Economic Lexicon (Part II) by cam booksl

PaKTI 2 Exµr-Gg;eKøs Part Two: Khmer – English

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v. write down

kk/ bgák freeze, bgákebovtSr_ ¬min[cuHeLIg¦

ktikasBaØa ¬kic©RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar¦ pact ktþa factor ktþacMNUlbzm primary factor income ktþaeFVIeGaymansßirPaBCasV½yRbvtþi built-in

kt;sMKal;/ KYr[ noticeable, karERbRbYl ~

wage freeze

kkkuj/ PaB bottleneck kk; v. deposit kk;/ R)ak; n. deposit, ~ mun advance deposit kekIt/ kar inception kgVl; n. concern kgVH n. lack, ~ tulüPaB lack of balance, ~ TMnukcitþ lack of confidence kgVH n. shortage, ~ TMgn; shortage in weight kgVH ¬]> fvika¦ shortfall kgVHxat n. shortcoming ( characteristics/ quality of sth or s.o)

noticeable change

stabilisers

ktþabMElgsþg;dar standard-conversion factor (SCF)

ktþaplTunbreTssuT§ net foreign factor income (NFFI)

ktþaplitkmµbzm primary factor of production

ktþarUbvnþ physical factor ktþþatMél factor cost, ~ bzm primary factor cost

kBa©b;fvika package budget kBa©b;ebovtSr_ ¬ebovtSr_ nigR)ak;]btßmÖepSg² sMrab;kargarGVImYy¦ pay/salary package kBa©b;ExSTsSnkic© package tour kBa©úM cluster, smasFaturYmCa ~ cluster of elements

kNþal adj. central, FnaKar ~ central bank kt;Rta n. record kt;Rta/ Edlmin)an unrecorded kt;Rtaxag\NTan v. credit kt;Rtaxag\NBn§ v. debit kt;RtabBaúH© tMélRTBüskmµ ¬kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦ 105

k®nþkTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer basket kEnøg place kEnøg ¬eFVIkar¦ TMenr vacancy kEnøglk;ecj outlet kmµkr worker, workman kmµkrkMBg;Ep docker, stevedore kmµnþsal manufacture, TMnij ~ manufactured goods

kmµnþsalkmµ manufacturing kmµvtßú n. objective kmµvFi CI nM yY breTs foreign-aid programme

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;KNbkS¦ political

nigensaT Ministry of Agriculture

platform, platform

Forestry and Fisheries

kmµviFIbBaÄb;BlkredaykgVHkargar

ksikmµRKan;EtmYyrs; ¬m> CIvRBwtþi/ ksikmµ¦

redundancy programme

subsistence agriculture

kmµviFIskmµPaB programme of action kmµviFI\NTanpÞal; direct-lending schemes kmµvi)ak ¬m> TNÐkmµ¦ sanction kmµvis½yPaB objectivity kmµsikSakarI trainee or intern (US) kmµsiTæi ownership kmµsiT§i/ kar)anmkCa acquisition kmµsiT§ikr rW m©as; owner, proprietor (of a

ksidæan farm, brikçar ~ farm equipment ksipl rW plitplksikmµ agricultural product

ksi-BaNiC¢kmµ agribusiness ksi-]sSahkmµ agro-industry kaksMNl; waste, ~ rav liquid waste, ~ rwg solid waste

house, business...)

kmµsiT§iKµankalkMNt; freehold property kmµsiT§idIFøI land ownership kmµsiT§ibBaØa intellectual property kmµsiT§iRsbc,ab; legal ownership krNIKµanlT§PaBsg event of default krNIbnÞan;/ kñúg in case of emergency krNIyutþisaRsþ n. ¬tulakar¦ precedent ksag/ CalkçN³ constructive, karTieton ~ constructive criticism

ksageKalneya)ay/ kar policy formulation ksagCasßab½n v. institutionalise ksag¼eFVI BiesssMrab;GtifiCnNamñak; custom-built/made

ksikmµ agriculture, RksYg ~ rukçaRbmaj; 106

katBVkic© obligation, man ~ to have the obligation, Ca ~ obligatory katBVkic©/ Ca compulsory, karRtYtBinitü ~ compulsory inspection

kat;kg v. deduct kat;kgecj/ Gac adj. deductible, ~ BIcMnUl Cab;Bn§ tax deductible kat;Kña v. intersect (graph lines) kat;ecj ¬CakarBin½y¦ forfeit kat;éfømin)an adj. invaluable kat;bnßy/ kar reduction, curtailment, ~ fvika budget reduction, ~ PaBRkIRk poverty reduction

kat;bnßycMnay/ kar expense reduction, retrenchment

kat;sg/ Bn§Ky duty drawback katalIkr catalyst, tYnaTICa ~ catalyst role

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

kataLúk ¬esovePA¦ catalogue kan;/ Gñk holder, ~ mUlb,Tanb½Rt holder

time work

of a cheque

kan;kab;/ kar possession kan;kab;/ kar ¬]> cUleTArs;enAelIdILÚt_¦ occupation

kan;kab;CakarepJITuk hold in trust kan;kab;dI/ kar land tenure kan;kab;tMENg/ ry³eBl tenure kan;kab;RtwmRtUv/ Gñk holder in due course kan;kab;EfTaM/ Gñk caretaker (of a motor

kargareCIgsar brokerage kargareRbIxYrk,al ¬EdlRtUvriHKit¦ mental job kargareBjem:ag full-time work kargarmineBjem:ag part-time work kargarl¥itel¥ac odd job karedaHRsay resolution, ~ TMnas; conflict resolution

kan;criya v. behave kan;bBa¢I/ Gñk bookkeeper kan;Baküsnüa v. abide by a promise kab;eQI/ kar logging, ~ xusc,ab; illegal

karEtl cartel karbdiesFc,ab;rdæ civil disobedience karR)ak; interest, ~ smas compound interest, ~ x<s;¼Tab high/low interest, ~ samBaØ simple interest, kalKit ~ interest period, GRta ~ interest rate karR)ak;)anKitbEnßm accrued interest karR)ak;mkTl;bc©úb,nñ interest to date karR)ak;minTan;sg back interest karR)ak;viC¢man positive interest (interest

logging

rate higher than inflation rate)

vehicle)

kan;kab;bBa¢IKNenyü v. maintain accounting book

kayvikar gesture kargar work kargar ¬eTogTat;manR)ak;kMér¦ employment kargar/ eQµaH job title kargarkñúgkariyal½y office job, white-

karR)ak;GviC¢man ¬GRtakarR)ak;TabCagGRta GtiprNa¦ negative interest karBar/ kic©¼kar- protection, ~ brisßan environment protection

karBarkarxatbg; ¬EdlRtUv)an¦ hedged karsikSakrNI ¬b¤krNIsikSa¦ case study kariybriecäT financial year kariybriecäT ¬sareBIBn§/ hirBaØvtßú>>>¦ year

collar job

kargarRkdassñam paperwork kargarKitem:ag ¬TUTat;kMértamcMnYn em:ag/ éf¶¦ 107

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Economic Lexicon Part 2 (fiscal, financial...)

kariyaFibetyü bureaucracy, red tape, officialdom

kariyal½y bureau, ~ kargar employment bureau GñkeFVIkar ~ bureaucrat kariyal½yKNenyü accounting office kariyal½ycuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat voter registration station

kariyal½ytMNagRbcaMRbeTs

kalviPaK schedule/timetable kalviPaKfµI/ eFVI reschedule (loan) kalaTikrN_sniTanIy_ ¬m> rMMBwgsmehtupl/kar¦ kalanuvtþiPaB opportunity kalikb½Rt ¬TsSnavdþI/ RBwtþib½Rt>>>¦ periodical kic©karCMnYj transaction kic©RBmeRBogepÞrkic©snüa ¬[PaKITI3¦ novation

country-representative office

kariyal½yFM head office kariyal½ye)aHeqñat polling station kariyal½ybþÚrR)ak; exchange office kariyal½ypþlB; t½ m’ anBIkti niþ am ¬énshRKas>>>¦

kicR© BmeRBogTUeTAsþIBItaragBn§Ky nigBaNiC¢kmµ ¬hÁat;¦ GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

kariyal½yrkkargareGayeFIV employment

kics© nüa contract, ~ lk;¼kargar contract of sale/work, buKÁlikrdæCab; ~ contract public employee, Cab;¼eRkam ~ adj. under contract, cuH ~ v. contract, GñkcuHkic©snüa

agency

contractor

credit bureau

kariyal½yrab;snøwkeqñat vote-counting

kic©snüa/ c,ab;én law of contract kic©snüaCalaylkçN_GkSr deed kic©snüaCYlTijpþac; ¬rW kic©snüaTijbNþak;¦

station

kariyaelxanukar ¬m> kariyal½y/ GñkeFVIkar¦ bureaucrat

kal kMNt;¼bBaØtþi specified period kalkMNt; deadline kalkMNt; time, rUbiyaNtþiman ~ time draft kalkMNt;RbKl;TMnij time limit for delivery kalbriecäT date kalbriecäTGnaKt/ cuH v. post-date kalvsan maturity 108

hire-purchase agreement

kic©snüaTij-lk; bargain and sale kic©snüabnþ/ cuH subcontract, Gñk ~ subcontractor

kic©snüaEbgEckplitkmµ productionsharing contract (PSC)

kic©snüamankalkMNt; terminal contract kic©snüalk; ¬TMnij¦ sale contract kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ business

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

cooperation contract (BCC)

kic©snüaesva service contract kic©snüaesarkñúgéd turnkey contract kitþinam reputation, credibility kitþisBÞ good reputation kitüanuPaB prestige kinRsUv/ kar paddy husking kiriyamayaT conduct kugtWn½r container kugsg;s‘us consensus kugs½rsüÚm consortium kugsuI ¬bBa©aM¦ pawnbroker kub,kmµ n. riot, eFVI ~ v. riot kumµúynisþ communist kulalPaCn_ ceramics, plitpl ~ ceramic product

kusl merit , good deed kuslkic© good deed, charity kUd/ elxkUd code, kardak;elx ~ coding, kar bkRsay ~ ¬ERbCaPasaFmµtavij¦ decoding kUdkmµ strike kUta quota, karkMNt; ~ fixing of quotas kUtanaMcUl import quota kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk mortgagor/ mortgager kUnesovePApSBVpSay brochure kUr:um quorum 109

ekItdMNalKña/ kar ¬RBwtþikarN_¦ concurrence ekItman/ kar incidence ekIn v. increase, rise ekInCadMNak;²/ Edl incremental ekInmYyCabI v. treble ekInmYyCaBIr v. double ekIneLIg v. gain ekogKr v. lobby ekobsgát; v. exert pressure ekgRbv½Ba©/ kar embezzlement ekgRbv½Ba©RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³/ kar misappropriation of public funds

ekNÐRbmUl v. mobilise ekNÐRbmUlR)ak;snSMÉkCn/ kar mobilisation of private savings

ekrþ×eQµaH reputation ekrþ×eQµaHCMnYj n. goodwill ekrþ×mrtk heritage, patrimony ekrþ×xagRsI dowry Ek/ kar ¬Bakü¼elx¼bBa¢IKNenyü>>>edaykar ekaslub rW karsresrRtYt>>>¦ alteration Ekécñ/ kar ¬plitpl¦ processing, viBaØabnb½Rt bBa¢ak;BIkEnøgEkécñ certificate of processing EkécññeLIgvij/ kar recycling EktMrUv v. adjust, KNnI ~ adjustment account, ktþa ~ adjustment factor (AF),

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

tMél ~ adjustment value, elxna ~

kMNt; v. determine, fix, specify kMNt;/ naéf¶Edl)an on appointed days kMNt;kUta/ kar fixing of quotas kMNt;Rta n. record kMNt;éfø¼éføkMNt; CarUbiyvtßúkñúgRsuk v. & n.

adjusting entries (accounting)

EktMrUv/ kar rectification EkTMrg; v. reform EkERbdIFøIeLIgvij/ kar land restructuring EklMG/ kar improvement EksMrYl adj. revised, Epnkar ~ revised plan ekaslvic½y expertise, valuation ekasikasnþiPaBeGaypSarP©ab;Kñal¥/ BRgwg

quote in local currency

kMNt;TUeTA general points (in text of law) kMNt;RbePTTMnij/ kar categorisation of goods

strengthen the fabric of peace

kMcIKµankalkMNt; ¬eBlTarRtUvsg¦ demand loan

kMcIKµanvtßúFana fiduciary loan kMc¼I R)ak;kcM I loan, ~ pøas;pÞHfµI bridging loan, ~ karR)ak;Tab soft loan, ~ KµankarFana unsecured loan, ~ KµankalkMNt; loan at call (pay back when required), ~ )anebIk pþl; loan disbursed kMcIEdlm©as;bMNulGacTarykvij)anPøam money at call

kMcIenACMBak; outstanding loan kMcIpÞal;xøÜn personal loan kMcIBi)akTar non-performing loan kMcImankarR)ak;efreTArksuI/ kareRbI leverage kMcImankarR)ak;Tab/ kMcIKµankarR)ak; soft loan kMcImanrbs;bBa©aM collateral loan kMcIsMrab;sg;¼TijpÞH housing loans 110

kMNt;Bn§/ Gñk assessor of taxes kMNt;RBMRbTl;/ kar demarcation (boundary) kMNt;sMKal; note kMNt;sMGag ¬Fanar:ab;rg¦ cover note (insurance)

kMNay n. excavation kMeNIt/ GRta birth rate kMeNIn growth, increase, rise, gain, GRta ~ growth rate kMeNInkartantwg ¬TMnas;¦ escalation kMeNIntamfñak;/ GRtaBn§ progessive tax rate kMeNInRbCaCnkMritsUnü zero population growth (ZPG)

kMENtMrUv adjustment kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ structural adjustment, kMcIsMrab; ~ structural adjustment loan kMENTMrg; n. reform, ~ dIFøI land reform, ~ RbB½n§yutþiFm’ judicial reform, ~ Bn§dar

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

fiscal reform, ~ vis½yensaT nigClpl fisheries reform

kMENERb modification kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij port of loading/shipment kMBg;EpBaNiC¢kmµ commercial port kMBg;EpsmuRT seaport kMBugcab;kMeNIt nascent, esdækic© ~ nascent economy

kMBugdMeNIrkar/ skmµPaB ongoing activity kMBugplit ¬xÞg;KNnIsMrab;kt;RtaRTBükMBug plit¦ work in progress (WIP) kMBüÚT½rFuntUc minicomputer kMr/ PaB scarcity kMrgr)aykarN_ series of reports

kMritRBMEdn/ dak; v. limit, kar ~ limitation kMritmUldæan local/grassroots level kMritmUldæanénkareRbIR)as; base level of consumption

kMrityl;dwg level of understanding, cognitive level

kMritel¥óg margin of error kMér earnings, ~ rk)an earned fees kMér fee, ~ GaCJab½NÑ licence fee kMéreCIgsar brokerage kMéreCIgsarFanakarTUTat; del credere commission

kMérykelIs ¬elIskMritsmrmü¦ overcharge kMéresva service fees kMéreCIgsar commission, karlk;yk ~

kMrit level, dose, margin, eRcIn ~ multilevel, ~ eGayx©IR)ak; margin of lending, ~ R)ak;cMeNj margin of profit, ~ suvtßiPaB safety margin, ~ GPivDÆn_ level of

commission sale

development

kMriteKal benchmark kMritcab;ERbRbYl ¬m> kaMQancUl¦ threshold kMritCIvPaB standard of living, living standard

kMritCMnaj qualification kMritTMenarénkareRbIR)as;bEnßm marginal

kMéreCIgsar/ yk v. charge a commission kMlaMg force, power, ~ TIpSar market forces kMlaMgpÞal;xøÜn/ eday adj. unaided kMlaMgBlkmµ labour force, workforce, force

kMlaMgrujRcan momentum kMsanþ ¬esva¦ recreation (service) kMsanþ/ kar entertainment, mNÐl ~ entertainment centre

kMhat loss, ~ Cak;Esþgsrub actual total loss, ~ srubsuT§ absolute total loss

propensity to consume

kMritTMenarénkarsnSMbEnßm marginal 111

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

kMhateFVIGaCIvkmµ ¬eBlR)ak;cMNUl)anticCag R)ak;cMNayecj¦ trading losses kMhab;énsarFatu/ kMrit concentration level of a substance

kMhit n. constraint kMhit/ kardak;kMhit restriction,~ én\NTan credit restrictions

kMhti / dak; v. restrict, ~ elI\NTan restrict credit

kMhusqÁg malpractice kaMQancUl n. threshold ekaHsakSI v. ¬tulakar¦ subpoena kñúgtMENg in post kñúgrgVg;kBa©úM intra-cluster kñúgRsuk domestic, RTBüskmµ ~ domestic assets (bank), \NTan ~ domestic credit, tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; ~ domestic demand/supply

kñúgRsuk ¬m> mUldæan¦ local k,ac; n. ¬]bkrN_buraNsMrab;Kitelx¦ abacus k,aldI ¬m> dILÚt_¦ plot k,alma:sIunkMeNInesdækic© engine of

Rkb frame Rkbx½NÐ cadre, ~ m®nþIraCkar public cadre, ~ Pñak;garrdæ)al cadre of administrative agent Rkbx½NÐ framework, frame, ~ c,ab; legal framework, ~ eBlevla timeframe Rkm code, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ commercial code RkmsIlFm’ code of conduct/ethics RkLabBa¢I court clerks RkeLkemIleTAGtItkal/ kar retrospection RkahVik graphic RkIRk/ PaB poverty, karkat;bnßy ~ poverty reduction, bnÞat;RkIRk ~ poverty line Rkwtü decree Rkumkargar working group, task force RkumKMrUtag sample group RkumRbwkSaRKb;RKg board of management RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ Constitutional Council RkumRbwkSaPi)al board of directors RkumRbwkSaPi)alRbtisiT§iCn trusteeship council

RkumRbwkSavin½y ¬GñksMercdak;vin½yelIbuKÁlik¦

economic growth

disciplinary council

RkdasR)ak; ¬luyRkdas¦ bank note,

RkumRbwkSavinieyaK board of investment

paper money

(BOI)

RkdaseBIelo flimsy paper RkdassñamBaNiC¢kmµ commercial paper RkNat; cloth, material

RkumRbwkSasnþisux Security Council (UN) Rkumpþl;KMnit think-tank RkumBhuCMnaj multi-disciplinary team 112

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

Rkumh‘un company, ~ Gnamik joint stock company, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ trading company, ~ buRtsm<½næ affiliated or associated company, ~ TTYlxusRtUvmanx½NÐsIma limited liability company, ~ TTYlxus RtUvKµankMNt; unlimited company, ~ saxa subsidiary company

Rkumh‘nu ¬CanItibuKÁleBjelj¦ incorporated company

Rkumh‘un/ cUlCa incorporated Rkumh‘un/ c,ab; companies act Rkumh‘uncUlpSarh‘un ¬KWmansnøwkh‘unlk;-Tij enApSarh‘un¦ listed/quoted company Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit limited liability company

Rkumh‘unrMlgCati transnational corporation (TNC)

Rkumh‘unsikSaKMeragbøg; architectural company

Rkumh‘unhUlDij holding company Rkumh‘unnavacr shipping company Rkumh‘unGnamik ¬m> saCIvkmµ¦ RkumGayu age group RkumGñkmanKMnitdUcKña like-minded groups eRkam/ xag downstream, plitpl ~ rW plitplcugExS downstrem product eRkam»vaT/ GgÁPaB subordinate entity eRkamsþg;dar sub-standard eRkay/ Ca post, svnkmµ ~ post auditing eRkay/ tam following, qñaMeRkay rW qñaMbnÞab;

Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgedIm principal insurance

following/next year

company

eRkA/ ktþaxag rW plb:HBal;mkBIeRkA

Rkumh‘unbiTCit ¬Gñkkan;kab;PaKh‘unmanticnak; Nas;¦ close company Rkumh‘nu buRtsm<n½ § ¬Rkumh‘unemkþab;PaKh‘unticCag 50°¦ affiliated/associated company Rkumh‘unpÁt;pÁg;saFarN³ ¬Twk/ ePøIg>>>¦ utility company

Rkumh‘unBhuplitpl conglomerate Rkumh‘unPaKh‘un public company or

externalities

eRkAksidæan/ kargar off-farm employment eRkARbB½n§ ¬rW eRkApøÚvkar¦/ vis½yesdækic© informal sector

køasuik/ TsSn³Ebb classical view køib club, ~ ]sSahkmµtMbn; regional industry club

Ekøg/ kar forgery Ekøgkøay false kS½yFn/ PaB bankruptcy, karrYcputBI ~

public limited company (PLC)

Rkumh‘unem parent company Rkumh‘unrYmPaKh‘un joint-stock company

discharge in bankruptcy 113

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

ekSRtviTU agronomist ekSRtsaRsþ rW ekSRtviTüa agronomy

damage

x x ¬xTI1/ xTI2>>> ¦ clause xkxan fail, xkxanmin)anTak;Tg fail to contact

xkxan ¬min)aneFVI¦/ kar omission xn§b,maNrUbiyvtßú ¬m> rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs;¦ monetary aggregate

xn§b,aT aggregation xageRkA exogenous, ktþaGviC¢man ~ negative exogenous factors

xUcxat/ ¬R)ak;¦ sMNgcMeBaHkar damages xUcKuNPaB/ kar ¬rbs;hUb¦ spoilage xUcRbeyaCn_/ kar detriment xUcRbeyaCn_/ EdleFVIeGay detrimental xYb¼CMu¼vdþ cycle xMRbwgxñHExñg/ kic© endeavour x©I/ sMux©I v. borrow, karx©Ibul borrowings, Gñk ~ borrower x¢Ix¢a sloppy, kargar ~ sloppy work x¢Hx¢ay/ kar wastage ex©aH/ flaw, defect Edlman ~ flawed, defective, faulty

xÞg; item, ~ eRkAtaragtulükar off-balance sheet items

xatbg;/ kar loss xatbg;srub/ kar total loss, dead loss, ~ Cak;Esþg actual total loss xanmin)an¼katBVkic© adj. compulsory,

xÞg;/ xÞg;bBaÄr ¬tarag¦ column xÞg; ¬taragtulükar¦ heading xñgTl;xñg back to back, \NTan ~ back

mandatory

to back credit

xitþb½NÑ ¬b½NÑeXasnapSBVpSayEckeGay pÞal;éd¦ hand bill xuTÞkal½y cabinet, ~ KN³rdæm®nþI political cabinet

xusc,ab; illegal, kic©snüa ~ illegal contract xusc,ab; illicit, Rsa ~ illicit alcohol xUcxat/ kar damage xUcxatedaysarTwksmuRT/ Edl sea-damaged xUcxatbgáeLIgedayectna/ kar wilful 114

xñat ¬]> EpnTI¦ scale xñat ¬sMrab;vas;Evg¦ yardstick xñattUc small-scale xñatmaRta dose xñatmas gold standard Exµrkat;cin Sino-Khmer xøwmsar content xøwmsar niglkçxNÐ énkic©snüa terms and

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

conditions of a contract

xVH/ cMnYn shortfall xVHxat/ karpÁt;pÁg;mankar deficient supply xVHTMgn;/ PaB deficiency in weight ExSekag curve, ~ cMNay expenditure curve, ~ eRbIR)as; consumption curve, ~ pÁt;pÁg;srub aggregate supply curve ExSekaghVlI BI Phillips curve (relationship

between rate of change of money wage and rate of unemployment) ExScgVak; chain, ~ m:aXITIg¼TIpSar marketing chain ExSbeNþay/ mnÞIr line department

ExSbBaÄr/ karR)aRs½yTak;Tgtam vertical communication

ExSplitkmµ ¬tMelIgeRKOgcRk¦ assembly line ExSepþk¼ExSTTwg/ karsMrbsMrYltam horizontal coordination

exSay/ rUbiyvtßú weak/soft currency

KN³kmµaFikarcMeBaHkic© ad hoc committee KN³CMnajkar panel of experts KNna v. calculate, work out KNnaxus miscalculate KNnaéføedIm/ kar costing KNnaGtüaNU calculus KNnI account, ~ épÞkñúg domestic account, ~ )anEksMrYl account amended, ~ enAmin Tan;sg outstanding account, ~ RtUvsg account payable, ~ RtUvTar account receivable, esovePA ~ account book, m©as; ~ account holder, sMrab;EtsgcUl ~ account payee only

KNnI mUlFn¼Tun capital account KNnIkan;kab;kñúgnambuKÁlmñak;eTot nominee account

KNnIcrnþ current account KNnIcMNUl-cMNay income and expense

KgKña¼RtYtKña overlap KN³kmµkar commission KN³kmµkaresIubGegát board of inquiry KN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_PUmi village

accounts, income-outlay accounts, appropriation accounts

KNnIcMruH sundry account KNnIcMh ¬kt;RtakarTijeCOedayGñkTij Kµandak;vtßúFana¦ open account KNnIQb;eRbI rW KNnIgab; dead account KNnIFnaKar bank account

development committee (VDC)

KN³kmµaFikar committee, ~ RtYtBinitü committee of inspection, ~ Gcié®nþy_ 115

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

KNnIenAbreTs foreign accounts KNnIRbePTGkSr et T account KNnIR)ak;tMkl;Fana deposit guaranty

KNenyükic© accountancy KNenyüRKb;RKg managerial accounting KNenyüCati national accounting KNenyübrisßan ecological accounting KNenyüPaB accountability, TamTar ~ BI

account

KNnIpat;Tat; clearing account KNnIépÞeRkA external accounts KNnIrg subsidiary account KNnIrg;caM suspense account KNnIrYm ¬manm©as;KNnIBI 2nak;eLIgeTA¦

demand accountibility from

KNenyüPaB/ Kµan adj. unaccountable KNenyürdæaPi)al nigKNenyüsßab½n government and institutional accounting

KNenyüsaFarN³ public accounting/

joint account

KNnIlT§pl profit and loss account KNnIGtifiCn ¬m> KNnIRtUvTar¦ trade

accounts

KN³RbtiPU delegation KN³emFavI bar association KN³rdæm®nþI Council of Ministers KtibNÐit/ Rbkbeday sound Ktiyutþi ¬Rsbtamc,ab; nigrebobrbbén c,ab;¼ tulakar¦ juridical, lixitsñam ~ legal

account receivable

KNnIeCO charge/credit account KNenyü accounting (US), accountancy (GB), bookeeping, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial accounting, ~ Bn§dar tax accounting, vdþ ~ accounting cycle, RKa ~ accounting period, bøg; ~ accounting plan, éfø ~ accounting price, RbB½n§ ~ accounting system, karviPaK ~ accounting analysis r)aykarN_ ~ accounting statement KNenyü éføedIm¼viPaK cost accounting KNenyükr accountant, ~ rdæTTYlsÁal;

document

Ktiyutþi/ rUbPaB legal form Kn;KUr/ kar extrapolation Kn;KUrCamun/ kar projection KnøgeRKaHfñak; precarious path KnøwH/ tYnaTI key role KnøwH/ sunÞrkfa keynote address KmnaKmn_B½t’man communication of

chartered accountant, certified public accountant (US)

information

KNenyükredImExS principal accountant

Ky customs, Pñak;gar ~ customs agent,

(Ministry of Economy and Finance) 116

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

TIcat;karKynigrdæakr Customs Department, buKÁl¼Rkumh‘un EdlnaMTMnijqøgkat; ~ customs broker

Kl;mUlb,TanbR½t cheque stub Kl;G½kS origin, zero point KhbtI bourgeois, vNÑ³ ~ bourgeoisie or middle class

Kab;CYn ¬Kña¦/ kar coincidence Kahkniy½t holder in due course KitKUrbegáItfµI v. conceptualise Kitdl;/ edaymin regardless KitbEnßm/ cMNUl)an accrued income KIb bale KuNFm’ virtue KuNPaB quality, grade, karEbgEck ~ grading, ~ eBlpÞúk quality shipped or shipped quality, viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbb

KYbpSM combine, ~ CamYyKñanUvBaNiC¢kmµ nig karkMsanþ combine business and pleasure KYr)anTTYl\NTan/ PaB credit worthiness eKcBn§/ kar tax evasion eKcUlcitþ ¬CagGVImYyeTot¦/ Edl preferential eKhkic©/ brikçar household equipment éKbnøM adj. fraudulent éKbnøM/ kar fraud eKal base, GRta ~ base rate eKal ¬R)ab;cMgay¦ milestone eKal/ RKa¼ry³eBl reference period eKalkarN_ ¬kñúgRbkas¦ general (in a Prakas)

eKalkarN_KNenyümankarTTYlsÁal;TUeTA generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP)

eKalkarN_ENnaM guideline eKalkarN_énPaBsuIKña matching concept/

~ qualitative method (of analysis)

KuNPaBx<s; ¬Er:¦ high grade (ore) KuNvibtþi shortcoming, disadvantage KuNvibtþi flaw, Edlman ~ flawed KuNvuDÆi ¬smtßPaBkñúgCMnaj¦ qualification KuNsm,tþixagCMnaj qualification KURbECg rival KUsbBa¢ak; v. emphasise KYkeC broker, middleman KYkeCh‘un stockbroker

convention

eKalkarN_esµIPaB nigmanplRbeyaCn_eTAvij eTAmk principle of equality and mutual benefit

eKalKMnit concept eKal¼em/ EpnTI master map eKaledA purpose, goal eKaledA target, Rkum ~ target group, TIpSar ~ target market 117

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

eKalneya)ay policy, Rkbx½NÐ ~ policy framework

eKalneya)ayebIkTUlay open policy eKalneya)ayrUbiyvtßúRbugRby½tñ prudent monetary policy

eKalneya)aysac;R)ak;gayRsYl easy money policy

KMnas; leverage KMnit idea KMnitécñRbDit creativity, creative thinking KMnitpþÜcepþIm initiative KMnitviPaK analytical thinking KMnitevocevr bad faith KMnUrsßiti chart KMnUstaglk; sale chart KMrU model KMrUtag sample, yk ~ v. sample, take a sample, Rkum ~ sample group, karRsg; ~ sample implementation, ~ Kg sample overlap, karyk ~ sampling, kareRCIs ~ sample selection, Gegát ~ sample survey, KMrUtagécdnü random sample, ~ KµankMNt; unrestricted random sample

KMrUtagem master sample KMrUtagrg subsample KMrUtagsV½yTMgn; self-weighting sample KMrUbgðaj specimen KMrUBIelImkeRkam top-down paradigm KMrUhtßelxa specimen signature KMerag project, karvaytMél ~ project appraisal, karksag ~ project formulation, karGnuvtþn_ ~ project implementation, sMeNI ~ project proposal KMeragkksÞH project indigestion KMeragbnÞab;bnSM marginal project KMeragsakl,g pilot project KMlat gap, deviation KMlatmFüm ¬m> KMlatsþg;dar¦ KMlatsþgd; ar standard deviation (statistics) KMehIj finding KaMRT v. support, endorse, esvakmµ ~ support service

KaMRT/ bBa¢ak;KaMRT v. back up, bBa¢ak;KaMRT karGHGag back up a claim KaMRT/ Gñk backer KaMRTxaghirBaØvtßú/ kar financial backing, financial assistance

KMrUtagécdnüsamBaØ/ karyk simple

KaMBar v. safeguard KµankargareFVIeBjelj adj. underemployed,

random sampling

KMrUtagCMerOn census sample 118

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

Gñk ~ n. underemployed KµankareyaKyl;Biess/ karlk; arm’s length sale

KµanRcksmuRT/ RbeTs landlocked country KµandI landless, PaB ~ landlessness KµaneRbIkar idle, Tun ~ idle capital KµanplitPaB/ RTBüskmµ unproductive

RKaeKal reference period RKwH foundation RKwH/ karRsavRCavCa fundamental research RKwHsßan establishment RKwHsßan ¬CMnYj¦ business concern RKwHsßanrdæ)alsaFarN³ public adminstrative establishment

RKwHsßansaFarN³ public establishment RKwHsßanesvakmµEkécñ processing-type

assets

KµanélTukedayELk/ mUlniFi unearmarked fund

service establishment

KµanGVIKYrq¶l; unquestionable RKbdNþb;/ kar¼TMhM coverage RKbsgát; v. dominate RKb;RKg v. manage, nayk ~ managing

RKwHsßanGcié®nþy_ permanent establishment RKUeBTüCnbT barefoot doctor RKYsar family, karensaTCalkçN³ ~ family scale fishing

RKYsar household, ~ RsþIemRKY female-headed household, ~ bursemRKY male-headed

director

RKb;RKg/ kar management, karRtYtBinitükar ~ management control

household

RKb;RKgeday bTbBa¢a¼bTb,BaØtþic,ab; v.

RKYsaredIm original family eRKOgeRbIR)as; appliance eRKOgeqH fuel eRKOgbriePaK food items eRKOgbMBak; ¬TaMgGcl½t nigcl½t Edllk;eTA CamYynwgpÞH¦ fixtures and fittings eRKOgbMBak;Cab; fixture eRKOg]bePaK-briePaK ¬m> sMPar³pÁt;pÁg;¦ supply eRKagkar scheme eRKageRcIndMNak; multi-stage frame

regulate

RKb;RKgedayxøÜnÉg/ kar self-managing RKb;RKgmin)an/ cMNay uncontrollable expenses

RKb;RKgGsmtßPaB/ kar maladministration RKb;RKan; enough RKb;RKan;/ PaBmin insufficiency, deficiency RKb;RCugeRCay adj. comprehensive, karviPaK ~ comprehensive analysis RKa ¬KNenyü¦ period 119

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

eRKagelImUldæantMbn; area-based frame eRKagykKMrUtag sampling frame, ~ dMbUg

primary-sampling frame (PSF)

gakecj/ kar deviation gayxUc perishable, TMnij ~ perishable

eRKaHfñak;/ EdlRbkbeday hazardous eRKaHfñak;enAeBlbMeBjkargar occupational

goods

gayeCO/ PaB credulity gayrgeRKaH adj. vulnerable, Blkr ~

accident

eRKaHFmµCati natural disaster eRKaHGKIÁP½y fire risk KøInik clinic

vulnerable worker

gayrgeRKaH/ PaB vulnerability gayRsYl/ kar facility gar title

X Xat;cab;Tuk/ kar ¬rfynþ/ TUk>>>¦

impoundment

XubXitkMNt;éfø/ kar price fixing eXasnaTak;TajkarKaMRT v. canvass eXasnabBa©úHbBa©Úl v. lobby eXasnapSaylk;pÞal;/ kar ¬énbuKÁlmñak;¦

ckçúvis½y n. vision cg v. bind cgRkg v. compile cgP¢ab;/ kar linkage cg¥úlTis/ kar directive cenøaHCMerOn/ TsvtSr_ inter-censal decade cenøaHeRCIs selection interval cenøaHRbehag loophole, ~ énBn§ tax loophole crca v. negotiate, kar ~ n. negotiation crca)an/ Gac negotiable, éfø ~ negotiable

personal selling

Xñas; lever XøatBIsPaBedIm/ kar aberration XøaMemIl v. monitor XøaMg warehouse XøaMg/ karTukdak;TMnijkñúg warehousing XøaMg/ qµaM warehouseman XøaMgsþúkTMnijRKb;RKgedayPñak;garKy

price

crcaBIkartMelIgR)ak;QlÚñ rvag nieyaCit nig nieyaCk/ kar (free) collective bargaining crcaCa rYm¼smUhPaB/ kar collective

bonded warehouse

120

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

carxñgcMh blank endorsement carwk nominal, tMél ~ nominal value carwkCaduløarGaemrik ¬]> mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦

bargaining

crnþkar/ eFVI ¬m> bc©úb,nñPaB/ eFVI¦ update crnþþ adj. current, cMNay ~ current expenditures

denominated in US$

cracr circulation, ~ Tun circulation of capital, ~ TMnij circulation of goods cracr traffic, sNþab;Fñab; ~ traffic order crit character clnvtßú movable (property) clnaTun/ karepÞrTun capital movement cak;Kr/ kar dumping

cas;TuM/ PaB maturity ciBa©wmCIvit/ karrk livelihood ciBa©wmRtI/ kar pisciculture, fish culture, fish farming

cIrPaB sustainability cIrPaB/ man sustainable, ksikmµ ~ sustainable agriculture, karGPivDÆn_ ~ sustainable development

cak;eLIgvij/ kar ¬ExSGat;>>>¦ playback

cugeRkay last, ultimate, eKaledA ~ ultimate

(tape...)

goal

caj;eRbob disadvantaged cat;Ecg v. organise, handle, manage,

cugeRkay/ kareRbIR)as; final consumption cugExS/ plitpl downstream product cugRKa/ sareBIP½NÐ ending inventory cugecaT defendant culøesdækic© ¬m> mIRkUesdækic©¦ cuHkalbriecäTGtItkal v. antedate cuHkalbriecäTGnaKtelImUlb,Tanb½Rt date a

dispose

cat;EcgTinñn½y/ kar data processing cat;fñak; v. classify cat;TukCaemaX³ v. invalidate cab;eqñat v. draw lots cab;epþIm/ esah‘uy start-up cost cab;GarmµN_/ PaBmin insensitivity cab;eGayTTYlxusRtUv v. hold responsible cay ¬R)ak;¦ spend, expend, lay out carxñg ¬Éksar¦ endorse v. carxñg ¬Éksar¦/ Gñk endorser

cheque forward

cuHkic©snüa ¬em:Akar[Gñk¦ xageRkA v. outsource

cuHKuNPaBdI/ kar land degradation cuHéf¶Ex/ Kµan undated cuHéfø v. discount, lk; ~ sell at a dicount, GRta ~ discount rate 121

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

cuHéfø v. lower the price, decrease in

cuHTabbMput v. bottom out cuHTidæakar ¬elIcMNay¦ rW GnuBaØatcMNay

cuHhtßelxasegçb v. initial cUlCaRkumh‘un/ min unincorporated cUlCaFrman v. come into effect/force cUlCasmaCik/ kar accession cUléd/ kar complicity cUlRbLÚk/ kar engagement cUlmunecjmun Fifo (first in, first out) cUlrYm v. participate, kar ~ participation cUlrYm/ karGPivDÆn_edaymankar

authorise payment

participatory development

price

cuHéfø/ kar ¬elITMnijminRtUv)a:n; rW karsgR)ak; munéf¶kMNt;¦ rebate cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ karlk; cash discount

cuHéføeGaytamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ cMnYn cash rebate

cuHTinñanub,vtþi/ kar journalising cuHbBa¢I register, kar ~ registration, elx ~ registration number, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ registration certificate

cuHbBa¢I/ Edlmin)an unregistered cuHbBa¢Ika ¬m> cuHbBa¢I¦ v. register cuHbBa¢IKNenyü/ kar bookkeeping cuHbRBa©aselxna v. reverse an entry cuHbuerkalbriecäT v. ¬m> cuHkalbriecäT GtItkal¦ antedate, backdate cuHelxna enter an entry (journal) cuHelxna v. post an item (ledger), ~ eTAkñúg esovePAFM post an item to the ledger cuHsMrugKña/ kareFVI[manPaB harmonisation cuHhtßelxaFanaelIvikáybRt v. back a bill cuHhtßelxaBIeRkam/ Gñk undersigned n. 122

cUlh‘un/ kar stake cUleRkayecjmun ¬lIhVÚ ¦ Lifo (last in, first out)

ecosvagBn§/ kar tax avoidance ecjcMNayCYs v. defray ecj¼ecjpSay v. issue, ecjGaCJab½NÑ issue a licence

ectna intention Eckcay/ kar distribution Eckdac;/ Edl ¬elx¦ divisible Eckbnþ v. ¬KNnI/ Rkum>>>¦ subdivide EckrMElk v. share, ~ bTBiesaFn_ share experiences

Ecg v. stipulate EcgxagelI/ dUcman above-mentioned Ecs ¬fµI/ s¥at¦ adj. immaculate écdnü adj. random, KMrUtag ~ random

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

sample, karRtYtemIl ~ random check

~ rMls;bMNul debt amortisation outlays

écdnünIykmµ randomisation ecaTRbkan;edaymin)anbgðajPsþútag/ kar

cMNay/ smtulüminTan; unexpended balance

allegation

ecAhVay boss, EdlcUlcitþRtYtRtaeK bossy cMkar plantation, ~ ekAs‘U rubber plantation cMNg/ CMnYyman tied aid cMNgeCIg title, heading cMNgTak;Tg link, linkage cMNakRsuk migration cMNat;kar n. treatment cMNat;fñak; classification, eFVI ~ classify v. RbB½n§eFVI ~ system of classification cMNat;fñak; tMél¼KuNsm,tþi/ kareFVI rating cMNat;fñak; ¬tamlMdab;¦/ eFVI v. rank cMNat;fñak;kargar job ranking/grading cMNat;fñak;rg subclassification cMNab;GarmµN_ impression, perception cMNay expense, cost, ~ énkarRbmUl Tinñn½y cost of data collection cMNay v. expend, spend cMNay n. expenditure, expense, ~ Ca mUlFn capital expenditure, ~ crnþ current expenditure, ~ rdæ)al admistrative expenses, ~ epSg² sundry expenses cMNay n. outlays (financial), 123

cMNayRKb;RKg)an controllable expenses cMNaycuHeFVIkardl;kEnøg field expenditure cMNayCamUlFn capital expense cMNayCYs/ ecj v. defray cMNaytaméf¶/ ¬R)ak;¦ per diem cMNayEfTaM maintenance expense, upkeep expenses

cMNayTUeTA ¬cMNayeTogTat; nigsMxan;²Edl minTak;TgedaypÞal;nwgkarplit¦ overheads, overhead charges

cMNayTUeTA nigcMNayrdæ)al general and administrative expenses

cMNayRTRTg;karrs;enA cost of living cMNaybg;mun prepaid expense cMNaybEnßm additional expense, aftercost cMNay)anKitbEnßm accrued expense cMNayeRbIR)as; consumption expenditures

cMNayhYskMNt; overspending cMNarxñg endorsement, ~ ÉksaredIm,I RbmUlR)ak; endorsement for collection, GñkmansiT§ieRbIR)as;lixitsñamtam ~ endorsee cMNuccUl entry point cMNucecj exit point

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

cMNucedA target cMNucENnaM guideline cMNucbt; ¬eBlEdlmankarpøas;bþÚr¦ turning point

cMNucRbsBV focal point cMNucepþat n. focus cMNucminl¥ drawback cMNucrYcedIm break-even point cMNuH ¬vtßúpÞúk¦ capacity cMNuH/ GgÁPaB subordinate entity cMNuHpÞúk loading capacity cMNUl income, earnings, ~ eRkaykat;Bn§ after-tax income, ~ Cab;Bn§suT§ net taxable income, ~ pÞal;xøÜn personal income, ~ eRkaykat;Bn§ disposable income, ~ eRkA BIebovtSr_ private income, ~ )anTTYlmun income collected in advance, ~ kñúgmnusS mñak; per capita income, ~ suT§ net income, KNnI ~ income account, r)aykarN_ ~ income statement

cMNUl revenue, ~ crnþ current revenue, eKalneya)ayxag ~ revenue policy, ~ TTYlmun unearned revenue, cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_ private income cMNUlcitþ preference, taste cMNUlcMNay/ r)aykarN_ profit and loss statement 124

cMNUlCamUlFn capital revenue cMNUldul gross proceeds/receipts/returns cMNUlTTYlmun ¬KWRtUveyageTAbBa©Úlkñúg kariybriecäTeRkay²¦ deferred revenue or unearned revenue

cMNUlTab low-income, RKYsarman ~ low income households

cMNUlenATMenrrbs;buKÁl rW cMNUlbuKÁl eRkaykat;Bn§ ¬]> R)ak;ExrebIkykeTApÞH)an¦ disposable personal income

cMNUlbuKlÁ / R)ak; personal income/revenue cMNUlBIkarlk; sale revenue/proceeds cMNUlBIvinieyaK returns cMNUl\tRbkas undisclosed income cMNUlÉktabEnßm marginal revenue cMeNj ¬CaR)ak;¦ v. gain cMeNj/ PaBman profitability cMeNj rW R)ak;cMeNj profit cMeNj¼xat elIRkdas paper loss/profit cMeNjxat/ KNnI profit and loss account cMeNjxat/ r)aykarN_ rW r)aykarN_cMNUl cMNay/ profit and loss statement cMeNjx<s;bMputminFøab;man record profits cMeNjeRcIn healthy profit cMeNjdul gross profit cMeNjPøam²\trMBwgTuk winfall profit cMeNjmunbg;Bn§ pre-tax profit

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

cMENk n. share cMENkTIpSar market share/penetration cMeNaténExSekag slope of a curve cMeNalRsuk/ Gñk ¬m> GaNikCn¦ expat cMeNHeFVI know-how cMnYnmux range, ~ plitpl product range cMbg adj. major, main cMraj;/ Er: mineral concentrate cMraj;eGaysuT§ v. purify cMruH ¬shRKas/ KN³kmµaFikar>>>¦ joint cMruHkmµ diversification cMruH¼smasPaBesdækic©cMruH/ shRKas joint

c,ab;kic©snüa contract law c,ab;Rkumh‘un companies act c,ab;edIm ¬snøwkedIm¦ original, vikáybRt ~ original invoice

c,ab;TTYlsÁal;/ R)ak;Edl legal tender c,ab;nItiviFI procedural law (French: code de procédure)

venture

cMruHGnþrRksYg/ KN³kmµaFikar joint interministerial committee

cMlgtam/ eFVI v. replicate cMelIy/ EdlKµan unanswered cMh open, pSar ~ open market cMehH ¬kareqH¦ combustion écñRbDitrksuI/ lkçN³ entrepreneurship c,ab; law, esckþIRBag ~ draft law, ~ nig bTb,BaØtþi laws and regulations, ~ sþIBIsh lkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil law on Co-Statute of Civil Servants, ~ sþIBIhirBaØvtßúsMrab;kar RKb;RKg law on Financial Management, ~ sþIBIrbbsnþisuxsgÁm law on Social Security 125

c,ab;bEnßm ¬RbcaMtMbn;¦ by-laws c,ab;RbqaMgnwgRtwsþ anti-trust law c,ab;Blkmµ labour law c,ab;rdæb,evNI civil law c,ab;erobcMGgÁkar organic/organisational law c,ab;sþIBIkarFanar:ab;rg insurance law c,ab;sþIBIc,ab;bEnßm law on addendum c,ardMNaM/ kareFVI horticulture ec,al²/ kar)a:n;sµan rough estimate Rck channel Rckecj exit RckecjcUlEtmYy single window, one stop shop

Rckecjbec©keTs technical fix RcklðkmanPaBRkIRk pocket of poverty Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKña consolidated, B½t’man ~ consolidated information, kar ~ nUvtarag tulükar consolidation of balance sheets RcbUkRcbl;/ kar¼PaB confusion, chaos RcLMbl; confusing

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

Rcanecal v. reject, vtßú ~ ¬eRBaHminRtUvkar¦

qñaM/ KitelImUldæanRbcaM annualized qñaMelIqñaM ¬eFobnwgry³eBldUcKñaénqñaMmun¦ year on year, bMErbMrYl ~ year on year change qøgkat; transit, KNnI ~ transit account, TMnij ~ transit goods, GaCJab½NÑsMrab;TMnij ~ transit licence, GñkdMeNIr ~ transit passenger qøgkat;RBMEdn/ BaNiC¢kmµ cross-border trade eqøyI tb/ kar n. response, GRtaeqøIytb response rate, PaBeqøIytb responsiveness eqøótykcMeNj v. capitalise eqøótykcMeNjBIelI cash in on qøúHbBa©aMg v. reflect q¥wgxñg/ ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬ehdæarcnasm<½n§ eKal¦ backbone infrastructure Eq¥teBjedayTMnijénTIpSar/ PaB market

reject

RcanecalCamun preclude eRcInkkkuj adj. glut eRcInkMrit multi-level eRcInliclg;TIpSar glut the market eRcInelIstMrUvkar/Edl adj. redundant eRcaHdac;dI/ kar soil erosion eRcaHsMGat v. purify

q qk;»kas v. capitalise qk;»kasekjcMeNj/ kar speculation, ~ kñúgeRbgkat oil speculation qnÞ³ will qnÞanusiT§i ¬siT§isMerceBjelj¦ discretion, Ca ~ rbs;rdæaPi)al at the ~ of the

saturation

government

CECkedjedal/ kar ¬]> enAsPa¦ debate CBa¢IgTUTat; balance of payments, »nPaB¼ Gtierk ~ balance of payments deficit/

qak stage, scenario, ~ neya)ay political scene/arena

qakar flat, kMér ~ flat fee, éfø ~ flat price qab;rMePIb/ PaB sensitivity Eqkeqr/ kar check eqA raw, Tinñn½y ~ raw data qñaM year, ~ eKal base year, ~ sareBIBn§ fiscal year, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial year

surplus

CBa¢IgTUTat;GnþrCati

external balance,

foreign balance

CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ balance of trade Cncas;Cra elderly CncMNakRsuk migrant 126

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

CnCab;ecaT n. accused CnenArs; survivor CnbreTs alien, c,ab;sþIBI ~ alien act CnrYmCati compatriot CnsuIvil n., énCnsIuvil adj. civilian Clpl aquatic product, FnFan ~ aquatic

CatiBn§úviTüa ethnography CatUbnIykmµ¼Catikmµ/ eFVI v. nationalise CaRbcaM/ cMNUl ¬m> cMNUlcrnþ¦ current

resources

Cavtßú/ viPaKTan in-kind contribution CINUm ¬CIvsaRsþ¦ genome CIv³cMruH bio-diversity CIvRBwtþi/ ksikmµ subsistence agriculture CIvPaB livelihood or living CIvm:as biomass CIv]sµ½n biogas CIvit/ mYy lifetime, bTBiesaFn_kñúg ~ a

revenue

Camun/ karpþl;dMNwg advance notice Cav¼sMuCav/ kar subscription, éføCav subscription price

Clyan boat, esovePAskmµPaB ~ boat log book

Clvb,kmµ aquaculture C½yP½NÐ ¬rbs;EdldeNþIm rW bøn;BIeK¦ booty, spoils

C½ylaPI winner Cak;lak; explicit, bTbBa¢a ~ explicit instruction

Cak;lak;/ PaB specificity, accuracy Cak;lak;/ ry³eBl specific period of time Cak;Esþg actual, karRbKl; ~ actual delivery, karbBa©aTij ~ actual order, karlk;TMnij ~ actual selling of goods Cak;Esþg factual, sßanPaB ~ factual situation

Cak;Esþg/ tamkar de facto Cak;Esþg/ minTan; latent Cak;Esþg/ viFankar concrete measure Cati adj. national, fñak;eRkam ~ sub-

lifetime of experience

CUndMNwg/ kar notification, nItiviFICUndMNwg notification procedure

CUndMNwg/ FnaKar advising bank CUndMNwgmunry³eBlxøI short notice CUnB½t’man/ lixit advice note CUneyabl;/ lixit advice note CYjdUr/ kar trading CYjdUr)an/ Gac negotiable, rUbiyaNtþi \NeTyü ~ negociable debt instrument CYjdUrh‘unedayGñképÞkñúg/ kar ¬EdldwgB½t’man sMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦ insider dealing, insider trading

national level 127

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

CYbTak;Tg/ kar contact, mnusSsMrab;CYb Tak;Tg contact person CYyFana v. underwrite, Gñk ~ underwriter CYybMeBjxat v. subsidise, kar ~

CMTas;tva:nwgesckþIsMerc contest a decision CMnaj skill CMnajnIykmµ ¬m> ÉkeTsnIykmµ¦ specialisation

CMnUn n. present CMnYj trade, dealing, ~ Rsbc,ab; fair

subsidisation

CYr ¬PñM¦ range CYr/ CYrepþk ¬tarag¦ row CYl ¬edaymankic©snüa¦ v. lease, ~ mkvij lease back, karCYl lease n. CYl v. ¬pÞH/ kariyal½y>>>¦ let CYl v. ¬pÞH/ rfynþ/ >>>¦ rent CYl v. ¬rfynþ/ Blkr>>>¦ hire CYl/ kar rental CYl/ ry³eBl n. ¬GclnRTBü¦ tenancy CYl/ Gñk ¬dI/ pÞH>>>¦ tenant, ksikrCYldIeK

dealing

CMnYj/ kic©kar business, kareFVI ~ business undertaking

tenant farmer

CYlbnþ sublet, sublease eCIgsar ¬rW eCIgsarCMnYj¦broker, middleman eCO/ PaBKYreGay credibility eCOnelOn progress, kMBug ~ in progress eCOnelOneTAmux/ kar advancement eCOnelOnnigsµúKsµaj/ bec©kviTüa sophisticated technology

eCaKC½y/ min)an unsuccessful CMu¼xYb¼vdþ cycle CMgWbNþalBIkargar work-related illness CMTas;/ kar objection, Kµan ~ no objection 128

CMnYj/ eFVI v. trade CMnYjEdlpþl;cMeNj paying business CMnYjh‘unKña partnership CMnYb meeting CMnYy aid, assistance, kic©RBmeRBogpþl; ~ aid agreement, ynþkarsMrbsMrYl ~ aid coordination mechanism, kmµviFI ~ aid programme, ~ esdækic© economic aid CMnYykar assistant, KNenyükr ~ assistant accountant

CMnYybec©keTs technical assistance (TA) CMnYybreTs foreign aid CMnYyBIxageRkA ¬RbeTs¦ external aid CMnYymnusSFm’ humanitarian assistance CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan; emergency aid/relief CMnYysµartI memorandum CMnYy\tcMNg untied aid CMnYy\tsMNg grant aid

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

CMnYs/ kardak; subrogation CMnYsKña)an/ PaBGacykeTA fungibility CMenOn progress, r)aykarN_ ~ progress

liquidation report, kar ~CakatBVkic© compulsory liquidation, kar ~ edaysµ½RK

report

CMBak;/ Edl due CMBak;/ enA ¬kMcI¦ outstanding CMBak;bMNul/ PaB indebtedness CMBUk chapter CMBUk ¬RkumstV/ rukçCati¦ genus CMrk shelter, ~ ecosBn§ tax shelter CMruj v. boost, motivate, stimulate, promote

CMrujTwkcitþ/ kar motivation CMrujTwkcitþ/ eRKOg inducement CMrujplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ/ kar promotion of commercial interests

CMerIs option ykKMrUtagKµanRsTab;/ kar unstratified sampling

CMerIsdMbUg primary selection CMerIsepSgeTot alternative CMerIsmankarRtYtBinitü controlled selection CMerOn census, ~ RbCaCn population census CMrH ¬bBa¢I/ bMNul¦ v. liquidate CMrHkþI v. adjudicate CMrHbBa©b; v. dispose CMrHbBa¢I/ kar liquidation, r)aykarN_ ~ 129

citþ voluntary liquidation CMrHhirBaØvtßú/ kar financial liquidation CMelaH quarrel CMhr position CMhrhirBaØvtßú financial standing CMhr\NTan credit status CMhan ¬kñúgdMeNIrkarGVImYy¦ step, CaCMhan² steadily, mYyCMhanmþg² step by step eRCIs v. select, sort eRCIs/ kar selection, el¥ógkñúg ~ selection error, cenøaHeRCIs selection interval, ~ beNþaHGasnñ tentative selection eRCIsKMrUtag/ kar sample selection eRCIserIs/ kar selection eRCotERCk/ kar interference ERCTMnijemIl shop around

Q Qb;/ kar cessation, karbBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ cessation of business

Qb;sMrakKµanebovtSr_/ kar leave without pay Qb;sMrakeBlQW/ kar sick leave QaneTAdl;kic©RBmeRBog v. come to an agreement

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

Qanmux/ ]sSahkmµ pioneer industry eQagdl;/ kar outreach QñH/ Gñk winner QµÜj trader QµÜjkNþal middleman eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ brand name

dkR)ak;elIsR)ak;beBaØI/ kar overdraft dkhUt v. revoke, ~ GaCJab½NÑ ¬mkvij¦ revoke a licence

dkhUt v. ¬rbs;RTBü¦ confiscate, dispossess

dg;suIet density dNþb;minsBV/ karFanar:ab;rg undercoverage (insurance)

j jtþi petition jtþibenÞas motion of censure jatiCitCageK next of kin jatiBn§ n. ¬m> sac;jati¦ relative jwkjab;/ PaB frequency Ejk v. differentiate Ejk[eXIjPaBxusKña/ kar differentiation

d dkxøÜnecj back out, ~ BIkic©snüa back out from a contract

dkecjBImuxtMENgGVImYykñúgrdæaPi)al removal from a government office

dkbNþwg discharge dkR)ak; ¬BIKNnI¦ withdraw money dkR)ak;/ Gñk drawer dkR)ak;/ GñkeGayeK drawee

dl;kMNt;/ Edl due dl;kMNt; ¬sg¦/ éf¶ maturity date dl;éd/ éføTijlk; spot price dak;ecjCaelIkdMbUgnUv/ kar ¬]> plitplelI TIpSar¦ launch dak;CUnBinitü/ kar filing dak;eTas v. penalise dak;R)ak;enAFnaKar v. bank dak;mUlb,Tanb½RteGayRbB½n§FnaKarcat;kar epÞrR)ak; clear a cheque dak;vin½y v. impose disciplinary sanction, kar ~ disciplinary action dak;snÞsSn_/ kar indexation dak;sMBaF v. exert pressure dac;xat absolute, sMelg ¬e)aHeqñat¦ PaKeRcIn ~ absolute majority vote, ]tþmPaB ~ absolute advantage

dac;Rsyal/ tMbn; remote area das;etOn/ kar warning 130

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

dI rW dIFøI land dIkmµsiT§i ¬FM²¦ estate dIka warrant dIkaekaHsakSI subpoena dIkaextþ¼Rkug provincial/municipal order (written instruction)

dIkaXMu commune regulation(s) dIkabgÁab; ¬tulakar¦ writ dIRkhm red soil dIdaMduH cultivated land dIFøI/ én agrarian, kMENTMrg;dIFøI agrarian

dUmINU/ \T§iBl domino effect edIm ¬rukçCati¦ trunk, stem edIm/ RbCaCn indigenous people edImecaT plaintiff, claimant edImTuntamc,ab; legal capital edjecal/ kar dismissal edjéfø v. bid edjéfø/ kar bid, auction, karlk; ~ auction sale

reform

dIesIm ¬dITMnabmanTwkdk;edayGenøI¦ wetlands dILÚt_ plot dIGacdaMduH arable land dwkCBa¢Ún v. & n. transport dwkTMnij ¬tamrfynþ rW rfePøIg¦/ kar haulage, éfø ~ haulage cost dwknaMkargar/ KN³kmµaFikar steering committee

edjéfø/ kar ¬edIm,IeFVIkarpÁt;pÁg;¦ tender edjéfø/ kar ¬edaymandak;ÉksartMél ):an;sµanlMGit¦ tendering edjéfø/ Gñk tenderer edjéføkñúgeRsamsMbuRtbiTCit/ kar sealed tender

edjéføCaGnþrCati/ kar international bidding/ tendering

edjéføedayRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk/ kar DCB ( Domestic Competitive Bidding)

edjeCIgKña/ PaB ¬m>RbkYtRbECg/ PaB¦ competitiveness

dwgsÁal;/ kar awareness dul gross duløarGWr:ub Eurodollar duløarUnIykmµ dollarisation duHdI/ kar silting (of waterways) dUcmanEcg ¬kñúgc,ab;¦ as provided, as

EdndI/ GaCJaFr territorial authority EdnCMrkstVéRB wildlife santuary EdnensaT fishery zone, ~ bMrugTuk reserved fishery zone

EdnrgTwkePøóg catchment area Ednsmtßkic©¼yutþaFikar jurisdiction Ednsm,TanTwkéRb marine concession

stated, set forth 131

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

EdnGnuvtþ ¬c,ab;¦ scope édKU partner, PaBCa ~ partnership édKUBaNiC¢kmµ trading partner duM/ karTij bulk buying dMukMPYn/ karpþl;fvikaCa substantial funding dMNak;/ dMNak;kal stage, phase dMeNIrkar process dMeNIrkar/ ¬Edl¦ performing, RTBüskmµ ~ performing asset, RTBüskmµmin ~

edaHdUredaypÞal;/ kar direct exchange edaHdUrTMnijnwgTMnij ¬karpøas;bþÚrTMnijKñaeday mineRbIluy¦ barter edaHdUrenApSarh‘un/ kar stock-exchange

non-performing asset

resolution

dMeNIrkar/ cMNay ¬sMrab;¦ running costs dMNaMeRcInmux/ kareFVIV polyculture dMNaMmYymux/ kareFVI monoculture dMNaMrYmpSM supplementary crop dMNaMlk;ykR)ak; cash crop dMeNaHRsay n. settlement, ~ dIFøI land settlement, ~ bec©keTs technical fix dMeNaHRsayRbkbedaykareyaKyl; ¬min)ac;eTAtulakar¦ amicable settlement dMeNIrkareTAmux/ kMBug ¬CMnYj¦ to be a going concern

dMeNIrkareFVIGaCIvkmµ/ kic© conduct of business

dMbUg initial, mUlFn ~ initial capital, éfø ~ initial price daMéRBeQIeLIgvij/ kar reforestation edaHdUr ¬TMnij¦ Kña/ kar trade-off

dealings

edaHT½l/ karlk; distress sale edaHElg v. release edaHRsay handle, ~ sßankarN_

handle a

situation

edaHRsay/ kar resolution, ~ TMnas; conflict

z zbnkmµ ¬m> erobcMtMelIg/ kar¦ zbnIyPNÐ ¬m> FnbMrug¦ reserve zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab Tonle Sap biosphere reserve

zan³ rank zan³ status, nimitþsBaØasMKal; ~ status symbol zanKNit land survey zannþrs½kþi ¬m®nþIraCkar¦ rank zananuRkm hierarchy

D DIy:aRkam rW KMnUsbMRBYj n. diagram DIvIDI ¬fasvIedGU¦ DVD

132

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

DIhSúItal; ¬EdlbgðajCaelx¦ digital

taméfø/ Bn§yk ad valorem duty tamry³enH hereby tamGMNacmuxgar ex-officio tarag table, spreadsheet, chart, flow chart, karelIkCa ~ tabulation taragkaMebovtSr_ wage scale taragKNnI chart of accounts taragtulükar balance sheet, xÞg;eRkA ~ off-balance sheet items, éf¶eFVI ~

t tkáviC¢a logic ttiyCnGMNUs n. garnishee ttiyCn third party tfPaB reality téfø v. bargain tnukmµ depletion tnuPaB ¬m> kMr/ PaB¦ scarcity tbkmµ austerity, ~ esdækic© economic

balance sheet date

taragtulükarsrub ¬bUkcUlEfmnUvbuRtsm<½n§>>¦ consolidated balance sheet

austerity

tv:a v. protest, complain tv:a/ kar protest, claim ts‘Umti/ kar advocacy tamkalkMNt; adj. periodic, RbB½n§RtYtBinitü ~ periodic-control system, RbB½n§bBa¢aTij ~ periodic-order system

tamc,ab; legal, edImTun ~ legal capital, esckþIsMerc ~ legal decision, GñktMNag ~ legal representative, eFVI[eTA ~ legalise, PaB ~ legality tamdan ¬m> XøaMemIl¦ monitor tamdanbnþ follow-up v. & n. tamdanemIl/ kar tracking tamEtGMeBIcitþ arbitrary 133

taragtulüPaB trial balance taragBn§Ky customs tariff, tariff tarageBl¼kalviPaK schedule, ~ sgR)ak; repayments schedule

taragGnueRKaHBn§KymanRbsiT§iPaBrYm Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) titkiß mµ ¬m> Eq¥teBj>>>¦ saturation, ~ kñúgpSar market saturation, eFVI ~ v. saturate twgEtg hard, kartéfød¾ ~ hard bargain twgruwg/ viFankar stringent measure tulakar court of justice tulakarBaNiC¢kmµ commercial court tulükarfvika/ eFVI v. balance the budget tulükares,óg food balance tulüPaB balance

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

tUctac adj. minor tY ¬rfynþ¦ body (car) tYy:ag/ Ca typical tYGgÁ actor, ~ esdækic© economic actor etsþ n. test, eFVI ~ v. test etsþCab;/ eFVI pass the test (education) EtgtaMg/ kar nomination, appointment, accreditation, GñkTTYl ~ nominee, kartaMgs‘ubkñúgzannþrskþiCaPñak;garrdæ)al

tMbn;/ karEbgEck zoning tMbn;RtYtBinitüKy ¬tMbn;EdlKyGactamcab; TMnij)an¦ customs territory tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an ASEAN Free

permanent appointment to the rank of administrative agent

tMbn;esdækci ©Bei ss special economic zone tMbn;GPivDÆn_Biess special promotion

Trade Area (AFTA)

tMbn;PavUbnIykmµ regionalisation tMbn;ykKMrUtag sampling domain tMbn;rab;bBa©Úl enumerator area (EA) tMbn;rab;bBa©ÚlCMerOn census-enumeration area

tMkl;Tuk/ kar filing tMkl;R)ak;¼kk; v. deposit tMNag rW GñktMNag representative, ~ mansiT§iRbTan authorised representative tMNagkarBarkþI attorney tMNagRbcaMRbeTs resident representative tMNagpþac;mux sole representative,

zone (SPZ)

tMrg;Tis oriented (orientated), kar ~ orientation

tMrg;Tis v. direct tMrUv v. mandate, c,ab; ~ fa... the law mandates that....

tMrUv/ kar requirement, R)ak;bMrugtam ~ required reserves

exclusive/sole agent

tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ commercial traveller tMNageBjsiT§ full-right representative tMENg position, ~ TMenr vacant position tMbn; area, Ékta ~ area unit tMbn; region, Gnu ~ sub-region, ~ Rbtibtþikar swkrg military sub-region tMbn; zone, ~ sñÚl core zone, ~ RTnab; buffer zone, Gnþr ~ inter zone 134

tMrvU kar demand, need, ~ Cak;Esþg effective demand, ~ ¬én¦TIpSar market demand, ~ edIm,Icgsm<½n§ need for affiliation tMrvU kar ¬caM)ac;CamUldæan¦ needs, karsikSa vaytMélBI ~ needs assessment study, ~ caM)ac; basic needs, ~ CamUldæanrbs;mnusS basic human needs (BHN)

tMrUvkar/ ExSekag demand curve

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

tMrUvkar/ minsUvman be in poor demand tMrUvkar nigkarpÁt;pÁg; demand and supply tMrUveGay v. ¬eFVIGVImYy¦ require tMlaPaB transparency tMelIg v. raise, ~ Bn§ raise tax tMelIg KuNPaB¼ smtßPaB v. upgrade tMelIgzan³/ kar ¬buKÁlik¦ promotion (of

tMélTijcUl ¬m> tMéltamRbvtþisaRsþ¦ historical cost

tMélTIpSar market value tMélFanik ¬m> tMélTIpSar¦ market value tMélenAeBlcUl ¬tMélsMPar³eBlTijcUl¦ original cost

tMélbc©úb,nñ present value, ~ suT§ net present value (NPV)

tMélbEnßm value added (VA) tMélRbmUl)anvij scrap/salvage value tMél)an Rbkas¼RbtievTn_ declared value tMélplitpÞal; ¬KµanbUkcMnayTUeTA¦ direct

an employee)

tMelIgéfø v. increase price, mark up tMél cost, value, ~ elIs¼xVH capital gains/loss (accounting)

tMél/ karkMNt; valuation tMél/ TMnijman valuable goods tMél/ ry³kalman validity tMél/ vay¼eGay v. value tMélkñúgbBa¢I rW tMélKNenyü book value,

production cost, prime cost

tMélpøas;ecj ¬pøas;rbs;mYyedayrbs;mYy epSgeTot¦ replacement value tMéllk; ¬)an¦ sales value tMélelIs ¬elIkarlk;RTBüskmµCab;lab;¦

carrying value

capital gain

tMélRkumh‘unKittamtMélTIpSarénsnøwkh‘un

tMélsþg;dar standard cost tMélGnaKt future value t,itet,ót/ kar¼PaB austerity, ~ xagesdækic©

market capitalisation

tMélxVH capital loss (accounting) tMélKNenyü book value tMélcarwk nominal value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ rW tMélcarwk face value, par

economic austerity

value, nominal value

tMéltamRbvtþisaRsþ ¬tMélCak;EsþgkalBIeBl TijcUl¦ historic/historical cost tMéltameBl time value 135

t,Úg rW t,Úg ¬fµ¦ mantMél gem or gemstone Rta n. seal Rtab;tam/ kareFVI simulation/imitate RtIPaKI adj. tripartite RtImas quarter RtwmRtUv correct, right, just, fair, sound

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

eKalkarN_RbkYtRbECg ~ principle of fair

and balances

RtYsRtay¼Qanmux/ kargar pioneering work eRtom/ kic©RBmeRBog stand-by agreement eRtombMrug backup t¥ÚjEt¥r v. complain

competition

RtwmRtUv/ PaB correctness, accuracy RtwmRtUv/ min inaccurate, PaB ~ inaccuracy RtUvc,ab; licit RtUvpøas;bþÚrtamkarcaM)ac;/ Edl mutatis

mutandis

RtYtKña¼KgKña overlap RtYtKña ¬\tRbeyaCn_¦/ kar duplication RtYtRta v. control RtYtRta/ cUl v. ¬edayTijykCag 50°én PaKh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘un¦ takeover, kar ~ n. takeover

RtYtBinitü control, inspect, GñkRtYtBinitü controller

RtYtBinitükarbþÚrR)ak;/ kar exchange control RtYtBinitüeRkayskmµPaB/ kar post-action control(s)

ftcMlg/ kar duplication ftdak;Tinñn½y ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦ n. directory fycuH/ kar decrease fycuHtamkareRbIR)as;/ RTBü depletive asset fytMél depreciate fvika budget, \NTan ~ budget credit, mUlniFi ~ budget fund, karRtYtBinitü ~ budget control

fvikaKµantulüPaB ¬man»nPaB¦ unbalanced budget

RtYtBinitüxaghirBaØvtßú/ Gñk (financial)

fvikaTUeTArbs;rdæ state general budget fvikanIykmµ budgetarization, budget preparation, naykdæan ~ nig hirBaØkic©

comptroller

RtYtBinitüedayeRbIEPñk/ kar visual control RtYtBinitüénPñak;garKy/ kar customs

department of budgetarization and finance

examination

RtYtBinitüebovtSr_nigéfø/ kar wage and

fvikaRbtibtþikar operating budget zan³ ¬kñúg¦ sgÁm social status famBlelIs)anBIkarpÁMúKña synergy fasrwg hard disk (computer) efr/ éfø constant price

price controls

RtYtBinitümunskmµPaB/ kar pre-action control(s)

RtYtBinitüsþúk/ kar stock control RtYtemIl/ kar check, ~ nigføwgGMNac checks 136

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

efrevlaGnueRKaH grace period (debt repayment)

EfTaM/ cMNay upkeep expenses EfTaMRKb;RKg/ kar stewardship EfTaMsuxPaB ¬cMNay¦ medical care(expense) EfTaMsuxPaB/ kar health care, ~ bzm primary health care (PHC)

EfTaM/ kar maintenance, cMNay ~ maintenance costs

éf¶kMNt;/ dl; by the due date éf¶Qb;sMrakmanebovtSr_ holidays with pay or paid holidays

éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak; date of maturity, due date

éf¶TUTat; account day éf¶TUTat;bBa¢I/ éf¶CMrHbBa¢I settlement day éf¶eFVIkar working day éf¶RbKl;R)ak; ¬QñÜl¦RbcaMRtImas quarter-

fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg pesticides fµmantMél precious stones fµIEbøk/ Edl¼PaB¼rbs; adj. & n. novelty éfø n. price, ~ efakNas; bargain/cut price, ~ efakbMput rock bottom price, ~ RBmeRBog agreed price, ~ lk; selling price éfø adj. dear, expensive éfø/ kMNt; v. price, kar ~ pricing, RbB½n§ ~ pricing system

éfø ¬RtUvbg;¦ charge, éføbnÞb; ¬RtUvbg;¦ room charge

éfø ¬lk;¦ ecjBIXøaMg ex-warehouse price éfø ¬lk;¦ ecjBIeragcRk ex-works price, ex-factory price

éfø ¬Ékta¦ unit price, rate éføx<s;hYsRbmaN ¬éføkab;eqA¦ price cut to the bone

éføKitTaMgBn§ duty paid price éføeKal basic price éføcrnþ current price, tarag ~ current

day

éf¶rYcput ¬Bn§¦ day-release fñak; class, ~ eGkUnUmI¼CMnYj¼elxmYy ¬ekAGI ynþehaH¦ economy/business/ first class fñak; grade (civil servant) fñak;xs< ; ¬zan³kargar¦ senior, m®nþI ~ senior

price list

éføCak;Esþg ruling prices éføQñÜl ¬yanCMniH¦ fare, ~ x<s;¼Tab tamrdUv high/low season fare, ~ eFVIdMeNIrEteTA rWEtmk single/one way fare éføQñÜlenACMBak; back rent éføQñÜlGnueRKaH concessionary fare

officer

fñak;qøg cross class fñak;rg sub-class fñaMbgáar vaccine 137

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

éfødwkCBa¢Ún freight, ~ )anbg;mun freight

éføTMnijdwkdl;eRkamdgeyag FOB under

prepaid

tackle

éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkTTYl freight/

éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún CIF

carriage forward

(cost, insurance, freight)

éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkepJI carriage paid éfødwkCBa¢ÚnyktaméføTMnij ad valorem

éføTMnijbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún cost and freight (C & F )

éføTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer price éføTMnijeBlehobbiThag closing price éføRTRTg;CIvPaB cost of living éfø Fmµta¼crnþ going price éføeFob relative price éføenATIpSar rW éføTIpSar market price éføenARBMEdn border price éfø)anRbkas quoted price éføRbkas ¬enATIpSar¦ quotation éføRbkaslk; offered price éføRbkYtRbECg competitive price éføeRbIesva ¬]> eRbIpøÚv/ s<an>>>¦ toll éføeBj full price ( no discount) éfømanninñakarfycuH prices are inclined to

freight

éfødul gross price éføedIm cost price, cost, ~ TMnijlk;ecj cost of goods sold, ~ plitkmµ manufacturing cost

éføedImÉktabEnßm marginal cost éføedIm,IbeBa©jTMnij/ karkMNt; clearance pricing

éføEdlGacTijdUr)an accessible price éføefakdl;)at ¬éføefakNas;¦ rock bottom price

éføTak;m:Uy introductory offer éføTMnijdwkdl;EKmnava FAS (free alongside ship)

éføTMnijdwkdl;eKaledA FOB shipment to destination

ease

éføTnM ji dwkdl;elInava FOB (free on board) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava nigerobeGay FOB trimmed

éføTMnijdwkdl;elIpøÚvEdk FOR (free on rail) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIrfynþ FOT (free on truck)

éføykbEnßm surcharge éføyutþiFm’ fair price éfølk; selling price éfølk; ¬efak edayKittamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;¦ cash price

éføelI/ kar[ ¬edIm,IRbECgTij¦ counter-offer

éføTMnijdwkdl;Gakasyandæan FOB airport 138

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

éføelIRkb ¬éfølk;raycuHelIRkbesovePA/ TsSnavdþI>>>¦ cover price éføelIbBa¢I ¬kataLúk¦ list price éføsBVRKb; ¬éføKitbBa©ÚlRKb;mux³ TMnij/ Fanar:ab;rg/ dwkCBa¢Ún>>>¦ all-in price éføsmRsbnwglT§PaBTijrbs;RKb;Kña prices

TTYlxusRtUvmankMNt;/ kar limited liability TTYlTMnij/ Gñk consignee TTYlRBm v. ¬lixitpøas;bþÚr/ rUbiyaNtþi¦ accept (a bill of exchange), lixitbBa¢ak;kar ~ notification of acceptance, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ acceptance certificate, bgðajlixitedIm,I sMukarbBa¢ak; ~ present a bill for acceptance TTYlRBmedaymanlkçxNÐ/ kar qualified

to suit all pockets

éføesva service charge éføGtibrma ceiling price éføGnueRKaHdl;GñkTij buyer's price éføÉkta unit price, rate

acceptance

TTYlRBmeday\tsMéc/ kar unqualified acceptance

TTYlRBmTaMgRsug/ kar absolute acceptance TTYlsÁal; v. acknowledge, ~ karTTYl mUlb,Tanb½Rt acknowledge receipt of a

T TkSiNRbeTs ¬RbeTsRk¦ south countries TegVI performance TNÐkmµ sanction, ~ esdækic© economic

cheque

sanction

Tn;Pøn; flexible T®nÞanykdI/ kar land grabbing Tb;éfønigebovtSr_mineGayeLIg/ kar

TTYlsÁal;/ kar recognition, accreditation Tn;exSay/ ksikr weak farmers, disadvantaged farmers

TNÐkmµxagvin½y disciplinary sanction TNÐit ¬GñkCab;Bn§naKar¦ convict TTYl/ Gñk receiver TTYl/ Gñk ¬]> CMnYy¦ recipient, RbeTsTTYl ¬CMnYy¦ recipient country TTYlxusRtUv/ kar responsibility, liability TTYlxusRtUv/ PaB trusteeship TTYlxusRtUv ¬tamc,ab;¦ cMeBaH liable for TTYlxusRtUvKµankMrti / kar unlimited liability 139

price

and salary freeze

Tb;sáat; v. curb TliTÞPaB ¬m> RkIRk/ PaB¦ poverty TsPaK decile n. (statistics), decimal adj., elx ~ n. decimal TsvtSr_/ CMerOnRbCaCnRbcaM decennial population census

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

TsSn_lT§PaB n. rW PaBGacTsSn_Tay)an

collection, TIPñak;garTarbMNul debt collection agency

predictability

TsSn³ view, TsSn³rYm overview TsSnkic©sikSa study tour TsSnviC¢aesdækic© economic philosophy TsSnvis½y outlook, perspective TsSn³esdækic©/ tam from the economic

Tarmin)an/ Edl irrecoverable Tal;Rck/ PaB deadlock, TMlay

~ break

the deadlock

TsSnaTan concept, conception Tak;Tg¼Tak;Tin/ Cab; related Tak;Taj adj. attractive, éfø ~ GtifiCn

Tij purchase, ~ eCO purchase on credit, Tij/ kar ~ purchase Tij/ Gñk buyer, purchaser, vendee Tijykvij buy back, repurchase TidæPaBxageBlevla time dimension Tidæakar/ cuH ¬GnuBaØatcMNay¦ endorse v.

attractive price

(an expense) (French: viser)

TajcMNUl/ GRta rate of return Tan;eBl ¬B½t’man¦ up to date (information) TabCagéføedIm below cost TamTar sMNgkarxUcxat¼R)ak;b:Hb:Uv v. claim

TinikCn ¬m> BlkrsuIR)ak;éf¶¦ day labourer Tinñn½y data, bBa©Úl ~ v. enter data, mUldæan ~ n. database Tinñn½y eqA¼minTan;viPaK raw data Tinñn½yRbPBTIBIr secondary data Tinñpl yield Tinñanub,vtþi journal (accounting) , b½NÑ ~

standpoint

compensation

TamTar/ kar demand, claim TamTar/ EdlBMuRtUv)an unclaimed TamTar/ Gñk claimant TamTarKNenyüPaBBI demand

journal voucher

Tis direction TisedA direction, pþl;TisedAnigkarENnaM

accountability from

Tayk donor TayC¢Tan endowment TayC¢Tan allowance, ~ eGaydl;rMls;

provide direction and guidance

TisedA n. objective TIkEnøg site TIXkal ¬m> ry³eBlEvg¦ long term TIcat;karKy customs house

depreciation allowance

TayaT ¬GñkTTYlmrtk¦ heir Tar ¬RbmUlR)ak;¦ collect payment, kar ~ 140

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

TIcat;karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar registered office

agency

TIcat;karFM head office TICMrk sanctuary TICMral watershed TItaMg location TIRbwkSa adviser (advisor), ~ hirBaØvtßú

TIsMGagbBa¢ak;BIxagFnaKar bank reference TIsñak;karkNþal ¬énRkumh‘un¦ headquarters TwkédGn; bad workmanship TwkEt ¬R)ak;eGayeRkA¦ tip TwkR)ak; amount, sum, ~ dul gross amount, ~ énvikáybRt amount of

financial adviser

invoice

TIpSar market, ~ rUbiyvtßú money/finance market, ~ biT closed market TIpSarkMBugpuseT,Ig emerging market TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgcuHéfø bear

Twksab freshwater, karensaT ~ freshwater fisheries RtI ~ freshwater fish Tukcitþ/ karrMelaPesckþI abuse of trust Tukcitþ/ EdlKYreGay trustworthy TuqnÞ³ ill-will TudæPaB ¬karminRBmcUlxøÜneTAtulakar¦

(of a company)

market

TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgeLIgéfø bull market

contumacy

TIpSarpþac;mux monopoly/captive market TIpSarmankarpÁt;pÁg;eRcInCagtMrUvkar soft

TutIyta duplicate (copy) TuTidæi/ kar)a:n;sµan pessimistic estimate Tun capital Tun edIm¼BUC ¬edIm,I[)anduHdal¦ seed

market

TIpSarrUbiyvtßú money market TIpSar\NTan credit market TIPñak;gar agency, ~ CMnYy aid agency, ~ BinitülT§PaBmuneBlvinieyaK pre-

capital

TunbgVil ¬rW Tuncl½t¦ circulating/working/ trading capital, revolving fund

Tunecj/ dk v. decapitalise TunbMrug capital reserves TunmnusS/ vinieyaK human-capital

investment agency

TIPñak;garKmnakar travel agency TIPñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún forwarding agency TIPñak;gareTscrN_ travel agency TIPñak;garpþac;mux sole agency TIPñak;garrUbiyvtßúkNþal central-monetary

investment

TunminTan;)anbg; unpaid capital Tunm©as;h‘unFmµta equity capital 141

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

TunvinieyaKpSgeRKaHfñak;

TUTat;tamFnaKar/ kar bank clearing TUTat;tamrebob em:Akar¼qaka/ kar lump-

TUTat;sgR)ak;CMBak;eK v. pay up TUeTA general TUeTA/ PaB generality TUTaMgRbeTs nationwide TUrKmn_/ Gasydæan telegraphic address TUrBum< telex TUrsar fax TUlMTUlay adj. comprehensive eTogTat; adj. regular, R)ak;cMNUl ~ regular income, PaB ~ regularity eTogTat;/ Ca steadily eTogTat;/ eday regularly eTogTat;/ min irregular eTogeBl/ eday periodically eTsrdæm®nþI senior minister eTsPaBkarBar/ tMbn; protected landscape eTas T½NÐ¼bBaØtþi penalty eTaskmµ offence eTasT½NÐ/ dak; v. impose/inflict a penalty eTAvijeTAmk mutual, karCYyKña ~ mutual assistance, manplRbeyaCn_ ~ mutual

sum payment

benefit

risk capital

(venture capital)

TunGcl½t fixed capital TuBVlPaB ¬m> bBa©úHKuNPaB/ kar¦ degradation

TurKtPaB poverty TurÖikS famine TUk boat TUTat;/ kar settlement, ~ pþac; final settlement, FnaKarTUTat; settlement bank, \NTanTUTat; settlement credit TUTat;/ karmin non-payment TUTat;/ éf¶ account day TUTat;/ min adj. unpaid (cheque) TUTat;Camun/ kar advance payment TUTat;Cavtßú/ kar payment in kind TUTat;¼bg; R)ak;ecj v. pay out TUTat;¼bg; pþac; v. pay off TUTat;tamdMNak;énCMenOn ¬kargar¦/ kar progress payment

TUTat;TaMgRsug/ Edl)an fully paid up TUTat;bMNulTaMgRsug liquidate/discharge a debt

TUTat;R)ak;EdlBMuTan;)ansg/ eFVIkar clearing the arrears 142

TMgn;dul gross weight TMgn;nicl rW TMgn;gab; dead-weight TMgn;bøg; design weight TMng/ PaB likelihood

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

TMnak;TMng relation, liaison, TMnak;TMng relation, liaison, kariyal½y ~ liaison office, ~ saFarN³ public relations, ~ GnþrCati international

TMnijnaMecj exports, mux ~ export

relations

TMnijmUlFn rW TMnijCaTun ¬TMnijsMrab;plit TMnijepSg²eTot¦ capital goods TMnijlk;dac;qab; ¬gaylk;;¦ quick seller TMnijlk;efakBiess special offer TMnijlk;mindac;bBa¢Únmkvij sales returns,

article/item

TMnijbBa¢ÚntamynþehaH air cargo/freight TMnijminKg;yUr ¬Gahar/ sarB½t’man>>>¦ nondurables

TMnak;TMngCMnYjpþac;mux dealership TMnas; n. conflict, ~ dIFøI land conflict, ~ plRbeyaCn_ conflict of interest TMnij goods, ~ eRbIR)as; consumer/ consumable goods, ~ eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH household goods, ~ eFVIedaym:asuIn manufactured goods, ~ RbNit luxury goods, ~ xUcKuNPaB faulty goods, ~ qøgkat;¼kñúgsþúk¼epJIeTAlk; goods in transit/ in stock/ on consignment

TMnij nigesva goods and services TMnijKµanGñkTTYl goods in abeyance TMnijgayxUc n. perishables TMnijRcbUkRcbl; ¬minTan;EbgEcktamRbePT¦ unascertained goods

TMnijdwktamnava cargo TMnijEdlKyXat;Tuk clearance inwards TMnijEdlputBIKyBinitü clearance

returns

TMnijGacføwgrWrab;)an fungibles TMnukcitþ/ Cnkan;tMENgCaTI fiduciary TMnukcitþelIrUbiyvtßú monetary confidence TMenIbPavUbnIykmµ¼TMenIbkmµ modernisation, eFVI ~ modernise TMenrecal idle, em:ag ~ idle time TMenar propensity TMrg; profile TMrg; nig Kti énc,ab; form and legal concepts of the law

outwards

TMnijnaMcUl imports TMnijnaMcUlsMrab;eRbIR)as; ¬kñúgRsuk¦ retained imports

143

TMrg;kar formalities TMrg;kar ¬m> nItiviFI¦ procedure TMrg;kar ¬Éksar¦ form (document) TMrg;kardEdl² n. routine TMrg;EbbbT formalities TMrg;EbbbT/ bMeBj fill in a form

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

TMrg;sMbuRt layout of a letter TMlak;GvI :an;ecalxøHedIm,IsMral ¬nava/ ynþehaH¦

~ CarUbiyb½NÑ foreign assets (bank)

jettison

net foreign assets

TMlab;/ Ca habitual TMlab;¼rebobrbb TIpSar market practice TMlayPaBTal;Rck/ kar breakthrough TMhM size, dimension, magnitude TMenomTMlab;Ep custom of the port (COP) TMenomTMlab;BaNiC¢kmµ commercial usage TaMgmUl whole RTg;RTay form RTRTg; v. sustain, support, sV½y ~ selfsustain, ~ CIvit sustain life RTRTg;KñaeTAvijeTAmk/ CYy mutually

RTBüskmµsuT§/ tMélBit net worth ( asset

RTBüskmµbreTs foreign assets, ~ suT§

supportive

RTnab;; buffer, tMbn; ~ buffer zone RTBüCitdUcrUbiyvtßú ¬RTBüskmµEdlGacbþÚrCa rUbiyvtßú)any:aggay¦ near-liquid asset or near money

RTBübeBaØIenAbreTs ¬m> RTBüskmµbreTs¦ foreign assets

RTBümUlFn capital asset, cMNayelI ~

based on the present market value deducts current liabilities)

RTBüsm,tiþrYmKña co-property RTBüsm,tþi rW RTBü property, asset, Bn§elI RTBüsm,tþi¼kmµsiT§i property tax, ~ RTBü sm,tþiFmµCati natural asset RTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlEdlsøab; estate RTBüGkmµ liabilities, ~ crnþ current liabilities

RTBüGacbþÚrykR)ak;)anrh½s liquid assets RTwsþI theory TVIk³/ RbB½n§éfø dual price system eTVTis two-way eTVbT ¬m> CMerIs¦ eTVPaK/ karcuHbBa¢I double entry bookeeping, viFIcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK double-entry eTVPaKI/ CMnYy bilateral aid/assistance

capital expenditure/investment/outlay

RTBüm©as; equities RTBürYmsM)ac;bþIRbBn§ ¬Cam©as;rYmKña¦

F¶n;F¶r/ eFVIeGayrwtEt exacerbate FnFan resource, kareRbIR)as; ~ resource consumption, karKitKUrsMéc ~ husbanding

community property

RTBüskmµ asset, ~ crnþ current asset, ~ Cab;lab; fixed asset, capital asset,

of resources 144

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

FnFanClpl fisheries resource FnFanRTBürYm common property

FnaKarebIksar\NTan issuing/opening/ originating bank (letter of credit)

resources (CPR)

FnFanFmµCati natural resource FnFanrUbvnþ ¬GaKar/ ]bkrN_>>>¦ physical resources

FnFanesenTik genetic resources Fnb½Rt ¬m> RkdasR)ak;¦ banknote FnbMrug reserve, ~ mantémø reserve of value, KNnI ~ katBVkic© reserve requirement account, kartMrUv ~ reserve requirements, PaK ~ reserve tranche FnbMrugtamc,ab; legal reserves FnbMrugbreTs foreign reserves FnlaP annuity, CIv ~ life annuity FnvDÆPaB ¬m> vibulPaB¦ FnvinÞ ¬m> cMeNj/ PaBman¦ FnaKar bank, ~ kNþal central bank, ~ TTYlR)ak;beBaØI deposit money bank, ~ Cati national bank, ~ epJIR)ak; bank of deposit, FnaKarik banker FnaKarqøgeqøIy correspondent bank FnaKarCUndMNwg notifying bank, advising

FnaKare)aHpSayRkdasR)ak; issue bank FnaKarmanRKb;esva fully fledged bank FnaKarrYmPaKh‘un joint stock bank FnaKar sBa¢½y¼snSM savings bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢ non commercial bank FnaKar\NTan credit bank FnaKarÉkeTs specialised bank FnaKarik banker FmµnuBaØ charter FmµnuBaØPaB constitutionality FmµanurUb ¬m> eBjc,ab;¦ legitimate Frman/ cUlCa come into force FatucUl input Fatuecj output, ~ cugeRkay¼sMerc final output, ~ GnþrkarI intermediate output FatupSM component Faturwg hardware (computer) Fana/ kar guarantee, warranty, ~ TUTat; guarantee of payment, ~ KuNPaB quality guarantee, rUbiyaNtþiman ~ garanteed bill of exchange

Fana/ R)ak; bail (money deposited to free

bank

FnaKarTij]bkrN_TUTat;lixitbMNul

sb from detention until the trial),

b½NÑFana bail bond Fana/ mankar secured, RTBüskmµ ~

discount bank

FnaKarTUTat; paying bank 145

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

eBjelj assets fully secured Fana/ rbs; collateral, security, guarantee, ~ sMrab;R)ak;kMcI guarantee for a loan Fana/ Gñk warrantor, guarantor Fana/ GñkTTYl)ankar warrantee FanakarTUTat;/ R)ak; ¬bUkbEnßmsMrab;¦ del

Fur³bnÞan;/ edayman distress, karlk; ~ distress sale

Føak;cuH/ kar drop Føak;cuHy:agKMhuk v. ¬]>éføplitpl¦ fall sharply/abruptly

credere

Fanar:ab;rg insurance, Pñak;gar ~ insurance agent, Rkumh‘un ~ insurance company, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ insurance certificate Fanar:ab;rg/ kar insurance, ~ eTAvijeTAmk mutual insurance, ~ RTBüsm,tþi property insurance, ~ bEnßm additional insurance, ~ pøÚvsmuRT marine insurance, ~ elIeRKaH fñak; accident insurance, ~ elICIvit life insurance, ~ elIPar³TTYlxusRtUv liability insurance, ~ haniP½yRKb;RbePT all-risks insurance, ~ haniP½ybgáedaysRgÁam warrisk insurance, ~ eRKaHGKÁIP½y fire insurance

Fanar:ab;rgdNþb;minsBV/ kar undercoverage (insurance)

Fanar:ab;rgbnþ/ ¬kar¦ reinsurance Fanik/ tMél ¬m> tMélTIpSar¦ Furkic© business FurCn businessman/woman

Føak;cuHyWt²/ kar decline Føak;cuHesdækic©/ kar economic recession/ downturn, ~ Caskl global economic recession

Føak;¼Føak;cuH v. decrease, karFøak;éfø decrease in price

Føak;éfø v. depreciate Føak;éfø/ kar fall in prices, price decrease eFVIkareBjem:ag v. work full-time eFVIkarminekIt/ Edl unfit for work eFVIkarmineBjem:ag v. work part time eFVIkarem:agbEnßm v. work overtime eFVIEkøgkøay/ kar falsification eFVIcMNakRsuk rW cakRsuk BI¼eTA v. migrate from/to

eFVItam ¬m> Rbtibtþitam¦ comply eFVIviPaCn_ v. ¬m> élEck¦ allocate eFVIskmµPaBrYmKña v. ¬edIm,IsMerceKaledAGVI mYy¦ act in concert eFVIGc©½yTanCaclnvtßú v. bequeath eFVIeGaymansmPaB/ kar equalisation eFVsRbEhs/ kar negligence, ~ F¶n;F¶r gross negligence

146

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

nikmµCn ¬m> GñkGt;kareFVI¦ n. unemployed nikmµPaB ¬m> Gt;kareFV,I PaB¦ unemployment, R)ak;]btßmÖcMeBaH ~ unemployment benefit, ~ tamrdUv seasonal unemployment nikçitP½NÐ deposit, ~ Fana guaranteed

n nKrUbnIykmµ urbanisation, RksYgerobcM EdndI ~ nigsMNg; Ministry of Land Management, Urbanisation and Construction (MLMUC)

deposit

niekçb mortgage niekçbKahk mortgagee nic©PaB perpetuity niCatUbnIykmµ denationalization nitüanukUlPaB legality niTNÐPaB impunity, vb,Fm’ ~ culture of

nBVnþ arithmetic, mFüm ~ arithmetic mean

neya)ay/ kmµviFI ¬rbs;KNbkS¦ political platform (of a party)

neya)ayrUbiyvtßú monetary policy neya)aysareBIBn§ fiscal policy nrCati ¬m> mnusSCati¦ anthropology nantþþPaB ¬m> GtulüPaB¦ namkrN_GaCIvkmµ business name namb½NÑ business card namvlI ¬matika¦ nomenclature nayk director, GKÁ ~ director-general naykRkumh‘un chief executive naykRKb;RKg managing director naykrg deputy manager nayTun capitalist narsar messenger narakrN_/ TukCa v. abrogate navaPNÐ cargo nikmµkalik temporary unemployment

impunity

niTsSn_ prospect niT§½n ¬m> kS½yFn¦ bankrupt niT§nPaB ¬m> PaBkS½yFn¦ bankruptcy ninñakar tendency, ~ fycuH downward tendency, ~ ekIneLIg rising/upward tendency

ninñakar trend, ~ TIpSar market trend ninñakarneya)ay political affiliation ninñivarN_ ¬m> h‘u¿B½TÐu/ kar¦ nibulniym Malthusianism nimitþsBaØasMKal;zan³ status symbol nimitþehtu symptom nimµabnkmµ ¬m> sßabtükmµ¦ architecture nimµitkmµ policy formulation 147

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

niytkmµ regionalisation, normalisation niytkr regulator niytPaB regularity niymmYyRKa²/ GVIEdleK fad niyamkar ¬ry³TTwg/ ry³beNþay¦

nItirYm general regulations nItiviFI procedure, ~ eGayx©IR)ak; lending procedures

nItiviFIRbtibtþikarsþg;dar standard operating procedures

nItism,Ta rehabilitation, KMerag ~ rehabilitation project

coordinates

nieyaCk employer nieyaCit employee, EdlykcitþTukdak;eTA elI ~ employee oriented nirnþrPaB continuity nirRbevsn_ ¬m> CncMNakRsuk¦ migrant nivtþCn retiree nivtþn_/ karcUl retirement nivasCn rW nivasnCn resident nivasdæan rW nivasndæan residence nievTnb½NÑ manifest, manifesto nisSnÞ/ ]bkrN_ derivative instrument

nItisarCati legal substance (French: nature juridique)

nItüanukUl legal nItüanukUlkmµ/ eFVI v. legalise, authenticate nItüanukUlPaB legality nIrP½y ¬m> suvtßiPaB¦ safety nIhr½N export, ]btßmÖFn ~ export subsidy

nIhr½Nkmµ ¬m> naMecj/ kar¦ nuy n. bait, eRbIluyCa ~ use money as a bait

ensaT/ kar fishery, fishing ensaTRtIhYsRbmaN/ kar overfishing ensaTsmuRT marine fisheries enAKrminTan;eFVI/ kargar backlog naMcUl import, GaCJab½NÑ ~ import permit, Gñk ~ importer, Bn§ ~ import duty naMcUl¼naMecj edaypÞal;/ kar direct

(banking)

nisSnÞvtßú by-product nisSarNkmµ extraction, ~ FüÚgfµ coal extraction

niharin ¬m> naMecj/ Gñk¦ exporter nItikmµ legislation nItikal ¬sPa¦ legislature (parliament) nItibuKÁl legal entity/person nItiBn§ ¬m> GñkeFVIc,ab;¦ nItirdæ rule of law

import/export

naMecj export, GaCJab½NÑ ~ export licence, Bn§ ~ export duty, taragBn§ ~ export tariff, 148

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

BaNiC¢kmµ ~ export trade naMecj/ kar exportation or export, ~ pþac;mxu monopoly export, ~ Blkmµ export of workers

naMecj/ Gñk exporter, Rkumh‘unnaMecj exporting firm

naMecjbnþ/ kar re-exportation naMmuxeK leading, GaMgDIkaT½r ~ leading

begáIt/ kar creation, establishment begáItR)ak;cMNUl/ skmµPaB incomegenerating activities

bgçMeGayTUTat; v. enforce payment bgçMeGayGnuvtþ/ dak; v. enforce bgÁrTuk v. accumulate, rMls; ~ accumulated depreciation

bRgYbbRgYm v. unify, kar ~ unification bgViltMél/ kar ¬mYyqñaMKitmþgCakardwgKuN dl;GtifiCn¦ rebate bgVilTun/ kar circulation of capital bgVilvijTan;eBl timely return (of a cheque,...) ¬nUvmUlb,Tanb½Rt/>>>¦ bgVilsgR)ak;Bn§/ kar ¬Edl)anbg;elIs¦

indicator

naMmuxeKelITIpSar/ plitpl¼Rkumh‘un market leader

naMeGay v. prompt

b bktikmµ ¬m> RbRktIPaBkmµ¦ bkáPaB maturity bkSRbqaMg opposition (party) bg;Casac;R)ak;/ karsMu cash offer bg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn v. bail out bg;R)ak;eBlbBa¢aTij cash with order

remission of taxes

bgVilsgvij/ Edlmin non-refundable bgVileGayvij v. relinquish bgVwk/ kar coaching bEgVrépÞkñúg internal transfer bgðaj v. present begðIy/ kar completion

(CWO)

bgálkçN³gayRsYl v. facilitate bgák freeze, kar ~ ebovtSr_ ¬mineGaycuHeLIg¦/ wage freeze bgáb; hidden, FnbMrug ~ hidden reserves bgáan;éd receipt bgáarkMeNIt/ kar contraception

bg¥g;/ kar check, bg¥g;karnaMcUl put a check on imports

bg¥ak;/ kMlaMg restraining force bg¥ak;Twkcitþ/ eRKOg disincentive bEg¥k/ mnÞIreBTü referral hospital 149

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

bc©½yrg side effect bec©keTs technique, ~ bRgYmsÞÜn doubledeflation technique, ~ GaMgDIkaT½reTal single indicator technique

bec©keTsBinitüvaytMél KMerag¼kmµviFI PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Techniques)

bec©kviTüax<s;/ vis½y high-tech sector bec©kviTüa technology, ~ fñak;kNþal intermediate technology, ~ TijBIeK licensed technology, ~ EbbepSg alternative technology, ~ B½t’man information technology (IT), ~ B½t’man nigTUrKmnaKmn_ information and

h‘un¦ downgrade bBa©úHéfø v. mark down beBa©j v. release beBa©jedImTun/ Gñk backer bBa¢r counter, ~ lk;TMnij selling counter bBa¢a order, b½NÑ¼kar bBa¢aTij purchase order

bBa¢ak; v. specify bBa¢ak;/ FnaKar confirming bank bBa¢ak;xagxñg/ Kµan unendorsed bBa¢ak;CaBaküeBCn_ articulate bBa¢ak;¼GHGag bEnßm v. corroborate bBa¢ak;fa)anTTYl/ esckþI acknowledgement (of receipt)

communication technology (ICT)

bBa¢ak;faBit v. validate bBa¢ak;éfø/kar confirmation of price bBa¢ak;nUvkarbBa¢aTij/ kar confirmation of

bc©úb,nñPaB/ eFVI v. update bcäakal/ kñúg a posteriori bcäaCn descendant bBa©PaK ¬sßiti¦ quintile bBa©b; ¬kargar¦/ kar termination bBa©aM v. pawn bBa©Úl ¬Kña¦/ kar amalgamation bBa©ÚlXøaMg put in warehouse, lay in stock bBa©ÚlCasaxa ¬Rkumh‘un¦/ kar absorption bBa©úuHtMélrUbiyvtßú/ kar devaluation bBa©úHKuNPaB/kar degradation bBa©úHtMél v. ¬]> kñúgkarBüakrN_tMélsnøwk

order

bBa¢aTij/ kar buying order bBa¢aTijdMu bulk order bBa¢aTijEfmeTot/ kar ¬muxTMnijdEdl¦ repeat order

bBa¢alk; selling order bBa¢I list bBa¢I n. register, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ commercial register

bBa¢IexµA blacklist 150

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

bBa¢IKNenyü books of accounts bBa¢IeQµaHGñkkan;sBaØab½NÑrbs;Rkumh‘un

bBaÄb; ¬GaCIvkmµ¦/ kar termination bBaÄb;buKÁlik lay off bBaÄb;BIkargar v. dismiss, kar ~ dismissal bBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ/ kar cessation of business bBaÄr/kareFVIsmahrNkmµ vertical

bBa¢Iéfølk; tariff bBa¢ITMnijdwkCBa¢Ún cargo list bBa¢IbUkRtYt cumulated list bBa¢IR)ak;ecjcUl cash book (CB) bBa¢IrayeQµaH directory bBa¢Ievcx©b; packing list bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeBlkS½yFn statement of

integration (company)

affairs

bBa¢IsMnYr ¬sMrab;sMPasn_¦ questionnaire bBa¢I GñkdMeNIr¼TMnijdwkCBa¢Ún ¬tamynþehaH rW nava¦ manifest bBa¢Ún ¬sar¦/ kar transmission bBa¢Ún¼bBa¢ÚnTMnij v. dispatch, kar ~ n. dispatch

bBa¢ÚnRtLb; v. return, mUlb,Tanb½Rt ~ returned cheque, TMnij ~ returns bBa¢ÚnTMnij forward goods v. bBa¢ÚnTMnij/ kar consignment, lixit ~ consignment note

bBa¢ÚnTMnij/ Gñk consignor bBa¢ÚnTMnijCabeNþIr²/ kar instalment shipment

bBaÄb; ¬buKÁlik¦ discharge bBaÄb;/ KNnI blocked account 151

bBaØtþi prescription bBaØtþi rW bTb,BaØtþi provision (law) bBaØtþisgÁm social strictures beBaØI/ bgáan;édTTYlR)ak; deposit receipt beBaØI/ RbkasnIyb½Rt certificate of deposit

beBaØI/ R)ak; deposit, ~ crnþ demand deposit, ~ snSM savings deposit beBaØIcrnþ/R)ak; demand deposit bRBa¢ab v. mainstream bRBa©as/ cuH contra-transfer bBaðaRbQm challenge bBaðasøab;rs; life or death issue bdikar reciprocity bdiekaslvic©½y counter valuation bdiKÁahk donee bdiduløarUbnIykmµ de-dollarisation bdiniy½tkmµ/ eFVI v. deregulate bdiPaK counterpart, ~ bdiPaK contra account bdiPaKI counter party

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

bdirUb specimen bdilaP ¬m> cMNUl¦ income bdivtþn_ébtg green revolution bdivaTkmµ contradiction bdiesF/ kar refusal, ~ karTTYlRBm refusal of acceptance

bdiesFbgÁab;munecal n. countermand bdiesF)an/ minGac irrevocable, sar\NTan ~ irrevocable letter of credit bdiesFelxna cancel an entry (accounting)

bznP½NÐ apparatus bzm primary, tMrUvkar ~ primary need bNþak;Tun/ kar ¬m> vinieyaK¦ investment bNþaj grid bNþaj network, grid, ~ GKÁIsnI power

beNþaHGasnñ temporary, interim, b½NÑFanar:ab;rg ~ temporary cover, rdæaPi)al ~ interim government bNÐit/fñak; Ph.D. degree b½NÑkmµsiT§i title deed, ~ dI land title b½NÑkmµsiT§iykCakarmin)an bad title b½NÑkargar labour card b½NÑcMNay voucher, ~ ebLa cash voucher or petty-cash voucher, ~

mUlb,Tanb½Rt cheque voucher b½NÑCMBak;R)ak; promissory note b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij bill of lading (B/L) b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas air bill of lading, airway bill, air-consignment note

b½NÑdwkCBa¢Únminl¥ foul bill of lading b½NÑtMNagR)ak; voucher b½NÑRtYtBinitürbs;Ky clearance

grid/network

bNþaleGay v. cause, prompt bNþwg rW BakübNþwg complaint bNþwgvivaT litigation bNþwgsaFarN³ prosecution bNþúM set ( a set of goals) bNþúHbNþal/ kar training, ~ P¢ab;nwgkargar on-the job training, ~ dac;BIkargar ¬]> enAmhaviTüal½y¦ off-the job training bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIIv³/ kar vocational

certificate

b½NÑTTYlTMnij delivery receipt b½NÑTTYlRBmedayFnaKar bank acceptance

b½NÑFanaKuNPaB certificate of guarantee b½NÑFanar:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ temporary cover (insurance)

b½NÑFanar:ab;rgelIhaniP½yRKb;RbePT full cover (insurance)

b½NÑbBa¢aTij order form/slip b½NÑbBa¢aTijmin)anGnuvtþ unfilled orders

training 152

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

b½NÑbBa¢aeGayRbKl;TMnij delivery order b½NÑbþÚrR)ak; letter of exchange b½NÑpÞúkTMnijRtwmRtUv ¬KµankMNt;RtaBITMnij xus¼xUceT¦ clean bill of lading b½NÑpÞúkTMnijnava bill of lading (B/L) b½NÑrtnaKar treasury bond b½NÑsgR)ak; acquittance roll b½NÑsnüaFanar:ab;rgmankalkMNt; time

ordinance

bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg by-laws (see also articles of association), internal rules

bTBiesaFn_ experience bTmCÄwm ¬kMritTabCagbT]Rkidæ¦ misdemeanour

policy

b½NÑsnüar:ab;rg insurance policy b½NÑ snüasg¼CMBak;R)ak; promissory note b½NÑsresrepJIR)ak; deposit slip b½NÑsac;R)ak; cash card b½NÑsMeNA\NTan credit slip b½NÑGnuBaØat warrant b½NÑ\NTan credit card bNÑaFikar manager, ~ rg undermanager bt;Ebn)an/Edl flexible btüab½n extradition bTdæan norm bTENnaMsþIBIebovtSr_nigéfø directives on wages and prices

bTbgðaj presentation bTb,BaØtiTUeTA general provisions bTbBa¢a instruction, regulations, ~ épÞkñúg internal regulations

bTbBa¢a RbtisiT§iCn¼Gñksñgkar

bTelµIs offence bTelµIsc,ab;Ky customs breach bTelµIsRBhµT½NÐ crime bTsMPasn_ n. interview, ~ Bak;kNþal erobry semi-structured interview bT]Rkidæ felony bnþ/ dMNak;kalCa succeeding stage bnþBUC/ énkar adj. reproductive, suxPaB bnþBUC reproductive health bnþeBl ¬eGay¦/ kar extension bnþrhUt rW bnþCab; adj. continuous bnþevn/ Gñk successor bnþeLIgvijnUvkarnaMecj/ kar ¬eRkay)anp¥ak mYyry³¦ resumption of exports bnþGaCJab½NÑ v. renew a licence bnßy ¬éfø/ Bn§¦ n. abate, kar ~ abatement bnßydl;kMritGb,brma v. minimise bnßyfvikabnþicmþg² v. pare the budget bnßyéfø/ kar ¬cMeBaHGtifiCnEdlTijeRcIn¦ rebate

bEnßm additional, supplementary,

trustee 153

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

buBVlaP ~ additional premium bEnßm/ GVIEdl addendum, c,ab;sþIBIc,ab; bEnßm law on addendum bnÞan; urgent, immediate, kñúgkrNI ~ in case of emergency, tMrUvkar ~ urgent need, TisedA ~ immediate objective bnÞab;bnSM secondary, incidental, minor, tMrUvkar ~ secondary need bnÞúk burden,~ Psþútag burden of proof, ~ Bn§ tax burden bnÞúkcMNay ¬rW bnÞúk¦ charge, cost, ~ cMeBaH GñkeRbIR)as; user costs, ~ Fana r:ab;rgsgÁm social-insurance cost, ~ Rbtibtþikar operational costs, ~ m:ahSúI Nal; marginal cost, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial

bmaNnIykmµ ¬m> sþg;darUbnIykmµ¦ standardisation

bmaNPaK ¬m> kUta¦ quota bmaNIykrN_/eFVI ¬m> bBa¢ak;¼GHGag bEnßm¦ corroborate

bmanIyKuNPaB rW sþg;darKuNPaB quality standard

breTs

foreign, RTBüGkmµ ~ foreign

liabilities (bank), RTBüskmµ ~ suT§ net foreign assets

brmti paradox braC½y/ TTYl v. founder brikb, speculation, ~ esdækic© economic speculation

brikarN_ ¬m> bribT¦ context brikçarFunF¶n; heavy equipment briBaØab½Rt/ fñak; bachelor's degree britpþ rNa deflation, KMlat ~ deflationary gap, snÞsSn_ ~ deflator, eFVI ~ esdækic©

charge/cost

bnÞúkBn§ tax burden bnÞúkBn§fycuHTabbMput/ kareFVIeGay tax

deflate the economy

minimisation

briFan apparatus, instrument bribT/ brikarN_ context bri)al boss, patron briplitkmµ overproduction brimaN quantity, viFIsaRsþviPaKtamEbb ~

bnÞúksgÁm social cost bn§Úr v. ¬sMBaF¦ release bnøM/ Gñk ¬]> Bn§¦ defrauder bnSay ¬]> ]sµ½nBul¦ emission bnSúT§ v. purify bnSúI ¬Kña¦ v. catalyse bnSúI v. reconcile

quantitative method

brimaNTMnijnaMecj ¬rW naMcUl¦ volume of exports (or imports)

154

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

briyaTan cost briyaTanpÞal; direct cost briyab½nñ/ Ca ¬m> rab;bBa©Úl/ Edl¦ inclusive briyayb½NÑ prospectus brilaP ¬m> R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg¦

kaysm,Ta mental/physical incapacity )at;bg;GñkmanCMnaj/ kar brain drain )at;bg;ÉkÉg ¬edayFmµCati¦ natural loss )atuPaBdIFøI land dispute, KN³kmµkaredaH Rsay ~ land dispute settlement

emolument

committee

brivcäkarI ¬m> CMnYykar¦ assistant brivsi kmµmlU b½Rt subscribing to securities brisßan environment, plb:HBal; ~ environmental impact, kic©karBar ~ environmental protection, snþisux ~ environment security, karemIlcMNuc sMxan;kñúg ~ environment scan brisßanrUbvnþ physical environment brihaekrþ×/ karsresr libel bhar½k drawer bharit drawee )ak;Twkcitþ/ Blkr discouraged worker )ak;Ebk/ GIva:n; ¬minrab;CaRTBüskmµeTenA eBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ¦ breakages )ak;EbksgÁm/ PaB social polarisation )a:tg;/ b½NÑ patent licence )a:tg;/ Bn§ business licence tax )at;edayKµankarBnül; adj. unaccounted for )at;bg;/ kar loss )at;bg;smtßPaB/ kar incapacity, ~ xag bBaØa¼

)atuPUteRKaHfñak;manlkçN³CaRbB½n§

155

systematic-risk phenomenon

)anKitbEnßm accrued, cMnUl¼cMnay karR)ak; ~ accrued interest income/expense

)anbg;Bn§/ Edl duty paid, TMnij)anbg;Bn§ duty-paid goods

)a:n;sµan v. estimate, R)ak;cMeNj ~ estimated profit

)a:n;sµansamBaØminlMeGog/ kar simple unbiased estimate

):ar:aEm:Rt parameter bidæielx ¬m> cMNarxñg¦ endorsement bidæielx/ GñkeFVI ¬m> carxñg ¬Éksar¦/ Gñk¦ endorser

biTKNnI v. close an account biTCit/ esdækic© ¬rdæRtYtRtatwgruwgelIBaNiC¢kmµ nighirBaØvtßú¦ closed economy biTbBa¢I/ kar closing the books buKÁl person, individual, karFanar:ab;rg ~ individual insurance, , rUbvnþ ~ physical/natural person, nIti ~ legal person/entity

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

buKÁlik personnel, staff, GtßRbeyaCn_pþl; eGay ~ personnel benefits buKÁlik ¬rdæ¦ Cab;kic©snüa contract (public) employee

precondition

buervinicä½y prejudice buersm,Tan/ sareBIP½NÐ pre-concession inventory

buersI ¬m> Gñkrukrk Er:>>>¦ prospector bunnIhr½N re-export bunnIhr½Nkmµ re-exportation bUksrubKNnI v. balance an account bUrNPaBEdndI territorial integrity ebIkRkumh‘unfµIedaylk;snøwkh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘unenaH/ karcab;epIþm flotation of a new company ebIkcMh ¬eq<aHeTAxageRkA¦/ RbeTs

buKÁlikkariyal½y office personnel, white-collar worker

buKÁlikeRcInhYs/ Edlman overstaffed buKÁlikrdæ government employee buKÁliklkçN³ ¬KYrkt;sMKal;¦ personality buRtsm<½n§ ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘unCag 50°¦ subsidiary (company)

bunvnkar ¬m> kardaMéRBeQIeLIgvij¦ reforestation

outward-looking country

bunsmahrNkmµxagsgÁmkic© social

ebIkTUlayvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ open the trade

reintegration

sector

bunhirBaØb,Tan refinancing (loan) buBVCn ancestor buBVlkçxNÐ prerequisite buBVlaP premium, bonus, ~ Fanar:ab;rg insurance premium, ~ bEnßm additional

ebIkpþl;R)ak;/ kar disbursement, KNnIray mux ~ disbursement account, kalviPaK ebIkpþl;R)ak; disbursement schedule ebovtSr_ salary, wage, pay, kMcIelI ~ ¬RtUvTar mkvij¦ salary loan, snÞsSn_ ~ salary index ~ cab;epþImbMerIkar starting salary ebovtSr_/ bBa¢I¼tarag payroll ebovtSr_/ GñkeFVIkaryk wage-earner eb bale (of cloth, cotton ... ) ebtikP½NÐ patrimony, ~ Cati national

premium

buBVsiT§i privilege (special right) buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkeGaymun¦ advance, R)ak; ~ advance money, ~ edaymanvtßúFana advance on securities, ~ sMGagelIÉksar advance on documents

bursRsþI/ tYnaTI ¬m> eynD½r¦ gender buer pre-, ~ GgÁr pre-Angkor, ~ lkçxNÐ

patrimony/heritage

ebskkmµ mission, lixitbBa¢a ~ mission 156

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

letter, esckþIRbkas ~ mission statement,

holder, smaPaK ~ debt ratio, ~ Cati

~ BinitüeLIgvij review mission, ~ elIk

national debt, ~ man¼Kµan dak;RTBüFana

mti formulation mission, ~ EsVgrkkarBit

secured/unsecured debt, ~ Tarmin)an

fact-finding mission

irrecoverable debt, ~ Bi)akTar¼GaRkk;

ebLa petty-cash fund ebLakr/ ebLaFikar cashier, teller (in a

bad debt, ~ sgS½y doubtful debt

bank)

EbgEckR)ak;cMeNj/ kar profit sharing EbgEck v. divide, apportion, distribute, kar ~ Blkmµ division of labour, R)ak; cMeNjmin ~ undivided profits EbgEckKuNPaB/ kar grading EbgEckPaKh‘un/ kar allotment of shares EbgEckeLIgvij/ kar redistribution EbbbT formalities, bMeBj ~ fulfil formalities

EbbbT manner EbbbTniym red tape EbbbTénkarvinieyaK modality of investment

EbbbTRbtibtþikar modus operandi EbbbTpþl;hirBaØb,Tan financing modalities

bMNg intention bMNgGaRkk; ill-will bMNinCIvit life skill bMNul debt, kUn ~ debtor, em ~ debt

bMNul liability bMNuledaHdUrnwgFmµCati debt-for-nature swaps

bMNulyWty:avminTan;sg arrears bMENgEck apportionment bMEbkray/ düaRkam dispersion diagram bMEbkGgÁpSM/ kar disaggregation bMe)a:g inflate, éfø ~ inflated price bMEbøg/ kar transformation (products ...) bMpuskarPJak;rlwk v. sensitise bMpusTwkcitþ v. motivate bMBan v. contravene bMBanelInItiviFI/ kar abuse of process bMBul/ kar pollution, ~ xül; air pollution bMeBjxat/ R)ak; subsidy, subvention bMeBjTMrg;EbbbT fill in a form bMeBjEbbbTKy ¬edIm,InaMcUl rW naMecjTMnij¦ clear goods through customs

bMeBjeLIgvij v. replenish bMeBjeGayKñµaeTAvijeTAmk/ Edl complementary

bMPan;/ Edl fallacious 157

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

bMPitbMP½y v. intimidate bMPøI clarify bMrugxVH/ R)ak; deficient reserves bMrugTuk reserved, éRB ~ reserved forest bMerIGaCIBeGayxøÜnÉg/ Cn self-employed

e)aHbg;ecalkic©snüa/ kar ignore the contract, avoidance of contract

e)aHbg;Parkic©/ kar dereliction of duty e)aHR)ak;kak; v. coin (make coins out of metal)

e)aHpSay/ rUbiyvtßú currency issued e)aHpSay/ kar ¬RkdasR)ak;¦issuance e)aHBum<pSay v. publish bþwg TamTarRTBübBa©aM¼TamTarniekçbRTBü¼ GMNUs foreclose v. the mortgage bþwg v. sue bþwgecaTRbkan;/kar prosecution bþwgtv:a/ Gñk complainant bþwgtampøÚvtulakarcMeBaH v. take legal

people

bMErbMrYl n. variation bMlas;esdækic© ¬BiessBIrcnasm<½n§eyaFamk rcnasm<½n§esdækic©minEmneyaFa¦ economic conversion

b:HTgÁic/ kar shock, kar ~ xagkargar employment shock, kar ~ xaghirBaØvtßú financial shocks

b:Hb:Uv/ kar compensation b:Hb:Uvvij v. offset e)aHeqñat/ kar vote, poll, ~ sMEdgkarTukcitþ

action against

ebþCJa/ kar ¬karsnüadac;Nat;¦ commitment bþÚr/ kar conversion, GRta ~ conversion

vote of confidence

e)aHeqñatedayelIkéd/ kar show of hands e)aHeqñatsaCafµI/ kar re-election e)aHeqñateLIgvij/ kar by-election ( to

price/rate

bþÚr¼lk; ykR)ak; ¬]> sBaØab½NÑ¦ redeem bþÚrevnkargar/ kar job rotation RbkarFanaTUTat; del credere clause Rbkas \NBn§¼\NTan debit/credit advice Rbkas/ kar¼esckþI declaration,

replace an elected official who has died or resigned)

e)aHeqñateGayKNbkSepSg/ kar ¬eRkABI KNbkSxøÜn¦ cross-voting e)aHRtabiT v. seal e)aHbg; v. abandon, relinquish e)aHbg;/ kar abandonment, ~ muxCMnYj ¬GVI mYy¦ abandonment of a trade

proclamation

RbkasCa saFarN³¼pøÚvkar BI cMeNj¼kMhat post a profit/loss

Rbkas¼RbtievTn_/ tMél)an declared value Rbkaséfø/ kar quotation, ~ snøwkh‘un share 158

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

kar ~ delivery, karmin ~ non-delivery RbKl;eGay/ kar ¬]>kat;eGayeTAm©as;bMNul¦

quotation

RbkasFnaKar bank statement RbkasnIyb½Rt¼)a:tg; ¬GnuBaØat[RbkbGaCIvkmµ¦

cession

RbKl;kic©snüaeGay award a contract RbKl;TMnijxVH/ kar short delivery RbKl;TMnijRbKl;R)ak; cash on delivery

patent

RbkaspSay rW RbkaspSayCasaFarN³ v. publish

RbkasB½t’man press release RbkYt/ kar contest RbkYtRbECgRtwmRtUv/ eKalkarN_

(COD)

RbKl;R)ak;eBl)anTTYlÉksar cash against

principle

document (CAD)

RbcaMEx monthly, cMNUl ~ monthly

of fair competition

RbkYtRbECg v. compete RbkYtRbECg/ kar competition, ~ esrI free competition, pSar ~ competitive market, éfø ~ competitive price RbkYtRbECg/ PaB competitiveness RbEkkdac;Ghgáar/ kar flat denial RbRktI/ PaBmin ¬mankMhus¦ irregularities

income

RbcaMqñaM annual, KMeragfvika ~ annual budget

RbcaMRtImas quarterly adj. & adv. RbcaMéf¶ daily, cMnUllk; ~ daily sales return

RbqaMg anti, mInRbqaMgmnusS

anti-

personnel mine

(mistakes)

RbRktI/ min irregular RbRktIPaBkmµ normalisation ERbRkLas;)an/ minGac adj. irreversible ERbRkLas;)an/ Gac adj. reversible RbKl; v. deliver, ~ enAkEnøg)anbg;Bn§ehIy delivered at duty paid, ~ enARBMEdn delivered at frontier, ~ TMnijeBlmankar TUTat; delivery against payment, ~ TMnij tamdMNak;kal delivery by instalments, 159

RbqaMg rW CMTas; opposition RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø anti-dumping, Bn§ ~ anti-dumping duty

RbCaCn population, eKalneya)ay ~ population policy

RbCaCneRcInhYs overpopulation RbCaCnedIm indigenous people RbCaCnminEmnGñkTIRkug non-urban population

RbCaCnsamBaØ ordinary people, grassroots

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

RbCaCati nation RbCanuvDÆn_ democratisation RbCaFibetyüPavUbnIykmµ democratisation RbCaPiftik³ ¬m> GñkbeBa©cI raRsþ¦ demagogue RbECg/ Gñk ¬éfø/ TIpSar>>¦ competitor RbECgtamKMrUl¥/ kar emulation RbCMu/kar meeting Rbdab;Rbdar tool, ~ eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH ¬BiesspÞH)ay¦ utensil RbDit/ cMeNj imaginary profit RbNit luxury, TMnij ~ luxury goods, BaNiC¢kmµvtßú ~ luxury trade RbtiRkanþelxna/ eFVI reverse an entry,

Rbtibtþikar ¬CMnYj¦ transaction RbtibtþikarelIrUbiyvtßú currency operation RbtibtþikarKitCa luy¼rUbiyvtßú monetary

contra-transfer

has been assigned by will, gift... French: ayant cause)

RbtiXat repercussion (of an incident) RbtiTin calendar, time schedule, qñaM ~

transaction

Rbtibtþitam v. comply, kar ~ compliance, karmin ~ non-compliance RbtiPUkmµGMNac delegation of power RbtiPUkmµGMNac/ eFVI v. delegate power Rbtimti paradox RbtievTn_ declaration, ~ Ky customs declaration

Rbtiskmµ retroactive, \T§iBl ~ retroactive effect

RbtisiT§iCn trustee (one to whom a right RbtiRsut authorised, recognised, licensed, FnaKar ~ authorised bank, buKÁl ~

calendar year

Rbtibdivtþn_ counter-revolution Rbtibtþi adj. executive, nayk ~ executive director, KN³kmµaFikar ~

authorised person

executive committee

RbQmmuxKña/ kar confrontation, karRbCMu ~

RbtiGaNtþi/ ecj n. countermand RbfuyRbfan v. risk, take risk, PaB ~ n. risk

Rbtibtþi/ dak;eGay v. enforce, Gacdak; eGay¼mantMél ~ enforceable, kardak; eGay ~ enforcement Rbtibtþikr operator Rbtibtþikar operation, ~ Fanar:ab;rg

confrontation meeting

RbeTslUtlas;ticCageK

least developed

countrries (LDCs)

RbeTsGn;fy underdeveloped countries RbeTsGnaPivDÆn_ underdeveloped countries

insurance operation 160

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

RbTaMgRbeTIsépÞkñúg/ Edl paradoxically RbFan chairman, ~ GgÁRbCMu chairman of

RbB½n§sareBIP½NÐnirnþn_ perpetual inventory system

RbFanskþi force majeure, act of God RbFansþITI acting chairman/chairwoman RbB½n§/ Ca systematic, karcuHbBa¢IdIFøI ~

RbB½n§sV½yBRgwg self-reinforcing system RbBlkmµ rW RbBlvb,kmµ/ intensification, ~ ksikmµ agricultural intensification RbBlkmµedImTun ¬EdleRbITun¼m:asIun eRcIn¦

systematic land registration

capital intensive

RbB½n§/ bTBiesaFn_manlkçN³Ca structured

RbéBNI/ Ca adj. traditional, rebobrs;enA ~

experience

traditional way of life

RbB½n§kat;R)ak;dak;shCIBedaynieyaCk

RbRBwtþxus v. act wrongly, infringe RbRBwtþi ¬xøÜn¦/ kar conduct RbRBwtþikmµ n. treatment RbPBedIm origin, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ certificate of origin, RbeTs ~ country of origin RbePT type, category RbePTesÞIrputBUC endangered species RbmaN approximately Rbmaftulakar/ kar contempt of court RbmUl/ kar collection, ~ bMNul debit

the meeting

checkoff

RbB½n§éføBIr dual price system RbB½n§TUTat; payment systems RbB½n§TUTat;bNþak; instalment system RbB½n§nIykmµ systematise RbB½n§bþÚrR)ak;tamsþg;darmas gold-standard system

RbB½n§Rbtibtþikar operative system RbB½n§pSBVpSay ¬B½t’man¦ mass media RbB½n§Bn§kat;TukelIR)ak;ebovtSr_ pay as you

collection

earn (PAYE)

RbmUl/ Gñk collector, ~ Bn§ tax collector, ~ R)ak; money collector, ~ Tijplitpl ksikmµ farm produce collector RbmUl ¬Tar¦ min)an/ Edl irrecoverable RbmUlmkvij/ kar recovery (debt) RbmUlmkvij/ EdlGac recoverable (debt) RbmUlR)ak; collect money, Pñak;gar¼FnaKar

RbB½n§Bn§fycuH ¬fyGRtaBn§enAeBlcMNUl ekIneLIg¦ regressive tax system RbB½n§Bn§smamaRt proportional tax system

RbB½n§erobcMÉksar filing system RbB½n§smamaRt ¬e)aHeqñat¦ system of proportional representation

161

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

~ collecting agent/bank, esah‘uyCYy ~ collecting charge

RbmUlR)ak;eRkay)anTTYlÉksar/ kar documentary collection

RbmUlpMúþ v. gather RbmUlpþMú/ kar concentration, ~ dIFøI land concentration

RbmUlpþúM/ tYelx n. aggregate RbmUlB½tm’ an v. collect information, take up references, ~ mkBinitüeRbobeFob collate RbmUlvij salvage RbmUlÉksar/kar documentary collection RbemIleXIj/ min)an unforeseen RbemIlemIlGnaKt/ kar outlook RblgRbECg/ kar competitive examination

Rbvtþi background, record, ~ eCaKC½y¼ braC½y track record RbvtþisaRsþ/ CMhanmanGtßn½yCa historical

RbesIr/ eFVIeGay v. upgrade RbesIrbMput/ karélEck optimal allocation RbesIreLIg/ kareFVIeGay amelioration R)aRs½yTak;Tg/ kar communication RbEhl approximately RbEhsePøcPøaMg/ kar oversight RbeLaH range, ~ éfø price range, ~ ¬cMgay¦emIleXIj range of vision R)akdkñúgcitþ/ PaB assurance R)akdniym realism R)ak; ¬rUbiyvtßú¦ money R)ak; edIm¼BUC seed money R)ak;kk; down payment/deposit R)ak;kas/ Tak;Tgnwg pecuniary, ehtupl xagluykak; pecuniary motives R)ak;kMér wage, pay, kargarsuI ~ wage work

steps

Rbevsn_/ Psþútag admissible evidence RbsiT§PaB efficiency, éf¶ ~ effective date RbsiT§PaBcMNay/ Edlman cost-effective RbsiT§PaBfamBl energy efficiency RbsiT§PaB/ eFVIeGayrwtEtman v. rationalize RbsUtki mµ/ GRta ¬m> kMeNIt/GRta¦ birth rate RbesIr ¬bMput¦/ eFVIeGay)an optimize 162

R)ak;Ex salary, ~ minTan;bg; back pay R)ak;x©ImanR)ak;karx<s; dear money R)ak;gab; rW R)ak;minykeTAeFVIkarrksIu dead money

R)ak;cMNUl income, proceeds, ~ suT§ net income/proceeds

R)ak;cMNUld¾sþÜcesþIg pittance R)ak;cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§ take home pay R)ak;cMeNj profit, ~ suT§ net profit, ~ rkSaTuk retained earnings

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

R)ak;QñÜl ¬Blkr¦ wage R)ak;QñÜl ¬GclnRTBü nigclnRTBü¦ rental R)ak;QñÜl ¬sMxan; GclnRTBü¦ rent R)afñad¾elIslub/ kar ¬m> mhicäta¦ ambition R)ak;TUTat;ecj ¬]> edayRkumh‘unFanara:b;r:g¦ payout

R)ak;Fana bail cover R)ak;bg;CYyRkumh‘unNamYy ¬]> BIrdæaPi)al¦

payment, golden handshake

R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg emolument R)ak;bMNac;sMrab;nisSit student stipends R)ak;bMrug)anx©I ¬EdlFnaKarnana)anx©IBI FnaKarkNþal¦ borrowed reserves R)ak;bMrugelIs excess reserve(s) R)ak;pþl;bEnßmsMrab;kargarmaneRKaHfñak; danger money

n. payout

R)ak;bg;dl;éd prompt cash R)ak;bg;dMbUg down payment R)ak;bg;TaMgdul lump-sum R)ak;bg;pþac; payoff R)ak;bEnßm bonus, ~ sMrab;RTRTg;CIvPaB cost of living bonus

R)ak;beBaØI deposit, ~ mankalkMNt; fixed deposit

R)ak;beBaØIkMBugepÞr deposit in transit R)ak;beBaØIcrnþ call deposit R)ak;beBaØI;enAFnaKar bank deposit R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt; time deposit, fixed deposit, KNnI ~ time deposit account R)ak;beBaØIGacebIk)antamsMeNI ¬min)ac;R)ab; FnaKarCamun¦ sight deposit R)ak;buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkmun¦ cash advance R)ak;bMNac; remuneration R)ak;bMNac;eBlQb;eFVIkar severance 163

R)ak;Bin½y forfeit money R)ak;ruWERtt ¬m> esaFnnivtþn_¦ pension R)ak;elIsxVH ¬bnþicbnþÜckñúgebLa¦ cash over and short

R)ak;viPaCn_ financial appropriation R)ak;viPaCn_sgÁm social welfare/security R)ak;sKuN gratuity, honorarium R)ak;snüaeGay pledge R)ak;snSMtamTMlab; traditional savings R)ak;sMNgRbcaMqñaM annuity R)ak;Gab; change, change fund R)ak;]btßmÖ benefit, ~ éføBüa)al medical benefit

R)ak;]btßmÖ ¬BIbþIeTARbBn§ rW BIRbBn§eTAbþI eRkayeBlElgKña¦ alimony R)ak;]btßmÖRKYsar family allowance(s) R)ak;]btßmÖeBlQW sick pay R)atiePaK ¬m> rbs;Fana¦ security R)atiePaKbMNul ¬vtßúdak;FanabMNul¦ lien

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

R)afñad¾elIslub/ kar ambition RbwgERbgKµan)anpl/ kar unavailing efforts RbugRby½tñ/ viFankar prudential measure RbU)ab‘ÍlIet probability eRbIR)as; v. consume, TMnij ~ consumer goods, GñkeRbIR)as; consumer eRbIR)as;/ kar consumption, ~ kñúgRsuk

accounting

bøg;cMbg grand plan bøg;eRcIndMNak; multi-stage design, ~ minsamBaØ complex multi-stage design bøg;sMbuRt layout of letter bøg;sV½yTMgn; self-weighting design bøúk block

domestic consumption

eRbIR)as;)an/ EdlminGac unusable, unserviceable

eRbIGs;/ kar depletion eRbgkat petroleum eRbgeqA crude oil eRbg\n§n³ petroleum, kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI snþisux ~ petroleum security agreement eRbv:aLg;¼PaBCaTUeTA prevalence eRbsit¼ebskCnBiess envoy ERbRbYl adj. variable ERbRbYl/ kar variation ERbRbYlxusPaBedIm/ kar distortion éRb/ karERbCa ¬]> dIéRb¦ salination or salinisation

bøg; n. plan, design, ~ KMrUtag sample design, ~ GaCIvkmµsµúKsµaj complex business plan

bøg;kEnøg ¬rcna¼erobcM¦ layout bøg;KNenyüTUeTA chart of general

pl proceeds pl elIs¼elIsBItMrUvkar surplus pl/ EdlKµan)an unremunerative pl/ Edlman adj. pragmatic plEck n. quotient plcMeNjkñúgcMnYny:ageRcIn healthy profit plcMeNjÉktabEnßm ¬kñúgkMeNInmYyÉkta plitpl¦ marginal benefit plTun income plTunkñúgRsuk domestic income (DI) plTunCati national income plTunCatisrub ¬m> plitplCatisrub¦ gross national product (GNP), ~Bit real GNP plTunCatisuT§ net national product plb:HBal; impact, ~ xagesdækic© economic impact, ~ xagsgÁmkic© social impact

164

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM trickle-down effect,

commodities

plitpl product, ExS ~ ¬plitplRbhak; RbEhlKñamYyExS¦ product line/range, cMnYnmux ~ product breadth, Fun ~ ¬kñúgExS plitpl¦ product depth, l,ay ~ ¬plitplTaMgGs;Edldak;lk; rW pliteday shRKasNamYy¦ product mix plitplkaksMNl; scrap product plitplkñgú Rsuk domestic product, ~ srub ¬pss¦ gross domestic product (GDP) plitplCati national product, ~ srub

side effect

plbUk sum plRbeyaCn_ interest, ~ cak;b£s vested interest

plRbeyaCn_esµIKña equality benefit plRbeyaCn_ÉktabEnßßm marginal utility plrbr turn over, sales plry³eBlxøI short-term payoff plelIs)andl;plitkr producer surplus plvi)ak bad consequence, disadvantage, inconvenience

gross national product (GNP)

plsMerc end result plGaCIvkmµ ¬m> plrbr¦ turnover plitkmµµ production, KNnI ~ production accounts, cMNay ~ production cost, ExSsgVak; ~ production line, RbB½n§ ~ production system, kic©snüaEbgEck ~

plitplbnÞab;bnSM by-product plitplbrisßanCati eco-national product (ENP)

plitplRbNitfáúMefáIg prestige product plitplsgÁm social product plitplsMerc final product/goods,

production-sharing contract (PSC), ~

finished products/goods

CIvRBwtþi subsistence production, ~ es,óg CalkçN³RKYsar family food production plitkr producer plitkñúgRsuk locally made plitRTg;RTayFM/ kar mass production plitenApÞH homemade plitpl commodity, KNnI ~ commodity accounts, ~ ksikmµCamUldæan basic

plitples,óg food products/stuffs plitPaB productivity, smaPaK ~ productive ratio, ~ énBlkmµ labour productivity, ~ énTun capital productivity plitPaB/ man adj. productive, RTBüskmµ ~ productive assets

plitminRKb;RKan;/ kar underproduction pss ¬plitplkñúgRsuksrub¦ GDP (gross domestic product) 165

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

pak¼pakBin½y/ R)ak; fine pat;ecj v. deduct, kar ~ deduction pakBin½y/ kar fine pat;rMls;/eRkay)an after deducting

pÁt;pÁg;rUbiyvtßú/ kar money supply pÁt;pÁg;saFarN³/ kar utilities ep¢ak v. saturate epJI v. dispatch epJIRtLb;vij v. send back epJITuk/ kar ¬dak;TMnijeGayGñkepSgkan;kab; EtGñkenaHBMuEmnCam©as;kmµsiT§ieT¦ bailment epJIeTAbuKÁlCaeRcIn/ Edl circular, b½NÑ\NTan epJeI TARKb;saxa ¬énFnaKarEdlecjva¦ circular

depreciation

pasukPaB comfort putkMNt;énkic©snüa/ kar expiration of a contract

Epnkar n. plan, ~ vinieyaK investment plan, GñkeFVI ~ planner Epnkar/ kareFVI¼ksag planning Epnkarkmµ ¬m> eFVIEpnkar/ kar¦ planning EpnkareKal master plan EpnkarcMNUlcMNaysac;R)ak; cash budget EpnkarTukGnuvtþCayfaehtu contingency

letter of credit

epJIeTARbmUlR)ak; v. send for collection epJIR)ak; v. deposit money (in a bank), b½NÑsresr ~ deposit slip epJIR)ak;/ Gñk depositor epJIR)ak;ecj/ kar remittance epJIlk; sale or return (the retailer pays

plan

EpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;RTRTg;vis½yGb;rM

only for the sold goods and returns the remaining to the wholesaler)

Education Sector Support Programme (ESSP)

pþl;CMnYy/ Gñk donor pþl;Tun finance v. pþl;nigtMrUvkar/ kar offer and demand pþl;nUvkarR)ak; v. bear interest pþl;eyabl;/ Edl advisory, muxgarpþl; eyabl; advisory function pþl;rgVan;eGay v. award pþl;sc©ab½n/ kar ratification pþl;saeLIgvij ¬\NTan¦ v. roll over

Epnkarlk; ¬tYelx¦ sales target EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© SocioEconomic Development programme (SEDP)

EpnkarI n. planner EppÞúkTMnij loading/lading port pÁt;pÁg;/ kar¼sMPar³ supply, GñkpÁt;pÁg; supplier

pÁt;pÁg;nigtMrUvkar/ kar supply and demand 166

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

pþl;siT§i v. give right, entitle pþl;siT§iGMNac v. empower, mandate pþl;siT§iGMNac/ kar empowerment pþl;eGay/ R)ak; endowment pþl;eGaymun/ R)ak; advance money pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijenAeBlsgR)ak;

epÞr v. transfer, lixit ~ transfer deed, R)ak; ~ TUTat; transfer payments, kardak;éføedIm,I ~ R)ak; transfer pricing, kar ~ transfer epÞr ¬kmµsiT§i¦/kar rW ÉksarepÞr conveyance, lixitepÞrkmµsiT§iGclnRTBü deed of conveyance

epÞr ¬R)ak;¦taméRbsnIy_/ kar mail transfer epÞr ¬eGayeK¦/ Gñk transferor epÞrkmµsiT§i/ lixit ¬BIkUnbMNuleTAm©as;bMNul¦

documents against payment (D/P) pþac;kar/ GMNac¼RbeTskan;rbb autarchy

pþac;mux/ eFVI v. monopolise, PaBpþac;mux monopoly

deed of assignment

pþac;mux/ GñkEckcay sole distributor pþac;mux adj. ¬éfø¦ monopolistic (price) epþImmux adj. preliminary, karBiPakSa ~

epÞrkmµsiT§iGclnRTBü/ lixit deed of conveyance

epÞrkmµsiT§i/ kar transfer of ownership, alienation, ~ dI land alienation epÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSarmYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér/ kar arbitrage epÞr)an/ Gac transferable, \NTan ~

preliminary discussion

epþk adj. horizontal epþat v. focus pþúM/ kar rW karpþúMGgÁpSM aggregation pþMúcUlKña v. agglomerate pþÜcepþImKMnit/ kar initiative pÞal; rW edaypÞal; adj. direct pÞal;/ GñkemIlkarxusRtUv immediate

transferable credit

epÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_/ kar telegraphic/ cable transfer

epÞrR)ak;enAFnaKar/ kar bank transfer epÞrBIyanmYyeTAyanmYy v. ¬edIm,Idwkbnþ¦

supervisor

pÞal;xøÜn personal, kareRbIR)as; ~ persoal consumption, sMPar³eRbIR)as; ~ personal effects, RTBü ~ personal property pÞal;mat; verbal, oral, kic©RBmeRBog ~

tranship or transship

verbal agreement

epÞógKñaeTAvijeTAmk cross check

epÞrsiT§i/ lixit proxy epÞreGay/ GñkRtUv)aneK transferee epÞrGMNac transfer power, delegate power

167

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

epÞógpÞat;FnaKar/ kar bank reconciliation épÞkñúg internal, svnkmµ ~ internal audit, kic©kar ~ internal affairs pÞúk nig erITMnij/ kar loading and

Epøpáa/ Edlman fruitful pSBVpSay ¬c,ab;>>>¦ v. publicise pSBVpSay ¬tamviTüú >>>¦ v. broadcast pSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦/ kar promotion

unloading of goods

(of a product)

pÞúyKña/ PaB contradiction, contrast pÞHkBa©k; greenhouse, bc©½y ~ greenhouse effect, ]sµ½n ~ greenhouse gas pÞHsMEbg/ PaBKµan homelessness pÞHsMEbg ¬xÞg;cMNay¦ housing pÞHsñak;enA/ karpþl; housing pñt;KMnit n. stereotype Epñk section, category pøakFug bin tag pøas;ecjedaydak;vin½y/ kar disciplinary

pSBVpSay/ kar dissemination pSayBaNiC¢kmµ v. advertise, kar ~ advertisement, advertising, yuT§nakar ~

transfer

pøas;bþÚr/ kar change pøas;bþÚrBaNiC¢kmµ v. trade pøas;bþÚreLIgvij/ kar rW karerobcMeLIgvij reconversion

pøÚvkar/ Ca adj. official, formal, esckþI bBa¢ak; ~ official confirmation pøÚvkar/ Gñk¼m®nþI n. official pøÚvcitþ/ katBVkic© moral obligation pøÚvc,ab;/ tam de jure pøÚvTwk waterways pøÚveTAdl; road to, access road, access

advertising campaign

pSarkñúgRsuk domestic/home market pSarxøaMg ¬TIpSarmanGñkTijeRcIn¦ strong market

pSarexSay ¬minsUvmanGñkTij¦ weak market pSarggwt black market, éfø ~ black market price

pSarTun capital market pSarh‘un stock market, stock exchange pSa‘¿nwgGakasFatufµI v. acclimate epSg² ¬eQµaHKNnIcMnay¦ miscellaneous pSHpSa v. conciliate, kar ~ conciliation pSHpSaeLIgvij v. reconcile, kar ~ reconciliation

p¥ak v. suspend, adjourn p¥ak/ kar suspension p¥ib/ KNnI blocked account p¥wb rW bBaÄb; rW bgák frozen, KNnI ~ frozen account, RTBü ~ rW RTBüCab;kþI frozen assets 168

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

tax-collector

Bn§/ Cab; adj. taxable, liable to tax, qñaM ~ tax year or taxation year, cMNUl ~ taxable income, Gñk ~ taxpayer Bn§/ minCab; non-taxable adj. cMNUl ~

B BRgIk/ kar expansion BRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ v. enforce B½t’manRtLb; feedback B½t’manbEnßm/ tarag¼Éksar

non-taxable income

supplementary schedule

Bn§ ¬CaBiessBn§bEnßm¦ n. levy Bn§ ¬Biess Bn§Ky/ GakrBiess¦ duty Bn§ n. tax, ~ elIR)ak;cMeNj tax on profit, ~ visamBaØ emergency tax, Pñak;garkMNt; ~ tax assessor, karecosvag ~ ¬edayc,ab;man cenøaHRbehag¦ tax avoidance, karRbmUl ~ tax collection, \NTan ~ tax credit, kareKc ~ ¬elµIsc,ab;nigRtUvmaneTasT½NÐ¦ tax evasion, elIkElg ~ adj. tax exempt, karelIkElg ~ tax exemption, vism ~ rW ry³eBlrYc ~ tax holiday, cenøaHRbehagén ~ tax loophole, »kashUt ~ tax moments, karbg; ~ tax payment, qñaMbg; ~ tax payment year, GRta ~ tax rate, karbnßy ~ tax rebate, cMNUl ~ tax revenues, tax receipts, karkat;bnßy ~ tax reduction, karbn§Úrbnßy ~ tax relief, cMNat;kar ~ rW RbRBwtþikmµ ~ tax treatment, GñkRbmUl ~ 169

Bn§/ yk rW hUtBn§ v. tax, impose tax Bn§ ¬Ky/ GakrBiess¦/ EdlRtUvbg; dutiable/ TMnijRtUvbg;Bn§ dutiable goods Bn§kat;Tuk withholding tax, ~ RtUvbg; withholding tax payable

Bn§Ky customs duties (or dues) Bn§Kykat;sg duty drawback Bn§CYlFnFan resource-rent tax (RRT) Bn§dar tax, KNenyü ~ tax accounting, kMlaMgcMnUl ~ tax revenues efforts or tax effort

Bn§dar/ lkçN³minTak;Tgnwg non-tax features Bn§Etm stamp duty Bn§naMcUl import duty, tariff Bn§bEnßm surtax Bn§)ankMNt; assessed taxes Bn§Rbeyal indirect tax Bn§pÞal; direct tax Bn§pøÚv road tax Bn§RBlanynþehaH airport tax Bn§mnusS head tax

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

Bn§em:Akar lump-sum tax Bn§yktaméfø ad valorem duty Bn§ykbEnßmelITMnijnaMcUl surcharge Bn§elIcMNUllk;)an sales tax Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUl income tax Bn§elIR)ak;cN M lU buKÁl personal income tax Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjRkumh‘un corporation tax (GB)

Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjbEnßm additional profit

labourer, ~ GENþt ¬ry³eBlxøI¦ casual labourer

Blrdæ citizen Bhikar boycott BhiRbevsn_ ¬m> cMNakRsuk¦ migration BhuCati multinational, Rkumh‘un ~ multinational corporation

BhuPaKI multilateral, CMnYy ~ multilateral assistance, kic©RBmeRBog ~ multilateral agreement

tax (APT)

Bhuvb,kmµ polyculture Bak;kNþalTI1 énstvtSr_TI6 first half of

Bn§elIRTBübuKÁl capital levy Bn§viPaKtamRbePTcMNUl schedular tax Bn§Gakr tax Bn§Pú aB n. ¬PaBdUcKña rW manTMnak;TMngCamYyKña¦

the 6th century

Bak;kNþalsMerc/ plitpl semi-finished product

affinity

Bnül;)an/ EdlminGac adj. inexplicable, unaccountable

BnüakMeNIt/ kar birth spacing BnüaeBl/ kar delay, pþl; ~ v. grant a delay BnüaeGay)anyUr ¬eFVIGVImYyedIm,IBnüaeBl RBwtþuikarN_/ esckþIsMerc>>>¦ buy time BenøÓn v. accelerate Blkmµ labour, kMlaMg ~ labour force, ~ GENþt casual labour, ~ cUlshCIB organised labour, ~ manCMnaj skilled labour, ~ KµanCMnaj unskilled labour Blkr labourer, worker, ~ suIR)ak;éf¶ day 170

Bak;kNþalsVy½t semi-autonomous Bak;B½n§ adj. concerned, relevant, RksYg ~ concerned ministry, sßab½n ~ relevant institution

Bak;B½n§ v. involve Bak;B½n§¼cUlBak;B½n§/ kar involvement Bak;B½n§/ Gñk stakeholder Bak;B½n§cUl engage v. Baküesøak slogan BaNiC¢ commercial, FnaKar ~ commercial bank

BaNiC¢kmµ commerce, trade, kic©RBmeRBog ~ trade agreement, CBa¢Ig ~ trade balance,

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

r)aMg ~ trade barriers, »nPaB ~ trade deficit, eQµaH ~ trade name, tMNag ~ trade representation, trade representative, sBaØa ~ rW pøaksBaØa ~ trademark, ~ qøgkat;pÞal; direct-transit trade, ~ lk;dMu wholesale trade, ~ rUbI visible trade, ~ eRkARbeTs foreign trade

BaNiC¢kmµ adj. commercial, shRKas ~ commercial enterprise

BaNiC¢kmµ adj. mercantile, kgnava ~ mercantile marine, RbeTs ~ mercantile country

BaNiC¢kmµ/ kareFVI trading BaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs/ naykdæan Department of Overseas Trade

BaNiC¢kr trader, dealer, merchant BaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ commercialisation, eFVI ~ v. commercialise Ban;lan billion BikarPaB disability BicarNa/ kar consideration, kMBugBinitü ~ under consideration

Bit real, GRtakarR)ak; ~ real rate of interest, kar ~ reality BiFIkar ¬viFansMrab;BiFIepSg²¦ protocol BiFIsar ¬Éksar¦ protocol Bin½y v. penalise 171

Bin½yCaR)ak; v. fine Bin½ysareBIBn§/ kar fiscal fine Binitü v. examine Binitü nigsMerc/ edIm,I for review and decision/approval

BinitüKNnI v. check the accounts BinitüCaTUeTA/ kar overview Binitütamdan v. supervise, kar ~ supervision, Gñk ~ supervisor BinitüeLIgvij v. review, kar ~ n. review BinÞúerxIy diagram, chart, graphic BiBN’na/ kar description BiBN’nakargar job description BiBiFkmµ ¬m> cMruHkmµ¦ diversification BiPakSaedjedal/ kar deliberation BiPakSabMpusKMnit/ kar brainstorming BiruT§PaB guilt BiruT§ikCn culprit Biess/ rbs; speciality BiesaF v. experiment BiesaFn_ rW karBiesaFn_ n. experiment, eFVI ~ v. experiment

BiesaFnkmµ/ kardkBiesaFn_ experimentation

BieRKaHeyabl;/ kar consultation, RkumBieRKaH eyabl; Consultative Group (CG) BieRKaHeyabl;/ Gñk consultant

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

BIeRkameLIgelI/ karGPivDÆn_ bottom-up development

BIenHteTA hereafter BImnu prior/ svnkmµ ~ prior auditing, kic©RBmeRBog ~ prior agreement BImyY qñaeM TAmYyqñaM ¬m> qñaMelIqñaM ¦ year on year BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM biannual BIrpøÚv two-way BwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk/ kar interdependence BwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉg/ kar self-reliance BwgBak;)an/ PaBGac dependability BukrlYy adj. corrupt, GMeBI ~ corruption BUCsasn_niym racism BYk group, category BYk genus (of animals, plants) eBjc,ab; legitimate eBjlkçN³RtwmRtUv legitimate, min ~

BüÜr/ kar suspension BüÜr/ KNnI ¬caMkaredaHRsay¦ pending accounts RBm v. consent, karyl; ~ n. consent RBmeRBog/ krNIKµankar in the event of disagreement

RBmeRBog/ kar agreement, accord RBmeRBog/ kic© agreement, ~ pÞal;mat; verbal agreement, ~ CaeKalkarN_ agreement in principle

RBmeRBog/ éfø agreed price RBmeRBog/ min v. disagree RBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ kar deal RBmeRBogCakBa©b;/ kar package deal RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar/ kar official agreement, covenant

RBmeRBogCamYyKña v. agree together, come into line

RBman/ kar warning, ~ pÞal;mat; verbal warning

illegitimate

eBjelj/ TuneRbImin)an underemployed capital

eBjv½y adult, RbCaBlrdæ ~ adult citizen eBjv½y/ PaB maturity eBl time, kMNat; ~ time segment Bütierk ¬m> pÞúyKña/ PaB¦ contrast BüakrN_ forecast v. & n., ¬kar¦ ~ esdækic© economic forecast, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial forecast 172

RBagTuk/ \t ¬cMNay¦ unforeseen RBwtþikarN_ event RBwtþin½y rW RBwtþn½y fait(s) accompli(s) RBwtþn½y/ tam de facto, karRKb;RKg ~ de facto management

RBwtþib½Rt bulletin RBwtþib½RtB½t’man newsletter RBwT§ikmµ illegal interest, usury RBwT§ikr ¬GñkykkarR)ak;x<s;hYsehtu¦ usurer

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

RBYy)armÖ/ kar n. concern éRBkarBar/ tMbn; protected forest areas éRBKub coupe-forest, felling area éRBeQI forest, éRBeQI GaceFVIGaCIvkmµ)an

Psþútag proof, evidence, ~ TTYlyk)an admissible evidence

PsþútagekþA² smoking gun PsþúPar logistics PaKkmµ (equity) participation, stake,

operable forest

éRBeQI/ karkab; deforestation éRBlicTwk flooded forest éRBsm,Tan forest concession RBMEdnKy customs frontier RBMEdnénkarTTYlxusRtUv limit of liability RBHraCGaCJa prosecutor

sharing

PaKeRcIn majority PaKeRcIndac;xat/ sMelg ¬e)aHeqñat¦ absolute majority vote

PaKeRcInedayeFob/ sMelg ¬)ansMelgeRcInCag ebkçCnmñak;eTot¦ relative majority vote PaKtic minority PaKTunki ³ capital contributor, shareholder, ~ man\T§iBl influencial shareholder PaKEbg denominator (fraction) PaKyk numerator (fraction) PaKry percentage PaKlaP dividend PaKh‘un/ Gñkman stakeholder PaKh‘unEdlTTYlPaKlaPeRkayeK deferred

P PNÐaKar department store PNÐaKar ¬m> XøaMg¦ warehouse Ptik³ ¬m> GñkCYlBIeK¦ renter Ptikar wage-earner PtibtI ¬m> GñkCYleGayeK¦ person who rents out sth

Ptisnüa n. lease (with a contract) P½nþRcLM/ kar confusion, aberration P½nþRcLM/ gay confusing P½BVénCMerIs chance of selection P½yep¥Il/ kar panic, ~ xaghirBaØvtßú

PaKh‘unEdlmantMélenApSarh‘unesµIKñanwgtMél cuHelIsnøwkb½NÑPaKh‘un share at par PaKh‘unRtYtRta/ mancMENk to have a controlling interest (have more than 50% of total share of a company)

PaKh‘unsamBaØ common stock, equities PaK\NTanxagelI upper credit tranche

financial panic

PvnIyPaB probability 173

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

PaKI ¬énkic©snüa¦ party (to the contract) PaKIcuHkic©snüa contracting party PaKITTYlsar\NTan accredited party PaKITIbI third party Parkic© duty, Cab; ~ duty bound Parkic© task, epþatelI ~ task-oriented PUKBÖsaRsþ geology PUtKamsaRsþ ¬karsikSaBIrukçCati¦ botany PUtKamGnam½y phytosanitary PUmiviTüaesdækic© economic geography ePaK³ possession ePaCnIydæanGaharrh½s fast-food restaurant ePaCP½NÐ ¬m> mðÚbGahar¦ food items P¢ab;katBVkic© binding Pñak;gar agent Pñak;garTTYlkMéreCIgsar commission agent Pñak;garnavacr shipping agent Pñak;garrksuCI lY ¼lk; GclnRTBü estate agent Pøam² adj. prompt, karRbKl; ~ prompt delivery, karTUTat; ~ immediate/prompt

centralised record, esdækic© mCÄkar¼

RbmUlpþúM centralised economy mCÄdæan milieu mCÄdæanGñkKaMRT constituency mCÄtþkmµ arbitrage, KN³kmµkar ~ arbitration committee

mCÄtþkr arbiter mCÄtþkr ¬xagBaNiC¢kmµ¦ arbitrator mCÄtþkar/ eFVI v. arbitrate mCÄtþvinicä½y arbitration mCÄnikCn n. moderate mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³¬rW ]bnisS½y¦ vocational training centre

mCÄwm central, rdæ)al ~ central administration

mNÐlkMsanþ entertainment centre mNÐle)aHeqñat constituency mti opinion, karsÞg; ~ opinion poll mtipþaMepJI recommendation mtþnkmµ ¬m> eRCIs/ kar¦ selection mtþb,maN ¬m> GRtamrN³¦

payment

mortality/death rate

annual growth rate

mFüm average, tMél¼éføedIm ~ average cost, GRtakMeNIn ~ RbcaMqñaM average mFüm ¬TMhM/ KuNPaB>>>¦ medium (size,

mcävb,kmµ pisciculture mCÄkar centralisation, kMNt;Rta ~

grade...)

mFüm ¬sßiti¦ mean, ~ nBVnþ arithmetic 174

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

mean, ~ FrNImaRt geometric mean

mFümPaK average, mean, ~ smta weighted average

mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi/ sBaØab½Rt baccalaureate (degree)

meFüa)ay means, ~ dwkCBa¢Ún means of transport, ~ plitkmµ means of production

mnsikar conscience, Edlman ~ conscientious

mnusSCati humanity mnusSFm’ n. & adj. 1. humanity 2. humanitarian, GgÁkar ~ humanitarian organisation

mnusSniym humanism mnusSsaRsþ anthropology menaKmviC¢a ideology m®nþI officer m®nþIRkbx½NÐ civil servant, government

mrNPaB/ R)ak;bMNac; death in service benefit mrNPaB/ sMbuRt death certificate mrtk heritage, inheritance mrtksasn_ testament, will mhnþrayenAsmuRT casualty at sea mhnþraybgáedaymnusS man-made disaster mhavinas cataclysm mhasnñi)at general meeting mhaGnutMbn;emKgÁ Greater Mekong Sub-region mhicäta rW karR)afñad¾elIslub ambition m:ak ¬TMnij¦ brand m:aRkU macro-, m:aRkUesdækic© macroeconomics m:aXItTIg¼karrkTIpSar marketing m:aCIn¼rwm margin, m:aCInUbnIykmµ marginalisation

m:aCin¼kMrit énR)ak;cMeNjsuT§ net profit margin (NPM)

m:al;Tusniym Malthusianism m:asuInebIkR)ak;sV½yRbvtþi

cadre

m®nþIcuHbBa¢I ¬Gñkkan;kab;bBa¢I¦ registrar m®nþIe)aHeqñat electoral official m®nþIraCkar public servant, ~ sIuvil civil

ATM (automatic teller machine)

mat;Rck n. gateway, ~ TUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati international communication gateway

matika content matika ¬fvika¦ line item (budget) matuPUminivtþn_ repatriation maRtdæan scale (of map), esdækic© ~

servant

m®nþIesuIbGegátBIkartv:a ¬cMeBaHsßab½nrdæ b¤ GgÁkarFM²¦ ombudsman mmajwk/ em:ag rush hour mmal rW karmmal hallucination

economies of scale

175

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

maRta article, provision (law) mankalkMNt; ¬enAGnaKt¦ forward, karRbKl; ~ forward delivery, éfølk; ~

minTan;sresr blank (paper) minR)akd/ PaB uncertainty, incertitude minpøas;bþÚr/ PaB consistency minEmnksikmµ/ kargar non-agricultural or

forward price

mankUn/ PaB fertility, GRtamankUn fertility

non-farm employment

minerobry/ vis½y informal sector minlMeGog/ PaB impartiality minl¥ adj. adverse minsmRsb inappropriate, unsuitable, CMnYy ~ inappropriate aid minsuT§/ PaB impurity minesµIKña adj. inequal minGacsgbMNul)an/ PaB insolvency minGMeNaypl adj. unfavourable, adverse, ktþa ~ adverse factor misSPaK ¬m> sµúKsaµj¦ complex, misSPaB

rate

manex©aH/ PaB imperfection manCMgWeFVIeGaysøab;/ PaB morbidity mantMélGnuvtþ binding maneTAmanmk/ PaB reciprocity manvKÁmanesñI/ skmµPaBesdækic© concerted economic action

manRsab;/ Edl existing, rcnasm<½n§ ~ existing structure

mabnkmµ ¬m> begáIt/ kar¦ creation, establishment

micäaelx ¬m> el¥óg/ elxel¥óg¦ error mincuHsMrug/ PaB incompatibility mincUlCaRkumh‘un un-incorporated mincUlbkSsm½<n§/ clna non-aligned

complexity

movement

minCak;lak; indefinite, non-specific minTTYlRBm/ kar default of acceptance minTak;Tg/ Edl irrelevant minTan;qøgKy/ TMnij uncleared goods minTan;edaHRsay ¬vivaT¦ unsettled (dispute) minTan;rk)an/ kMér unearned fees minTan;sg ¬bMNul¦ unsettled (debt) 176

mIRkUCIv³ micro biology mIRkUesdækic© microeconomics mIRkUhirBaØvtßú micro-finance mIRkU\NTan micro-credit mux ¬TMnij¦ item muxgar function muxCMnYjFnaKar banking muxTMnijkñúgXøaMg stock lines muxrbr occupation

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

muxviC¢aFnaKar banking muFaPaBénBn§Gakr ¬m> elIkElgBn§/ kar¦ tax exemption

mun pre-, ~ vibtþi pre-crisis mun preceding, qñaM ~ preceding year m:Ud fashion, mode m:UDIl module m:Um:g; momentum m:UypÁt;pÁg;CaRbcaM usual supplier mUldæan local, GaCJaFr ~ local authority mUldæan/ Kµan adj. unfounded mUldæan/ Ca basic, kic©RBmeRBog ~ basic agreement, karRsavRCav ~ basic research mUldæan/ plitpl staple product mUldæanRKwH foundation mUldæanTinñn½y database mUlFn capital, ~ Edl)anGnuBaØat authorised capital, ~ p¥wb frozen capital, ~ Edl)anbg; paid in capital

mUlFnkmµ/ eFVI v. capitalise mUlFnniym capitalism mUlFn)ancuHeQµaH subscribed capital mUlFn)ancuHbBa¢I ¬CapøÚvkar¦ registered

mUlFnpw¥b rW mUlFnbBaÄb; frozen capital mUlFnPavUnIykmµ capitalisation mUlFnminTan;ehA ¬[bg;¦ uncalled capital mUlFnik capitalist mUlniFi foundation mUlniFi fund, RbB½n§KNenyü ~ fund accounting systems, TIPñak;garpþl; ~ funding agency, lMhUr ~ fund flow, smtulü ~ fund balance mUlniFidak;snSMbMrug sinking fund mUlniFibeBaØI fund held in trust mUlniFibdiPaK counterpart fund mUlniFibMrug reserve fund mUlniFipþúM block fund mUlniFipÞal;suT§ ¬RTBüskmµKittamtMélBitelI TIpSar ehIydkbMNulcrnþ¦ net worth mUlniFiBaNiC¢kmµ n. goodwill mUlniFimrtk ¬mUlniFiRKb;RKgedayRbtisiT§iCn sMrab;GtßKahk¦ trust fund mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati International Monetary Fund (IMF)

mUlniFsi rM ab;cnM aybnþci bnþcÜ petty-cash fund mUlb½Rt securities, pSar ~ securities market mUlb,Tanb½NÑ cheque card mUlb,TanbR½t cheque, ~ KµanR)ak;kñúgKNnI¼ KµanR)ak; dishonoured/bouncing/dud/

capital

mUlFn)anbg;CMrH paid-up capital mUlFn)anehA ¬)anbg;cUlRkumh‘unehIy¦ called-up capital 177

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

rubber cheque, ~ cMh blank cheque, ~ qUt crossed cheque, esovePA ~ cheque book, ~ KµanqUt uncrossed cheque, ~ qUt

Biess cheque crossed specially, ~ Kµan eQµaH bearer cheque or cheque to bearer, ~ eTscrN_ traveller’s cheque, ~ minTan; dak;cUlKNnIFnaKar unbanked cheque mUlb,TanbR½t r:ab;rgedayFnaKar¼FanacMnay

emFavI lawyer, barrister (British) em:Akar/ Gñk contractor em:Akarbnþ v. subcontract, Gñk ~ subcontractor

emaX³ void, null and void, eFVI[eTACa ~ v. nullify emaX³/ cat;TukCa v. invalidate emaXkmµ annulment, nullification emaXPaB nullity m©as; owner, ~ dI land owner m©as;/ PaBCa ownership m©as;kmµsiT§i owner m©as;kmµsiT§irYmKña co-owner,

certified cheque

mUlmti/ kar consensus mUlvicarN_ appreciation mYyPaKbYn quarter, ~ TI2énstvtSr_TI7 2nd quarter of 7th century

emIlxusRtUvelI/ kar oversight emIleXIj/ Gac adj. visible emIlgay/ kar contempt emIlmineXIj adj. invisible, BaNiC¢kmµ ~

co-proprietor, joint owner

m©as;kar/ PaB self-reliance m©as;karxaghirBaØvtßú/ PaB financial selfsufficiency

m©as;KNnIcrnþ current-account holder m©as;dI¼pÞH ¬EdlCYleGayeK¦ landlord m©as;bMNul creditor m©as;bMNulGuIb:UEtk mortgagee m©as;hag ¬tUc²¦ storekeeper,

invisible trade

emIlrMlg overlook em/ Rkumh‘un parent company em/ fvika master budget emkar foreman emekIy patron emRkum ¬Cag/ kmµkr¦ foreman emxül; popular leader emKuN multiplier emKuNbMErbMrYl coefficient of variation

shopkeeper

mþgehIymþgeTot recurrent, cMNay ~ recurrent expenditure

mðÚbGahar food, snÞsSn_éfø ~ food price index

178

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

y ykkMBs;/ kar grandstanding ykKMrUtag v. sample ykKMrtU ag/ kar sampling, ~ KµanRsTab; unstratified sampling, ~ eRcIndMNak; multistage sampling, ~ tamkEnøg spacial sampling, ~ tamkUta quota sampling, ~ tameKaledA purposive sampling, ~ elIs over-sampling, ~ saCafµI resampling ykKMrtU agCaRbB½n/§ kar systematic sampling, ~ vil circular systematic sampling ykcUl bring in (assets as investment) ykecjmk/ kar ¬Er:¦ extraction yktaméføTMnij/ éfødwkCBa¢Ún ad valorem freight

ykmkKit take into account ykvijnUv/ kar ¬sMviFanFn>>>kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦ write-back (of provisions...)

yfaRkm/ Ca ¬m> CaRbB½n§¦ systematic yfaTsSn_ perspective yfaRbePT specification yfapl adj. extensive, ksikmµ ~

ynþkmµ/ ynþtUbnIykmµ mechanisation ynþkar mechanism, ~ sV½yEktMrUv selfregulating mechanism, ~ TUTat; payment mechanism

ynþehaHCYldwkBiess ¬eCIgehaHehIrmin eTogTat;¦ charter plane ynþehaHCMnYj commercial aircraft yl;eXIj/ kar view yl; RcLM¼xus/ kar misunderstanding yl;dwgtameRkay ¬RBwtþikarN_¦/ kar hindsight

yl;dwgmun/ kar foresight yl;dwgl¥/ kar good understanding yl;)an/ Edl intelligible yl;RBm/ kar approval, agreement yl;Rsb/ min v. disagree yan vehicle, ~ ynþ motor vehicle yIeha brand name yWt/ PaB elasticity, ~ énkarpÁt;pÁg; nig tMrUvkar elasticity of supply and demand yWty:av/ kar delay, karRbKl;yWty:av delay in delivery

yWty:avkñúgkarsgbMNul to be in arrears yutþikmµ/ eFVI v. justify, kar ~ KMerag

extensive agriculture

yfaPaB 1. authenticity 2. contingency yfaPUt/ lixit authentic deed/act yfaehtu eventuality

justification of a project

yutþiFm’ ¬rW edayyutþiFm’¦ fair yutþiFm’/ min unfair 179

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

yutþiFm’sgÁm social justice yutþaFikar jurisdiction yuT§nakar campaign, ~ lk;dUr sales

rksMKal; v. identify, ebskkmµ ~ identification mission

campaign

yuTP§ N ½ Ð ordnance, ~ minTan;pÞúH unexploded ordnances

yuT§viFIGaCIvkmµ business tactics yuTs§ aRsþ strategy, ~ ctuekaN rectangular strategy, Gñk ~ rW ~ viTU strategist yuT§saRsþ/ Ca strategic, tMrUvkar ~ strategic needs yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk National

rkSa/ kar conservation rkSaTuk/ kar keeping, custody rkSaTuk/ R)ak;cMeNj retained earnings rkSaTukkñúgédttIyCn/ Edl in escrow rkSaTukenAXøaMgKy/ TMnij goods (held) in bond

rkSaTukbuKÁlik/ kar ¬kMueGayeKecjBIGgÁPaB¦ retention of staff

rkSasiT§i copyright rgVan; n. reward, award, ~ mkBIeRkA extrinsic reward, pþl; ~ v. reward rgVas; measuring tools, measure rcnatak;Etg v. design, kar ~ n. design rcnasm<½n§ structure, ~ cat;taMg organisational structure, ~ nItibBaØtþi legislative structure, ~ sßab½nFnaKar

Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS)

yuT§saRsþpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦ promotional strategy

yuvv½y/ RsTab; young people eynD½r gender eyageTA carried forward (accounting) eyagmk brought forward (accounting) eyaFPUmiPaK military region eyaFa ¬kgT½B¦ military eyaFin ¬mnusS¦ soldier, military eyabl; opinion

structure of banking institutions

rcnasm<½n§RKYsarsñÚl ¬«BukmþaynigkUn¦ nuclear-family structure

rc¢³stV¼BBYkstV fauna rC¢eTyücMNUl excise tax revenues rdUv season, tam ~ seasonal rdUvkal/ tam rW manlkçN³rdUvkal adj.

r rkeXIj/ kar finding rkemIlTMnij ¬éfø/ KuNPaB>>>edIm,ITij¦ shop

seasonal

rdUvs¶b;skmµPaB ¬]> rdUvlk;TMnijminsUvdac;¦

around

dead season 180

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

rdæEdlKitKUreRcInBIkargarsgÁmkic© welfare

rbs;)anBIkarRbmUl ¬BIGKÁIP½y/ navalic>>>¦

state

salvage

rdæFmµnuBaØ constitution rdæ)al administration, cMNay ~ administrative expenses, GgÁPaBesdækic©

rbs;Gt;RbeyaCn_ useless thing, junk rbs;eGtcay scraps, junk r)ab; ¬karrab;¦ census r)ay n. distribution, ~ KMrUtag distribution of sample, ~ vismFn unequal wealth

~ administrative-economic entity

rdæ)alsaFarN³ public administration rdæpþac;mux national monopoly rdæshRKin corporate state rdæGMNac ¬m> GaCJaFr¦ authority rdæaPi)alm©as;pÞH host government rdæaPi)alsMrab;RKb;RKgbeNþaHGasnñ

distribution

r)aykarN_ report, statement, account, ~ KNnI statement of account, ~ RbcaM Ex¼ qñaM monthly/annual report, ~ Tij¼lk;TMnij account purchases/sales, ~ FnaKar bank statement, ~ erITMnij cargo outturn report, ~ sþIBIRbeTs country report rbYs n. ¬pøÚvkay rW pøÚvcitþ¦ trauma rebog corridor, ~ esdækic© economic

caretaker government

rtnvtßú 1. jewels, jewelry, precious stones 2. cash, liquid assets

rtnakr n. treasurer rtnaKar treasury, b½NÑ ~ treasury bill

corridor

(short term: less than one year) or treasury bond (long term)

rebob mode rebobcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK single entry

rtnaKarCati State Treasury rt;Bn§ v. smuggle, kar ~ smuggling, Gñk

(accounting)

rebobrbbminl¥ malpractice rebobrs;enA lifestyle rebobvar³ agenda r)aMg barrier, ~ Bn§Ky customs/tariff barrier, ~ minEmnBn§Ky non-tariff barriers ( NTBs), dkr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ lift

~ smuggler

rt;Bn§/ TMnij smuggled goods, contraband

rbkKMehIj finding rbb regime, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial regime rbs;xUcKuNPaB spoilage rbs;Fana surety

trade barrier

181

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

rmNIydæan resort, kEnøg ~ rW mNÐlkMsanþ

loan

rab;bBa©Úl v. include, kar ~ inclusion, Edl ~ adj. inclusive raymuxTMnij/ kar description of goods rIkcMerIn/ kar advancement rIkduHdaly:agrh½s boom, vis½ykMBug ~

ry³eBlRtUvsgkMcIvij payback period ry³eBlRbmUlbMNulCamFüm average

spreading, escalation

resort site

ry³eBl period, ~ RbmUlTun)anvij rW ~ Rsg;edIm payback period ry³eBlxøI short term, kMcI ~ short term

booming sector

rIkraldal/ kar ¬TMnas;¦ spread, rIksay/ kar ¬cMnYn¦ proliferation rwgkMRBws/ PaB inflexibility rwtt,itcMNay v. squeeze expenditure rwbGUs ¬ykRTBü¦ v. confiscate, seize, kar ~ seizure rwbGUskmµsiT§iGclnvtßúdak;Fana foreclose a

collection period (ACP)

ry³eBlmFüm medium-term, kMcI ~ medium-term loan

ry³eBlEvg long-term, bMNul ~ longterm liabilities

rlUn adj. smooth, dMeNIrkar ~ smooth operation

rlUn/ PaB coherence rlUnKña/ Edl harmonised rlM v. founder rs;)an/ PaBGac viability, survivability, ~ xaghirBaØvtßú financial survivability rs;revIk lively, TIpSarmanskmµPaB ~ lively

mortgage v.

rwbGUsCasm,tþirdæ/ RtUv)an forfeited to the government

rWLaTIvIet¼PaBGacERbRbYl relativity rukrk/ kar exploration, ~ eRbgkat oil exploration

rukçCati plant, flora rukçvb,kmµ silviculture rukçsaRsþ forestry ruaMér: chronic, PaBGt;kargareFVIraMuér: chronic

market

rs;revIk/ PaBmin inflexibility resIb/ bBaða sensitive issue resIb/ PaB sensitivity rehadæanIykmµ desertification ragcal/ krNImin case of recidivism raCkic© ¬esovePA¦ Official Gazette

unemployment

rUb ¬TMnij¦ brand rUbFatu/ KNenyü physical accounts rUbPaBTUeTA profile (i.e of a company) 182

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

rUbvnþ physical, ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ~ physical

rUbiyvtßúniym monetarism rUbiyvtßúnIykmµ monetarisation, ~ én»nPaB

infrastructure

rUbvivtþn_ n. mutation rUbsBaØa logo rUbiybdiePaK ¬m> cMNarxñg¦ rUbiybdiePaKI ¬m> carxñg¬Éksar¦/ Gñk¦ rUbiyb½NÑ foreign exchange rUbiyb½NÑxøaMg hard currency rUbiymaRta legal tender rUbiyvtßú currency, ~xøaMg hard currency, ~ exSay soft currency rUbiyvtßú money, ~ cracr money in circulation, esdækic© ~ money economy, pSar ~ money market, ~ elIstulüPaB monetary overhang, TMnukcitþelI ~ monetary confidence, neya)ay ~

monetarisation of the deficit

rUbiyvtßéú nkic©snüa currency of the contract rUbiyvtßúbreTs foreign currency rUbiyvtßúepSg² quasi-money rUbiyvtßúminGacbþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦)an inconvertible currency

rUbiyvtßúykmkKitKUr currency of account rUbiyvtßúGacbþÚrykrUbiyvtßúepSg)an convertible currency

rUbiyaNtþi bill/letter of exchange rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar ¬lixitbBa¢aeGayFnaKar ebIkR)ak;¦ bank draft rUbiyaNtþikMNt;ry³eBlxøI short bill rUbiyaNtþiEdlRtUv)anbdiesF dishonoured bill of exchange

rUbiyaNtþibgðaj sight bill (payable at

monetary policy

rUbiyvtßú rW R)ak;Rkdas fiduciary currency rUbiyvtßú M1 money M1 rUbiyvtßú¼mUlniFi Gacpþl;eGay)anPøam²

sight)

rUbI adj. tangible/ RTBüskmµ ~ rW RTBü ~ tangible assets

money (or funds) at call

rUbiyvtßúTijlk;)anedayesrI ¬rdæKµandak;kMhit RtYtRta¦ free currency rUbiyvtßúTUTat; payment currency, account currency

rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2) total liquidity (M2) rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs; monetary aggregate 183

rYceTas/ PaB impunity rYcBn§/ Edl duty-free, TMnijrYcBn§ duty free goods

rYcBn§/ eGay v. waive tax rYbrYmKña adj. united rYbrYmKña/ kar cohesion rYm adj. collective, ksidæan ~ collective

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

farm, kmµsiT§i ~ collective ownership

Er:cMraj; mineral concentrate érGgÁas v. raise, ~ mUlniFi raise fund érGgÁasmUlniFi/ kar fund raising eraKvinicä½y n. diagnosis eraKsBaØ symptom eragcRk factory, plant eragCag workshop rMkil/ Epnkar rolling plan rMj½r vibration rMxan/ kar disturbance, ~ edaysMelg

rYmKña ¬karTTYlxusRtUv¦ joint, karTTYl xusRtUv ~ nigerog²xøÜn joint and several liability

rYmKñaCaFøúgmYy unified as one rYmcMENk v. participate rYmEtmYy unified rYmviPaKTan v. contribute rYmsM)ac;/ kar cohesion erITMnij/ kar unloading of goods erIb/ kar ¬esdækic©¦ recovery (economy) erIseGIg/ kar discrimination, ~ kñúgkarkMNt;éfø price discrimination erIseGIg/ Edlmin non-discriminatory erOgkþI lawsuit erobcMtamlMdab; ¬Éksar¦ v. collate erobcMtMelIg/ kar installation, cMNay pÁMútMelIg installation cost erobcMeLIgvij/ kar reorganisation erobcMeLIgvij/ kMcI)an ¬BnüaeBlsg¦

noise disturbance

rMBwgTuk ¬rW Edl ~¦ expected, R)ak;cMeNj ~ expected profit,

eBlevla ~ expected time

rMBwgTuk/ karFøak;cuHmin unexpected fall rMBwgsmehtupl/ kar rational expectation rMePIbcitþ/ bMNgTijeday emotional buying motive

rMls; depreciation rMls;fyCalMdab;/ viFI declining balance method of depreciation

rMls;bgçM/ viFIKit accelerated depreciation

restructured loan

erobtamlMdab; v. sort erobry formal, vis½y ~ formal sector erobrab;dUcxageRkam/ man undermentioned erxUbnIykmµ digitalised, esdækic© ~ digitalised economy

Er:/ karyk rW GaCIvkmµEr: mining

method

rMls;bMNul n. amortisation of a debt rMls;mUlFn capital amortisation rMls;esµPI aK/ viFI straight-line depreciation method

rMlay/ kar ¬Rkumh‘un¦ dissolution, liquidation, winding-up

184

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Economic Lexicon Part 2

rMlaybBa©ÚlKña/ kar ¬Rkumh‘unBIr rW eRcIn¦ merger rMlwk/ lixit ¬]> eGaymkbg;Bn§¦ reminder letter

rMElkGMNac v. delegate power rMelaP ¬c,ab;>>¦ v. violate rMelaPykdI/ kar land encroachment rMelaPsiTi§CaÉkCn/ kar invasion of privacy rMelaPesckþITukcitþ/ kar abuse of fiduciary rMsay v. ¬kgT½B¦ demobilise raMgxÞb;\T§iBl v. counterbalance raMgsÞH/ PaB bottleneck

l lk; v. sell, ~ xat sell at a loss, ~ edjéfø sell at auction, ~ eCO sell on credit lk; rW sMrab;lk; ¬BaküsresrelIpøakRbkas¦

lk;eCO/ kar sale on credit, credit sale lk;dac;tamkic©snüaRtwmRtUv/ kar firm sale lk;dac;bMput/ esovePA best seller lk;dMu/ kar wholesale, éfølk;dMu wholesale price

lk;dMu/ Gñk wholesaler lk;)anéfø ¬elIsFmµta¦/ Edl at a premium lk;efakCag v. undercut (somebody’s price), undersell

lk;bgçÚcéfø/ kar dumping, Bn§Tb;Tl;nwg ~ dumping duty

lk;plitplelITIpSar v. market a product lk;minecj/ Edl unmarketable lk;ykCasac;R)ak;/ kar cash sale lk;ykR)ak;Pøam/ kar cash down sale (can be paid in cash or cheque but not credit card)

lk;y:aggay/ Gac marketable lk;ray v. sell retail lk;ray/ GaCIvkmµ¼BaNiC¢kmµ retail-trade

for sale

lk;¼Tij edayTUTat;sgbNþak;/ kar instalment sales credit or instalment plan buying

business

lk;/ kar sale lk;/ Gñk seller, vendor lk;eRkamtMél ¬edIm¦ v. sell below cost,

lk;ray/ Gñk retailer lk;elITIpSar v. market lk;LayLúgbegðIysþúk/ kar clearance sale lk;LayLúgmuneFVIsareBIP½NÐ/ kar ¬edIm,I[ RsLHXøaMg¦ stocktaking sale lk;eGaysgbNþak;/ kar sale on

undersell

lk;eRkayeBlkS½yFn/ RbmUl v. sell up lk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ kar cash discount 185

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

lkçN³TUeTA/ kareFVI[man generalisation lkçN³vinicä½y criteria, criterion lkçN³sm,tþi qualification lkçN³sMKal; feature lkçnþik³ charter, statute, articles of

instalment plan

lkçxNÐ

clause, ~ énkic©snüa clause of a contract

lkçxNÐ condition, ~ eFVIkargar working condition, ~ begáItkatBVkic© condition precedent, ~ bBa©b;katBVkic© condition

association (UK), by-laws (US)

subsequent

lkçxNÐ terms, ~ FUrRsal easy terms, ~ énkic©snüa terms of a contract, ~ TUTat; terms of payment, ~ eyag ¬sMrab;epÞógpÞat;¦ terms of reference, ~ lk; terms of sale lkçxNÐ/ PaBman conditionality lkçxNÐ/ edayman conditional, karTTYl RBm ~ conditional acceptance lkçxNÐxanmin)an sine qua non condition lkçxNÐtwgEtg harsh conditions lkçxNÐTUTat;gayRsYl easy terms of

lT§kmµ acquisition, procurement, eFVI ~ v. acquire

payment

lT§PaBeTAdl; rW pøÚveTAdl; access lT§PaBeFVIdMeNIrtamsmuRT seaworthiness lT§PaB)aneRbIR)as; access lT§PaBsgbMNul solvency lT§iRbCaFibetyüesrIBhubkS liberal

lkçxNÐFmµCati natural condition lkçxNÐmantaMgBImun pre-existing condition

lkçxNÐsgGnueRKaH soft repayment terms lkçxNÐesdækic© economic conditions lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clause

lT§kmµBl ¬m> GMNacTij¦ purchasing power

lT§pl result, outcome, performance lT§pl/ karKµan non-performance lT§pl/ EdlKitBI adj. pragmatic lT§plkargar/ kareFVIcMNat;fñak; performance rating

lT§plrkeXIj finding lT§PaB/ Edlx<s;hYs prohibitive (i.e price or value)

democracy and pluralism or liberal multi-party democracy

lubbMNul ¬ecjBIbBa¢I¦ v. write off a debt lak;elom v. conceal, karlak;elom

lkçxNÐ\NTan credit terms lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ MFN

concealment

(Most Favoured Nation clause) 186

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

lagluykxVk;/ kar money laundering lanlan/ mYy one trillion laPkar remuneration, pþl; ~ v. remunerate lay combine laycMruHKña heterogeneous laylkçN_GkSr/ Ca written, in writing laElgBItMENg/ kar resignation lixit letter, note, ~ ecj outgoing letter, ~ CUndMNwg advice note, ~ bBa¢ÚnTMnij dispatch note, ~ \NTan¼ \NBn§ credit/debit note

lixitKaMRTRKwHsßansaxa ¬kñúgkarrkx©IR)ak;¦ letter of comfort

lixitqøgEdn passport lixiteqøIyqøgGaCIvkmµ business correspondence

lixitCUndMNwgkarRbmUlR)ak;

lixitTarR)ak; debt-collection letter lixitbTdæan ¬m> bTbBa¢a¦ regulations lixitbBa¢ak;eKalbMNg letter of intent lixitbBa¢ak;faKµaneTas letter of nonconviction

lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij shipping note lixitebIkpøÚv laissez-passer lixitbMNul debenture lixitbþÚrykR)ak; ¬eBlbgðajFnaKar¦ demand bill/draft

lixitRbkas declaration, return, ~ sareBI Bnæ tax declaration/return, ~ sareBIBn§ EdlKµanbMNulBn§RtUvbg; nil return lixitRbKl;TMnij ¬eGayeTAGtifiCnCamYyKña nwgTMnij¦ delivery note lixitepÞrsiT§i rW lixitRbKl;siT§i letter/power /warrant of attorney

collection advice

lixitCUndMNwgbBa¢nÚ TMnij dispatch/shipment/ forwarding advice

lixiteCOTukcitþ trust letter lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;tulakar¦ judicial

lixitpøas;bþÚr ¬m> rUbiyaNtþi¦ bill of exchange lixitsYrB½t’man letter of inquiry lixitGnuBaØat certificate/letter of approval

lixitebskkmµ mission letter lixitGnuBaØat permit, licence, ~ sagsg; building permit, ~ naMecj¼naMcUl export/import permit, ~ eGayeFIVkar ¬sMrab;CnbreTs¦ work permit lixitGnuBaØatBITIcat;karKy customs permit

records

lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;b:UlIs¦ copy of the police record

lixitEføgsc©a ¬GHGagsc©PaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;¦ affidavit

lixitTTYlCMBak; IOU (I owe you) 187

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© PaKTI 2

Economic Lexicon Part 2

lixitGmÉksar covering letter (GB), cover letter (US)

lixit\NTan letter of credit, ~ Edl)an TTYlsÁal; acceptance letter of credit lixit]eTÞsnam ¬GñktMNag¦ designation letter

lixitUbkrN_cUlCaPaKI instrument of accession

lixitUbkrN_sMrab;Kahk bearer instrument/ paper

licTwk adj. inundated, éRB ~ inundated forest

lukluy/kar invasion lubecal v. abolish lubecal v. cancel, ~ karbBa¢aTij cancel/ withdraw an order, karlubecal cancellation lubecalkic©snüa rescind v. a contract lubvij)an/ sar\NTanGac revocable letter of credit

luy money, karlagluykxVk; money laundering

luyekþA

hot money (money moving from one country to another to get best interests...)

luyRkdas paper money lUtlas;/ kar growth, development lYc\v:an;kñúghag/ kar shoplifting

elIkdak; ¬TMnij¦/ kar handling (goods) elIkdak;TMnijecjcUlk)a:l/; kar stevedoring elIkTwkcitþ/ kar encouragement elIkTwkcitþ/ eRKÓg¼kar incentive, ~ vinieyaK investment incentive elIkTwkcitþ/ R)ak; incentive bonus elIkElg/ kar exemption, waiver, ~ Bn§ tax exemption

elIkElgeTas/ kar amnesty elIkvarkal v. adjourn elIksÞÜy/ kar enhancement elIs v. exceed elIs adj. excess, GIv:an; ~ TMgn; ¬CiHynþehaH¦ excess luggage

elIs ¬tMrUvkarplit¦/ smtßPaB ~ overcapacity, excess capacity

elIslb;/ PaKeRcIn overwhelming majority elx/ karecH numeracy elxna entry (accounting), ~ biTbBa¢I closing entries, ~ pÁúM compound entry, ~ samBaØ simple entry elxnabRBa©as rW elxnabdiPaK ¬edIm,IlubecalnUv elxnamun¦ contra entry, counterpart entry elxsMKal;pÞal;xøÜn Personal Identification Number (PIN)

elxharI messenger elxGtþsBaØaNbuKÁl Personal 188

Economic Lexicon Part 2

lMhUrecj outflow lMhUrelOnecjmUlFn flight of capital lMhUrsac;R)ak; cash flow, r)aykarN_ ~ cash flow statement, karviPaK ~ cash flow analysis, ~ viC¢man positive cash flow lMGit adj. detailed, bTbBa¢a ~ detailed

Identification Number (PIN)

elxaFikar secretary, GKÁ ~ secretary general, rdæ ~ secretary of state elxaFikardæan secretariat elgEl,gTijdUrsnøwkh‘un gamble on the stock exchange

élEck v. allocate, FnFanEdl)an ~

instruction

allocated resources

lMeGog bias, \t ~ unbiased, ~ kñúgcMelIy response bias, ~ énkar)a:n;sµan estimation bias, ~ ykKMrUtag sampling bias lMeGog/ PaB ¬kñúgkarCYyKaMRT¦ partiality lMeGog/ min impartial lHbg; ¬siT§i/ kartv:a>>>¦ give up or waive

élEck/ kar allocation, ~ KMrUtag sample allocation, ~ smamaRt proportional allocation

lMdab;éf¶Ex/ tam chronological order lMnwg equilibrium, éfø ~ equilibrium price lMnwg/ PaBKµan disequilibrium lMenA domicile, ~ edIm domicile of origin, man ~ pøÚvkarenAkm<úCa domiciled in Cambodia lMnaM pattern, ~ vilpøas;bþÚrKña patern of rotation, ~ esdækic© economic pattern lM)ak difficult, hard lMhUr flow lMhUrKMhukcUl influx lMhUrcUl inflow, ~ BIbreTs ¬CMnYy/ rUbiyb½NÑ>>>¦ foreign inflows 189

(right, claim...)

el,Is n. excess el,Óncracr velocity of circulation, ~ rUbiyvtßú velocity of money lµm ¬]> minefakminéfø¦ adj. moderate elµIs ¬c,ab;/ kic©snüa¦ v. infringe, kar ~ infringement

Economic Lexicon Part 2

unlawful means

elµIsvin½y/ kar breach of discipline l¥itl¥n; rW briyayy:agl¥itl¥n; elaborate el¥óg error, ~ kñúgkareRCIsKMrUtag sample selection error, ~ kñúgkarvas;Evg error in measurement, ~ b:Hb:UvKña compensating errors, ~ EpñkTsSnaTan conceptual error, ~ ykKMrUtag sampling error

vtßúrwb)an spoils vb,Fm’ culture, ~ rYceTas culture of impunity

v½yekµg/ RbCaCn young people v:arIy:g; variance (statistics), ~ cMelIy Tak;Tin correlated response variance, ~ cMelIysamBaØ simple response variance vaTb,divaT rW vaTRbtivaT controversy vaytMél/ kar appraisal, ~ CnbTedayman karcUlrYm participatory rural appraisal (PRA)

vKÁGnuvtþ workshop vdþ cycle, ~ énPaBRkIRk cycle of poverty, ~ eronsURtedaydkBiesaFn_ experimental learning cycle, ~ esdækic© economic cycle vDÆnPaB progress, ~ smas compound growth

vNÑ³ class, ~ sgÁm social class vNÑ³kNþal ¬rW vNÑ³KhbtI¦ middle class vNÑ³GPiCn nobility vtßúFatuedIm raw material vtßúFatueRbIR)as; consumables vtßúFana/ edayKµan without security vtßúniTÞsSn_ feature vtßúbBa©aM object in pawn, collateral vtßúpÁt;pÁg; supply, provision vtßúmantMél valuables

vaytMél/ kar assessment, ~ PaBRkIRkeday mankarcUlrYm participatory poverty assessment (PPA)

vaytMél/ kar evaluation, ~ KMerag\NTan credit project evaluation, ~ eRkayeBl KMeragcb; ex-post project evaluation, ~ FnFan nigtMrUvkar demand and resource evaluation (DARE)

vaytMéleLIgvij v. reassess, kar ~ reassessment, revaluation

vaynPNÐ textile, ]sSahkmµ ~ textile industry

vaynPNÐ/ TMnij textile, soft goods vaybenßak v. underrate vayBn§/ Gñk ¬m> kMNt;Bn§/ Gñk¦ assessor of taxes

vaysµan/ kar speculation, ~ suT§saF pure 190

Economic Lexicon Part 2

origin, ~ bBa¢ak;BIkEnøgEkécñ certificate of

speculation

varIvb,kmµ aquaculture varIGKÁisnI/ sMNg; hydropower

processing, ~ bBa¢ak;KuNPaB certificate of quality, ~ bBa¢ak;suxPaBl¥ clean bill of

construction

health, ~ BinitüeraKqøg certificate of

vas;)an/ PaBGac measurability vas;EvgPaBmancMeNj/ kar measurement

quarantine, viBaØabnb½RtGnusidæ certificate of registration

of profitability

vikáybRt invoice, bill, ~ kMBugbBa¢Ún bill in transit, ~ Ky customs invoice, ~ dwk CBa¢Únsrub groupage/grouped bill of lading, ~ RtUvsg bill payable, ~ RtUvsg enAeBlbgðaj bill at sight, ~ beNþaHGasnñ pro forma invoice, ~ eGayRbmUlR)ak; bill sent for collection, ~ lk; ¬TMnij¦ sale invoice, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ commercial invoice viC¢man/ CBa¢IgTUTat; positive balance of payments

viC¢aCIv³ adj. professional, esah‘uy ~ professional fees, karrkSasMgat; ~ professional secrecy

vitßarkmµ ¬m> BRgIk/ kar¦ expansion vieTsP½NÐ ¬m> TMnijnaMcUl¦ imports viTüal½y high school, Gnu ~ junior high school

viFan rule, ~ RbugRby½tñ prudential rule viFankar measure, ~ esdækic© economic measure, ~ sareBIBn§ fiscal measure viFankarkarBarplitplkñúgRsuk

viC¢aCIv³esrI liberal profession viC¢anaTIBlrdæ civics viC¢asßanCatisßiti National Institute of

viFanTUeTA/ tam as a general rule viFI method, ~ Tajehtupl deductive

Statistics (NIS)

method

viBaØabnkmµ/ lixit notarial deed viBaØabnb½Rt certficate, ~ TMgn; certificate of weighing, ~ epJIR)ak; certificate of deposit, ~ RbPBedImTMnij certificate of

viFIedaHRsayBIrpøÚv two-track approach viFIsaRsþ approach, ~ CYyxøÜnÉg self-help

protectionist measure

approach

viFIsaRsþ methodology 191

Economic Lexicon Part 2

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbKuNPaB qualitative

bMNul debt crisis vi)ak/ EdlCa consequential vibulPaB prosperity viPaK/ kar analysis, ~ BIéføedIm cost analysis, ~ eRKaHRbeTs country-risk analysis, ~ m:aRkUesdækic© macroeconomic analysis viPaKcMNaynigplcMeNj/ kar cost-benefit analysis, ~ xagsgÁmkic© social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA), ~ xagesdækci © economic cost-benefit analysis (ECBA), ~ hirBaØvtßú

method

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbbrimaN quantitative method

vinicä½y/ kar judgment vinieyaK investment, Gñk ~ investor, GaCJa b½NÑ ~ investment licence, ~ saFarN³ public investment, ~ pÞal;BIbreTs foreign direct investment (FDI)

vinieyaK rW eFVIvinieyaK invest vinieyaK/ kardkTunQb; disinvestment vinieyaKcMruH joint venture vinieyaKCamUlb½Rt ¬PaKh‘unTaMgGs;rbs; vinieyaKinNamñak;¦ portfolio investment vinieyaKbnþ v. ¬vinieyaKR)ak;cMeNjeTAkñúg GaCIvkmµvij¦ reinvest, plough back vinieyaKbnøas; replacement investment vinieyaKbreTs foreign investment vinieyaKmansuvtßiPaBx<s; ¬]> b½NÑrtnaKar¦

financial cost-benefit analysis (FCBA)

viPaKTan contribution, ~ CasMPar³ contribution in kind

viPaKénevTyitPaB sensitivity analysis viPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;Kittamry³eBl discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis

viPaCn_/ R)ak; financial appropriation/ allocation

viPaCn_RKYsar family allowance(s) vimCÄkar decentralisation, GMNac ~ decentralised power, eFVI ~ decentralise viercnkmµ ¬m> visuT§ikmµ¦ purge vivtþn_/ kar evolution, dMeNIkar ~ evolving

gilt-edged investments

vinieyaKrUbvnþ

physical investment (materials, money...)

vinieyaKCah‘un/ kar equity investment vinieyaKeLIgvij v. reinvest vinieyaKin investor vinÞPaB ¬m> cMeNj/ PaBman¦ gain vibtiþ crisis, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial crisis, ~

process

vivnkar ¬m> éRBeQI/ karkab;¦ deforestation vivaT n. dispute, ynþkaredaHRsay ~ dispute settlement mechanism, ~ dIFøI land dispute 192

Economic Lexicon Part 2

visC¢na ¬m> karepJIR)ak;ecj¦ remittance visPaK/ visman heterogenous vismta disequilibrium vismFn/ r)ay unequal wealth distribution vismPaB inequality, ~ énR)ak;cMNUl income inequality

vismamaRt disproportionate, ~ cMnYnsac; R)ak; disproportionate amount of cash vismitPaB incompatibility vishmCÄkar deconcentration vis½y sector, TUTaMg ~ sectorwide, tam ~ sectoral, kMrit ~ sectoral level vis½yminTak;TgnwgRKYsar non-household

evKBl ¬m> el,Óncracr¦ evC¢saRsþ adj. medical, CMnYy ~ medical assistant, GñkCMnYy ~ medical aid, Gñk ~ medic

evTika forum, platform Evgq¶ay/ EdlemIleXIj far-sighted

sector

visaNU ¬m> vIrus¦ virus visamBaØ/ sm½yRbCMu extraordinary session visalPaB scope visuT§ikmµ purge viessanumanviFI ¬m> viFITajehtupl¦ deductive method

viesaFnkmµ amendment (of a law, contract...)

visMBaFesdækic© economic depression vIedGU video vIrus virus, ~ kMuBüÚT½r computer virus vwkvr/ kar upheaval, ~ kñúgsgÁm social

skmµ/ ya:g lively skmµRKb;RKg proactive skmµeT,Ig/ eFVIeGay v. activate skmµRbyuT§ proactive skmµPaB activity, ~ GaCIvkmµ business activity

skçIkmµ proof skçIkmµ/ cMNayman justified expense skçIb½Rt supporting document (accounting)

skçIb½Rt ¬b½NÑcMNay¦ voucher skçIb½RtcuHbBa¢I journal voucher skçIb½Rt\NTan credit slip skþanuBl n. potential

upheaval

193

Economic Lexicon Part 2

skþanuPaB potentiality skþanuPUt adj. potential skþiPUminiym feudalism skþisiT§i effective, PaB ~ effectiveness sg ¬karxUcxat¦ v. pay compensation,

v. depress

sgát;F¶n; v. emphasise sgáat;RkIRk ¬rexkrxak¦ slum, Gñkrs;enAkñúg ~ slum-dwellers

segát v. observe, esckþI ~ observation segát ¬emIl¦/ kar observation segçb/ esckþI ¬GtßbT¦ executive

recompense

sgkarR)ak; v. service a debt sgtambBa¢a v. pay to order sgtambBa¢a adj. payable to order sgbNþak;/ kar ¬]> tamEx¦ payment by

summary

segçbsMrab;eKalneya)ay policy brief sgÁtPaB ¬m> suIKña/ PaB¦ consistency

instalments

sgbNþak;/ R)ak; instalment, RbB½n§ ~ instalment system sg)an payable sgR)ak;CMBak; pay the balance sgR)ak;CMBak;/ kar back payment sgR)ak;bNþak;/ kar deferred payments sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar pay at sight, kar ~ sight payment

sgpþac; redeem, ~ bMNul redeem a debt sgpþac;/ kar redemption, ~ nUvRTBüvinieyaK redemption of investment materials

sgvij v. pay back, refund, reimburse, kar ~ repayment, reimbursement sgvij/ R)ak; repayment, refund sgeGayGñkkan; v. & adj. 1. pay to

sgÁm society, ~ ksikmµ agrarian society, ~ suIvil civil society sgÁmCati nation sgÁmviTüa sociology sgÁhFn mutual fund sgÁhsmaKm mutual societies sRgÁam/ sßanPaBsßitkñúg act of war s®gÁam/ ehtuekIteLIgeday act of war s®gÁamraMuér: protracted war se®gÁaHEpñkmnusSFm’/ kar humanitarian relief sgS½y/ eday\t undoubted sc©karP½NÐ ¬m> vtßúbBa©aM¦ collateral, object in pawn

bearer 2. payable to bearer

sgátc; Hu ¬TIpSar/ GarmµN_/ Qñan;RhVaMgrfynþ >>>¦ 194

Economic Lexicon Part 2

sc©avIkrN_ confession sCÄtþikr ¬m> suT§¦ net, tMél ~ net cost sCÄnþik³ intrinsic sBa¢½y savings, KNnI ~ savings account sBaØa/ sBaØasMKal; ¬TMnij¦ brand sBaØaxn§ perception sBaØaN notion sBaØab½NÑ bond ( issued by a company to borrow money), Tinñpl ~ bond yield, ~ rdæaPi)al government bonds sBaØab½NÑ debenture, Gñkkan; ~ debenture holder

sBaØaBaNiC¢kmµ commercial mark sNþab;Fñab; order, ~ saFarN³ public order, ~ sgÁm social order sNæan/ éfø shadow price stüanum½t adj. ¬QrelIkarBitCak;Esþg¦

sniTankmµ rationalisation, ~ m®nþIraCkar rationalisation of civil servants

sniTankmµ/ eFVI v. rationalize sniTanPaB rationality, rationale sniTanIy ¬m> smehtupl¦ rational snþrRbevsn_ ¬m> cMNakRsuk¦ migration snþiPaB/ karksag peace building snþisux security, ~ Blkmµ labour security, ~ es,óg food security snþisuxsgÁm social security, viPaKTan ~ social security contribution

snÞna/ kar¼kic© rW snÞnakar conversation snÞnIyPaB liquidity snÞsSn_ index snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer price index (CPI)

snÞsSn_britþprNa pss GDP deflator snÞsSn_ebovtSr_/ kardak; wage indexation snÞidæPaB understanding, mutual

objective

understanding

sanctuary

stVGUsTaj draft animals (US), draught animal (GB)

sTÞanuRkm glossary, lexicon sT§aTan liberality, liberal gift, generosity, gratuity

sT§aluPaB ¬m> gayeCO/ PaB¦ credulity 195

snÞúHeCOneTAmux momentum snÞúHCMruj n. impetus sn§isBaØa treaty snñidæan/ kar conclusion, inference snñiFi stock snñiFikark³ ¬m> snSMR)ak;/ Gñk¦ saver snñi)at convention

Economic Lexicon Part 2

snñisIT conference snñisITkMBUl summit snµtCamun presumption snµtikmµ rW karsnµt convention snüa/ kar promise, pledge snüacMNay/ kar promise to pay (French: engagement de dépense)

snüatamhtßelxa/ kar ¬FnaKar¦ guarantees

smtulü balance, ~ edImRKa¼cugRKa opening/ closing balance, ~ TMnijnigesva balance on goods and services, ~ enACMBak; outstanding balance, ~ manelx ¬minsUnü¦ open balance, ~ viC¢man¼GviC¢man positive/ negative balance, ~ minTan;TUTat; unpaid balance, ~ \NTayI¼\Nayik credit/debit balance

and commitments under signature (banking)

competent authority

snüalk;Cak;lak;/ kar firm offer snøwkdac;BIKña/ esovePAFM loose-leaf ledger snøwkh‘un share, stock snSM/ R)ak; savings, KNnIsnSM savings

smtßPaB capacity, kñúg ~ tampøÚvc,ab; in a legal capacity, ~ plit production capacity, ~ pÞúk load-carrying capacity, ~ eBjelj full capacity, ~ rkR)ak; earning capacity, ~ elIs excess capacity smtßPaB ¬eFVIGVImYy¦ capability smtßPaB/ kar)at;bg; incapacity smtßPaB/ man capable, efficient, kmµkr ~

account

snSM ¬R)ak;¦/ Gñk saver snSMTukEtm/ kar collection of stamps snSMsMéc economise snSMsMéc/ Epnkar thrift plan snSMsMécfamBl/ kar energy conservation sb,úrsFm’ charity s½BÞb½Rt ¬katTUrs½BÞ¦ phone card sPaK ¬m> esµIsac;¦ homogenous sPapat;Tat; clearing house (banking) sPaBaNiC¢kmµ chamber of commerce smkalkmµ synchronisation smta ¬m> lMnwg¦ equilibrium

efficient worker

smtßPaBxagbBaØa mental ability smtßPaBsgbMNulrbs;Gñkx©I credit rating smFm’ equity, mUlniFi ~ equity fund, ~ sgÁm social equity smFm’/ Kµan unfair smFm’/ eday equitable smFm’/ man fair, with equity smPaKI counterpart 196

Economic Lexicon Part 2

smPaB equality, ~ énR)ak;cMNUl income

smaPaK ratio, karviPaK ~ ratio analysis smaPaKkMeNIncMNUlBn§ eFobnwgkMeNIn plitplCatisrub marginal-tax ratio smaPaKcMNUleFobnwgTunvinieyaK return on

equality

smmitþ n. comrade smmUl equivalent, ~ nig equivalent to, tMél ~ equivalent value smrmü fair, reasonable, éfø ~ fair/ reasonable price, PaB ~ fairness smlµm adequate smlµm/ min inadequate smRsb adj. appropriate, bec©kviTüa smRsb ~ appropriate technology smRsb/ min inappropriate, unsuitable smehtupl adj. rational, karrMBwg ~

investment ratio

smaPaKplcMeNjeFobcMNay benefit-cost ratio

smaPaKbMNul debt ratio smaPaKrh½s quick ratio smaPaKsmlµménTun capital adequacy ratio

smamaRt

proportion, karélEck ~

proportional allocation, ~ nwg in proportion to

smayat ¬m> kUta¦ smasFatu element smasPaK component smasPaB composition smahrNkmµ integration, ~ ]sSahkmµ integration of industry, ~ bBaÄr vertical integration, ~ esdækic© economic integration smitPaB ¬PaBcUlKñacuH¦ compatibility smiT§ikmµ/ smiT§ipl realisation smiT§ilT§PaB/ karsikSaBI feasibility study smIkar equation smuc©½y collection smUhPaB collectivity

rational expectation

sm½yRbCMu session, ~ eBjGgÁ plenary session

smaKt partner smaKm association, ~ dwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas GnþrCati International Air Transport Association (IATA)

smac½y ¬m> bgÁrTuk¦ accumulate smac½yTun capital accumulation smaCikbMrug reserve member (of a committee)

smaCikPaB membership smankmµ ¬kareFVIeGayRCYtRCab¦ assimilation

smancitþ sympathy 197

Economic Lexicon Part 2

smUhPaB/ Ca collective, sñaéd ~ collective

srub total, ~ rYm grand total, ~ rg

work

subtotal

smUhPavUbnIykmµ collectivisation sm,Tan concession, ~ éRBeQI forest concession, ~ éfø price concession sm,Tan adj. concessional, concessionary kMcIpþl; ~ concessional loan, lkçxNÐ ~

svnkmµ audit, auditing, nItiviFI ~ auditing procedures, GaCJaFr ~ Cati National Auditing Authority, ~ BIeRkA¼épÞkñúg external/internal audit, ~ ÉkraCü

concessionary terms

sm,Tan/ Edlminpþl; non-concessional sm,Tanik concessionnaire, concession

independent audit

svnkr auditor, ~ ÉkraCü independent auditor svnakar hearing svnakarRbtibkS ¬svnakarEdlKUkþItTl;Kña¦

holder

sm,rayikTan ¬m> tMélGnaKt¦ future

adversary proceeding

shkmµsiT§i co-ownership, shkmµsiT§ikr

value

sm,rivtþn_ ¬m> pøas;bþÚr/ kar¦ change sm<½n§kar liaison sm<½n§PaB alliance smµtikmµ hypothesis smµamti/ eKalneya)ay orthodox policy smµúxIkmµ ¬m> RbQmmuxKña/ kar¦

co-owner, co-proprietor

shkrN_ n. cooperative, BaNiC¢kmµ ~ cooperative trade

shkar/ kic© collaboration shkal rW shsm½y contemporary shk,d ¬karrYmKMnitk,t;¦ conspiracy shRkumh‘un cartel shRKas enterprise, firm, ~ esrI free enterprise, ~ xñattUc small-scale

confrontation

sresrCaelxkUd v. encode sresrTak;TgxagCMnYj/ kar business

enterprise

correspondence

shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm small and

srIragÁ/ ksikmµ organic agriculture srub total, aggregate, tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; ~

medium enterprise (SME)

shRKaspÁt;pÁg;saFarN³ public utilities shRKasrdæ ¬rW shRKassaFarN³¦

aggregate demand/supply

srub gross, plitplkñúgRsuksrub gross

state-owned enterprise

domestic product (GDP)

shRKin entrepreneur 198

Economic Lexicon Part 2

shRKinPaB entrepreneurship shcugecaT co-defendant shCIB trade union (GB), labour union

sakvb,kmµ horticulture saksYr/ kar ¬B½t’man/ éfø>>>¦ inquiry, lixit ~ B½t’man letter of inquiry saksYrB½t’man v. make enquiries saxa ¬Rkumh‘unemkan;kab;h‘unTaMgGs;¦ branch, wholly owned subsidiary, ~ enAbreTs

(US)

shCIB/ karcUl unionisation shCIBhtßkr blue-collar union shCIvin¼smmitþ n. comrade shFn ¬RkumrdæFøab;enAkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøs¦ commonwealth, shFnrdæÉkraCü

overseas branches

saxapþl;hirBaØb,Tan financing arm saKrsaRsþ oceanography sagsg;-GaCIvkmµ-epÞr build, operate,

commonwealth of independent states

shbdiPaK ¬GñkRKb;RKgkarkS½yFnEtgtaMg edaytulakar¦ trustee in bankruptcy shRbtibtþikar cooperation, eFVI ~ v. cooperate, EdleFVI ~ cooperative adj. shRbFan co-chair shB½T§ spouse shPaKkmµ/ maRta rW kic©snüacUlh‘un article

sac;jati n. relative sac;R)ak; cash, CMnYs ~ cash substitute, ~ enAFnaKar cash in bank, ~ bnþicbnþÜc petty cash, ~ bMrug cash reserves, ~ man kñúgéd hard cash sac;R)ak;kñúg ebLa¼éd cash in hand (GB),

of copartnership

cash on hand (US)

shPaBRkumh‘un company union

sac;R)ak;kñúgXøaMg vault cash sac;R)ak;nigRTBügaybþÚrCasac;R)ak; liquidity saCafµI/ eFVI ¬m> cMlgtam/ eFVI¦ replicate saCIvkmµ corporation saCIvkmµ public company or public

transfer (BOT)

shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil co-statute of civil servants

shsm<½n§ correlation shesvik colleague sh\NTayk co-creditor sehtu causal sakl global

limited company (PLC)

saFnPaB solvency saFnIy ¬EdlGacsgbMNul¦ solvent saFarN³ adj. public, GgÁPaB ~ public 199

Economic Lexicon Part 2

entity, vis½y ~ public sector, esckþIRbkas

CasaFarN³ ~ public proclamation saFarN³kar public works saFarNCn public, general public saFarNCn/ EdlKitRbeyaCn_ public-spirited saebkçPaB ¬PaBmanTMnak;TMng¦ relativity samKÁIPaB solidarity samBaØ ordinary, h‘un ~ ¬m> h‘unFmµta¦ ordinary share

samBaØkmµ/ kareFVI simplification, ~ nItiviFIKy simplification of customs

an inventory

sareBIP½NÐ/ eFVI v. take stock, kar ~ stocktaking

sareBIP½NÐTMnijsMrab;lk; sales mix sareBIP½NÐedIm qñaM¼RKa beginning inventory sarPaB/ kar confession sarmÖ ¬m> RbkYtRbECg/ kar¦ competition sarvnþ/ Ca essential, TMnij ~ essential goods

sar³sMxan; significance sareGLicRtUnik/ GuIEml electronic mail or email

sar\NTaneTscrN_ traveller’s letter of

procedures

samyikPaB periodicity samayik ¬m> tamkalkMNt;/ eTogeBl¦

credit

sar\NTanGaclubvij)an revocable letter of credit

periodic, timely

saracr circular salRkm ¬tulakar¦ judgment saldIka ruling (supreme court) salakb½Rtpþl;TMnij due-card sala kat;kþI¼CMrHkþI court or lawcourt salamFümsikSa secondary school, ~ TutiyPUmi higher secondary school, ~ bzmPUmi lower secondary school sala]T§rN_ apellate court savta background sikçasala seminar, workshop sikSaenAkariyal½y/ kar desk study

samIbrivtþ alienator sar message sarkarI notary public sarxøI² short message, note sarFatu substance sarFatueqH flammable substance sarFatubMBul pollutant sarB½t’man journal sareBIBn§ adj. fiscal, RTBüskmµ ~ fiscal asset, »nPaB ~ fiscal deficit, neya)ay ~ fiscal policy, qñaM ~ fiscal year sareBIP½NÐ inventory, eFVIbBa¢I ~ draw up 200

Economic Lexicon Part 2

sikSabg;éfø/ kar tuition class sikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an/ kar feasibility study sikSamunkarsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an/ kar pre-feasibility study

sikSaEsVgyl;/ kar reconnaissance study siT§anþ dogma siT§i right, ~ bdiesFTImYy right of first refusal, ~ e)aHeqñat voting right, ~ pþac;mux exclusive right

siT§i/ Edlman eligible, ~ e)aHeqñat eligible to vote

siT§i/ Edlman preferential, \NTaykman siT§iTarbMNulmun preferential creditor siT§ikan;kab; n. ¬GclnRTBüCYl¦ tenancy siT§iXat;Tuk lien siT§icMlg copyright siT§iqøgkat; ¬dIeK¦ right of way siT§idkR)ak; ¬siT§isMux©I¦ drawing right, ~ sV½yRbvtþi automatic-drawing right siTdi§ kBiess Special Drawing Rights (SDR) siT§iTijPaKh‘un ¬kñúgéføNamYyenAeBlNa mYy¦ naGnaKt share option siT§iTijmuneK ¬nUvsnøwkh‘unecjpSayfµI EfmeTot¦ preemption siT§iRbTan proxy siT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ ¬edIm,IeFVIGaCIvkmµ¦ franchise 201

siTi§ls; ¬rbs;kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk¦ equity of redemption

siT§ieGayrksIupþac;muxtamEbbbTeK/ karpþl; business format franchising

siT§iGMNac authority, power, mandate siniT§Bl ¬kMlaMgpSarP¢ab;Kña¦ cohesion sib,kmµ handicraft sIlFm’ ethics, ~ viC¢aCIv³ ethics sIlFm’ morality, man ~ l¥ good morality, ~ sgÁm social morality swkerc/ kar wear and tear, depreciation suRkitüPaB/ lkçxNÐ idealised condition suxdumnIykmµ harmonisation suxdumrmna/ PaB harmony suxPaB/ karEfTaM health care suxPaBl¥/ man adj. healthy suxevTn_RbeTs welfare state suxumalPaBRKYsar family well-being suqnÞ³ n. goodwill suTidiæniym optimism suTidæi/ kar)a:n;sµan optimistic estimate suT§ net, karnaMecj ~ net exports suT§citþ/ eday free will suBlPaB validity, pþl; ~ validate

Economic Lexicon Part 2

suPnicä½y common sense surieyadI cadastre suvtßiPaB safety, sMNaj; ~ rWRbB½n§ ~safety net suvtßiPaB/ Kµan unsafe suvuDÆikmµ ¬m> EklMG/ kar¦ amelioration suivil adj. civil suIKña/ PaB coherence, consistency suICMerA/ karvaytMél in-depth evaluation suIDI vIedGU video CD suIDIr:m CD-Rom suaM ¬nwgCMgW¦/ PaB immunity sUk v. bribe sUcnakr ¬m> GaMDIkaT½r¦ indicator sUhVEvr software (computer programme) sYy rW sYysarGakr royalties sYrbBa¢ak;sakSIepÞógpÞat;nwgcMelIyeBlmun v. cross-examine

esovePAk,Ün manual esovePAcMNaytUctac petty-cash book esovePAcMNayR)ak; cash-disbursement book

esovePAcMNUlR)ak; cash-receipt book esovePAFnaKar bank book esovePAFM ledger (accounting), general ledger, ~ Tij purchase ledger, ~ rg

and conditions book

esovePAbnÞúkénkarvinieyaK book of investment

esovePAebLasMéc savings-bank book esovePAR)ak;beBaØI passbook esovePA eyag¼RsavRCav reference book esovePAs White Book esovePAsgR)ak; cash paid book se®gÁaH v. rescue, kar ~ n. rescue se®gÁaH/ kar salvage ( ship or cargos) se®gÁaHRkumh‘unCYbkarlM)akxaghirBaØvtßú v. bail out

se®gÁaHbnÞan; emergency, kMcI ~ emergency loan, KMerag ~ emergency project, mUlniFi ~ emergency fund viFankar ~ emergency measures

esckþIEcg provision (law) esckþIENnaM instruction, direction esckþIéføfñÚr dignity esckþIeTIbelIkeLIg foregoing esckþIRbkas statement esckþIRbkasCasaFarN³ public statement/ proclamation

esckþIepþIm introduction esckþIRBag draft esckþsI eM rc decision, kareFVI ~ decision making, GñkeFVI ~decision maker, ~ tamc,ab; legal decision, ~RbkbedayKti rational decision

subsidiary ledger

esovePAbnÞúk ¬sMrab;edjéfø¦ tender terms 202

Economic Lexicon Part 2

esckþIsMerccitþ ¬énGgÁRbCMu¦ resolution esckIþsMercrbs;GaCJakNþal award esdækic© economy, ~ kMBugegIbeT,Ig emerging economies, ~ ggwt black economy, ~ TIpSar market economy, ~ TIpSarerobry ¬rW ~ niy½tTIpSar ¦ marketregulated economy, ~ TIpSaresrI free market economy, ~ neya)ay political economy, ~ ebIkcMh open economy, ~ eRbIR)ak;kas cash economy, ~ Epnkar planned economy, ~ EpnkarRbmUlpþúM centrally planned economy, ~ maRtdæan economies of scale, ~ mUlFn capitalist economy, ~ rUbiyvtßú money economy, ~ vimCÄkar decentralised economy esdækic©/ viTüasaRsþvas;Evg econometrics esdækic©-sgÁmkic©/ Gegát socio-economic

esrI free, pSar ~ free market, Rbtibtþikar elIpSar ~ open market operations esrIPaBksagsmaKm freedom of association

esrIPaBénBlrdæ civil liberty esrIPavUbnIykmµ liberalisation, ~ BaNiC¢kmµ liberalisation of trade

esvPaB easement esva service, kic©snüa ~ service contract, kMér ~ service fees, ]sSahkmµ ~ service industry, ~ RckecjcUlEtmYy one-stop service, ~ bnÞab;bnSM ancillary services, ~ bMNul loan service (interest payment), ~ hirBaØvtßú financial services, ~ Gb;rM education service

esvakmµ service esvakmµTMnij/ RKwHsßan merchandising service establishment

ess/ elx odd number sesIr/ Edl complementary esuIbGegát v. investigate esaFnnivtþn_ retirement pension, pension, mUlniFi ~ pension fund esah‘uy expense, charge, ~ FnaKar bank

survey

esdæBaNiC¢kmµ commercial dealing esdæviTU economist esNarIy:U scenario esnaFikar executive body/entity/unit esnaFikar ¬sßab½n¦ mecanism esyümanH superiority complex

charge

esah‘uybegáItshRKasdMbUg initial outlay or initial capital outlay

sMxan;CagGVIÉeTot overriding (in text of 203

Economic Lexicon Part 2

sMBaF n. pressure, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial pressure, dak; ~ v. put pressure sMPar³ material sMPas/ eFVIsMPas v. interview sMPasn_muneBlpþl;CMnYy pre-grant

law)

sMgat; confidential sMécFnFan/ karKitKUr husbanding of resources

sMEdg ¬tY¦ role play sMedA oriented (orientated) sMNg ¬karxUcxat/ CMgWcitþ¦ compensation,

interview

redress, indemnity

sMNg/ eFVI v. indemnify sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat/ ¬R)ak;¦ damages sMNl; ¬fvika¦ excess sMNl; ¬GVIEdlenAsl;¦ remainder sMNl;/ tMél residual value sMNak ¬m> KMrUtag¦ sample sMNUk n. bribe, sIu ~ take a bribe sMNUmBr demand sMeNI proposal, ~ KMerag project proposal sMeNI n. request sMeNA voucher sMNMuerOg dossier sMNMuÉksar/ karksag documentation sMbkevcx©b; packing, packaging (accounting), ~ RbmUlvij¼epJITuk returnable packing, ~ minRbmUlvij non-returnable packing

sMbuRtkMeNIt birth certificate sMbuRtKaMRT ¬eGaycUleFVIkar¦ testimonial 204

sMeyaK/ plitpl synthetic products sMrg; extract sMrg;KNnI statement of account, ~ BIFnaKar bank statement sMrg;GtßbT n. abstract sMrab; set (e.g. a set of six chairs) sMruHsMrYl/ kar mediation sMruHsMrYl/ Gñk mediator sMrYl/ CYy v. facilitate sMrYl/ ]bkrN_ facility, ~ sMrab;mUlniFibEnßm extended fund facility (EFF), ~ sMrab; EktMrUvbEnßm extra-structural adjustment facility (ESAF)

sMrYlkar/ eRKOg¼kEnøg facilities sMerc final, end, pl ~ end result sMerc v. decide, KMnUsedImeQIénRbB½n§ ~ decision-tree

sMerc/ eFVI[sMerc v. realise sMelgeqñat vote sMelgPaKeRcIn ¬e)aHeqñat¦ majority sMviFanFn provision reserve (accounting)

Economic Lexicon Part 2

sMviFanvtßú provision (supply) sMviFanvtßú ¬sMrab;TUTat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦ fund

stock, ~ TMnijsMrab;lk; stock in trade, ~

sMrab;Tb;Tl;karERbRbYl buffer stock sþúk/ kar ¬Tukdak;GIv:an;kñúgXøaMg¦ storage sþúk ¬Tuk¦/ kar stocking, stockpiling

(French: provision)

sMGitsMGag/ kar ¬m> visuT§ikmµ¦ purge saMjúaM complex, PaBsaMjúaM complexity sÁal;/ TTYlsÁal; v. recognise s¶ÜtEhg/ tMbn; arid area sþg;dar ¬KuNPaB¦/ dl; up to standard sþg;dar standard, ~ GnþrCati international standard, ~ bBa¢a compulsory standard, ~KuNPaB quality standard, ~ RBag draft

sßanPaB status, TIPñak;garRsavRCav ~ Rkumh‘un status-inquiry agency

sßanPaBKµansiT§iGMNac/ karRcancUl marginalisation

sßanPaBCak;EsþgkMBugman status quo sßanPaBRtUveFVICMerIsd¾Bi)ak dilemma sßanIy station, ~ eKaledA station of destination, ~ ecjdMeNIr station of

standard

sþg;darmas gold standard, RbB½n§bþÚr R)ak;tam ~ gold standard system sþg;darUbnIykmµ standardisation sþg;Dig standing (bank), FnaKarman ~ l¥

origin

bank of good standing

sþarCYsCuleGaydUcedIm/ kar restoration sþarhirBaØvtßúeLIgvij/ kar rehabilitation of finances

sþareLIgvij rehabilitate, kar ~ rehabilitation, KMerag ~ rehabilitation project sþITI interim sþúk inventory, b½NÑ ~ inventory stock card sþúk stock, ~ kñúgéd stock in hand, ~ cas; old stock, ~ eRcIn² stockpile, ~ edImRKa opening stock, ~ RtIFmµCati natural fish 205

sßabtükmµ architecture sßab½n institution, agency, ~ rdæ government agency, ~ saFarN³Rbhak;RbEhl quasipublic institution, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial institution, ~ eGayx©IR)ak; lending institution, ~ \NTan credit institution sßabnik founder sßabnikRkumh‘un company promoter sßabnUbnIykmµ institutionalisation, eFVI ~ institutionalise

sßiti statistics sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUbnIykmµ stablilisation, neya)ay ~ stabilisation policy, ~ rUbiyvtßú

Economic Lexicon Part 2

monetary stabilisation

sßirPaB stability, ~ éføkñúgRsuk domestic price stability, ~ esdækic© economic stability, ~ m:aRkUesdækic© macroeconomic stability

sßirPaB/ EdlKµan unstable sÞabsÞg; ¬mti¦ v. canvass sÞabsÞg;TIpSar v. sound/test the market sñak;enA/ GRta occupancy rate (hotel) sñaéd work, ~ sil,³ art work sñÚl core, fvika ~ core budget, mUlniFi ~ core funding, FnFan ~ core resources esñI v. request esñI/ esckþI request, enquiry esñóteBat ¬bEnø¦ baby corn es,óg foodstuffs, food items es,ógsMrab;Blkmµ ¬]> GgárBlkmµ¦ food

esµIPaB equality, equitable esµIsac; homogenous esµIsac;/ PaB homogeneity esµIsac;/ min heterogenous esµón clerk esµaHRtg; bona fide, GñkTij ~ bona fide purchaser

esµaHRtg;/ eday in good faith esµaHsµ½RK/ kar ¬xagneya)ay¦ allegiance (politics)

Rsg;KMrUtag/ kar sample implementation Rsgakcitþy:agxøaMg/ kar¼esckþI disillusion RsTab; stratum, mFümPaKén ~ stratum mean

RsTab;nIykmµ stratification, ~ dMbUg primary stratification RsTab;Er: n. deposit Rsbc,ab; lawful Rsbc,ab;/ min unlawful RsbCamYy in compliance with Rsbtamc,ab;/ eFVIeGay v. legalise RsavRCav v. research, kar ~ n. research, kar ~ nigGPivDÆn_ research and

for work

sµ½RKcitþ/ karkat;bn§yeday voluntary restriction/limitation

development (R & D)

sµúKsµaj complex, PaBsµúKsµaj

RsavRCavsMrab;Gnuvtþ/ kar applied research RsUbcUl/ kar absorption, intake RsUbyk/ smtßPaB absortive capacity

complexity

sµúKsµaj¼saMjúaM/ eFVIeGay v. complicate esµIKña equal, equivalent 206

Economic Lexicon Part 2

RsUv paddy, karkin ~ paddy husking, ~ F¶n; late rice, ~ Rsal early rice, short-

s¥ats¥M/ PaB integrity

season rice

eRsacRsB v. irrigate, kar ~ irrigation, RbB½n§ ~ irrigation system RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)

RsuHRsYl/ kar compromise søak ¬sMrab;biTelIplitpl¦ label søab;rs;/ bBaða life or death issue sV½yRKb;RKg self-managing sVy½t autonomous, shRKas ~ autonomous enterprise, GgÁPaBesdækic© ~ autonomous economic entity

sV½yTMgn; self-weighting sV½yRTRTg; self-sustaining, self-supporting sV½yPaB/ sVy½tPaB autonomy, sV½yPaB hirBaØvtßú financial autonomy sV½yPi)alesdækic© economic autonomy sV½ysMerc self-determination sV½yhirBaØb,Tan self-financing sV½yaFibetyü ¬esdækic©m©as;karxøÜnÉgpÞal; min BwgEp¥kelI karnaMecj-naMcUl rW CMnYyesdækic©¦ autarky (economy)

EsVgrkemIl v. identify s¥at adj. clean, ynþkarGPivDÆn_ ~ clean development mechanism

207

htßkmµ manual labour htßekaslü craftsmanship htßelxI signatory h‘un share, karcUl ~ equity participation h‘un/ PaKh‘un share, Gñkkan;PaKh‘un shareholder

h‘unFmµta ordinary share, equities h‘unGnueRKaH preference share hak;K½r ¬GñklYceRCotcUlkñúgRbB½n§kMuBüÚT½r GñkdéT¦ hacker haglk;ray retail outlet hat;kar/ Gñk trainee (GB), intern (US) haniP½y exposure (banking), ~ FM large exposure

haniP½y risk, karBicarNaBI ~ risk consideration, ~ rdæaPi)alminGacsgR)ak; sovereign risk, ~ r:ab;rgedaym©as;¬TMnij¦ at owner’s risk, ~ \NTansrub aggregate credit risk

hamXat;/ kar prohibition hamXat;/ Edl adj. prohibitive (i.e by law) higSa violence hibexµA ¬begáItedaysMgat;¦ slush fund

Economic Lexicon Part 2

hirBaØb,Tan financing, ~ »nPaB deficit financing, ~ kñúgRbeTs domestic financing, ~ FnaKar bank financing hirBaØb,Tan/ pþl;¼eFVI v. finance hirBaØvtßú n. finance, KNenyü ~ financial accounting, ~ saFarN³ public finance, ~ sßab½n institutional finance hirBaØik n. treasurer hInmanH inferiority complex hUtBn§ v. tax, levy hUr/ kar flow hYskalkMNt;sg overdue, past-due, kMcI ~ overdue loan, bMNul ~ past-due debt hYssm½y obsolete, outdated, PaB ~ obsolescence

ehdæarcnasm<½n§ infrastructure ehtupl rationale h‘¿uB½T§/ kar embargo, dak;¼elIk karh‘¿uB½T§ esdækic© place/lift an economic embargo hÁat; ¬kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBItaragBn§Ky nig BaNiC¢kmµ¦ GATT (General Agreement

karécñ ~ genetic modification, Ekécñ ~ modify a gene, lMdab; ~ genetic sequence, sMNMu ~ genome, Gaharécñ ~ GM (genetically modified) food

L Lúgbut ¬GUb½r¦ power boat LÚt_ batch, elx ~ batch number LÚt_/ dI plot of land LÚsuik logic eLIgcuH ¬éfø¦/ kar fluctuation eLIgéfø¼tMél/ kar appreciation eLIgéføvij ¬snøwkh‘un>>> eRkayBI)ancuHéfø¦ rally (price)

eLIgehIycuH up and down

G Gkmµ adj. passive GkçranuRkm rW vcnanuRkm dictionary GKÁ general, GKÁelxaFikar secretary-

on Tariffs and Trade)

general

eRhVkg; ¬viTüú¦ frequency hVIt/ hVÚt ¬rgVas;RbEvg¦ feet, foot hVIúhVÚ Fifo (first in, first out) EhSn gene, ksikmµécñ ~ GM agriculture,

GKÁaFikar general inspector, ~ rg deputy

GKÁnayk director-general, GKÁnaykrg deputy director-general general inspector

GKÁaFikardæan general inspectorate 208

Economic Lexicon Part 2

GKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµ electrification Gegát v. & n. survey, Tinñn½y ~ survey data, Rbtibtþikar ~ survey operation, el¥óg ~ survey error, ~ eKal benchmark survey, ~ KMrUtag sample survey, ~ RKYsar household survey, ~ ¬Ca¦mUldæan baseline survey, ~ dIFøI land survey, ~ TUeTA general survey, ~ RTg;RTayFM large-scale survey, ~ RbCaCn population survey Gegát/ GñkcuHeFVI surveyor GgÁkar organisation, ~ sgÁm social

semiconductor

GgÁnItibBaØtþi legislature GgÁpSM n. aggregate GgÁPaB unit, entity GgÁPaB/ kñúg in-house, karbNþúHbNþalPasa ~ in-house language training

GgÁPaBGaCIB firm GgÁehtu fact Gclkmµ ¬m> RTBüskmµCab;lab;/ GclnRTBü¦ immovable property

organisation

GgÁkarfñak;eRkam ¬kMritRbCaCn¦ grassroots organisation

GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al non-government organisation (NGO)

GgÁkarelx organisation chart, flow chart

Gclkmµ/ eFVI v. immobilise (finance) GclnRTBü real estate GclnRTBü ¬dI nig¼rW GaKar¦ immovable property, real estate/property, TIPñak;gar ~ real-estate agency

Gclnvtßú ¬m> GclnRTBü¦ immovable

GgÁkarGcié®nþy_ permanent organ GgÁkarGnþrCatixagsþg;darUbnIykmµ

property

Gcié®nþy_ permanent, RKwHsßan ~ permanent establishment

GciéRnþy_/ lixitbBa¢a standing order Gcirkal ¬m> ry³eBlxøI¦ short term Gectna adj. involuntary, unintentional Gc©½yTan ¬ekrþ×¦ legacy Gc©½yTanCaclnvtßú ¬GMeNayclnvtßútamry³ mrtksasn_¦ n. bequest

International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

GgÁecARkm judiciary GgÁc,ab; nig bTb,BaØtþi body of rules and regulations

GgÁFatuBak;kNþalcMlg ¬eGLicRtUnik¦ 209

Economic Lexicon Part 2

Gc©½yTanlaPI legatee Gc©½yTayk legator GcäinRTBü booty GBaØtb½NÑ/ GBaØtb½Rt bill of lading, ~ edaypÞal; direct bill of lading, ~ rYm

KNenyü ~ inflation accounting, KMlat ~ inflationary gap, ry³eBlman ~ inflationary period

GtiprNa/ karbnßy disinflation GtiprNaelatepøaH hyperinflation, galloping inflation

GtiprNasnSwm² creeping inflation Gtipl intensive, ksikmµ ~ intensive

omnibus bill of lading

GBaØat unknown (factor, quantity...) GBaØatb½NÑpøÚvGakas rW b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas¦ airway bill

agriculture

GtiBlkmµ labour-intensive, ]sSahkmµ ~ labour-intensive industry

Gtierk surplus Gtisuxumelak microcosm GtItPaB seniority, tMelIgfñak;tam ~

GaNaniKmniymEbbfµI neocolonialism GNþÚg well, ~ xYg drilled well, ~ dak;lU ring well

GENþt floating, kmµkr ~ temporary worker, Blkmµ ~ casual labour, GRta ~ floating rate, GRtabþÚrR)ak; ~ flexible exchange rate GENþt¼dak;eGayGENþt¼bENþt v. float Gt;kargareFVI/ PaB joblessness Gt;kareFVI adj. unemployed, Gñk ~ n. unemployed, PaB ~ unemployment Gt;c,ab;/ Edl ¬Kµanc,ab;RKb;RKg rW KµankareKarB c,ab;¦ lawless GtifiCn customer Gtifita clientele GtibrmanIykmµ maximisation GtiprNa inflation, ktþa ~ inflation factor, 210

promotion by seniority

GtItyuT§Cn veteran (soldier) GtulüPaB imbalance Gtþenam½t/ CMerIs subjective choice GtþsBaØaNkmµ identification GtþsBaØaNb½NÑ identity card GtßKahk ¬m> GñkTTYlpl¦ beneficiary, ~ Cayfaehtu contingency beneficiary GtßRbeyaCn_ benefit, ~ pþl;eGaybuKÁlik personnel benefits

GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßm ¬pþl;CabEnßmelIebovtSr_¦ fringe benefits, perks (or perquisites)

GtßiPaB existence GRta rate, ~ efr fixed rate, ~ Bn§ tax

Economic Lexicon Part 2

rate, ~ GENþt floating rate

GRtabMeBjekAGIGñkdMeNIr ¬tamynþehaH¦

GRtakarR)ak; interest rate, ~ carwk nominal rate of interest, ~ snSM interest rate for

passenger load factor

savings

GRtakarR)ak;rvagFnaKarBaNiC¢enATIRkugLúg Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate)

GRtakMeNInRbCaCn population-growth rate GRtaKaMBarskþisiT§i effective rate of protection (ERP)

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron enrollment rate (school)

GRtaecjcUlénBlkr turnover rates of labour

GRtacMNUlesdækic© economic rate of return GRtacMeNj profit margin GRtaéføTIpSarRbcaMéf¶ current-market rate GRtaTajcMNUl rate of return, ~ épÞkñúg internal rate of return (IRR), ~ hirBaØvtßú financial rate of return

GRtanikmµPaBFmµCati natural unemployment rate

GRtanukUldæan civil status, esovePA ~ civil status book, sMbuRt ~ certificate of civil

GRtabþÚrR)ak; exchange rate, ~ dl;éd spot exchange rate, ~ efr fixed exchange rate, ~ TIpSar parallel market exchange rate, ~ enAeBlbiT closing rate, ~ pøÚvkar official exchange rate, ~ mFümRbcaMEx monthly average exchange rate, ~ man kalkMNt; forward exchange rate, ~ man sßirPaB stable exchange rate GRtabþÚrrUbiyb½NÑepÞógpÞat; ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eFob tamrUbiyvtßúTI3 dUcCa duløar¦ cross rate, exchange cross rate

GRtaRbCasaRsþ demographic rate (birth, death...)

GRtapøÚvkar official rate GRtaBn§KyGnueRKaHBiess ¬Tab¦ preferential duty (tariff)

GRtamrN³ mortality rate, death rate, ~ kumar infant mortality rate, ~ matuPaB maternal mortality rate

GRtabgVilsþúk ¬kñúg1qñaM¦ stock turnover (ratio) GRtabiT ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eBlbiTRbtibtþikar RbcaMéf¶¦ closing rate GRtabuKÁlikecj ¬BIGgÁPaB¦ labour

GRtaykKMrUtag sampling rate GRtaGñkmankargareFVI employment rate Gefr n. variable GFikarkic© inspection, kMéresva ~ inspection fee, Rkum ~ inspectorate, viBaØabnb½Rt ~ inspection certificate, ~ TMnijmuneBlpÞúk

turnover

pre-shipment inspection

status

211

Economic Lexicon Part 2

assignor

(judge’s order)

GFibtI chairman GFibetyüPaB sovereignty Gn;KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ deteriorated (goods) Gn;fy/ kar ¬KuNPaB/ éfø>>>¦ deterioration Gn;fy/ PaB backwardness GnaKti ¬m> minlMeGog/ PaB¦ impartiality GnibuNPaB ¬m> manex©aH/PaB¦imperfection Gnimitþ ¬m> GaRs½yelI¦ contingent GnivasCn/ GnivasnCn n. non-resident GnItiCn n. minor GnItiCnRbRBwtþelµIs n. delinquent GnuRkwtü sub-decree GnuBaØat v. authorise, tMNagmankar ~ rWtMNag mansiT§iRbTan authorised representative GnuBaØat/ kar¼lixit authorisation, permission

GnuBaØatBIelakGñk/ Edl)ankar with your permission/sanction

GnubNÐit/ fñak; master’s degree Gnu)at ratio Gnub,Tan cession Gnub,Tanik ¬GñkTTYl RTBüsm,tþi¼karEtgtaMg¼ siT§i¦ assignee, transferee Gnub,TayI ¬Gñk epÞrRTBüsm,tþi¼eFVIkarEtgtaMg¦

Gnub,vaT abstain GnuRbFan vice-president, vice-chairman, deputy chairman, ~ smaKm vice-president of an association, ~ RkumRbwkSaPi)al vicechairman of the board of directors

GnupléRBeQI forest sub-product, nontimber forest products (NTFPs)

GnuB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ commercial attaché GnuPaB¼\T§iBl/ Edlman influential Gnum½tc,ab; enact a law GnurkS supervisor GnuelameTAtam/ eday in accordance with Gnuvtþ/ dak; v. apply Gnuvtþ/ TIPñak;gar implementing agency Gnuvtþn_/ karmin non-implementation, non-performance

Gnuvtþn_c,ab;/ kar implementation of a law Gnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg/ kar practice GnuviTüal½y junior high school Gnuvis½y/ kMrit subsectoral level GnusBaØa convention Gnusasn_ recommendation GnusTi /i§ lixit¼kBa©b; registered letter/parcel GnusiT§i/ sar\NTan confirmed letter of credit GnusSarN³ memorandum, ~ RBmeRBog memorandum of understanding (MOU)

212

Economic Lexicon Part 2

GnusSarN³begIátRkumh‘un rW lkçnþik³Rkumh‘un

GbNsBaØa deal Gb;rMkMritbzm/ kar primary education Gb;rMbec©keTs/ kar technical education Gb;rMmUldæanry³eBl 9qñaM/ kar nine years

memorandum of association (GB) or articles of incorporation (US)

basic education

GnueRKaH adj. favourable, concessional, concessionary

GnueRKaH/ kar favor, GnueRKaHniym favouritism

GnueRKaHBn§/ kar tax relief Gnþrkmµ interaction GnþrkarI adj. intermediary, KMerag ~ intermediary project, TMnij ~ intermediate goods

GnþrkarI n. intermediary, middleman GnþrkarIkmµ intermediation, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial intermediation

Gnþrkal transitional, ry³eBl ~ transitional period, viFankar ~ transitional measures, esdækic© ~ transitional economy GnþrFnaKar inter-bank, RbB½n§TUTat; ~ inter-bank settlement system

Gnþrb,BaØtþi transitional provision (law) Gnþrvis½y inter-sectoral Gnþrskmµ interactive Gnþray damage, ~ edaysarTwksmuRT

Gb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña education for all Gbhar n. ¬karcuHéfø¦ discount, GRta ~ discount rate, ~ eKal basic discount GbharrUbiyaNtþi/ eFVI v. ¬lk;rUbiyaNtþi eGayFnaKar¦ discount a bill Gbharit n. ¬R)ak;cuHéføeGay¦ discount Gb,PaK ¬m> PaKtic¦ minority Gb,brma/ éfø floor price Gb,brmaPavUbnIykmµ minimisation Gb,ha margin, mark-up, ~ dul gross margin, ~ suT§ net margin GRbtibtiþPaBBaNiC©kmµ commercial impracticability

GRbsiT§PaB inefficiency GBaNiC¢/ FnaKar non-commercial bank GBÖnþrjaN intuition GBüaRkwtniym neutralism GBüaRkwtPavUbnIykmµ/ GBüaRkwtkmµ neutralisation (of a country)

GP½yÉksiT§i immunity, ~ karTUt

damaged by seawater

GnÞak;Cavdþ rW GnÞak;vilvg; ¬Gt;Rckecj¦

diplomatic immunity

vicious cycle 213

Economic Lexicon Part 2

Gskmµ inactive GsT§a ¬m> KMnitevocevr¦ bad faith GsmtßPaB incapacity, incompetence Gs;BIsþúk/ PaB stockout Gs;esah‘uyeRcIn/ Edl onerous GsaFPaB ¬m> minGacsgbMNul)an/ PaB¦

governance

GPirkS/ kar conservation, ~ FmµCati conservation of nature, ~ dI soil conservation, GPirkS adj. conservative GPirkSBUCRtI/ kEnøg fish sanctuary GPivDÆn_/ kar development, CMnYy ~ development aid, KMerag ~ development project, yuT§saRsþ ~ development

insolvency

GsIlFm’ immoral GhrN-nIhrN import-export GehtuP½y panic, ~ hirBaØvtßú financial panic Gakb,kiriya behaviour GakrBiesselITMnijnigesvamYycMnnY ¬rI Gakr Biess¦ excise tax or excise duty GakrelItMélbEnßm ¬Gtb¦ value added tax

strategies

GPivDÆn_xusTMng/ kar mal-development GmevC¢saRsþ paramedical, Gñk ~ paramedic

GyutPaB ¬m> vismPaB¦ inequality GyutiþFm’ injustice Gyükar ¬PaKIedImecaTkñúgerOgRBhµTNÐ¦

(VAT) or output tax

GaKar nigdICitGaKar ¬kmµsiT§ikrEtmYy¦ premises

Gag ¬TenøemKgÁ¦ basin (e.g. of Mekong

prosecution

Gyükar/ GgÁkar Department of Public

River)

Prosecution

GrUbI intangible, RTBü ~ intangible assets GrUbIykmµ/ eFVI v. abstract GvDÆnPaB stagnation Gvsankfa n. ¬PaKbBa©b;énr)aykarN_¦ conclusion

Gvsanb,BaØtþi final provision (law) GviC¢man negative, GviC¢mankmµ negation GevTyitPaB insensitivity

GacKNna)an computable GacqabeqH inflammable, TMnij ~ inflammable goods

GacTTYlyk)an eligible GacTsSn_Tay)an adj. predictable GacbMEbk)an adj. divisible, sar\NTan ~ divisible letter of credit

GacpÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉgRKb;/ PaB self-sufficiency GaCIB career 214

Economic Lexicon Part 2

GaCIB trade, karcuHéføkñúg ~ ¬edayGñkRbkb rbrdUcKña¦ trade discount/terms, TIsMGag bBa¢ak;xag ~ trade reference GaCIvkmµ business, ~ CalkçN³RKYsar family business, ~ QrelIkci ©snüa contractual

(French: mandat de dépense)

business

supervisory authority

GaNab½k financial manager (French: ordonnateur), ~ edImExS principal ordonnateur, ~ epÞrsiT§i delegated ordonnateur

GaNaBüa)al guardianship, GaCJaFr ~

GaCIvkmµ exploitation, kareFVI ~ FnFan FmµCati exploitation of natural resources GaCIvkmµ ¬yk¦ fµ quarrying GaCIvkmµmandMeNIrkar going concern GaCIvkr businessman/woman GaCJakNþal referee GaCJaFr authority, ~ svnkmµCati National

GaNaBüa)al ¬Parkic©¦ supervision, GaCJaFr ~ supervisory authority, eRkam ~ hirBaØvtßú énRksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú under the financial supervision of the Ministry of Economy and Finance

GaNaBüa)al ¬mnusS¦ guardian GaNikCn expatriate (or expat) GaTiPaB priority, man ~ elI have/take

Auditing Authority

GaCJanukarI ¬m> tMNagmankarGnuBaØat¦

priority over

GaTiPavUbnIykmµ prioritisation, eFVI ~

authorised representative

GaCJab½NÑ n. licence, ~ sMrab;karrukrk ¬eRbg kat¼Er:>>>¦ prospecting licence, man ~ adj.

prioritise

GanuPaB power, authority, effect, influence GanuPaBKtiyutiþ legal effect GabNsBaØa ¬m> RBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ kar¦

licensed

GaCJayukal statute of limitation GaCJasala n. bailiff GaNtþi term, tenure GaNtþiKahk assignee, proxy, attorney

deal

Gab; ¬R)ak;¦ xVH v. short-change GaBah_BiBah_/ sMbuRt marriage certificate Gayu age, Rkum ~ age group Gayukal ¬BIeBlekItdl;søab;¦ lifespan Gayukal rW mYyGayukal lifetime GayukaleRbIR)as; ¬énRTBüskmµ¦ useful

(person appointed to act for another)

GaNtþiTayk assignor, principal (in power transfer)

GaNtþiebIkR)ak; payment warrant GaNtþiebIkR)ak;cMNay order for payment

life (accounting) 215

Economic Lexicon Part 2

GayukalmFüm ¬Gayurs;enAmFüm¦ life expectancy

GareQI/ eragcRk saw mill Gasnñ/ PaB emergency, lkçxNÐ ~ emergency condition

Gas½ydæan/ manbBa¢ak; domiciled, rUbiyaNtþi ~ domiciled bill of exchange

Gas‘an/ tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

GasasUnü/ karcat;TukCa annulment GaRs½yelI ¬RBwtþikarN_GVImYyEdlGacekIteLIg b¤minekIteLIg¦ contingent Gahar food, meal Gahar/ TMnijminEmn non-food items Gaharnigsñak;enAeday\tbg;éfø free board and lodging

eGkULsÚ Iu ecology, tMbn; ~ ecological zone, lMnwg ~ ecological equilibrium eGLicRtUnik electronic eGayx©I v. lend eGayéfø/kar offer eGayTeT/ Edl ¬\tKitéfø¦ complementary eGaybg;Bn§ v. impose taxes GMNrKuN thank, appreciation GMNac power GMNacTij buying/purchasing power, ~ énrUbiyvtßú purchasing power of the currency

GMNacniym authoritarianism GMNacnItibBaØtþi ¬sPa¦ legislative power GMNacnItiRbtibtþi the executive (government)

Gaharin importer GaharUbtßmÖ nutrition GicSb:UNg;sIuEyl/ kMeNIn exponential growth

GuinfWNit internet, salbMerI ~ internet-cafe GIv:an; goods, item GuIb:UEtk mortgage GubTic/ ExSkab optical fiber cable eGkUeTscrN_ eco-tourism 216

GMNacbBaØtþi ¬sßab½neRkABIsPa dUcCa RkumRbwkSaXMu>>>¦ legislative power GMNacRbtibtþi executive power GMeNay donation, gift GMeNaypl favourable, lkçxNÐ ~ favourable conditions

GMeNaypl/ min unfavourable, FatuGakas ~ unfavourable weather

GMeNaypldl; favourable/conducive to GMeNayhirBaØvtúß grant GMBkERs paddy plots

Economic Lexicon Part 2

GMBavnav/ kar appeal GMeBI ¬l¥ rW GaRkk;¦ deed GMeBIhigSa rW higSa violence GMLúgeBl period GaMgDIkaT½r indicator GHGag/ kar assertion, claim Gñkksag¼GñkkMNt; eKalneya)ay

GñkCMnYj businessman, trader GñkCMrHbBa¢I liquidator Gñkdak;RbkassareBIBn§min)anRKb;elIk stopfiler (tax)

Gñkdak;BaküsMu applicant, ~ ebIksar\NTan applicant for a letter of credit

policymaker

Gñkkan;kab; occupier Gñkkan;kargar job holder Gñkkan;mUlb,Tanb½Rt bearer Gñkkan;hibR)ak; ¬R)ak;tictYc¦ petty-cash custodian

GñkKaMRT ¬nUvKMnit rW skmµPaB¦ proponent GñkRKb;RKg manager, PaBCa ~ managership Gñkcat;karrg assistant manager GñkcUlrYm participant GñkcUlh‘un capital contributor GñkcUlh‘unKµankMrit general partner GñkcUlh‘unmankMrit limited partner (limited liability)

Gñkc,ab; lawyer, solicitor GñkCYl ¬BIeK¦ lessee, renter GñkCYleGay lessor, person who rents out sth 217

GñkdwkCBa¢Ún transporter GñkdwknaM leader Gñkzan³x<s; elite GñkRtUv)ancat;taMgeGayRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþi GñkkS½yFn assignee in bankruptcy GñkRtUv)anFanar:ab;rg n. insured GñkRtUv)anbg;R)ak;eGay payee GñkRtYtBinitükarbiTRkumh‘un liquidator GñkTTYl ¬lixit¦ addressee GñkTTYlkarEtgtaMg nominee GñkTTYlkarepÞrsiT§i proxy GñkTTYlpl beneficiary GñkTTYlsiT§iRbTan assignee GñkTTYlsiT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ franchisee GñkTTYlesaFnnivtþn_ pensioner GñkTij purchaser, buyer, ~ kñúgkarrMBwg prospective buyer

GñkFana surety, guarantor GñkFanar:ab;rg insurer GñkeFVIc,ab; legislator Gñkbg;R)ak; ¬eGayeK¦ payer

Economic Lexicon Part 2

GñkbegIát founder Gñkbgðaj presenter GñkbeBa©IcraRsþ demagogue GñkbMerI servant GñkRbKl;siT§i assignor GñkepJI sender Gñkpþl;siT§ieGayeRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ

lender

of last resort

Gñk]btßmÖ sponsor, patron GVIepSgeTotenAdEdl ceteris paribus (other things being equal)

\NTan n. credit \NTan/ kMrit credit line, credit limit, credit level

franchiser

GñkepÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSarmYyedIm,Ieqøót rkkMér arbitrageur GñkBüa)aledayclna physical therapist Gñkminsuxcitþ aggrieved person Gñk lk;¼epÞrsiT§i eGayeK alienor GñkrksuIcgkarR)ak; moneylender GñkrksuIpøÚvePT sex worker Gñkrukrk ¬Er:>>>¦ prospector Gñklk; salesman Gñklk;cl½t travelling salesman Gñkl,IeQµaH n. celebrity GñksegátkarN_ observer Gñksñgmrtktammrtksasn_ legatee GñkRsavRCav researcher, ~ rg associate researcher, GñkRsavRCav ¬eBjsiT§i¦ fellow researcher, ~ Can;x<s; senior researcher Gñksøab; n. deceased GñkGnuvtþ ¬RbcaM¦ practitioner 218

\NTankMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§ SAC (structural adjustment credit of the IMF)

\NTanKµankalkMNt; ¬RtUvsgvijenAeBl eKTar¦ call loan, call money \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana open credit ( for good clients of the bank)

\NTanCMnYj trade credit ( for enterprises which have trading relationship)

\NTaneRtom stand-by credit \NTanTUTat; payment credit \NTanbUk credit plus (credit with financial and technical components)

\NTanBn§ tax credit \NTanBIFnaKar/ PaBGacTTYl)an eligibility for bank loans

\NTanP¢ab;snüa ¬fvikardæ¦ committed credit (state budget)

\NTanelIssmtulü ¬FnaKar¦ overdraft (banking), GnuBaØat ~ to grant an overdraft

\NTanvtßú

credit in kind

Economic Lexicon Part 2

\NTansac;R)ak; cash credit \NTansMrab;TijTMnijeRbIR)as; consumer

\n§n³ fuel \riyabf attitude \riyabfesdækic© economic behaviour \sSrCn dignitary \sSrPaB dignity ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm Supreme

credit

\NTanÉksar documentary credit \NTayk n. creditor, credit provider \NTayI adj. credit \NeTyü claim, ~ elIrdæaPi)al claim on

Council of the Magistracy

]tþmKti ideal ]tþmRbeyaCn_ best interest ]tþmPaB advantage ]tþmPaBRbECg competitive advantage ]tþmPaBeRbobeFob comparative/relative

the government

\NeTyüTarmin)an ¬xUc¦ bad debt \NeTyüBi)akTar bad debt \NeTyüsgS½y doubtful debt \NRbtiTan ¬m> éf¶dl;kMNt;sgR)ak;¦ date of maturity, due date

\NBn§ n. debit,kt;Rtaxag ~ v. debit, kMNt;ehtu¼Rbkas ~ n. debit memo/

advantage

memorandum

]tþmsikSa tertiary education/higher

]tþmPaBeRbobeFobBinitüeXIj revealed comparative advantage

\Nvnþ debtor, borrower \Nayik adj. debit, smtulü ~ debit

education

]tþmanuPaB/ sMelg ¬e)aHeqñat¦ deciding

balance

vote, casting vote

\tex©aH perfect, impeccable \tcMNg/ CMnYy untied aid \tQb;Qr/ Edl incessant \tbg;éfø/ eday free of charge \tbMNg unintentional, involuntary \tpøas;bþÚr/ Edl adj. unaltered \tRBagTuk ¬fvika¦ contingency \T§iBlénbøg; design effect

]eTÞsnam/ lixit ¬GñktMNag¦ designation letter

]tþrRbeTs ¬RbeTsGñkman¦ north countries ]T§rN_ appeal ]Tüan park, ~ Cati national park ]bkrN_ instrument, ~ TUTat; negotiable instrument, ~ minGacykeTATUTat;)an nonnegotiable instrument

]bkrN_ tool 219

Economic Lexicon Part 2

]bkrN_sMrYlBiesssMrab;\n§n³ special oil

(state)

facility

]bharit/ eFVI brought in (assets as

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;kMENtMrUvrcnasm<½n§

investment)

Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF)

])aKmn_ ¬kar)anCakmµsiT§inUvvtßúrNb¦

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;Tb;snñiFi buffer stock

accession

facility (BSF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;b:Hb:UvxaghirBaØvtßú compensatory financing facility (CFF)

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFimrtk trust fund

])aeTskmµ ¬m> CMnYs/ kardak;¦ subrogation ])aRs½y ¬siT§irbs;Gñkkan;rUbiyaNtþi kñúgkartamTarsMNgBIGñkeFVIbidæielx¦ recourse

]b,tþiehtu incident ]sSah_ rW ]sSah_Büayam industrious ]sShkmµkat;edr garment indutries ]sSahkmµ industry, ~ FunF¶n; heavy industry, ~ FunRsal light industry, ~ vtßúFatuedIm primary industry, ~ Ekécñ secondary industry, ~ nisSarNkmµ rW ~ ykEr: extractive industry, ~ esva

facility (TFF)

]bkarI assistant ]bkarI ¬GñkTMnukbMrgu / Gñkp©gú epþmI ¦ benefactor ]btßmÖ/ kar assistance ]btßmÖ/ R)ak; allowance, ~ RKYsar family allowance, alimony

]btßmÖTun/ kar capital assistance ]btßmÖFn subsidy, subvention ]btßmÖFn/ pþl; v. subsidise

service industry

]btßmÖBIfvikarrdæ national budget support (for provincial budget)

]bnaykrdæm®nþI deputy prime minister ]bnisS½y propensity ]bnisS½y vocation, man ~ kñúgkar>>> have a vocation for

]sSahUbnIykmµ industrialisation, RbeTseFVI ~ fµI newly industrialised countries (NICs) ÉkkmµsiT§i sole proprietorship ÉkCn private, Rkumh‘un ~ private (or privately owned) company, vinieyaKin ~ private investor

]bePaK/ eRKOg tool, instrument, utensil, ~ nigeRKOgbriePaK basic necessities ]bsKÁ obstacle, barrier ]bsm<½n§/ fvika supplemental budget

ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ rW ÉkCnnIykmµµ privatization

Ékta unit, ~ viPaK unit of analysis, ~ Kit unit of counting or unit of account, éfø 220

Economic Lexicon Part 2

~ unit price/rate

ÉktadMNak;TIBIr second-stage unit (SSU) ÉktatMbn;cugeRkay ultimate area unit

Éksartamc,ab; legal document ÉksarbegáIt ¬Rkumh‘un¦ founding instrument

ÉksarBiPakSa ¬r)aykarN_sikSaBIerOgGVImYy¦

(UAU)

ÉktatMélénRkdasR)ak; denomination Éktalk; ¬)an¦/ cMnYn sales volume ÉktaykKMrUtagcugeRkay ultimate

working paper

ÉksarykTUTat;)an negotiable documents

ÉktaykKMrUtagdMbUg primary sampling

Éksar lHbg;siT§i¼elIkElg waiver n. ÉksarsMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij cargo

unit (PSU)

document

ÉketaPaKI unilateral ÉktþCn individual ÉkTKÁkmµ record, bMEbk ~ break the record ÉkeTs speciality ÉkeTsnIykmµ specialisation, ~ kargar

ÉksarGm supporting document

sampling unit (USU)

job specialisation

ÉkbuKÁl/ shRKas sole proprietorship Ékb,harPaB ¬m> Kab;CYn/kar¦ coincidence ÉkPaK/ karcuHbBa¢I single entry bookeeping

ÉkPaB/ kar agreement, concurrence ÉkPaB/ min v. disagree ÉkPaB/ lkçN³ uniformity ÉkPavUbnIykmµ unification Ékvb,kmµ monoculture Éksar document, documentation, pþl; ~ RbKl;TMnijeBlbBa¢ak;TTYlRBmCMBak; documents against acceptance (D/A) 221

(administration)

ÉksiT§i privilege (special benefit) »kas opportunity, tMél ~ RtUv)at;bg; opportunity cost

»nPaB deficit, ~ fvika budget deficit, ~ CBa¢IgTUTat; deficit of the balance of payments, bMeBj ~ v. meet a deficit »vaT/ karsþab; obedience »vaT/ enAeRkam under the auspices (institution)

»sanvaT n. ultimatum b£sKl; origin