineeringisthemodificationofanorganism'sgeneticmaterialThishasbeendone worldwideingeneticallymodifiedcrops,andtoalimitedextentinanimals.Inhumangenetic engineering,themodificationisdoneintheembryo,alteringthetraitsthechildisbornwithandwill passonLawshavebeenpassedinmanycountriesmakingthisillegalIntheUS,thisisahighly debatedandcontroversialsubject,buthumangeneticengineeringislegal. Thehumanbodyisnotperfect.Mutationsingenescausegeneticdiseases,whichcanbecripplingto livewith,difficulttodiagnose,andevenhardertocure.Babiesinparticulararevulnerable. AccordingtothePopularSciencearticle,"InfantPossibilities",byMelindaMoyer,geneticdiseases aretheleadingcauseofdeathininfantsMoyersaidthatmanyofthesediseasesarecausedbyonly asinglegenemutation.Theyarerelativelysimplegeneticallybuttherearethousandsofextremely rareillnessesaroundtheworld.Now,newgenetictechnologyisavailablefromafewcompanies thatcanhelpparentshaveahealthybaby,ifeitherparent

GeneticCounselling?Whatisit?Iprimarilychosethistopicbecauseinitiallyhadnoideaabout

geneticcounselling,infact,Ididnotevenknowthattherewassuchathing.Thefieldofgenetic counsellingisquicklyexpandingespeciallyinthisnewfounderaofgenomicmedicine.Genetic counsellingisverypivotalinclinicalhealthcare,educationaswellasforprovidingemotional supportforindividualsandfamiliesthatarefacingtheuphilltasksofdealingwithgeneticand inheriteddiseases.Geneticcounsellorshelpbyprovidingservicestopatientsaswellastothe familiesofpatientswhoareatrisksofinheriteddiseases.Theyassistingenetictesting,counselling diagnosingaswellasgivinginformationonhowtopreventandmanagediseasesFurthermore,they alsoofferethicalguidancesoastohelppatientsstayinformedabouthealthcareaswellas reproductivedecisions.Thisresearchpaperprovidesareviewofgeneticcounsellingandtheroleit playsinatthefrontlinesofgenetichealth,theimpactithasonmedicalresearch,patientcareaswell asineducation.Thereusedtobeatimeperiodwhenprenatalgeneticcounsellingwasprimarilyonly offeredtopatientswhowerecategorizedashighshowmorecontent

Motorandsensorydysfunctionthentakesplacelateronasittheconditionworsens.Someofthe symptomsincludebutarenotlimitedto:memoryloss,disorientation,confusion,language disturbance,andbehavioralchangessuchasagitation,wandering,hallucinations,anxiety,difficulty sleeping,andsoon.Thisdiseasecanbedividedintoearly–onsetsporadicandearly–onsetfamilial disease,occurringbefore65yearsofage,andlate–onsetsporadicandlate–onsetfamilialdisease, occurringafter65yearsofage.Mostcasesofthediseaseareofthelate–onset.Infact,early–onset usuallytakesplaceinlessthan5%ofall

GeneticCounsellingEssay

GeneticTestingResearchPaper

Whatisgenetictesting?Genetictestingisatypeofmedicaltestthatidentifieschangesin chromosomes,genes,orproteins.

ThereareMorethan1,000genetictestsarecurrentlyinuse,andmorearebeingdeveloped.What aresomeofthetypesofgenetictest?Newbornscreeningisonetypeanddoneisjustafterbirthto identifygeneticdisordersthatcanbetreatedearlyinlifeThetestthataredoneinallstateson newbornsareforphenylketonuria,andcongenitalhypothyroidismandsomestatesdotestingfor otherdisordersaswell.Anothertypeoftestisdiagnostictestingwhichisusedtoidentifyorruleout aspecificgeneticorchromosomalconditionThethirdtypeoftestingiscarriertestinganditisused toidentifypeople...showmorecontent...

Aproforhavingprenataltestingwouldbethatyouwouldknowthatthereisachancethatyour babycouldhaveadisordersoyoucoulddoresearchbeforethebabyisbornthatwayyouknowas muchaboutthedisorderasyoucanandhowtodealwithproblemsthenewbornmayfaceinthefist fewweeksofitslifeByhavepreimplantationdoneyouarecuttingouttheriskofhavingembryos implantedtofindoutalittlelatterthatthereissomethingwrongwiththebaby.Ithinkthatnewborn testingisgoingbecausethethingtheyaretestingforhavelonglastingeffectsonthechildifyou don'tknowtheyhavethedisorderforawhile.Predictiveandpresymptomatictestingisalsoonethat Ithinkisgoodbecauseitcantellapersonifthereisachancethattheycangetsometypesofcancer andthenthatcantrytodoingthingsthatwilllessentherechanceofgettingcancerForexampleif thetestshowstheycouldgetlungcancerthenmaybetheywilldecidenottosmokewhereifthey hownoideathattheyhadthegeneforlungcancertheymayhavedecidetosmoke.Therearealot ofprosforforensictestingdoneitcanprovethatsomeonedidordidn'tcommitthecrimeanditcan alsohelpidentifytheremandsof

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GeneticAndGenomicNursingAssessment

GeneticFamilyHistoryAssessment

ThepurposeofthispaperistocompleteaGeneticandGenomicNursingAssessmenttoanalyze familygenetichealthrisks.Genomicsisthestudyofgenesinthehumangenomeandtheir interactionswitheachotherandtheenvironmentandgeneticsisthestudyofindividualgenesand theireffectonclinicaldisorders(Kaakinen,Coehlo,Steele,Tabacco,&Hanson,2015)Nurses shouldbeabletoperformanassessmentofafamily'sgenetichealthrisksbyusingathree–generationfamilypedigreetoobtaininformationregardingpossiblegeneticinheritancepatternand recurrencerisksThefamilychosenforthispaperhasahistoryofchromosomebalancedand unbalancedtranslocation.Abalancedtranslocationisachromosomalabnormalitythatifunbalanced (toomuchortoolittlegeneticmaterial)canleadtoinfertility,multiplemiscarriages,orachildwith congenitalabnormalities,developmentalissues,etc.Abalancedtranslocationdoesnothavea straightforwardinheritancepattern.Itdependsonthechromosomesinvolved,ifthecarrierisamale versusfemaleandhowmuchgeneticmaterialisinvolvedinthetranslocationitself

FamilyMembers,HealthandReproductiveHistory

Thefirststepwasassessingafamilyhistoryistoidentifyathreegenerationfamilypedigreewhich identifiedthegeneticriskofchromosomalbalancedtranslocation.Assessingthefamilyhealth historyisthebestwaytoimprovemedicaladherencepriorto

GeneticChangesAndCancerEssay

GeneticChangesandCancer

Cancerisageneticdiseasecausedbycertainchangestogenesthatcontrolthewayourcells function,especiallyhowtheygrowanddivide.Genescarrytheinstructionstomakeproteins,which domuchoftheworkinourcellsCertaingenechangescancausecellstoevadenormalgrowth controlsandbecomecancer.Geneticchangesthatpromotecancercanbeinheritedfromourparents ifthechangesarepresentingermcells,whicharethereproductivecellsofthebody(eggsand sperm)Suchchanges,calledgermlinechanges,arefoundineverycelloftheoffspringIngeneral, cancercellshavemoregeneticchangesthannormalcells.Buteachperson'scancerhasaunique combinationofgeneticalterations.

Inheritedgeneticmutationsplayamajorroleinabout5to10percentofallcancers.Researchers haveassociatedmutationsinspecificgeneswithmorethan50hereditarycancersyndromes,which aredisordersthatmaypredisposeindividualstodevelopingcertaincancersGenetictestscantell whetheraperson...showmorecontent...

Ithinkthateverybodyshoulddoagenetictestataveryearlyageinordertoknowwhatisgoingon withtheirgenes.Evenifagenetictestispositive,ageneticcounselor,doctor,orotherhealthcare professionaltrainedingeneticscanhelpanindividualorfamilyunderstandtheirtestresults.These professionalscanalsohelpexplaintheincidentalfindingsthatatestmayyield,suchasagenetic riskfactorforadiseasethatisunrelatedtothereasonforadministeringthetest,sotheycanclarify theimplicationsoftestresultsforotherfamilymembers.Doingagenetictestiscrucialbecauseon anexpandedpanel,certaincancercanbeentirelyreversedwithanearlyinterventionlikedietary

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Manypeopletodayareoftenamazedbytheamountofnutritionandhealthinformationrequiredfor humans.Theconstantstreamofgeneticmodificationoffoodcanbeconfusing.Genetically modified(GM)foodsareplantsandanimalsthathavehadtheirgeneticmakeupartificiallyaltered byscientiststomakethemgrowfaster,tastebetter,lastlongerandtoprovidemorenutrients. Scientistsmakethesealternationsbytransferringgenesfromoneorganismintoanotherinorderto changetheconditionorcharacterofthereceivingorganism.Thisprocessisknownasbiotechnology orgeneticengineering(GE),andithasrevolutionizedthewaythatagricultureispracticedinmany partsoftheworldResearchersarenowabletouseGEshowmorecontent

Companiesandresearchersalternatethegeneticstructureofcropstowithstandpesticides,non–GM weedsandinsectscangraduallydeveloparesistancetothechemicals.Atthispointfarmersactually havetoincreasetheiruseofpesticides.Thesepracticecausesweedpopulationstoadapttothe herbicideandeventuallybecomeresistanttoit.Oncethesesuperweedsemergefarmersmustfinda newherbicidesandmorepotentproducts

PeoplewhosupportGMfoodsdismisscomplaintsthattheymightnotbesafetoeat.GMfoodsare likelytobemorenutritiousandcontainsmalleramountsofpesticideresiduesthatfoodsraisedby traditionalfarmingmethods.Foodpoisoningagentssuchassalmonellaarenaturalandtheykill thousandsofpeopleeachyear.Lotsofplantsproducepowerfultoxinstodeterpests.Withthe technologyofGMCropsincludingbeansandcassava(afruitgrownintropicalcountries)produce cyanidethatcanberemovedbeforecooking.Thisisextremelyusefulforconsumerstoeatandfor producerstomake.

IntheotherhandGMcriticsworrythattransgeniccropscouldharmwildlifeandcauselasting damagetofragilefoodchains.WhatwillhappenifGMfarmingpracticeswipeoutweedyplants thatsomebird'sspeciesrelyonforsurvival?Orifinsectsthatareimportant

GeneticallyModifiedOrganismsEssay

GeneticsEssayGeneticshaveaffectedmebyresearchingmutations,heritability,andgenetic disorders.ItaffectedmebecauseIalwayswantedtolearnaboutmyheritability.Geneticdisorders andmutations,IdidthembecauseI,myselfhaveageneticdisorderandmutation.Iwantedtolearn moreaboutmutationsandgeneticdisordersasmuchasmyheritability.Idecidedtoalsoresearch florigeneandgoldfishbecauseIloveflowersandhowtheychangecolors,yetIfindglofishamusing andwantedlearnmoreaboutthem.Mutationshappentomanyorganisms.Iforoneamamutation. AmutationiswhenagenethatisaddedordetachedfromtheDNAsequence.Forexamplemy mutationhappenedinmyeyesoneofthegenesdetachedorstoppedshowmorecontent Organismssuchasdogs,cats,fish,humans,monkeys,etc.HeritabilityisrelatedtomebecauseIam anorganismandahuman.Thisappliestomebecauseheritabilitycanhelpmedeterminehowmuch humansthereisoutthere.IfIwantedIcouldalsodeterminehowmuchofotherspeciesand organisms.GeneticdisordersisaninheritedmedicalconditioncausedbyDNAabnormality. Basicallywhenamutationhappensbutthisoneisworseandthenumberofchromosomescouldbe higherorlower.Whichmayormaynotcauseamutationorageneticdisorder.Geneticdisordersor relatedtomebecausemydisorderiswithmyeyes.IamlegallyblindandmyeyescrosswhenI don'twearcontactlensesorglasses.BecauseofthisdisorderIcan'tdriveorworkatspecificplaces. Florigeneisacompanythatproducesflowersthataredyedcertaincolors.Thecoloroftheseflowers isabsolutelynovelforcarnation,andoffersthefloralindustrynewideasandusesTheflowersare notmuchreallyrelatedtomebutIdoloveflowersandlovetolearnanythingaboutthem.Iguess whentheflorigenepeopleduetheflowertheykillthegenethatproducesthecoloritwasandmutate ittobethenewcolorThisisalsoknownasmutationswhichhappensofteninhumansWhichis whathappenedto

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GeneticDisorderResearchPaper

Introduction

Whatifyoucoulddesignyourchildbeforeitwasevenborn?Whatifyoucouldcutoutanylife threateningdiseases,makesurethatyourchildisnotsusceptibletosmokingaddictionsor alcoholism,andthenmakeyourchildgenius?Wouldyou?Areyouaskingyourselfhowthiscould bedone?Haveyoueverconsideredhumangeneticengineering?

WhatisHumanGeneticEngineering?

Letsstartbylookingatthecellandthesourceofheritabletraits.Weknowthatallorganismsare madeupbycellsandthatnewcellscanonlyspringfromexistingcells.Cellgrowthdependsupon theproductionofnewcellsandwithineachcellexistsDNA.DNAcontainsthehereditary instructionsneedforeachorganismtogrowanddevelopEveryshowmorecontent

Basedonthosefindings,Wilsonperformedanexperimentonapersonsufferingfrom hypercholesterolemia(FH).Thiscertaindiseaseforbidstheliverfromprocessingcholesterol.

Theprocedureconsistedoftakingapieceofthepersonsliverandinjectingcorrectcopiesofthe genesintotheflawedlivercells,andplacingthepieceofliverbackintothepersonTwoyearslater, theresultsshowedthatthecorrectedcellswerethriving.Asaresulttothecells,thepersonhad reducedtheircholesterolbytwentypercent.

CysticFibrosis(CF),isanotherdiseasethatistakingtogenetictherapy.Ifacorrectedgenecould somehowenterthecellsthatlinethelungs,itwillthenstartproducingthecriticalproteinsthatCF patientsneed.Thishasbeendone,althoughinsmallquantities.Theseresults,however,haveraised hopesthatsometimeinthefuture,CFmaybecurable.

Theparadeofgeneticallyengineeredmarvels,duringthepastrecentyears,hasbeenshocking: "Flavr–Savr"tomatoesthatstayfresherlonger;"giantsalmon"thatgrow37timesfasterthanthe normalfish;"transgenic"pigsthatareinjectedwithhumangeneswhichcausesthemtoproduce milkwithhumanproteinthatpreventsbloodclotting;and"supermice"injectedwithratgrowth geneswhichmakesthemgrowtwicetheirnormalsize,arejustafew

Thegoalofgeneticengineeringistomodifygenesinhelpfulways,butthis

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HumanGeneticEngineeringEssay

Geneticdisordersareatopicinbiologythatcannotbeavoided.Thefactisthatgeneticdisorders canhappeninhumans,plantsoranimal.Nooneandnothingissafefromageneticdisorder.A geneticdisordercanappearinthefirstyearsofflife,orcanappearmuchlaterinlifewhenleast expectedAbasicprincipalofbiologystatesthatthebehaviorofchromosomesduringthemeiosis processcanaccountforgeneticinheritancepatterns.Therearemanyreasonsforgeneticdisorders. Tostartitisimportanttounderstandwhatageneticdisorderis.Itisamutationinthegenetic materialofapersonThemutantgeneistransmittedthrubirthshowmorecontent

Commonrecessivediseasesarecysticfibrosis,sicklecellanemia,TaySachs.

AlzheimerandHuntingtondiseasesareexamplesofdominantdisorders.Somemutantdisorders occurontheXchromosome.FemaleshavelittleornoeffectsifthemutationoccursontheXlinked gene.MalesontheotherhanddonothaveanotherXchromosomessodonothaveanothergeneto fallonDominantdisorderslinkedtotheXchromosomesareusuallyverydeadlytomalesThese disorderstendtoaffectmenmorethenwomen.Almostexclusively.Someofthediseasesassociated withtheXaredownsyndrome,Hemophilia.Therearealsothediseasesthatoccuronthesexgenes. Theyalsocomeinrecessiveanddominantforms.Withthisitdetermineswhowillgetthedisease.

Forexampleamothercanpassonatraittoadaughterbutnottoasonandviceversa.

OnecannotforgetthatgeneticdisorderscanalsooccurbecauseofexternaleffectsThingslike cigarettesmokinganddrinkingduringpregnancycanaffectthebabiesgenetics.Leavingthebaby withoneofthegeneticdisorders.

Sicklecellanemiaisageneticdisorderthatusuallyappearsbetweentheagesof2and4yearsold Theredbloodcellsareshapedlikecrescentsorsickles.Theredbloodcellsonlylastabout10to24 days.Inahealthypersontheylastabout120days.Thatiswheretheanemiapartofthenamecomes intoplay.Studies

GeneticDisordersEssay

GeneticEngineeringBabiesEssay

Theysaynobodyisperfect,butwhatiftherewasawaytochangethat?Tohavethecontrolover yourunbornbaby'straitssuchasgender,appearance,intelligence,personalityandstopriskof inheritedmedicaldiseasesbeforethechildisborn.Inthisresearchreport,geneticallyengineering babies,theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofmodifyingbabieswillbeexplainedaswellasthe impactithasonsociety

Thepositiveeffectsofengineeringbabies:

Therearemanyadvantagesofgeneticallyengineeringhumanbabies.Oneofthemainpositive effectsisthatitcancurediseasesandillnessesbeforethebabiesisevenborn.Thisincludesdiseases suchasdownsyndrome,Alzheimer'swhichaffectsyourmemoryandcandevelopasyoungas40 yearsold,Huntington'sdiseases,a'incurable'diseasesthataltersthewaypeoplethinkandtheir behaviourThereisa50%chanceshowmorecontent

Thistechnologyisnot100%safeyetandisbannedin29countriesincludingNewZealand, Australia,Canadaandbrazil.Byparentsbeingabletoselecttheirchild'straitsmeansthiscould affectthegenepool,havingpurposelypickedblueeyesmeansthechildwillpassonthosegeneto futuregenerationsandtheleastpopulareyecolourmaybecomeextinct.Genesalsousuallyhave morethanoneuseforexampleaccordingtoworldpresscomagenethatconroralsintelligencecould alsocontrolangermanagmentmeaningthechildcouldbeverysmartbutalsohavetroublemanging theiranger.Genetherapyisalsoveryexpensivecostingaround$50,000accordingtomyscience teacherbutitcanvearydependingonwhereittakesplaceandwhatyouaskforThismeansonly thewealthycanafforditandplacesthataren'tsorichwillnothaveengineeredbabiesandwillpass ongeneticdiseasesandnotliveaslong,thiscouldcouldleadtoadecreaseinpopulationinpoor countriesandanincreaseinrich

GeneticTestingEssay

Inrecentdiscussionsofgenetictesting,acontroversialissuehasbeenwhethergenetictestingis effectiveinhelpingfindcureofsomediseases.Ontheonehand,somearguethatgenetictesting helpsusdetectgeneticallypasseddiseasesfromparentstochildren..Ontheotherhand,however, othersarguethatgenetictestingcostsalotofmoneyissometimesisnoteffectiveinfinding diseasesInsum,then,theissueiswhethergenetictestingiseffectiveandworththecosttofinda geneticallypastdisease.Whilesomebelievethatgenetictestingcostsalotofmoneyandshould neverbedoneunlessnecessary,genetictestingisbeneficialinmanywaysfordetectinggenetically pasteddiseasesfromparentstochildrenGenetictestingshowmorecontent Somegenetictestsrangefrom$100to$1000.Poorfamiliesreallycannotspendthismuchmoney justtoseeiftheycarryageneticallypasseddiseases.Ibelievethatgenetictestareworthevery pennybecauseifyougettestedearlieranddoctorsfindageneticallypasseddiseasethenyoucanget treatedassoonaspossibleandyouwouldsavealotofmoneylateroninyourlife.Inthearticle "TheOutrageousCostofaGeneTest"byDavidBAgus,heimpliesthatDNAtestsareverycheap andhelpidentifywhetheryouareacarrierofadisease."ButplentyofotherDNAtestsarealsodirt cheapincomparison.Thetestthatidentifieswhetherawomancarriesoneofseveralstrainsof humanpapillomavirus––strainsthatwouldsharplyincreaseherriskofgettingcervicalcancer––generallycostsunder$100."(Agus).AccordingtoAgussomeDNAtestsarerelativelycheapandare wortheverylittlepennythatyoupaySomeofthediseasesthatcanbeidentifiedinagenetictests arecancers,heartdisease,asthma,anddiabetes.Somerarediseaseslikehemophilia,cysticfibrosis, andsicklecellanemiacanbeidentifiedusingagenetictest.Onecansaythatgenetictestsarevery expensiveandarenoteffective,Istillmaintainthatgettingagenetictestdownhelpsidentify geneticallypasteddiseasesthatruninyourfamily.Themaindiseasethatisidentifiediscancer.In femaleitisbreastcancer,andinmaleitiscoloncancer.Ifyougetagenetictestdownearlyyoucan savealotofmoneylaterinyour

PersonalStatement:MyGeneticInheritance

Whenthinkingaboutmygeneticinheritance,itsactuallyhardtofigureoutwhoIreallytakeafterin myfamily.WhengrowingupIhadtocreatemyownenvironment.Tobehonest,mypersonalityis allovertheplaceandIknowforwhatreasons.Ihadtogrowupquicklywithnoguidancejust instinct.IwasputintothefostersystemwhenIwas5andwasadoptedlaterwhenIwas8yearsold. EveryparentorguardianIhadjustseemedignorantandhopelessIdidnotwanttogrowupbeing likeanyofthem.Ihavealwayshadmyownsplansandgoals,becausenoonehasbeenthereto say,"heydothis!".Ihavemadealotofrightdecisionsonmyownandalotofwrongonesaswell. ButforthemostpartIhavebeenontherighttrackbyusingmycommonsensesFrombirthto5 yearsorage,whenguidanceandeducationreallymattered,Ididnotgetthatluxuryofhaving parents.WellletsstartwithmybiologicalFatherGeorgeGeils,someofhispersonaltraitsinclude brownhair,browneyes,tanskinandallaroundgentleman.Georgeisoneofthemostcalmand collectedindividualsstilltothisday.TheyearIgottospendwithhimgrowinguphetaughtmehow tobegentleMyMotherCathyLynnewasinacaraccidentandpassedawayin1999Shehadthis beautifulstrawberryblondehair,frecklesandhazeleyes.Mybiologicalfamilyandsiblingsdonot liketotalkaboutourMother.ButfromwhatIdoknow,shewasnotthegreatestofpeople.Cathy

Genomics

GenomicsisthestudyofthefunctionsofgenesandDNAinanorganism,includinglocation, structure,sequence,regulationandfunction.Thegenomeprovidesalistofbuildingmaterialsfor proteins(Kerns/McDonald,2001)Todayscientistsarestrivingtoidentifyeverygeneinhuman DNAandthesequencesofthechemicalbasepairsthatmakeupeachone.Thisisnoeasytask,but withinthenextfewyears,theworldwillacknowledgegenomicsasthebiggestthingsincesliced breadScientistsintendtostorethedataindatabases,developnewsequencingtechnologies,and developtoolsfordataanalysis.BothCeleraandtheHumanGenomeProjectcompletedroughdrafts oftheGenomeProjectinJuneshowmorecontent

(Bird,2000)

Suchtherapeuticproductswillalsobeinvaluableforindividualstoidentifythetypesofgenestheir childrenwillexpressbeforetheyareborn.Eachindividual'smedicalrecordwillincludethe completegenomeaswellassinglebase–pairvariationsthatwillbeabletopredictresponsesto drugsandenvironmentalsubstances.(Drell/Adamson,2001)Throughgeneticresearch,doctorswill beabletoalterthemutationofabadsetofgenes,andcureadiseasedembryobeforeitisborn. Sinceahereditarydisorderistheresultofonedefectivegene,genetherapywillenablescientiststo addaworkingcopyofthatgene.Thisprocedurewillresultinacureforhereditarydiseasessuchas cysticfibrosisandmusculardystrophy.(Raven/Johnson,2002)Withtheknowledgeofone's genome,anindividualcanalterhislifestyletoreducethelikelihoodofdevelopingsuchhereditary diseases.(Drell/Adamson,2001)

Otherareasofgeneticresearchforhereditarydiseasesincludecancer,cardiovasculardiseases, metabolicdisorders,neurologicaldisorders,respiratorydisorders,andinfectiousdiseases.Scientists willbeabletocorrecttheover–expressionofp53genes,which,ifcopiedtoomanytimes,maylead tocancer.Whenscientistsareabletocorrectthelossofthep53tumorsuppressorgene,theywill stopthespreadofcancer.Scientistswillgainadeeperunderstandingofdrugmetabolismandthe

GenomicsEssay