Timeline

Graphic

Design

Timeline

15,000 BCE- 10,000 BCE Cave paintings at Lascaux

3100 BCE King Zet’s ivory tablet, earliest Egyptian pictographic writing

2900 BCE Early cylinder seals

3100 BCE Early Sumerian pictographic scripts on clay tablets 3600 BCE Blau Monument combines images and early writing

2500 BCE Wedge-shaped cuneiform

2000 BCE Early Cretan pictographs, Phaistos Disk

1739 BCE Scarab of Ikhnaton and Nefertiti

1500 BCE Ras Shamra script

1930 - 1880 BCE Law Code of Hammurabi 1800 BCE Legendary Ts’ang Chieh invents writing

Classical Antiquity Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Though the time period has been argued, most scholars agree that Classical Antiquity lasts from about 500 BCE to 500 CE. 850 BCE Aramaic alphabet

1500 BCE Oracle bone writing 400 BCE Demotic script

1500 BCE Hieratic scripts 197 BCE Rosetta Stone 1420 BCE Papyrus of Ani

1000 BCE Early Greek Alphabet

250 CE Greek uncials

100 CE Pompeiian wall writing

165 CE Confucian classics carved in stone

300 CE Chops are used as identifying seals; chops used in Han dynasty

114 CE Trajan’s Column

Influence of the Silk Road The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. Extending 4,000 miles (6,437 kilometers), the Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in Chinese silk carried out along its length, beginning during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China, the Indian subcontinent, Persia, Europe, and Arabia, opening long-distance, political and economic interactions between the civilizations. Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded, and religions, syncretic philosophies, and various technologies, as well as diseases, also travelled along the Silk Routes. In addition to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network.

The main traders during antiquity were the Chinese, Persians, Greeks, Syrians, Romans, Armenians, Indians, and Bactrians, and from the 5th to the 8th century the Sogdians. During the coming of age of Islam, Arab traders became prominent.

425 CE Vatican Vergil 200 - 500 CE Roman square capitals and rustic capitals

Medieval Era The various names for the period between 500 and 1500 CE --the Dark Ages, the Middle Ages, and the Medieval Era--all reflect its position between the cultural achievements of the Roman Empire, which fell in 476 CE, and the flourishing of art and science in the Renaissance, which began around the 1400s.

While the accomplishments of this period may not match those of adjacent eras, they nevertheless are significant. Attempts were made to be the successor to the formerly grand Roman empire were made by the Frankish Charlemagne in 800CE and the Holy Roman Empire, though neither were Roman. The "eastern or Byzantine empire did not experience this "Dark Ages" and the capitol of the eastern Roman Empire was transferred to Constantinople (present day Istanbul).

698 CE Lindisfarne Gospels

600 CE Insular script 680 CE Book of Durrow 770 CE Early datable Chinese relief printing; printed Buddhist charms

500 CE Early Arabic alphabet

781 CE Alcuin establishes school at Aachen; Caroline minuscules are developed

1040 CE Pi Sheng invents movable type in China

Renaissance A period from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe. Renaissance, literally “rebirth,� the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical learning and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce,

868 CE Diamond Sutra

800 CE Book of Kells, Coronation Gospels

1000 CE Naskhi becomes dominant Arabic alphabet 1300 CE Ormesby Psalter 1265 CE Douce Apocalypse

1413 - 1416 CE Les tres riches heures du duc de Berry

1423 CE Saint Christopher, early dated woodblock print

1413 - 1416 CE Les tres riches heures du duc de Berry

1446 CE Hangul, Korean alphabet

1460 Block books in use in the Netherlands

1455 Gutenberg and Fust complete 42-line Bible 1

1450 CE Printing with movable type in Germany

1457 Fust and Schoeffer, Psalter in Latin with two-color printed initials

1470 Jenson’s roman typeface

1460 Pfister, 1st printed book with illustrations

1465 Sweynheym and Pannartz, 1st Italian printing press; 1st printed music

1469 de Spira, 1st printing press in Venice

1476 Ratdolt, Calendarium has 1st complete title page

1493 Koberger publishes the Nuremburg Chronicle

1498 Durer, The Apocalypse

1495 Griffo designs and cuts Bembo type for Manutius

1486 Reuwich illustrates trip to Holy Land

1501 Griffo designs and cuts 1st italic type for Manutius’ pocket book

1514-1517 de Brocar, Polyglot Bible

1529 Tory, Champ Fleury 1525 Tory, 1st Book of Hours

1522 Arrighi’s writing manual

1561 Kerver, French version of Poliphili

1569-72 Plantin, Polygot Bible

The Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment) is the era in Western philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. Developing simultaneously in France, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the American colonies.

The authors of the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish-Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791, were motivated by Enlightenment principles. The "Enlightenment" was not a single movement or school of thought, for these philosophies were often mutually contradictory or divergent. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of values.

At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in rationality and science.

1640 Daye, Whole Booke of Psalmes

1667 Schipper, Calvin’s Commentary

1682 Hishikawa Moronobu, Young Man with Two Courtesans

1692 Louis XIV commissions the Romain du Roi

Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.

1702 1st book printed with the Romain du Roi

1737 Fournier le Jeune standardized type sizes; John Pine, Opera Horatii

1722 Caslon, 1st Caslon Old Style font

1742 Fournier le Jeune, Modeles des characters de L’imprimerie 1764 Fournier le Jeune, Manual Typographique

1784 Didot, true modern style type 1771 Luce, Essai d’une nouvelle typographique 1700s late Kitagawa Utamaro, portrait of a courtesan

1757 Baskerville, Vergil

1765 Cotterell, 12-line pica type

1789 Blake, Songs of Innocence

1814 Koenig, steam-powered press

1815 Figgins, 1st Egyptian type

1800 Lord Stanhope, cast-iron press

1816 Caslon, 1st sans-serif type

1790 Bewick, General History of Quadrupeds 1803 Thorne, 1sy fat-face type; 1st production paper machine

1833 Figgins, 2-line Pearl, Outline

1818 Bodoni, Manuale tipograpfico

1826 Niepce, 1st photograph from nature

1830–32 Katsushika Hokusai, South Wind, Clear Dawn 1835 Talbot, 1st photographic negative

1839 Daguerre announces the daguerreotype process

1850s-1860s Woodtype posters dominate the hoardings 1847 Pickering, The Elements of Euclid

1856–59 Ando Hiroshige, Evening Squall at Great Bridge near Atake

1861 Morris opens art-decorating firm

1862 Nast joins Harper’s Weekly

1866 Jules Chéret, poster for La biche au bois (The Doe in the Wood)

1877 Muybridge, sequence photography

1883 Eugène Grasset, title page for Histoire des quatre fils Aymon (Tale of the Four Sons of Aymon)

1883 Mackmurdo, Wren’s City Churches title page

1884 Hobby Horse published 1880 Horgan, experimental halftone screen

1867-69 O’Sullivan geological expedition

1882 Century Guild is formed

1888 Eastman Kodak camera makes photography “every person’s art form”

1891 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, poster, “La Goulue au Moulin Rouge

1894 Morris & Crane, The Story of the Glittering Plain 1894 Eugène Grasset, exhibition poster

1894 Jan Toorop, poster for Delftsche Slaolie (Delft Salad Oil) 1886 Mergenthaler, Linotype machine

1893 Aubrey Beardsley, chapter opening, Morte d’Arthur

1894 The Beggarstaffs, poster for Kassama corn flour

1895 Margaret and Frances Macdonald with J. Herbert McNair, poster for the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts

1896 Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen, poster for Charles Verneau’s printing firm

1896 Morris, Kelmscott Chaucer; Pissarro founds Eragny Press; Rogers joins Riverside Press; Hornsby starts Ashendene Press; Morris dies

1897 Stéphane Mallarmé, pages from “Un coup de dés” (A Throw of the Dice)

1898 Peter Behrens, The Kiss

1896–97 Frank Lloyd Wright, first chapter opening spread for The House Beautiful

1898–1906 Berthold Foundry, Akzidenz Grotesk typefaces 1900 Peter Behrens, Celebration of Life and Art- A Consideration of the Theater as the Highest Symbol of a Culture

1899 Koloman Moser, fifth Vienna Secession exhibition poster

1903 Doves Press Bible 1902 Ashbee, Essex House Psalter

1902 Koloman Moser, poster for the thirteenth Vienna Secession exhibition

1901 Marcello Dudovich, Bitter Campari poster

1903 Hoffman & Moser, Vienna Workshops

1903 Hoffman & Moser, Vienna Workshops

1903 Doves Press Bible

1904 Lauweriks compositional theory elaborating grid systems

1907 Peter Behrens, AEG trademark 1906–7 Pablo Picasso, Nude

1908 Ludwig Hohlwein, poster for men’s ready-made clothing

1905 Lucian Bernhard, poster for Priester matches 1907 Berthold Löffler, poster for a theater and cabaret production of Fledermaus

1909 braque, pitcher and violin

1911 Hans Rudi Erdt, poster for Opel automobiles

1912 Wassily Kandinsky, Improvisation No. 29 1915 Kasimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition

1910 Peter Behrens, AEG electric lamp poster

1911–12 Pablo Picasso, Man with Violin

1915 Alfred Leete, poster for military recruiting

1915-16 Bart van der Leck, layout for Batavier Line poster

1917 Julius Klinger, poster for Germany’s eighth bond drive

1918 Guillaume Apollinaire, “Il pleut” (It’s Raining), from Calligrammes

1918 van doesburg composition xi

1917 hugo ball, dada sound poem

1917 James Montgomery Flagg, poster for military recruiting

1918 Guillaume Apollinaire, poem from Calligrammes

1918 E. McKnight Kauffer, poster for the Daily Herald

1919 El Lissitzky, “Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge

1919 filippo marinetti, montagne + vallate + strade x joffre

1919 Gropius founds Weimar Bauhaus & publishes manifesto

1919 Hannah Höch, Da—dandy, collage and photomontage

1920 George Grosz, “Arbeiten und nicht verzweifeln” (Work and Do Not Despair), title page for Der Blutige Ernst (Bloody Serious)

1921 El Lissitsky, cover for Wendingen, no. 4-1, lithograph after a drawing by El Lissitsky

1923 El Lissitzky, pages from For the Voice showing illustration for the poem “Left March,”

by Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovski

1924 Alexander Rodchenko, paperback book covers for the Jim Dollar series

1924 El Lissitzky, book cover for The Isms of Art

1924 Gerrit Rietveld, model for the Schroeder House, Utrecht

1924 Joseph Binder, poster for the Vienna Music and Theater Festival

1924 Kurt Schwitters, Allgemeines Merz Programm (General Merz Program)

1925 Henryk Berlewi, exhibition poster

1925 A. M. Cassandre, poster for the Paris newspaper L’Intransigeant

1927 A. M. Cassandre, poster for the North Star Paris–Amsterdam night train

1927 Fortunato Depero, cover for Depero futurista 1925 Tshichold Elementare typographie

1927 Renner, Futura

1928 Tschichold, Die Neue Typographie

1928 Brodovitch art directs Harper's Bazaar

1928 Zwart, NFK catalogue

1929 El Lissitzky, exhibition poster

1929 Man Ray, “Sleeping Woman,”

1929 Vilmos Huszár, “Diego Rivera,” cover for Wendingen, no. 10-3

1930 Gustav Klutsis, “Everyone Must Vote in the Election of Soviets,” series poster

1930 Gustav Klutsis, “In the Storm of the Third Year of the Five-Year Plan,” poster

1932 A. M. Cassandre, poster for Dubonnet

1932 John Heartfield, AIZ 11, number 29, page 675

1932 Ludwig Hohlwein, “Und Du_” (And You_) poster

1932 Morrison, Times New Roman

1933 Beck London Underground Map

1934 John Heartfield, AIZ 13, no. 52,

1939 Binders, New York World's Fair poster

1935 Matter, Pontresina poster

1936 Ludwig Hohlwein, poster for the Deutsche Lufthansa

1937 Beall, REA posters

1939 Thompson, 1st Westvaco Inspirations

1940 Kauffer, Greek resistance poster

1941, Carlu, America's answer production

1940 Rand Direction convers

1942 Bill, Schweizer Architektur

1944 Sutnar, Catalog Design

1942 Abram Games, poster to recruit blood donors

1945 CCA Allied Nations ads

1945 Lustwig, New Directions book covers (1)

1945 Lustwig, New Directions book covers

1947 Rand, Thoughts on Design

1948 Matter, Knoll chair ads

1948 Huber, Gran premio dell Autodrom poster

1950 CCA, Great Ideas ads

1953 Wolf art directs Esquire

1952 Brodovitch, Portfolio mag

1950 Zapf design Palatino

1953 Stankowski, Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG logo

1953 Trepowski, Nei! poster

1954, Frutiger, Univers fonts

1954 Testa, Pirelli graphics

1955 Bass, Man with the Golden arms

1956 Pintori, Olivetti Electrosumma 22

1956 Rand, IBM logo

1956 Sandberg, Experimenta typographica

1956 Sandberg, Experimenta typographica.png

1957 Miedinger, Haas Grotesque

1958 Storch redesign McCalls

1959 Hoffman, Giselle poster

1959 Wolf directs Bazaar

1960 Beall, International Paper Logo

1960 Chermayeff & Geismar, Chase Manhattan Indentity

1960 Lois, Esquire statement covers

1960 Lois, Esquire statement covers

1960 Muller-Brockman, der Film poster

1962 Aicher & staff, Lufthansa identity system

1964 Kamekura, Tokyo Olympics poster

1964 Massin designs The Bald Soprano

1964 Mobil identity program

1965 Oxenaar, 1st New Dutch currency

1966 Kieser, Alabama Blues poster

1966 Solomon, Sea Ranch envirolmental graphics

1967 Glaser, Dylan poster

1967 Ruder, typography, a manual of design

1968 Lubalin, Avant Garde magazine

1968 Wyman, Mexico City Olympics

1968 Zapf, Manuale Typographicum

1970 Lubalin, Avant Garde typeface

1970 Max, Love graphics

1976 Rambow 1st S Fischer-Verlag poster

1977 Aicher & staff, Munich Olympics

1977 Massey, Labor Department identity

1977 US National Parks Unigrid system

1980 Muller-Brockmann, concert poster series

1978 1st Hard Werken Cover

1980 Janiszewski, Solidarity logo

1980 Ramobow, Die Hamletmachine poster

1981 Memphis exhibition in Milan

1981 Tanaka, Nihon Buyo

1987 Greiman, Bitmapped Design Quarterly

1981, IBM

1984 Los Angeles Olympics

1985 Manhattan Design, MTV logo

1984 VenderLans, Emigre magazine 1984 Kane,

1987 Stone, Stone Type Family

1986 Oxenaar, 250 guilder note

1990 Adobe, multiple master typefaces

1994 Momayez, cover for Blue

1992 Carson, Ray Gun 1989 , Studio DumbarPTT privatized

1989 Rambow,South African..

1990 Fletcher, Victoria and Albert logo

1995 Hinrichs, @issue 1994 Kuhr, Wired magazine

2002 Rodriguez, Goya Posada 1995 Reichert, Baseline magazine

1996 Glaser, Art is...Whatever

2004 Carter, Yale typeface

2007 Gil, Pioneers of Spanish Graphic Design 2003 Chahine & Kouyfiya, 1st dual script font

1996 Cooper founds Imaginary Forces 1996 Licko, Mrs Eaves typeface

2007 Gil, Pioneers of Spanish Graphic Design2