Much of what we know and love in the world around us comes to us through our sight, yet many of us ignore our eye health and don't get regular eye checkups. What a shortsighted attitude this is, especially when you consider that many eye disorders present no physical symptoms and can only be detected through an eye exam.
Infants (Newborn to 24 months) While newborns are able to see, their eyes tend to wander. They need to learn how to focus and how to use both eyes together. At about 10 weeks old, their eyes come into alignment and will fix on items that are within a metre.
Potential problems Dr. John Lloyd, a staff ophthalmologist at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, says family doctors will refer infants to an ophthalmologist if they have any of the following symptoms: the pupil looks white instead of black; the eye is turned (in any direction); or there are signs of other disorders, such as obvious ifferences between the eyes; black, white or red spots; or various infections.
Children (Ages two to 12) The Ontario Association of Optometrists recommends that all children undergo a thorough eye examination before entering preschool, or between the ages of three and four. Children do not have to be able to read an eye chart. The examination is based on what the optometrist or ophthalmologist sees, and is designed to detect and treat a range of problems, the most common of which follow.
Potential problems 1. Amblyopia, or lazy eye: the most common disorder in children. It occurs when one eye is weaker than the other and the brain "shuts off" the weaker eye. Amblyopia may be caused by strabismus, or because one eye doesn't focus properly, or because of other, less common reasons. Only an eye exam will detect it, because children can function well using just one eye.
Eyes continue to develop up to the age of about nine; it is important to begin treatment early (ideally before age six), because once the eyes mature, the condition is not reversible. Treatment may involve prescription glasses, a combination of glasses and an eye patch, or just patching the strong eye to force the weaker eye to work harder. Surgery also may be necessary to mechanically realign the eyes.
Potential problems 2. Astigmatism: a condition caused by an irregularly shaped cornea (the clear window in front of the eye), which prevents the eye from focusing correctly. If astigmatism exists at birth, that usually signifies a large amount of astigmatism, requiring treatment. Corrective glasses, corrective soft toric lenses or hard contact lenses are the usual treatment options.
Potential problems 3. Conjunctivitis, or pink eye: inflammation of the membrane covering the white of the eye. The pink tinge, burning, itching, swelling and occasional discharge of pus indicate that the eye is infected with a virus or, sometimes, a bacteria. This condition spreads easily with close contact, so it’s especially common among children attending day care or school.
Most infections clear up on their own without causing damage. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, which are indicated by the presence of pus. Try to avoid touching or rubbing the eyes and never share washcloths or towels.
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