PHILOLOGICAL LIBRARY
Building analysis by Konner King Monazzami and Ivan Singh Parihar
PHILOLOGICAL LIBRARY Free University, Berlin, Germany Foster + Partners
Building analysis by Konner Monazzami and Ivan Singh Parihar Arch 341, Fall 2018 Lab instructor: Kent Macdonald
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1_Project Summary 2_Place 3_Form and Assemblies 4_Perception and Performance 5_References
1_PROJECT SUMMARY PROJECT DATA Location: Free University, Berlin, Germany Year of completed construction: 2005 Total area: 151,560 sq ft Occupancy: 650 Total construction cost: $67.7 million
TEAM Client: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung Architect: Foster + Partners Structural Engineering: Pichler Ingenieure Mechanical & Electrical Engineering: Schmidt Reuter Partner - PIN Ingenieure Planning Supervisor: Kappes Scholtz (Library), Büro Noack (Institutes) Asbestos Removal: Büro Peters Fire Engineering: Hosser Hass und Partner Quantity Surveyors:Höhler und Partner Acoustic Engineering: Büro Moll Building Physicist: Büro Langkau Arnsberg Façade Engineering: IFFT Karlotto Schott
AWARDS Renault Traffic Future Award 2007 contractworld.award – 2nd Prize Education category Deutsche Architekturpreis Berlin Architecture Award 1.1 5th Floor Stair Entrance
Photo: Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel
ARCHITECT PROFILE Foster + Partners was founded in 1967 by Lord Norman Foster, and has since become a highly accredited global studio for sustainable architecture, urbanism, and design. Foster + Partners contains offices across the globe, allowing for an ethnically and culturally diverse studio that works together as a team. The team at Foster + Partners is most primarily concerned with sustainability with every problem they tackle. They are persistantly interested in unique and innovative approaches to conquering environmental problems through architecture and design. This is highly relavant in all of their projects, including the UAE Pavilion at the Milan Expo in 2015, which showcased not only a beauitiful relationship between the UAE’s ancient communities and architecture, but demonstrated the natural energy efficiency of the form itself. The Philological Library is perhaps the best example of Foster + Partners focus on sustainability and innovation considering the bespoke quality of the systems created in order to meet energy efficiency standards on a global level. With existing fabrications, such high standards couldn’t be met. Their architecture lends itself to the future of urban design. Design solutions are not reached by the architects alone, but by a whole team of structural and environmental engineers, as well as specialist design teams. Together their are able to create a holistic design that is fully integrated. The orgiginal design team on each project follows it through to the end, which is very apparent in the boldness of Foster + Partners projects. A great example of many practices coming together to create a fully integrated design is the Bund Finance Centre, completed in 2017. The operable tubular copper facade could not have been accomplished without the work of many practices, such as facade engineers and mechanical engineers. The philological library is well integrated into its site, connecting to the campus around it rather than standing alone, which is very indicative of Foster + Partners as well. At Campus Luigi Einaudi, completed in 2013, the design team establishes new connections with the existing institution as well as the broader community. Foster + Partners is the culmination of not just Lord Norman Foster’s work, but of his team along the years who helped eachother to bring Foster + Partners to a global level. This determination is responsible for many design awards throughout the years, including a 20 Years of Excellence award in 2015.
1.2 (l) Campus Luigi Einaudi, 2013 Photo: Michele D’Ottavio/David Vicario
1.3 (r) UAE Pavillion, Milan Expo 2015 Photo: Filippo Poli/Foster + Partners
1.4 Bund Finance Centre, 2017 Photo: Laurian Ghinitoiu
PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESIGN PROCESS Foster + Partners were tasked to design a new library for the Free University of Berlin, a prestigious research university. A few problems begging to be solved were the efficiency, as well as the size of the library. Berlin’s Free University wanted to maximize the floor area in the library without taking away from exterior courtyards. The need for size came from the need of a greater amount of volumes within the university. This is where the “brain” came into play. Foster + Partners started out by completely filling the site, with floor plans and all. They then began to shrink from their, and through a series of diagrams, shrunk the building into the general shape of a brain. This is where the frame comes into play, as it was the best way to hover a facade over the building with minimal internal structure. This shape not only allows for a greater floor area without taking away from exterior space, but it allows for a greater response to the sunpath and climate through a greater articulation of facade materials. Foster + Partners began extensively researching the facade, placing panels of glass strategically to catch light only at the right times. Interweved between transparent and opaque panels, operable panels lie, responding to natural ventilation needs. So far, the facade and spaceframe structure are doing many, many things for Foster + Partners
1.5 Diagram showcasing facade systems thinking Photo: Foster + Partners
Fig. 14.2: Design development stages diagram. © Foster + Partners.
The organization of the library beneath this facade is metaphorically related to the brain, which was able to aid in decision making thoughoput the design process. For example, the circulation desk lies at the very center of the library, acting as the optic nerve of the brain, or the all seeing eye of the library. So it is not just the shape that earned it it’s iconic name.
Fig. 14.9: Building envelope functionality diagram. © Foster + Partners.
In spring and autumn, when temperatures exceed 16°C, natural ventilation maintained but fresh air from the bottom cavity gets heated and distributed vi the central cores. In a winter scenario, and on extraordinarily hot summer days, all skin flap close and pre-heated or cooled air is supplied via the central core air outlets. Re sidual energy in waste air gets recovered by being pumped down into the centra plant room. There is no conventional heating system planned, but all floors ar tempered via integral fluid-based piping systems.
11 Slow tech + low tech
All in all, the sustainability strategies at the Free University Philological Librar 1.6 Design process: Maximizing the capacity of the library within the existing courtyard are and witchcraft, but a careful selection of rather simple passiv Photo: not Foster +sorcery Partners strategies as described. These are combined with a number of active component
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MASSING AND CONFIGURATION
Roof Plan
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Structure
Thermal Performance
Program
Thermal Performance
Egress
Thermal Ventilation
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GRAPHIC SUMMARY
Circulation
2_PLACE
Solar Energy
Combined Heat and Power Plant
Cities Waste Management
Waste Treatment Collection Contractors City Grid
Sew age
Distribution Collection Centers
ENERGY
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s Tra PV Installations Throughout the Campus
SITE
Recycling
Waste Management Office
Underground Rainwater
Installation of Swales in Ground
Rainwater Berlins Water Suppliers
WATER
2.1 Aerial view of Berlin’s Free University Photo: Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel
REGIONAL RESOURCES
CONTEXT
The Site of the building exists on a campus which is already sensitive towards the resources it is utilizing. Thus it adapts to the existing methods which are being used on the campus. For an efficient process, the campus uses various contractors who conform precisely to the strict guidelines given by the governement of Berlin, keeping not only the library, but the campus as a whole, green.
The Philological library is nestled into a rectangular site in the center of Berlin’s Free University. It’s sheers size between the bordering buildings lends itself to the university by integrating the new Library into the older campus. The Free University is one of the more prestigious research universities within Germany. Their known for their research in humanities and social sciences, as well as natural and life sciences, so it only makes sense to have a “brain” for a library.
LOCATION:
WHEEL
Latitude/Longitude: Data Source:
Berlin Municipal, NH, USA
44.58° North, 71.18° West, Time Zone from Greenwich -5 TMY3 726160 WMO Station Number, Elevation 1158 ft
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART LOCATION: Berlin Municipal, NH, USA Start "Animation" to see monthly plots or select the "One Month" option and Latitude/Longitude: cycle through months by clicking Month". Back from Next 44.58°"Next North, 71.18° West, Time Zone Greenwich -5 California Energy Code Data Source:
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CLIMATE ANALYSIS AND RESPONSE
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Berlin is home to a predominantly cooler climate, where heating for thermal comfort becomes the general issue in design. However, Berlin holds some great opportunities for natural ventilation during the months that actually could use some cooling. The Philological Library is no exception, utilizing open floor plans and a operable thermal envelope that responds to light, wind, and temperature, beautifully.
3_FORM AND ASSEMBLIES
3.1 Undulating floor plates allow clear views Photos: Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel
Program Massing Circulation Reading Space
PROGRAM The program is made up of a series of undulating floor plates. Each floor contains stacks, and work spaces along the perimeter of the floor. The center masses contain service and administration spaces, as well as an elevator and central staircase. This layout allows for easy circumambulation of the library. It also allows for views downward, and upward from any point, with the circulation desk always viewable at the center. 3.2 Circulation desk at the center of the library Photos: Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel
3.3 Facade under construction Photos: Foster + Partners
Structure Space Frame Collumns
STRUCTURE A spaceframe structure encapsulates the floor plates in a fashion that allows for operable wall assemblies on the interior as well as exterior. The spaceframe allows for a maximum amount of usable space within the structure, and also allows for much more light to enter from all sides due to its rounded shape. 3.4 Spaceframe under construction Photos: Foster + Partners
3.5 Detail of operable panels Photos: Inge Kanakaris-Wirtl
THERMAL ENVELOPE A double layered facade attached to a space frame contains operable panels on the interior, as well as exterior, allowing for passive ventilation and cooling throughout the library in warmer months. In the cooler months, the shell can be sealed tight, allowing for heated air to be recirculated through the building, via the envelope. The existing transparent glass panels follow the sunpath in order to allow the library to be 100% daylit throughout the year.
Natural Ventilation
a
4_PERCEPTION AND PERFORMANCE
RESULTS Target EUI is 31 based on a 80% reduction
Energy Model
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BASELINE 154 EUI 100 Zero Score
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TARGET 31 EUI 19 Zero Score
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BUILDING SUMMARY
on for uilding hem
LOCATION
Vancouver, BC
V7B 0A4
USES
Library
497,293 sq.ft (100.0%)
RESULTS
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TARGET
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YOUR BUILDING
0%
80%
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Zero Score
100
19
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Site EUI (kBtu/ft²/yr)
154
31
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Source EUI (kBtu/ft²/yr)
218
44
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Daylight Model
ENERGY AND DAYLIGHTING PERFORMANCE Berlin holds very high standards for the efficiency of their buildings, as does Foster + Partners. A building such as the Philological library would be expected to uphold to this high standard. According to research we have collected, the library has an EUI of 36, which is only 5 higher than the target EUI. This could be due to some faults in modeling with Sefaira, but it is safe to say through research of the systems within the library, that this building is reaching it’s goal.
Warmer Months
4.1 Aerial view showing operable panels in use
Photos: Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel
Cooler Months
THERMAL AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS The floor of the building releases cold or hot air, allowing the air to run into circulation to either cool or warm the building. When itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s colder, panels are closed off, keeping warm air in the building. When its warmer, the panels are left open, allowing for freedom of circulation and the expenditure of warm air. through the envelope. It essentially acts as a semipermeable cell membrane, keeping true to the science theme. 4.2 Warmer days call for more ventilation Photos: Inge Kanakaris-Wirtl
CIRCULATION The circulation of the library acts in layers, with the outer most containing workspaces, then stacks, then service spaces, and at the core, stairs. In between each layer is room for circulation, allowing for fluid movement throughout each floor of the library. 4.3 Workspaces circumambulate the perimeter of each floor Photo: Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel
EGRESS AND FIRE LIFE SAFETY Egress lies in the center of the library, containing a central stair, two fire stairs, elevators, and a central spine along the bottom floor leading you to exits. The simplicity of egress and fire life safety here can lend itself to the delicate symmetry of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Brainâ&#x20AC;?, which allows for more direct movement throughout. 4.4 Entrance to the library
Photos: Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel
5_REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY “Bund Finance Centre / Foster + Partners + Heatherwick Studio” 13 Oct 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed 10 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily. com/881511/bund-finance-centre-foster-plus-partners-plus-heatherwick-studio/ “Campus Luigi Einaudi / Foster + Partners” 31 Jul 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 10 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/407662/campus-luigieinaudi-marco-visconti-and-foster-partners/ “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ “Free University”. Foster + Paterners. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/free-university/ “Going green: Free University Philological Library, Berlin.” IFLA Publication. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/bitstream/ handle/18452/2958/241.pdf?sequence=1 “The Philological Library of Berlin, the “Brain” of the City” 7 Nov 2013. faena. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. http://www.faena.com/aleph/articles/thephilological-library-of-berlin-the-brain-of-the-city/ “Philogische Bibliothek” . Free University, Berlin. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/sites/philbib/index.html ““The Brain” - The Philological Library, Free University of Berlin”. Klaus U. Werner. Monika Diecks. LIBER Quarterly, Volume 14 (2004), No. 2 “The Philological Library of Berlin, the “Brain” of the City” 7 Nov 2013. faena. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. http://www.faena.com/aleph/articles/thephilological-library-of-berlin-the-brain-of-the-city/ “UAE Pavilion - Milan Expo 2015 / Foster + Partners” 05 May 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 10 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/627599/uaepavilion-milan-expo-2015-foster-partners/
IMAGE CREDITS Cover image: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ 1.1: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ 1.2: photograph © Michele D’Ottavio/David Vicario “Campus Luigi Einaudi / Foster + Partners” 31 Jul 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/407662/campus-luigieinaudi-marco-visconti-and-foster-partners/ 1.3: photograph © Filippo Poli/Foster + Partners “UAE Pavilion - Milan Expo 2015 / Foster + Partners” 05 May 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/627599/uaepavilion-milan-expo-2015-foster-partners/ 1.4: photograph © Laurian Ghinitoiu “Bund Finance Centre / Foster + Partners + Heatherwick Studio” 13 Oct 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily. com/881511/bund-finance-centre-foster-plus-partners-plus-heatherwick-studio/ 1.5: diagram © Foster + Partners Christian Hallmann. Going green: Free University Philological Library, Berlin. IFLA Publication. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/ bitstream/handle/18452/2958/241.pdf?sequence=1 1.6: diagram © Foster + Partners Christian Hallmann. Going green: Free University Philological Library, Berlin. IFLA Publication. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/ bitstream/handle/18452/2958/241.pdf?sequence=1 2.1: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ 3.1: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ 3.2: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ 3.3: photograph © Foster + Partners “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” Accessed 9 Dec 2018. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/free-university/ 3.4: photograph © Foster + Partners “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” Accessed 9 Dec 2018. https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/free-university/ 3.5: photograph © Inge Kanakaris-Wirtl “Philological Library of the Free University of Berlin” Accessed 9 Dec 2018. https://structurae.net/structures/philological-library-of-the-freeuniversity-of-berlin/photos 4.1: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/
4.2: photograph © Inge Kanakaris-Wirtl “Philological Library of the Free University of Berlin” Accessed 9 Dec 2018. https://structurae.net/structures/philological-library-of-the-freeuniversity-of-berlin/photos 4.3: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ 4.4: photograph © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ Back cover image: © Reinhard Gorner/Rudi Meisel “Free University’s Philology Library / Foster + Partners” 15 Oct 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 9 Dec 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/438400/freeuniversity-of-berlin-foster-partners/ All other images created by authors.