DAYLIGHTING AND LIGHTING PEFORMANCES Of GREEN LOW COST HOUSE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF M

DAYLIGHTING AND LIGHTING PEFORMANCES Of GREEN LOW COST HOUSE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA AND THE COMPARISON TO RUMAH MESRA RAKYAT 1 MALAYSIA

MOHAMAD SHAHRUL SELAMAT BEA 140020

FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA 2017

DAYLIGHTING AND LIGHTING PEFORMANCES OF GREEN LOW COST HOUSE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA AND THE COMPARISON TO RUMAH MESRA RAKYAT 1 MALAYSIA

Mohamad Shahrul bin Selamat Bea 140020

This dissertation is handed to fulfil the requirement in awarding the degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Department of Architecture Faculty of Built Environment University of Malaya May 2017

i

DECLARATION

‘I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own masterpiece and all the resources and references have been correctly identified and clearly stated.’

5 June 2017

Mohamad Shahrul

Bea 140020

ii

DISCLAIMER

This Academic Project is prepared here in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture by the University of Malaya. The Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya makes no responsibility for any claim from the third party with regards to the production of this Academic Project.

5 June 2017

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Mohamad Shahrul b Selamat (BEA 140020), a undergraduate of Degree in Bsc Architecture from Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya hereby would like to convey my gratitude towards several parties which have extensively guided, helped and supported me throughout the process of producing this research paper.

First and foremost, it is a genuine pleasure to express my deep sense of thanks to my supervisor Dr. Karam M. Al-Obaidi for being so generous to guide me throughout the study for the past 30 weeks (semester 1 and semester 2, session 2016/2017). His dedication, timely advice and scientific approach have helped me a very great extent to accomplish this Master dissertation. Great appreciation goes to my family members who have been supporting and encouraging me throughout this research paper. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my peers for all their kind and helpful advice throughout the process of conducting this research.

iv

ABSTRACT

A house is a building that functions as a home which also act as human shelter from weather, wild animals and others. Nowadays, house has been second place after working place in terms time spent in the place per day. However minimum eight hours spent on home still has strong contribution to human activity and health. Lightings which is one of vital element that effecting human activities and health inside a space including house need a good care and consideration when designing the layout and placement of windows and light fittings in a way to make sure the sustainable and healthy life can be practiced. Thus this researched was aim to study and analyze the daylighting and lighting performances of low cost houses.

In the research, there are two case study that has been chosen. First is Green Low Cost House, University of Malaya and second is Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia. Both house have same type and number of rooms and nearly the same square foot area. Rooms that will be analyze are living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom. The daylighting and lighting performances of the rooms was fully taken by using simulation through an application called IESVE Radiance and the result of both house are compared with standard lightings guidelines from Room-by-Room Guide for Ergonomic Lighting Levels (Adam, 2016). Furthermore, the simulation of the house will be next compared to each other to determine the best house layout.

v

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1

Pages

OVERVIEW 1.0

Introduction

1

1.1 Problem Statement

3

1.2 Research Questions

4

1.3 Research Objectives

4

1.4 Scope of Study

5

1.5 Research Outline

5

1.6 Brief Methodology

7

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0

Introduction

9

2.1

Daylighting

10

2.2 Artificial Lighting

11

2.3

Low Cost House Environment

12

2.4

IES

14

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0

Quantitative Research

15

3.1

Research Strategy

15 vi

3.2

Data Collection

17

3.3 Simulation (IESVE)

18

3.3.1 IESVE 3D simulation

19

3.4 Case Study

24

CHAPTER 4 RESULT, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

29

4.1 Daylighting and lighting performances Green Low Cost House

29

4.2 Daylighting and lighting performances Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia

39

4.3 Comparison of daylighting and lighting performances of GLCH and RMR1M

47

4.4 Discussion

64

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

vii

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE

Figure 1: Theoritical framework .................................................................................................. viii Figure 3.1: RMR1M's key plan ..................................................................................................... 24 Figure 3.2: RMR1M's location plan ............................................................................................. 24 Figure 3.3: Floor plan (right) Ceiling plan (left)........................................................................... 25 Figure 3.4: RMR1M's key plan ..................................................................................................... 26 Figure 3.5: RMR1M's location plan ............................................................................................. 26 Figure 3.6: Floor plan (right) Ceiling plan (left)........................................................................... 27 Figure 4.1: Sun cast diagram on 1 January. 9 AM (left), 6 PM (right)......................................... 30 Figure 4.2: Illuminance inside living and dining room (1 January. 12pm) .................................. 31 Figure 4.3: Illuminance inside kitchen area (1 January. 12pm) .................................................... 32 Figure 4.4: Illuminance inside master bedroom (1 January. 12pm) ............................................ 33 Figure 4.5: Position of light fittings on living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom ..... 35 Figure 4.6: Luminaire type used for simulation............................................................................ 35 Figure 4.7: Lighting analysis inside living and dining area .......................................................... 36 Figure 4.8: Figure 13: Lighting analysis inside kitchen ............................................................... 37 Figure 4.9: Lighting analysis inside master bedroom .................................................................. 38 Figure 4.10: Sun cast diagram on 1 January. 9 AM (left), 6 PM (right)....................................... 39 Figure 4.11: Illuminance inside living and dining room (1 January. 12pm) ................................ 40 Figure 4.12: Illuminance inside kitchen area (1 January. 12pm) .................................................. 41 Figure 4.13: Illuminance inside master bedroom (1 January. 12pm) ........................................... 42 Figure 4.14: Position of light fittings on living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom ... 43 Figure 4.15: Luminaire type used for simulation.......................................................................... 43 Figure 4.16: Lighting analysis inside living and dining area ........................................................ 44 Figure 4.17: Lighting analysis inside kitchen ............................................................................... 45 Figure 4.18: Lighting analysis inside master bedroom ................................................................. 46

viii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction

The low energy and cost retrofit Malaysia existing building is a critical matter after the increasing government’s low cost house project to cater the problem of housing affordability result from the escalating house prices in major cities and insufficient amenities. In the First Malaysia Plan (1966-1970), low cost housing industry was officially introduced and established by the government of Malaysia “to promote well-being and lower salary population”, (Economic Planning Unit, 1965, p. 182).

The population of Malaysia has increased with a high growth rate which is 1.6% meanwhile death and birth rate have decline throughout the years and the housing prices have also increased over time all over the country. At the same time, the Department of Statistics Housing Income Survey mentioned that 80% of the people unable to afford high houses price which lead towards a massive demand of low cost or affordable house from government. The insufficient number of affordable housing projects in Malaysia remain as critical problem in the country for such a long time. The quantity of low cost house remain too low compared to the intense public request even the positive effort on developing affordable houses has being considered and taken. Lately the low-cost housing in Malaysia has move a step forward with a contribution to sustainable development.

1

In Malaysia, sustainable development is at its starting point. (Hezri, 2005) Even Malaysian begin its environmental policy move much earlier than any modern and stable countries, the idea of sustainability is a totally new invention to the environment of Malaysian policy. Further mentioned by Hezri and Hasan (2006) which furthermore explains that: “ neither important movement and program like a National council for Sustainable Development, nothing rightful explanation were questioned as meta-policy riposte to issue the policy system in inscribing the challenge of the sustainable or green development in Malayisa� (Hezri & Hasan, 2006, p.578).

Until now the integration between low cost housing and sustainable development still be questioned. Simple shape, low labor and material costs, and detailed planned of construction method are main consideration apply when constructing the low cost and affordable house but the sustainable part specifically in lighting system is least considered as the main focus as to cut cost and gain profit.

We are living on polluted environment which needed to be cure and the sustainable development have been introduced but there no implementation of sustainable design such as specific natural daylighting system apply into the building such as low cost house. The use of natural daylighting should be good intervention to cure also as part of low energy consuming and goof for human health but natural daylighting is not a part of the main consideration use by the developer and government in designing the low cost house. Sustainable approach such as use of local waste materials has been applied but nothing specific design approach for natural daylighting system has implemented. That’s why this research addressed the question absent of specific natural daylighting design in planning consideration contribute to the low cost house. The design that

2

maximizing amount natural daylighting can cut bills and more important thing the carbon dioxide emissions which is good to slow down the environmental pollution as to achieve the sustainable development of low cost house in Malaysia. Meanwhile the intangible one, visual comfort also important aspect to be considered as it can affect people mental behavior and health which define from the lighting performance of a spaces. Good design with good visual comfort to the users can leads to an impression of greater space, healthier life and feeling of well-being. “The healthier the users if the better the daylighting and visual comfort in the houses” (Lim, Y. W. 2013, May 9).

1.1 Problem Statement

Mature thinking and critical vision of professionals while planning and designing are vital requirements as to reduce energy output and achieving the right visual comfort. Natural daylighting and lighting system is a significant aspects on a low cost house as to achieve occupant satisfaction in term of visual comfort. Therefore this paper examines a case study of Green Low Cost House located in Faculty of Engineering of University Malaya in Malaysia compared to current Malaysian’s low cost house which is RMR1M Windows and openings design for a house has great influences on the natural and artificial lighting on the house. According to (R.M.J. Bokel, 2007) the yearly energy demand for electrical lighting and cooling influences by the amount of sunlight and daylight through the building facade.

The artificial and electrical lighting usage is not influenced by the window size only. The window shape as well as the window position has introduced great influence on illuminances of a room.

On the other hand, occupants activity and productivity dependent on the lighting provided inside

3

the house. Environmental matters such as lighting and visual comfort can be supremacy factors on sleep quality to the occupants. According to (Kowaltowski, 2006)

1.2 Research Questions



How the daylighting and lighting performance of Green Low Cost House Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.



How the the daylighting and lighting performance of Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M).



What are the differences of daylighting and lighting performances between Green Low Cost House Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya and Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M).

1.3 Research Objectives 

To investigate the daylighting and lighting performance of Green Low Cost House Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.



To investigate the daylighting and lighting performance of Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M).



To compare daylighting and lighting performances of Green Low Cost House Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya with Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M).

4

1.4 Scope of Study

The research is focusing on the low cost house provided by government at a small town in Johore, Malaysia and Green Low Cost House, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya emphasis on natural lighting and lighting performance on the house based on values produced by IES application. The daylighting and lighting performance on the house will give an overview of predicted visual comfort and occupants comfort in the low cost house. Based on the findings, a new alternatives and suggestion will be addressed as a way to introduce some improvements on the house design.

1.5 Research Outline

Basically, this research consist of six chapters than conclude the study of daylighting and lighting performances of low house in Malaysia in compare with the Green Low Cost House, University of Malaya. This research conducted by using quantitative study which the data is derived from IES application. The data then will be collect and analyze as to conclude the research and provide other suggestion and recommendations for any suitable improvement.

5

Generally, Chapter 1 is an elaboration of the research overview on what is the research all about which stated in terms of problem statement, research objectives, scope of study and introduction to methodology. General understanding of low cost housing in context of Malaysia has been mentioned on this chapter.

Meanwhile, Chapter 2 emphasis on the research literature review. The research subjects such as daylighting and lighting as well as the environment of low cost house will be explain and discuss in details in this chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the characteristics that influences the daylighting and lighting performances on the house environment of the current Malaysia’s low cost house.

The detail of research’s methodology will be explain in Chapter 3. The technique use to collect the data and conduct the research which is quantitative study and the implementation of IES software has been inserted in this topic. The case study also stated in this chapter in general.

Chapter 4 is all about the research’s case study continue from previous chapter but describe and explain in more detail. The low cost house specification, features and elements such the position of window and openings has been shown as well as the situational pictures.

Chapter 5 conclude the data collected by the simulation and the elaborations of it. The data of the daylighting and lighting performances of the low cost house will been analyse in details and continue to the tabulation of the data.

Chapter 6 is conclusion of the study. The data collected will be summarize and questioned either is match to the research objectives. The result leads to the suitable suggestion and recommendation for further improvements of the projects.

6

1.6 Brief Methodology This research separated into three main phase which is: 1. First Phase: Literature Review The first phase describing the research scope of study, to determine the specifics topic from selection of several related samples. The literature review had been managed by cross referencing from several sources such as journals, articles, related topic research, newspapers and etc.

2. Second Phase: Data Collection Second phase of this research will contribute to obtain the research objectives meanwhile the technique and method of the research will further describe in details in Chapter 3. The data collection method used as medium to obtain the data consist of literature review, case study and by using software to determine and calculate the daylighting and lighting performances of the buildings.

3. Third Phase: Data Analysis

7

LITERATURE REVIEW

DAYLIGHTING

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

LOW COST HOUSE

To understand the characteristics that influences the daylighting and lighting performances on the house environment of the current Malaysia’s low cost house.

To investigate the low cost house simulation and design in Malaysia in term of daylighting and lighting.

DATA COLLECTION

Tabulation of the data collected by the two different house models using IES software.

CONCLUSION

Figure 1: Theoritical framework

8

IES

To visualize the daylighting and lighting performances on the low cost house in Malaysia.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The daylighting and lighting is a vital elements that influenced occupant’s physical, psychological, physiological and social manners. Firstly, this chapter give an overview on daylighting. The second part emphasis on artificial lighting. The third part describe on daylighting and lighting studies on house environment and the chapter closes with introducing IES software as the medium to analyze the daylighting and lighting of the particular environment.

Various spectrums released by certain types of light may influence both psychologically and physiologically of humans mind. These consequences are less measureable and simply a failure to see the benefits of daylighting. Moreover, daylighting has been identified that can promote healthier human body and life such as overcome moody, improvise morale, decrease body fatigue, and reduced eyestrain. One of the vital of psychological criteria from daylighting is encounter the need for direct exposure to the outside and open environment (Robbins 1986) Based on (John Ott, 1997), light has been used by human body as a nutrient for metabolism activity as the same as food and water. Natural or daylight provided by the sun stimulates an important biological functions inside human brain which then divided into a few colours that are vital and important to the human health. During the night time or bad lighting conditions, unable

9

to receive and consume the colours produced by the light can affect the human mood as well as body tiredness.

(Liberman, 1994) also said that the light plays an important role in keep human health: “When we speak about health, balance, and physiological regulation, we are referring to the function of the body’s major health keepers; the nervous system and the endocrine system. These major control centres of the body are directly stimulated and regulated by light, to an extent far beyond what modern science…has been willing to accept.”

2.1 Daylighting

Daylighting is an admission controlled of natural lighting or penetrated sunlight in a building naturally used to cut energy usage and artificial lighting applied on a particular building. Based on professional statement, daylighting can saving cost as many as one-third of total energy consume.

A wise daylighting design actually can reserve up to 75 percent use of the energy for electric lighting in a building (Kozlowski, 2006). Moreover, daylighting can visualize a conducive and healthy environment for the building users as it is generated from natural sources. Daylighting can create a sense of being in a place; or space phenomenon, which transforms a space into a place where feelings of awareness and dwelling have desirable effects (Haddad, 2010).

Daylighting systems just not included the components such as windows and skylight, but with consideration of daylight responsive lighting controlled system. When sufficient daylighting on a building was achieved, the system should capable to cut the electrical energy used.

10

Therefore, the position of the daylighting features like window and skylight applied on a building is critically considered in the design process also as to overcome problem such as overadmittance of sunlight which can cause occupants discomfort visually, psychologically and environmentally. Windows must be wisely designed to manage the solar gains and glare produced from a daylighting plan (Gregg D et al, 2014). Window, skylight and tubular daylight device are few examples of daylighting systems applied on a building or spaces.

Furthermore, the building orientation in a way has strong contribution and consequences to the daylighting performances on a buildings. The building massing placement on the site mainly should apply when the specifics and suitable study of sun path has determined.

With proper and match building integration and lightings control can reduce the usage of the artificial lighting of a particular building. Integration between daylighting strategies and electrical controls can provide a passive adjustment to provide minimum usage of light with less electrical use contributed to less cost consume for lighting.

2.2 Artificial lighting

Meanwhile, lighting or illumination is the calculated used of light to achieve a practical effect.

Lighting of a building also to be known as artificial lighting is significant and important aspect as the daylighting. Examples of artificial lighting is fluorescent ceiling lamp, light emitting diode (LED) lamp and table lamp. Practical and efficient design of artificial lighting on building can save energy usage as high as daylighting does.

11

Artificial lighting can enhance occupant performances, improve a particular space visual comfort, increase aesthetic value of an area or positive vibes to the occupants. For example, at certain time of the day, the wake up effect by the artificial lighting like blue light can actually can make you alert more than a coffee. Moreover, most of human activity on the night time need the aid and help of artificial lighting such as study for student and people who are working during night time.

Design failure of artificial lighting on a particular building can be serious effect towards the building performances such as highly cost consume either for maintenance or monthly electrical bills. In term of human health, the risks even more serious, a long exposure to artificial lighting may increase the probability on having few deceases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart failure.

(Anna Hodgekiss, 2016). Rays produced from fluorescent light bulbs can harm the human skin, just as sunbathing would, based on scientist found in 2012 at Stony Brook University, Generally, artificial lighting also play an important role on building as it is strongly affect the building performance and occupant behavior and health.

2.3 The Low Cost House Environment

In Malaysia, the construction industry including engineer and architect are intact to a laws called Uniform Building by Law (UBBL). Based on UBBL Section 39, Clause 1 mentioned that each room or building that construct specifically for residential, hospital or other function except schools and hospitals should be provide with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of

12

at least one or more windows having a total area of not less than 10% of the clear floor area of the room and should have openings that capable of permit a free movement of air of not less than 5% of such floor area.

Moreover in Section 39, Clause 4 mentioned that every water-based room such as bathroom and urinal space should provide with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more openings having a total area of not less than 0.2 square meter per bathroom and the openings shall capable of allowing the free movement of air.

The low cost house which considered as the residential building indirectly have to follow the laws mentioned as guidelines for architects during the design stage as to achieve the government as well as the occupants comfort visually and technically. The house design which fulfil the requirements of the laws considered to achieve the satisfaction level in term of daylighting and lighting.

Briefly, low cost house in terms of daylighting design in Malaysia fully dependents on the application of the windows. Typical window design meet the cost assigned for the house and the use of other daylighting features such as tubular daylight devices is not apply on the house design as it may consume a lot of money. Therefore, the position of windows as well as windows size on the house will become main variables when study and conduct the research.

13

Table 2.1: Standard lux requirement in house

Space/Room

Optimum lux reading (lx)

Living and dining

300-500

area Kitchen

300-750

Master bedroom

300-500

2.5 Integrated Environment Solutions (IES) IES simulation is an application uses to assess a building performances. Using this application of IES, the suitable daylighting and lighting performances of the house can be evaluate and predict as to achieve the minimum level of visual comfort for the occupants.

Since 1994, Glasgow-based Combined Environment Solutions (IES) Ltd. has been introduced and served the software to be used as solutions in every steps of building design. The inventor furthermore has been established broader in several developed city such as Dublin, Boston, San Francisco and Melbourne.

The application works from the start of master planning to the schematic and conceptual design through detailed design and construction. The program will help the designers to integrate the performances analysis to achieve a sustainable design during the design process. By smart simulation software (IES-VE), few layout and technique of residential buildings will determine by the evaluation of the building energ

14

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0

Research Methodology: Quantitative Research

In this chapter, the research approach will be cover to gather data and information about the research topic. The research approach is quantitative research.

Method to determine the

daylighting and lighting data analysis is by the computer software, Integrated Environment Solutions (IES). The research strengthened through the application of translating the data collected from the simulations to the graph and statistics. The research will continue with a case study of a Green Low Cost House Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya which has significant similarity with the current low cost house in Malaysia.

3.1. Research Strategy Once the research problem has been identified, the next appropriate strategy is to plan. The strategy is important to get as much as possible data to support the research. Selection of research strategy dependent on problem statement, unit of analysis also the purpose of the study. Selection of appropriate strategy allow the accurate collection and information, parallel with the objectives of the study. Each selected study design will have a strategy and method to be observed. This includes

15

the selection of sampling methods, data collection and data analysis. Selection of appropriate research methods is essential to ensure that the study can implemented. All data and information needed to achieve the objectives and can be obtained through the detailed and systematic study.

The objective is to ensure that all data and information can be collected and analyzed clearly and accurately without any doubt. For control the quality of data collection, the study focused on the objectives of the research.

3.1.1 Research Variables

The research conducted influences by two main variables which is independent variable or manipulated variable and independent variables or responding variables. The independent variable is the daylighting performances of the low cost houses which is affected or dependent to the responding variables which is the position of windows and the placement of artificial lighting. The orientation of the building also considered as dependent variables as it has strong influences on the daylighting performances of the houses. The fixed variables is the windows type and artificial lighting type used during simulation phase. The date of the simulation conducted also has been fixed on 1 January

16

3.2

Data collection

There are two kinds of collection data, which are primary and secondary data. Primary data is the data collected through IES Application. Meanwhile, secondary data consist of literature review from references books, journals, published reports, and online database.

3.2.1

Primary data

Primary data are going to collect by using IES application in simulation modelling in various type of diagram. The simulations are going to show daylighting and lighting performances of the low cost houses.

3.2.2

Secondary data

The literature review involves the retrieval of information, about the daylighting and lighting performances of the low cost houses. Literature review is a scientific written materials which is usually synthesize from related journals, monographs, academic books and previous reports. The information used to determine the approach to be used to overcome the research issues. In the literature, the focus are on understanding and clear representation on daylighting and lighting environment of low cost houses and IES application. Once literature was collected and compiled as a draft, preliminary studies will carried out to investigate and confirm the validity of initial findings.

17

3.3 Simulation (IESVE)

The daylighting and lighting element analysis of the research required a tools to maneuver the research. Integrated Environment Solutions (IESVE) Virtual Environment software will be used to gather and collect the variety of capabilities of the research. To be able to achieve the aims and objectives of this study, IESVE is used to conduct a series of particular and related analysis on a set of design scope and environment which have good aspects that may influence the building performance.

IES will be use as a guide to get a specific data by several manipulation of the software with the considered term to assessment and measure during the calculation stage The software is simple which been used by architects, engineers as well as the consultant team. To solve the worldwide problem faced by the architects and engineers that have their own calculation and code, this friendly and productive software has been built which is flexible to be used by the construction industry. (Pyonchan Ihma , 2009) Tabular, graphical, video, photorealistic images, visualization of analysis, 3D geometric color contoured and report of daylighting, solar shading, statistical output for energy, LEED and BREEAM are few example of data that the software can achieve and produce. (DB Crawley, 2008) There are few tools in the suite which designed to provide sustainable analysis at levels suitable for different design team members at design stages. All use the Apache dynamic thermal simulations engine, and an integrated central data model, which has direct links to Sketch Up, Revit or gbxml

18

3.3.1 IESVE 3D simulation

This part focus on the steps carry out to collect and analyse the daylighting and lighting performances of the low cost houses which divided into 4 main steps:

Step 1: Form a simple 3d model of the Green Low Cost Houses by using sketch up Step 2: Identify the room then open the 3D model in IES application via sketchup Step 3: Select the part of the house (living dining area) Step 4: Simulate the daylighting and lighting performance of the room.

Step 5: Repeat step 3 and 4 on kitchen and master bedroom.

Step 6: Repeat step 1 until 5 for Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (2nd case study) Step 7: Comparing the result of the simulation.

3.3.1.1 Step 1: Form 3D model using sketch up

19

3D modelling of the project using the first and important step to start a simulation. All rooms and part of the house should be drawn by using sketch up referring the actual building layout and plan which obtained from trusted sources. Sketch up is a 3D modelling software which synchronize and integrated with IES application but run differently. Therefore, the model can be used by IES application for further study and analysing. The 3d model that drawn in sketch up software is following the exact house layout and the house opening such as window need to be indicate and construct in sketchup before move to next step and analysing the house daylighting and lighting performances.

3.3.1.2 Step 2: Import 3D model to IES application

Process to import the 3d model of the house to IES application has been done via sketch up IES plugin. However this step start after the rooms has been identified and named according to its function in sketch up by using the IES plugin. The building type and ventilation system also need

20

to be set up and select using the plug in. Then, the 3d model house that construct in sketch up is ready to be export and open in IES application to be analyze.

In IES application, the north of the building is set up according its original orientation on site.

The model lighting appliances or lamp was placed by referring the reflected ceiling plan of the house and the construction material used for the house wall also has been selected before analyzing process occur.

3.3.1.3 Step 3: Select parts of the house

The house parts or rooms that need to be simulate and analyze are the living and dining area, kitchen and the master bedroom. The IES application can be simulate only a room a one times, therefore the simulation process of the rooms need to be select.

21

3.3.1.4 Step 4: Simulate the room The simulation step is separated into three parts: 1. Daylighting 2. Artificial Lighting

22

The simulation of daylighting is conduct without the existance of any artificial lighting which purposely to determine the amount of lux received of the particular room of the house from the daylight. Meanwhile, simulation regarding the artificial lighting has been conduct to determine the lux amount produce by the lighting appliances positioned in the room. Finally, the simulation when natural daylighting and artificial lighting exist the room.

3.3.1.5 Step 5: Repeat 3 and 4 for kitchen and master bedroom The simulation process in the step 4 need to be repeat for other parts of the room that need to analyze later which is the kitchen and master bedroom

3.3.1.6 Step 6: Repeat step 1 until 5 for Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (2nd case study) To analyze second case study which is Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia, the first step which is constructing the sketch up models until step 5, the analyzing of the rooms which are living and dining area.

3.3.1.7 Step 7: Comparing the result of the simulation After the simulation result both of the house has been collected and analyze, the result will be compared to determine the weaknesses and strength of the house to give new suggestion to enhance the house daylighting and lighting performances. However, as the result collected has a limitation to be compared as the house geographical orientation are different, the simulation from step 1 to step 7 need to be repeated again but with cross information both house location and orientation.

23

3.4 Case study The research is conduct on two low cost house as the case study. The low cost houses has slightly similar properties such as the square foot area, number and parts of the rooms and the house type. The first case study is a Green Low Cost House located at Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya and the second case study is RMR1M’s low cost house located at rural area in Johore.

3.4.1 Green Low Cost House (GLCH), University of Malaya

Figure 3.1; RMR1M's key plan

Figure 2.2: RMR1M's location plan

24

Green Low Cost House Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya located in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. The Green Low Cost House is a research efforts of the Faculty Engineering in constructing the first Model Low Cost House (MLCH) incorporating green technology as part of the Vice-Chancellor’s vision in promoting community engagement projects.

The Green Low Cost House launched by the Minister of Education, Dato’ Seri idris Jusoh recently and the construction of the Green Low Cost House was successfully completed in 3 months at the Faculty Engineering University of Malaya. It’s a collaboration work between University of Malaya and VINCI Construction Grands Projects Sdn. Bhd. The design and construction of the Green Low Cost House was also assisted by CKYIBS (M) Sdn. Bhd. and the Faculty of Built Environment.

The research outputs for the project were implemented to help address issues related to sustainable and reduction of cost of construction. The single-storey Green Low Cost House has built-up area of 808 square feet, consisting of 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and a combined living room and kitchen area with targeted total construction material cost below RM 20,000.

Figure 3.3: Floor plan (right) Ceiling plan (left) 25

3.4.1 Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M) Low Cost House

Figure 3.4: RMR1M's key plan

Figure 3.5: RMR1M's location plan

Based on the figure above, RMR1M’s is situated at Johore, Malaysia. The house which located at the rural area surrounded by the oil palm plantation and near to Pontian River. This 26

house has been constructed under program introduced by government of Malaysia called Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M’s). Rumah Mesra Rakyat is an effort to help the poor acquire a home at a low cost and installment payments in accordance with them. With income installment payments RMR1M's certainly a priority to low-income earners. This house has built up area 866 square feet, consisting 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and combined living room and kitchen area.

Figure 3.6: Floor plan (right) Ceiling plan (left)

27

METHODOLOGY FRAMEWORK

MALAYSIA CURRENT LOW COST HOUSE

GREEN LOW COST HOUSE, UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA

IES

IES

Analyzing the house daylighting and lighting performances based on the variables

Analyzing the house daylighting and lighting performances based on the variables

DATA COLLECTION

Tabulation of the data collected by the two different house models using IES software.

The data collected by the two different house models will be compared in terms of the daylighting and lighting performances

CONCLUSION 28

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.0 Introduction This chapter considered as the most important part of the research as in this chapter, the research data collection by simulation that has been done on the previous chapter will be elaborated and explained in detail. In this chapter, the explaination of the analysis are divide into four sub topics which daylighting and lighting analysis of Green Low Cost House, daylighting and lighting analysis of. Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia, comparison of the GLCH and RMR1M daylighting and lighting performances and comparison of the GLCH and RMR1M daylighting and lighting performances when the location and orientation change to each other. The chapter will end up with the brief elaboration of the strength and weakness of the houses which fall under the subtopic of discussion.

4.1 Daylighting and lighting performances Green Low Cost House

This subtopic divided into two parts, emphasize on daylighting performances and artificial lighting performances. The data collected will shows in series of figure and image taken from IES software during and after the simulation process. The daylighting and lighting performances of the house mainly influences by the location selected before simulation begin which is Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and the orientation set up is ninety degree to the north following its current condition.

29

The orientation and location plays an important role on affecting the result of the analysis of the house.

4.1.1 Daylighting performances

Figure 4.1: Sun cast diagram on 1 January. 9 AM (left), 6 PM (right)

Based on sun cast diagram above, the analysis that can be made are during the morning, kitchen will accept direct morning sun meanwhile during evening, and living and dining room will get direct evening sun. The windows position of both spaces are facing directly to the sun path and allow direct sunlight to penetrate into the spaces. The family social space such as the living and dining room which get direct sunlight during evening considered good as it will get good afternoon daylight. Moreover, the daylight also suitable as a living area in households where occupants are away from home during the day-time but at home in the evenings.

30

4.1.1.1 Living and dining area

Figure 4.2: Illuminance inside living and dining room (1 January. 12pm)

Referring figure above, the lux reading is at highest point nearby the window with the value of 1719lx. Under this condition, the lux amount considered standard on overcast day. The present of glass window prevent the space from receiving direct sunlight. Meanwhile the lux reading is a lowest with reading 11lx as it far further from the light sources and wall that reflect the light receive through the window. From the simulation above, the source of light detected on the space also coming slightly from the opening from the kitchen and the value is 122lx.

31

Table 4.1: Daylighting performances living and dining area

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1719

2

Lowest

11

3

Average

228

4.1.1.2 Kitchen

Figure 4.3: Illuminance inside kitchen area (1 January. 12pm)

Based on the analysis above, the illuminance near the kitchen’s windows is 3877lx which is highest in the room. The area such kitchen need vast amount of daylight for activities in the space and receive full daylight and still the lux value still not considered as direct sun. The amount of 32

lux is high affected by the orientation and placement of the window which facing the morning sun path. Meanwhile, the lowest value of lux can be detected from the simulation is 275lx as the area is located a further from placement of window.

Table 4.2: Daylighting performances in kitchen

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

3877

2

Lowest

275

3

Average

1727

4.1.1.3 Master bedroom

Figure 4.4: Illuminance inside master bedroom (1 January. 12pm)

Based on the simulation, the amount of lux can be determined in the room are in range of 1290lx to 82lx. The lux value nearby windows are 313lx, 1053lx, 1290lx and 458lx. 1290lx is the

33

highest lux value in the room. The lux value further away from window are 94lx, 100lx, 93lx and 82 lx as it is far away from daylight sources. :

Table 4.3: Daylighting performances in master bedroom

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1290

2

Lowest

82

3

Average

300

The amount of lux on received by daylighting in the master bedroom generally lowest compare with living and dining area and kitchen as the windows placement is facing the north point which preventing the space from received large amount daylight coming from east during the morning and west during the evening.

34

4.1.2 Lighting performances This subtopic specifically discuss the artificial lighting performances in the Green Low Cost House, University of Malaya. The lighting performances collected by the IESVE software was analyse based on the position or placement of the lighting appliances inside the living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom as shown in the figure below.

Figure 4.5: Position of light fittings on living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom

Figure 4.6: Luminaire type used for simulation

35

4.1.2.1 Living and dining area

The lux value of the room

Figure 4.7: Lighting analysis inside living and dining area

resulted by the simulation generally in between 491lx to 233lx. On average, the room lux value in 349lx. Based on figure above, the lux reading is above average at the centre room which where the light fittings were placed. Meanwhile, near to the wall, the lux reading is below average as the source of light not directly hit the area.

Table 4.4: Lighting performances in living and dining area

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

491

2

Lowest

233

3

Average

349

36

4.1.2.2 Kitchen

Figure 4.8: Figure 13: Lighting analysis inside kitchen

The amount of lux inside the kitchen in range of 274lx-182lx. In average are 234 lx.

The amount of lux recommended for kitchen area are normally in between 300x-500lx for serving, washing up area and cooking station. Referring the simulation, the lux reading inside the kitchen of Green Low Cost House University of Malaya are not enough during the night which only artificial lighting being use as source of light.

Table 4.5: Lighting performances in kitchen

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

274

2

Lowest

182

3

Average

234

37

4.1.2.3 Master bedroom

Figure 4.9: Lighting analysis inside master bedroom

Based on IESVE simulation of the room, the amount of lux are in range of 293lx and 79lx. The average of lux are 168lx. In low cost house environment, bedroom which only design for a place to rest and sleep might not need large amount of lux or light like in a reading or study area in large bedroom. Thus the lux amount are acceptable.

Table 4.6: Lighting performances in master bedroom

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

293

2

Lowest

79

3

Average

168

38

4.2 Daylighting and lighting performances Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M)

This subtopic divided into two parts, emphasize on daylighting performances and artificial lighting performances. The data collected will shows in series of figure and image taken from IES software during and after the simulation process. The daylighting and lighting performances of the house mainly influences by the location selected before simulation begin which is at Senai, Johor Bharu, Malaysia and the orientation set up is 125 degree from the north following its current condition.

4.2.1 Daylighting performances

Figure 4.10: Sun cast diagram on 1 January. 9 AM (left), 6 PM (right)

Based on the figure above, during morning period, all bedrooms external wall will achieve direct sunlight. However, only a bedroom opening are placed facing the morning sun. Master bedroom will achieved partially effect of morning sun result from the window allocation.

39

Meanwhile, during evening period, kitchen and a bedroom will get direct evening sun that pass through the room’s window.

4.2.1.1 Living and dining area

Figure 4.11: Illuminance inside living and dining room (1 January. 12pm)

40

Table 4.7: Daylighting performances living and dining area

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1276

2

Lowest

18

3

Average

217

4.2.1.2 Kitchen

Figure 4.12: Illuminance inside kitchen area (1 January. 12pm)

41

Table 4.8: Daylighting performances in kitchen

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

2

Lowest

298

3

Average

629

1386

4.2.1.3 Master bedroom

Figure 3: Illuminance inside master bedroom (1 January. 12pm)

Table 4.9: Daylighting performances in master bedroom

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

2

Lowest

77

3

Average

610

2666

42

4.2.2 Lighting performances

This subtopic specifically discuss the artificial lighting performances in the Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia. The lighting performances collected by the IESVE software was analyse based on the position or placement of the lighting appliances inside the living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom as shown in the figure below.

Figure 4.14: Position of light fittings on living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom

Figure 4.15: Luminaire type used for simulation

43

Based on the figure 12, the type of light fittings use in each rooms was considered the same and use for simulation. Therefore, the result of simulation will literally dependents on the position of the luminaire and the room size.

4.2.2.1 Living and dining area

Figure 4.16: Lighting analysis inside living and dining area

Result from the simulation, the lux value which has been produce by the luminaires in the room are in range of 434lx to 62lx. The average of amount of lux calculated on the room are 294lx.

The figure (right) shows that the lux is higher right underneath the placement of the light fittings.

Moreover, by analysis the same figure, the reflected light occur on the wall of the room.

44

Table 4.10: Lighting performances living and dining area

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

434

2

Lowest

62

3

Average

294

4.2.2.2 Kitchen

Figure 4.17: Lighting analysis inside kitchen

Based on simulation above, the lux reading on the kitchen is maximum with 246lx meanwhile the minimum is 200lx. The average is 223lx. The simulation shows that kitchen generally get same amount of the distribution of light by applying such placement of light fittings.

45

Table 4.11: Lighting performances in kitchen

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

246

2

Lowest

200

3

Average

223

4.2.2.3 Master bedroom

Figure 4.18: Lighting analysis inside master bedroom

Simulation above describe that the max amount of lux in the room are 316lx and the minimum is 13lx. Low lux value such 13lx describe that the part of the room having too much of shadow result from the light produce by the luminaires. On average, the amount of lux calculated are 152lx.

46

Table 4.12: Lighting performances in master bedroom

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

316

2

Lowest

13

3

Average

152

4.3 Comparison of daylighting and lighting performances of GLCH and RMR1M Reflecting the third research question, which is result of comparing daylighting and lighting performances between Green Low Cost House, University Malaya with Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia, this subtopic will first compare the simulation result of living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom of both house which the simulation settings following each house exact location and orientation. The second part of this subtopic will then continue when GLCH following RMR1M’s location and orientation and comparing with RMR1M daylighting and lighting performances. Then, vice versa to the previous action which RMR1M following GLCH’s location and orientation and comparing with GLCH daylighting and lighting performances. The reason behind the comparing technique is to identify which house perform better daylighting and lighting in term of layout design of the house. Therefore, the best position and plane size of living and dining area, kitchen and master bedroom can be determine and further discussion can be done in the next subtopic.

47

4.3.1 First comparison Table below shows the IESVE simulation for GLCH and RMR1M which following its exact location and orientation. The comparison will show the daylighting and lighting performances of both house obtained by the simulation following the settings mentioned.

The comparison was

conducted by using previous table shown in subtopic 4.1 and 4.2

Table 4.13: IESVE Settings GLCH

IESVE Aplocate Setting

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

IESVE Date Setting

1st January

IESVE Time Setting

12pm

IESVE Orientation

90 degree (In-IESVE North Point Settings)

Table 4.14: IESVE Settings RMR1M

IESVE Aplocate Setting

Johor Bharu, Malaysia

IESVE Date Setting

1st January

IESVE Time Setting

12pm

IESVE Orientation

125 degree (In-IESVE North Point Settings)

48

4.3.1.1 Daylighting Performances Table 4.15: Daylighting performances in Living and Dining Area GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1719

2

Lowest

11

3

Average

228

Table 4.16: Daylighting performances in Living and Dining Area RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1276

2

Lowest

18

3

Average

217

Based on the tables above, the highest lux value of GLCH is 1719lx, which is 443lx more than highest lux reading of RMR1M which is 1276lx. The differences in the lux reading may be cause by the geographical location of the house. GLHC located at the urban context of the city may be perform slightly higher compared to RMR1M which located at the rural area. However, the average amount of lux received in living and dining area of both only perform 18lx differences.

Table 4.17: Daylighting performances in kitchen GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

3877

2

Lowest

275

3

Average

1727

49

Table 4.18: Daylighting Performances in kitchen RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1386

2

Lowest

298

3

Average

629

Comparison of daylighting performances in kitchen shows that GLCH has higher amount of lux compared to RMR1M. By analysing through the average lux amount, RMR1M with 629lx perform at optimum amount of lux required for kitchen area. Meanwhile, GLCH perform over the optimum lux amount required inside kitchen with value 1727lx on average. Other than geographical reason, the differences shows by the tables of simulation occurred may be cause by the position of opening or window of GLCH which the kitchen opening facing directly to the morning sun.

Table 4.19: Daylighting Performances in master bedroom GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1290

2

Lowest

82

3

Average

300

Table 4.20: Daylighting Performances in master bedroom RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

2666

2

Lowest

77

3

Average

610

50

Meanwhile, comparison of daylighting performance in the master bedroom shows vice versa of others house spaces performances. Both house master bedroom exceed the optimum amount of lux required for the space in term of maximum lux amount. But in average, GLCH perform better than RMR1M. GLCH with average 300lx value hit the optimum amount of lux required and RMR1M performances are above optimum by 110lx.

Table 4.21: Daylighting performances comparison

Space/Room

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

Living and dining

300-500

228

217

Kitchen

300-750

1727

629

Master bedroom

300-500

300

610

area

4.3.1.2 Lighting Performances

Table 4.22: Lighting performances in Living and Dining Area GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

491

2

Lowest

233

3

Average

349

51

Table 4.23: Lighting performances in Living and Dining Area RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

434

2

Lowest

62

3

Average

294

Table 4.24: Lighting performances in kitchen GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

274

2

Lowest

182

3

Average

234

Table 4.25: Lighting Performances in kitchen RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

246

2

Lowest

200

3

Average

223

Table 4.26: Lighting Performances in master bedroom GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

293

2

Lowest

79

3

Average

168

52

Table 4.27: Lighting Performances in master bedroom RMR1M:

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

316

2

Lowest

13

3

Average

152

Based on tables above, lux amount on the rooms are in range of 491lx to 13lx which obtain by the simulation on IESVE. The average amount of lux in the rooms are in range of 349lx to 152lx. This shows that all the rooms received nearly the same amount of the light distribution produce by the light fittings. The fixed type of luminaire use for the simulation purpose has strongly affects the light distribution and lux value in the rooms. The comparison shows only living and dining area of GLCH perform at optimum lux required meanwhile all other spaces performances are bellows optimum lux required by the rooms

Table 4.28: Lighting performances comparison

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

349

294

Kitchen

300-750

234

223

Master bedroom

300-500

168

152

area

53

4.3.2 Second Comparison This comparison has been done when GLCH following RMR1M’s location and orientation and comparing with RMR1M daylighting and lighting performances. The settings for the simulation in IESVE is set as shown in table below for the house.

Table 4.29: IESVE Settings GLCH

IESVE Aplocate Setting

Johor Bharu, Malaysia

IESVE Date Setting

1st January

IESVE Time Setting

12pm

IESVE Orientation

125 degree (In-IESVE North Point Settings)

Table 4.30: IESVE Settings RMR1M

IESVE Aplocate Setting

Johor Bharu, Malaysia

IESVE Date Setting

1st January

IESVE Time Setting

12pm

IESVE Orientation

125 degree (In-IESVE North Point Settings)

54

4.3.2.1 Daylighting Performances Table 4.31: Daylighting performances in Living and Dining Area GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1764

2

Lowest

24

3

Average

235

Table 4.32: Daylighting performances in Living and Dining Area RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1276

2

Lowest

18

3

Average

217

Table 4.33: Daylighting performances in kitchen GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

3568

2

Lowest

91

3

Average

1140

Table 4.34: Daylighting Performances in kitchen RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1386

2

Lowest

298

3

Average

629

55

Table 4.35: Daylighting Performances in master bedroom GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1490

2

Lowest

62

3

Average

353

Table 4.36: Daylighting Performances in master bedroom RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

2666

2

Lowest

77

3

Average

610

Table 4.37: Daylighting performances comparison

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

235

217

Kitchen

300-750

1140

629

Master bedroom

300-500

353

610

area

The comparison table above shows that GLCH’s master bedroom performances meet the optimum lux amount required and RMR1M’s kitchen lux reading which is 629lx also meet the optimum lux required by the space which is between 300lx to 750lx. The other spaces of the house daylighting perform above and below lux required.

56

4.3.1.2 Lighting Performances Table 4.38: Lighting performances in Living and Dining Area GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

512

2

Lowest

221

3

Average

346

Table 4.39: Lighting performances in Living and Dining Area RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

434

2

Lowest

62

3

Average

294

Table 4.40: Lighting performances in kitchen GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

284

2

Lowest

197

3

Average

234

Table 4.41: Lighting Performances in kitchen RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

246

2

Lowest

200

3

Average

223

57

Table 4.42: Lighting Performances in master bedroom GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

290

2

Lowest

89

3

Average

168

Table 4.43: Lighting Performances in master bedroom RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

316

2

Lowest

13

3

Average

152

Based on tables above, generally the changes north orientation and geographical location of GLCH affects are very little on artificial lighting performances as the absent of daylighting for the lighting analysis. Thus, only living and dining area of GLCH perform at optimum lux required meanwhile all other spaces performances are bellows optimum lux required by the rooms same with lighting performances in comparison 1.

Table 4.44: Lighting performances comparison

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

346

294

Kitchen

300-750

234

223

Master bedroom

300-500

168

152

area

58

4.3.3 Third Comparison This comparison has been done when RMR1M following GLCH’s location and orientation and comparing with GLCH daylighting and lighting performances. The settings for the simulation in IESVE is set as shown in table below for the house.

Table 4.45: IESVE Settings GLCH

IESVE Aplocate Setting

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

IESVE Date Setting

1st January

IESVE Time Setting

12pm

IESVE Orientation

90 degree (In-IESVE North Point Settings)

Table 4.46: IESVE Settings RMR1M

IESVE Aplocate Setting

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

IESVE Date Setting

1st January

IESVE Time Setting

12pm

IESVE Orientation

90 degree (In-IESVE North Point Settings)

59

4.3.3.1 Daylighting Performances Table 4.47: Daylighting performances in Living and Dining Area GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1719

2

Lowest

11

3

Average

228

Table 4.48: Daylighting performances in Living and Dining Area RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1083

2

Lowest

18

3

Average

201

Table 4.49: Daylighting performances in kitchen GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

3877

2

Lowest

275

3

Average

1727

Table 4.50: Daylighting Performances in kitchen RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

3995

2

Lowest

191

3

Average

1420

60

Table 4.51: Daylighting Performances in master bedroom GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1290

2

Lowest

82

3

Average

300

Table 4.52: Daylighting Performances in master bedroom RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

1199

2

Lowest

55

3

Average

346

Table 4.53: Daylighting performances comparison

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

228

201

Kitchen

300-750

1727

1420

Master bedroom

300-500

300

346

area

The comparison shows that both GLCH and RMR1M daylighting performances in master bedroom received optimum lux required with lux value 300lx and 346lx. Meanwhile both house kitchen daylighting performances are above optimum lux amount needed by the space. The living and dining area of both house daylighting performances are below optimum lux amount needed by the space.

61

4.3.3.2 Lighting Performances Table 4.54: Lighting performances in Living and Dining Area GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

491

2

Lowest

233

3

Average

349

Table 4.55: Lighting performances in Living and Dining Area RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

417

2

Lowest

58

3

Average

301

Table 4.56: Lighting performances in kitchen GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

274

2

Lowest

182

3

Average

234

Table 4.57: Lighting Performances in kitchen RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

254

2

Lowest

217

3

Average

233

62

Table 4.58: Lighting Performances in master bedroom GLCH

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

293

2

Lowest

79

3

Average

168

Table 4.59: Lighting Performances in master bedroom RMR1M

No

Condition

Illuminance (lx)

1

Highest

182

2

Lowest

6

3

Average

101

Based on tables above, generally the changes north orientation and geographical location of GLCH affects are very little on artificial lighting performances as the absent of daylighting for the lighting analysis. The lighting performances of GLCH and RMR1M in living and dining area are at optimum lux required which at 349lx and 301lx. Meanwhile, the other spaces or rooms performances are below optimum lux required for the spaces.

Table 4.60: Lighting performances comparison

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

349

301

Kitchen

300-750

234

233

Master bedroom

300-500

168

101

area

63

4.4 Discussion Based on series of analysis, lots of data collected through the simulation done via IESVE software. The result of simulation generally shows that artificial lighting performances has less effects when geographical location and orientation are differences. Artificial lighting performances of the house are mainly affected by the location and position of luminaires in the particular room.

As we can see in comparison before, comparison 2 the average lux inside living and dining area of GLCH only changed by 3lx. In exact location the value is 349lx and after the location and orientation are following RMR1M settings, the lux just decrease by 3lx which is 346lx.

Meanwhile, when RMR1M geographical locations and orientation has been changed following GLCH properties, the living and dining area lighting performances only has a small changes which is from 294lx increase to 301lx, only increase by 7lx. Thus, the simulation shows all of the house spaces lighting performances lux amount is below average of the optimum lux required for the spaces. Even when after several comparison has been made, only living and dining room of both house fulfil the optimum lux suggested by the scientist.

The lighting performances of the house basically were the same because of number of light fittings use by each rooms that was been analysed are the same such as living and dining area use 6 luminaire, kitchen use 2 luminaire and master bedroom use 2 luminaire. Therefore, factor affecting the differences of the simulation result is the size of the room and the allocation of the luminaire. Concluded that both house has relatively the same in terms of lighting performances which is only living and dining area achieved the optimum lux required and the others space perform below optimum lux required.

64

Meanwhile, for daylighting performances, when RMR1M following the GLCH orientation and location, the master bedroom daylighting performances of RMR1M achieved an optimum value of lux required. The lux amount of in the room decrease from 610lx to 346lx. The position of master bedroom of both house is the same which the windows position was facing the north point, thus both house master bedroom has nearly the same value of lux with amount of 300lx and 346lx which is in optimum lux requirement. This can be conclude that orientation of the rooms and facing of windows act as a vital elements affecting the daylighting performances of the house.

Based on comparison 3, which RMR1M following the GLCH orientation and location, the kitchen of RMR1M lux amount inside the space were increase from 629lx which is at optimum lux required to 1420lx. The huge change is following the high lux amount inside the kitchen GLCH which is 1727lx. Comparison 3 which change the window facing of RMR1M following the GLHC yet shows that position of windows and direction of windows facing change the simulation result

Table 4.61: Daylighting performances comparison 1

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

228

217

Kitchen

300-750

1727

629

Master bedroom

300-500

300

610

area

65

Table 4.62: Daylighting performances comparison 2

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

235

217

Kitchen

300-750

1140

629

Master bedroom

300-500

353

610

area

Table 4.63: Daylighting performances comparison 3

Space/Room

Living and dining

Optimum lux

GLCH average lux

RMR1M average lux

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

reading (lx)

300-500

228

201

Kitchen

300-750

1727

1420

Master bedroom

300-500

300

346

area

The living and dining area of the houses both lower than standard or optimum requirement for the spaces which is between 300lx to 500lx. The daylighting performances in the living and dining area of the houses are in range 201lx to 235lx. The result can be improvise at certain condition because the simulation excluded the roofing and overhang apply on the house design

66

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

House environment is main habitable space for human being to live in. Most of the time spent by human is in the house for family activity living activity such as sleep and family socializing and others. Based on A Room-by-Room Guide for Ergonomic Lighting Levels (Adam, 2016) , the minimum requirement of lux amount of lux in house are as shown in table below .

Space/Room

Optimum lux reading (lx)

Living and dining

300-500

area Kitchen

300-750

Master bedroom

300-500

Bedroom (child)

500-800

From the findings through simulation on IESVE result, after it was found that the daylighting performances in master bedroom of Green Low Cost House is meet the optimum requirement and perform better than Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia after eliminating the orientation and location factors . Based on discussion on previous chapter, both house living and 67

dining area daylighting performances were lower compared with the standard which conclude that the space placement layout can be improvised. Same goes to other space excluded master bedroom.

However placement of kitchen area on the houses design perform lower lux compared to standard, the placement of kitchen area and window of Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia.

68

REFERENCES

31 Advantages of Effective Daylighting. (n.d.). Retrieved November 04, 2016, from https://www.guardianglass.com/commercial/ToolsandResources/Sustainability/31AdvantagesofEffectiveDaylighting/index.htm Adams, C. (n.d.). A Room-by-Room Guide for Ergonomic Lighting Levels. Retrieved June 06, 2017, from https://www.thoughtco.com/lighting-levels-by-room-120664

A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on ... (n.d.). Retrieved November 7, 2016, from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/30769.pdf Cara Permohonan Online Rumah Mesra Rakyat 1 Malaysia (RMR1M). (n.d.). Retrieved December 30, 2016, from http://www.lovehijau.net/2015/07/cara-permohonan-online-rumahmesra.html Lim, Y. W. (2013, May 9). INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT IN MALAYSIAN URBAN HOUSING. Retrieved October 17, 2016, from http://thescipub.com/PDF/ajessp.2013.431.438.pdf R.M.J. Bokel Depar. THE EFFECT OF WINDOW POSITION AND WINDOW SIZE ON THE ENERGY DEMAND FOR HEATING, COOLING AND ELECTRIC LIGHTING (n.d.).

Retrieved December 30, 2016, from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibpsa.org% 2Fproceedings%2FBS2007%2Fp542_final.pdf

Singh, I., & Bansal, N. (2004). Effect of window type, size and orientation on the total energy demand for a building in Indian climatic conditions. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy,2(4), 323. doi:10.1504/ijetp.2004.005739

Z. M. (n.d.). Lebih ramai mampu milik rumah - PM. Retrieved November 26, 2016, from http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/lebih-ramai-mampu-miliki-rumah-8211-pm-1.412503

Z., M, N. S., & P, G. (2016). LOW-COST HOUSING IN MALAYSIA: A CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? . 82-87. doi:10.18411/d-2016-154

69