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PviycvV

K. wgby Kvi evwo‡Z _vKZ? L. lô Bw›`ªq ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Ae¯’vbMZ w`K †_‡K DÏxc‡Ki eb¨v I wgbyi g‡a¨ †h ˆemv`„k¨ jÿ Kiv hvq---Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. wgby I eb¨vi ¯^fveMZ ˆemv`„k¨ we‡kølY Ki|

2. cwjøcÖK…wZi NwbôZvq †e‡o IVv weagv gv‡qi Wvbwc‡U mšÍvb dwUK| AvMÖ‡ni AvwZk‡h¨, bZz‡bi AvKl©‡Y P‡j Av‡m KjKvZv gvgv-evwo‡Z| wKšÍy gvwg Zv‡K †gv‡UI Avcb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i wb; eis Abvek¨K Sv‡gjv g‡b K‡i Zv‡K †mœn †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i| GKw`‡K cÖK…wZi Uvb, Ab¨w`‡K gvwgi Ae‡njv, Abv`i, wZi¯‹vi Zvi gb‡K e¨w_Z K‡i| d‡j G c„w_ex †_‡K Zv‡K Amg‡q we`vq wb‡Z nq| K. wgbyi eqm KZ? L. M„n-cwiPvwiKvi Kv‡R wgbyi f~wgKv †Kgb wQj---e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡Ki dwUK I ÔwgbyÕ M‡íi wgbyi g‡a¨ ˆemv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔdwU‡Ki cwiYwZ Avi wgbyi cwiYwZ wfbœÕ---Dw³wU wePvi Ki|

jvj MiyUv m‡Z¨b †mb

jvj MiyUv ey‡ov n‡q †M‡Q| `yaI †`q bv, †Kv‡bv Kv‡RI jv‡M bv| evwoi KZ©v wbwaivg ejj, GUv‡K †i‡L Avi Kx n‡e? `y Pvi UvKv hv cvB, Zv‡ZB wewµ K‡i GKUv `yav‡jv MvB wK‡b wb‡q AvmvB fv‡jv| Avgiv Mwie gvbyl, Avgiv wK Avi evRvi †_‡K `ya wK‡b †L‡Z cvwi? wbwaiv‡gi eD ejj, Ggb K_v e‡jv bv †Mv, Aag© n‡e| Avgvi kvïwoi eo Av`‡ii wQj MiyUv| eo j²x Avi kvšÍ¯^fve, GKUz Xzu-XuvI gv‡i bv| GiKg Miy nq bv| GZKvj gv‡qi g‡Zv Avgv‡ì `ya LvB‡q G‡m‡Q, Avi GLb KUv UvKvi †jv‡f Avgiv I‡K KmvB‡qi Kv‡Q †e‡P †è? bv bv, KmvB‡qi Kv‡Q †ePe †Kb? wbwaivg ejj, hviv Pvlevm K‡i Lvq, Ggb †jv‡Ki Kv‡QB †ePe| wbwaiv‡gi eD Pvwli N‡ii †g‡q, Pvwli N‡ii eD, me LeiB iv‡L| †m Awek¦v‡mi my‡i ejj, nu¨vt, I‡K w`‡q wK Avi Pv‡li KvR Pj‡e? ey‡ov n‡q †ivMv Avi `ye©j n‡q †M‡Q| †`LQ bv nvo KLvbv gvÎ evwK Av‡Q| †hB I‡K wKbyK, `y w`b Av‡MB †nvK Avi c‡iB †nvK, KmvB‡qi Kv‡Q †e‡P †`‡eB| Z‡e Kie Kx? wbwaivg GKUz Mig n‡qB ejj, GB AK¤§v Miy‡K Avi KZKvj ewm‡q ewm‡q LvIqve? hv‡ì UvKvi †Rvi Av‡Q, Zviv Zv cv‡i| Avgv‡ì Mwie gvby‡li wK Avi †mB mva¨ Av‡Q? wbwaivg wg‡Q K_v e‡j wb| wKšÍy Zvi eD wKQz‡ZB †m K_v ïb‡Z Pvq bv| †m ejj, AvgivI GKw`b ey‡ov ne, Avgv‡ì †Q‡j‡g‡qiv hw` ZLb e‡j, †Zvgiv ey‡ov n‡q †MQ, †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB jv‡Mv bv| †Zvgv‡ì Avgiv Avi

PviycvV

ewm‡q ewm‡q LvIqv‡Z cvie bv| ZLb Avgv‡ì †Kgb jvM‡e? Avi Avgiv hveB-ev †Kv_vq? †Q‡j‡g‡qiv K_vUv Rvb‡Z †c‡i †PuPv‡gwP ïiy K‡i w`j| jvj MiyUv‡K †Q‡o Zviv wKQz‡ZB _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| evwomy× me GKw`‡K Avi wbwaivg GKw`‡K| wKšÍy wbwaiv‡gi †Muv eo welg †Muv| evav †c‡j Zvi wRÙv Av‡iv †e‡o I‡V| wbwaiv‡gi cuvP eQ‡ii †Q‡j weï mUvb ùvwo‡q MR©b K‡i DVj, Avgvi Miy| KvD‡K wew°wi Ki‡Z †è bv| †Zvi Miy? †Zvi Miy Avevi †Kgb K‡i n‡jv? wbwaivg wR‡M¨m Kij| weï ejj, AvgviB †Zv, Avwg †h †ivR I‡K Nvm LvIqvB| wKšÍy †h hZB ejyK bv †Kb, KviyB †Kv‡bv K_v LvUj bv| wbwaivg jvj MiyUv‡K gvÎ Kzwo UvKvq wewµ K‡i w`j| `y-†µvk `~‡i †mvbvKv›`v MÖvg| †mLvbKvi GKRb ey‡ov †jvK Zv‡K wK‡b wb‡q †Mj| jvj MiyUvi mv`v mij gb| †m GZme wKQz Rv‡b bv| fve‡ZI cv‡i wb| mviv Rbg Zvi GB evwo‡ZB †K‡U †Mj| G me †ePv‡Kbvi Lei †m iv‡L bv| †h gvbyl¸‡jv‡K †m GZ fv‡jvev‡m, Zviv †h Zvi m‡½ Ggb Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m Zv †Kgb K‡i eyS‡e? fvej, GKUv ey‡ov †jvK Zv‡K gv‡V Nvm LvIqv‡Z wb‡q P‡j‡Q| Aek¨ Zvi m‡½ Ii Rvbv‡kvbv †bB| bvB-ev _vKj| Ii Nvm LvIqv wb‡q K_v| †m †Kv‡bv AvcwË bv K‡i w`we¨ Zvi †cQb †cQb P‡j †Mj| Avi wVK †mB mgqUvq wbwaiv‡gi eD Zvi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì wb‡q cv‡ki evwo‡Z P‡j wM‡qwQj| G wK †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`Lv hvq|

Zvici wd‡i G‡m hLb ïbj jvj Miy‡K wb‡q †M‡Q, ZLb weïi Kx Kvbœv! †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i mevi gyLB fvi| gv‡qi Ae¯’vI ZvB| †mw`b evwoi KviyB fv‡jv K‡i LvIqv n‡jv bv| wKšÍy wbwaivg‡K †KD wKQz ej‡j bv| †KD wKQz ej‡j †m wbðqB Lye †i‡M‡g‡M DVZ| ivMevi Rb¨ g‡b g‡b ˆZwi n‡qI wQj| wKšÍy †KD Zv‡K †mB my‡hvM w`j bv| wbwaivg Ggb wec‡` Avi KL‡bv c‡o wb| Kx Avðh©, Ggb †h †ZR¯^x wbwaivg, †m †hb VvÊv Rj n‡q †Mj|

jvj MiyUv

Gi mvZ-AvU w`b ev‡` GK AevK KvÊ| we‡Kj‡ejv jvj MiyUv QzU‡Z QzU‡Z G‡m nvwRi| wbwaivg DVv‡bi av‡i e‡m †eov euvawQj| Avi Gw`K Iw`K bq, jvj MiyUv †mvRv Zvi Kv‡Q wM‡q j¤^v gyLUv Zvi Kuv‡ai Dci Zz‡j w`j| VvÊv bvKUv Mvq jvM‡ZB wbwaivg Pg‡K DVj, GUv Avevi Kx? Igv, G-†h jvj MiyUv| Au¨v, †Kgb K‡i G‡m coj? jvj Miy Zvi WvMi WvMi †PvL `ywU Ii gy‡Li w`‡K Zz‡j aij| Ii †PvL `y‡Uv †hb K_v ej‡Q| †hb ej‡Q, †Zvgvi G †Kgb Av‡°j ej †Zv? Avgv‡K GKv †Kv_vq cvwV‡q w`‡qwQ‡j? Avwg wK †Zvgv‡ì †Q‡o _vK‡Z cvwi? Miy †Zv gyL dz‡U K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| wKšÍy g‡b g‡b †m GB K_vB ejwQj| Zvici Zv‡K wb‡q evwomy× ˆn ˆn c‡o †Mj| †Q‡j‡g‡qiv †PuPv‡gwP, gvZvgvwZ, bvPvbvwP ïiy K‡i w`j| weï jvj Miyi Mjv Rwo‡q a‡i ejj, Avgvi Miy| †mw`b A‡bK ivwÎ ch©šÍ jvj Miyi K_vB Pjj| wbwaivg wKšÍy gv_v wbPz K‡i Pzc K‡iB iBj| fv‡jvg›` †Kv‡bv K_v ejj bv| wKšÍy G Avb›` †h †ewkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ bq| ciw`b †ejvUv GKUz DV‡ZB †mvbvKv›`v †_‡K wZbRb †jvK G‡m nvwRi| ey‡ov †jvKUvI Zv‡ì m‡½ Av‡Q| Iiv cvwj‡q-hvIqv MiyUvi †Luv‡R G‡m‡Q| weï Zvi jvj Miy‡K ZLb Nvm LvIqvw”Qj| I‡ì †`‡LB MiyUvi †Pv‡L †m Kx AvZ¼! wbwaiv‡gi m‡½ `y-GKUv K_v e‡j Iiv MiyUv‡K †U‡b wb‡q †h‡Z jvMj| wKšÍy †m wK †h‡Z Pvq| PviUv cv LyuUvi g‡Zv k³ K‡i ùvwo‡q iBj| MiywU nq‡Zv g‡b g‡b Avkv KiwQj, wbwaivg I‡K G‡m mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| †mB Avkvq †m nv K‡i †W‡K DVj| wKšÍy †KD I‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z GwM‡q G‡jv bv| Iiv wZbRb Avi †m GKv| KZÿY Avi I‡ì iyL‡e| Iiv Zv‡K wnuP‡o †U‡b wb‡q Pjj| jvj Miy wd‡i wd‡i †cQb w`‡K ZvKvw”Qj| mevB cwi®‹vi †`L‡Z †cj, Ii eo eo †PvL `ywU †_‡K †duvUvq †duvUvq Rj Si‡Q| †Q‡j‡g‡qiv †Ku‡` DVj| I‡ì gv gyL wdwi‡q gy‡L Kvco ¸Rj| Avi wbwaivg? wbwaivg Kx Kij? †m nb nb K‡i evwo †_‡K †ewi‡q †Mj| †mB †h †Mj, †MjB, mvivw`b Avi wdij bv| wbwaiv‡gi eD Miyi wPšÍv fz‡j wM‡q ¯^vgxi wPšÍvq Aw¯’i n‡q DVj| ejv †bB, KIqv †bB, †Mj †Kv_vq? Ggb †Zv †Kv‡bvw`b K‡i bv| mÜ¨v jv‡M jv‡M wVK Ggb mgq wbwaiv‡gi evwo‡Z MZ w`‡bi gZB Avevi ˆn ˆn c‡o †Mj| wbwaivg wd‡i G‡m‡Q| wKšÍy †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì GZ Avb›` †mB Rb¨B wK? bv, Zv bq| wbwaivg jvj MiyUv‡K m‡½ K‡i wb‡q G‡m‡Q| wbwaiv‡gi eD AevK n‡q wR‡M¨m Kij, G Avevi Kx? wbwaivg SuvSvj my‡i DËi w`‡q ejj, Kx Kie? †Zvgv‡ì R¡vjvq wK Avi cvievi Dcvq Av‡Q? MiyUv wdwi‡q wb‡q Gjvg| Dj‡Uv Av‡iv `kUv UvKv M”Pv jvMj| M”Pv jvMj Kx iKg? UvKv †diZ w`‡Z †Mjvg, Avi IivI †c‡q emj| e‡j, †Zvgvi Miy Avgv‡ì GB ÿwZ K‡i‡Q, H ÿwZ K‡i‡Q| ÿwZi GK j¤^v wdwiw¯Í w`j| Kx Avi Kie, †kl ch©šÍ Av‡iv evowZ `kUv UvKv Av`vq K‡i Qvoj| wbwaiv‡gi eD‡qi †PvLgyL Lywk‡Z †n‡m DVj| wKšÍy m‡½ m‡½B nvwmUv Pvcv w`‡q †m ejj, wewµ K‡iwQ‡j K‡iwQ‡j, Avevi Kx ìKvi wQj wdwi‡q Avbevi? mwZ¨ K_vB †Zv, GB AK¤§v MiyUv‡K Kx ìKvi Avgv‡ì? wbwaivg Gevi †n‡m †djj| evev‡K nvm‡Z †`‡L †Q‡j‡g‡qivI mevB Zv‡K wN‡i aij| GKw`b evevi Dci g‡b g‡b Kx-†h ivM n‡qwQj Zv‡ì| AvR mevi gb nvjKv n‡q †M‡Q| evev‡K hZ Lvivc g‡b nq, Avm‡j evev ZZ Lvivc bq|

PviycvV

kãv_© I UxKv KmvB

--- hviv Mevw` cï RevB ev nZ¨v K‡i gvsm wewµ K‡i|

AK¤§v

--- †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri bq Ggb|

†Muv

--- GKMuy‡qwg, bv‡Qvo fve, wR`|

mUvb

--- GKUvbv, †mvRvmywR|

wew°wi

--- weµq, †ePv|

`y-†µvk

--- Pvi gvB‡ji †ewk wKQz c_| GK †µvk gv‡b 8000 nvZ|

w`we¨

--- fv‡jvfv‡e, cwi®‹vi K‡i|

mvgjv‡bv

--- mshZ Kiv|

†ZR¯^x

--- kw³kvjx, †ZRgq|

†eov

--- †eówb, euvk ev cvULwoi ˆZwi †`qvj|

WvMi

--- eo|

Av‡°j

--- eyw×, we‡ePbv, KvÊÁvb|

M”Pv

--- Ab_©K A_©`Ê, ÿwZc~iY|

wdwiw¯Í

--- eY©bv, ZvwjKv, d`©|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ cÖvwYKz‡ji cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva m„wó|

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jvj MiyUv

†jLK-cwiwPwZ m‡Z¨b †mb 1907 wLªóv‡ãi 28†k gvP© XvKv †Rjvi ZrKvjxb weµgcy‡ii (eZ©gv‡b gywÝMÄ †Rjv) U½xevwo _vbvi †mvbvis MÖv‡gi weL¨vZ †mb cwiev‡i Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvg‡ni `yB åvZv g‡bv‡gvnb †mb I gyivix‡gvnb †mb evsjv wkïmvwn‡Z¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨w³Z¡| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †mœnab¨ I wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A¯’vqx DcvPvh© wÿwZ‡gvnb †mb wQ‡jb Zuvi wcZ…e¨| †bv‡ej weRqx Ag©Z¨ †mb m‡Z¨b †m‡bi fv‡Mœ| m‡Z¨b †mb wQ‡jb wecøex, ¯^vaxbZv-msMÖvgx Ges G †`‡ki cÖMwZkxj Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g mvwii †bZv| gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³i R‡b¨ wZwb Kjg a‡iwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK‡ì Dbœq‡b Rxe‡bi `xN© mgq e¨q K‡ib wZwb| m‡Z¨b †mb wQ‡jb †`k‡cÖwgK wecøex I Kjg-ˆmwbK| wZwb Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb c‡biwU| Gi m‡½ BwZnvm, weÁvb I RxebxMÖš’ QvovI wkï-wK‡kvi‡ì Dc‡hvMx ÔcvZvevnviÕ, ÔAvgv‡ì GB c„w_exÕ, ÔGU‡gi K_vÕ cÖf…wZ MÖš’ Av‡Q| G †`‡ki wkï‡ì weÁvbgb¯‹ I m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z Zuvi Ae`vb ¯§iYxq| 1970 mv‡j wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx I Av`gRx cyi¯‹vi Ges 1986 mv‡j gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib| 1981 mv‡ji 5B Rvbyqvwi wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb †Zvgvi evwo‡Z wK †Kv‡bv †cvlv cÖvYx Av‡Q? wKsev †Kv‡bv cvwL? A_ev Ggb GKwU MvQ hv Zzwg wbRnv‡Z jvwM‡qQ? †f‡e †`L cÖ_g w`bwUi K_v| Zvic‡i Kxfv‡e †m †e‡o DVj Ges ax‡i ax‡i n‡q DVj †Zvgv‡ì evwoi GKvšÍ Avcb| †Zvgvi fvebvwU avivevwnKfv‡e †jLvi †Póv Ki| we‡kl †Kv‡bv NUbv hw` Gi mv‡_ Rwo‡q _v‡K, Zv mh‡Zœ Zz‡j Av‡bv †Zvgvi †jLvq| g‡b †iL, GwUB n‡e †Zvgvi wb‡Ri Mí| †jLvwU cwiev‡ii mevB‡K c‡o †kvbvI Ges Zv‡ì Abyf‚wZ Rvbvi †Póv Ki, civgk© bvI| Zvici †jLvwU †kªwYi evsjv-wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Rgv `vI| †Zvgvi †jLvwU Gfv‡eI n‡Z cv‡i : cÖ_g †hw`b jvwj (†Zvgvi wcÖq Miy, weovj ev cvwLi bvg Ab¨ wKQzI n‡Z cv‡i) Avgv‡ì evwo‡Z G‡jv ZLb... jvwj ZZw`‡b †ek... Avwg Av‡M eyS‡Z cvwi wb †h jvwj‡K... MvQ n‡j †jLvwU Gfv‡eI n‡Z cv‡i : †mw`b we‡K‡j Av¤§y †Kv‡Ì‡K GKwU Ue wb‡q Avm‡jb| U‡e †QvÆ GKwU Mv‡Qi Pviv| cÖwZw`b cvwb `vI, gvwU †b‡o `vI| gnv Sv‡gjv| Avwg wei³... †fv‡i D‡V †`wL dzj dz‡U‡Q Avi †m dzjwU g„`yg›` `yj‡Q| Avgvi g‡b n‡jv...

PviycvV

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| wbwaiv‡gi eD †Kgb cwiev‡ii †g‡q? K. Mwie M. PvKzwiRxex

L. Pvwl N. e¨emvqx

2| Ôjvj MiyUvi mv`v mij gbÕ---G K_v Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q--K. MiywU eyw×gvb M. kvšÍ †gRvR

L. eq‡m e„× N. AZme †ev‡S bv

DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : evMv‡bi gvwj iv‡njv| evMv‡bi cÖwZwU MvQ‡K †m mšÍv‡bi g‡Zv hZœ K‡i| GKwU eo MvQ nVvr g‡i †M‡j iv‡njvi gb LyeB Lvivc nq| wewµ ev †K‡U †djvi K_v fve‡j iv‡njvi gb fvivµvšÍ n‡q I‡V| 3| Ôjvj MiyUvÕ M‡íi †Kvb wel‡qi m‡½ DÏxc‡Ki wgj i‡q‡Q--i. wbwaivg Afv‡ei Zvobvq MiywU wewµ K‡i ii. mgq I cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y †m MiywU wewµ K‡i iii. MiywU †Kv‡bv Kv‡R AvmwQj bv ZvB wewµ K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i M. ii I iii

L. ii N. i, ii I iii

4| DÏxcKwU Ôjvj MiyUvÕ M‡íi †h fvewU enb K‡i Zv n‡jv--K. gvbyl I Rx‡ei fv‡jvevmv M. gvbyl RxeRMr bó K‡i

L. Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ Rvbv N. gvbyl Rxe‡K Kó †`q

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. †LvKv `~‡ii GK AvZ¥x‡qi evwo †_‡K GK‡Rvov cvwL wb‡q G‡jv| Av`ihZœ K‡i Lvevi w`‡q cvwL `y‡Uv‡K †m LuvPvq cyl‡Z jvMj| †m fvej cvwL `ywU †ek †cvl †g‡b‡Q| ZvB †m GKw`b LuvPvi `yqvi Ly‡j ivLj| KLb †m cvwL `y‡Uv D‡o †Mj †LvKv Rvb‡ZI cvij bv| Zvi gb fxlY Lvivc n‡jv| GZ †mœn, Av`i, hZœ wKQzB eySj bv| K‡ói m‡½ Zvi g‡b n‡jv cvwLiv eywS gvby‡li fv‡jvevmv †ev‡S bv| K. L. M. N.

wbwaiv‡gi †Q‡ji eqm KZ? jvj MiyUv †Kb wd‡i G‡jv eywS‡q †jL| DÏxc‡Ki cvwL I Ôjvj MiyÕ M‡íi jvj Miyi ga¨Kvi ˆemv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| ÔcïcvwL gvby‡li fv‡jvevmv †ev‡S bv---jvj MiyUv wd‡i G‡m GB aviYv wg_¨v cÖgvY K‡i‡QÕ---we‡kølY Ki|

jvj MiyUv

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ciw`b mveyi mvg‡b †MvUv kni †hb ûgwo †L‡q coj| Zv‡ì evwoi cvk w`‡q †M‡Q †Rjv †ev‡W©i moK| †mB c‡_ gvbyl Avm‡Z jvMj| GKRb `yRb bq, nvRvi nvRvi| GK`g wcjwcj wcuc‡oi mvwi| MveZwj MÖvg Zv‡ì MšÍe¨ bq| AviI `~‡i hv‡e Zviv| †KD Kzwgjøv, †KD †bvqvLvwj, †KD gqgbwmsn---GK`g Mv‡iv cvnv‡oi KvQvKvwQ, AviI bvbv GjvKvq| `viyY †ivÏyi gv_vi Dc‡i| Avi wfo| wbk¦v‡m wbk¦v‡m Zvc ev‡o| nuvUvi Rb¨ K¬vwšÍ ev‡o| me wgwj‡q RIqvb gvby‡livB Lvwe Lv‡”Q| †g‡q, wkï Ges †ewk eqmx‡ì †Zv K_vB †bB| ÿzavi K_v Pz‡jvq hvK, wcqv‡m QvwZ †d‡U `ywZb Rb iv¯Ívi av‡iB †kl n‡q †Mj| ˆRZzb wewe gywo †f‡R w`‡qwQj Lye †fvi-†fvi D‡V| mvey PvOvwi †evSvB K‡i gywo G‡b I‡ì LvB‡q‡Q| wb‡Riv Kxfv‡e Pj‡e †m K_v fv‡e wb| gywo †kl n‡j †m cvwb †RvMv‡bvi Kv‡R GwM‡q †M‡Q| GK †cÖŠp bvix‡K †`‡L †m AevK n‡q Zvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q wQj| cÂv‡ki †ewk eqm! wKš‘ Kx dimv †Pnviv! †hb †Kv‡bv ajv cwi| gyL †`‡L †evSv hvq A‡bK †nu‡U‡Qb, A_P Zuvi Rxe‡b nuvUvi A‡f¨m †bB| mveyi Kv‡Q G‡m ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| --- gv, cvwb Lv‡eb? --- `vI, evev| †cÖŠp bvix gyL Lyj‡jb| Møvm Avevi ay‡q Rvjv †_‡K cvwb GwM‡q w`‡qwQj mvey| Lvwj Mv| ci‡b nvdc¨v›U, ZvI gqjv| eo j¾v jv‡M mveyi| †cÖŠpv cvwb †L‡q Z…ß| nv‡Z Pvgovi Dci bKkv-AuvKv e¨vM †_‡K iygvj †ei K‡i gyL gyQ‡jb| Zvici GKUv cuvP UvKvi †bvU mveyi w`‡K GwM‡q w`‡q ej‡jb, evev, Zzwg wKQz wK‡b †LI| --- G Kx! bv-bv----- bvI, evev| --- gvd Ki‡eb| UvKv wb‡j Avgv‡i gv evwo _vBKv evBi KBiv wè| Avgv‡i KBqv w`‡Q, kn‡ii KZ MY¨gvb¨ gvbyl hvBe iv¯Ív w`qv! cqmv w`‡j wbwe bv| Lei`vi| †mB †cÖŠp bvix GKUz nuvd †Q‡o ej‡jb, †Zvgvi gv wKQz ej‡eb bv| --- Avgvi gv-†i Avcwb †P‡bb bv| gv Kb, wec‡` cBov gvbyl evwo AvB‡j wKQz jIqv DwPZ bv| Mwie nBZvg cvwi, wKšÍy Avgiv Rv‡bvqvi bv| †kl K_v¸‡jvi ci wbiycvq †mB bvix mveyi gy‡Li w`‡K †P‡q ej‡jb, evev, hw` KL‡bv XvKv kn‡i hvI, Avgv‡ì evwo‡Z G‡mv| --- Avcbv‡ì evwo? --- jvjgvwUqv eøK wW| Avwg wg‡mm ingvb|

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--- cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvÄve †iwR‡g‡›Ui ˆmwbK| Giv c~e© evsjvi wbi¯¿ RbM‡Yi Dci wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ Pvwj‡qwQj|

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Mv‡iv cvnvo

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Lvwe LvIqv

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Kv‡djv

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Rwqd

--- `ye©j| nxbej| e„×| RivRxY©|

Kzu‡Pv †Q‡j‡g‡q

--- †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q|

DchvPK

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Dw`©

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cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq D¾xweZ Kiv|

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MÖv‡g cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi AvMgb

MÖvgevmxi Dci AZ¨vPvi

gyw³hy‡× Avgv‡`i MÖvg

ZiæY‡`i gyw³hy‡× †hvM`v‡bi A½xKvi

gmwR`-gw›`‡i Av¸b MÖv‡gi e„× bvix-cyiy‡li AvZ©bv`

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bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. dimv †Pnviv Kvi? K. †cÖŠp gwnjvi

L. m`¨ weaevi

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L. gwnjv cuvP UvKv w`‡Z PvIqvq

M. ch©vß cvwb w`‡Z bv cvivq

N. Mwie nIqvq

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L. ˆRZzb wewe‡K

M. wg‡mm ingvb‡K

N. mvey‡K

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Av‡jvi †XD¸‡jvB Avgiv †`wL bxj iO wn‡m‡e| A_©vr c„w_exi Ici nvIqvi ¯Íi Av‡Q e‡jB c„w_ex‡Z AvKvk‡K bxj †`Lvq| mKvj-`ycyi-mÜ¨vq AvKv‡ki iO ûeû GK iKg _v‡K bv| GiI KviY n‡jv c„w_exi IciKvi evqygÊj| m~h© †_‡K †h Av‡jv Avgv‡ì †Pv‡L c‡o, Zv‡K c„w_exi IciKvi wekvj nvIqvi ¯Íi †cwi‡q Avm‡Z nq| `ycyi †ejv GB Av‡jv Av‡m mivmwi A_©vr cÖvq j¤^fv‡e nvIqvi ¯Íi dzu‡o| wKšÍy mKv‡j ev mÜ¨vq GB Av‡jv Av‡m †ZiQvfv‡e nvIqvi ¯Íi †cwi‡q| Zv‡Z Av‡jv‡K nvIqvi KYv wWOv‡Z nq `ycy‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| mKv‡j ev mÜ¨vq †gN Avi nvIqvi ay‡jvi KYvi †fZi w`‡q j¤^v c_ †cwi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i ïay m~‡h©i jvj Av‡jvi †XD¸‡jv| †m †gN‡K ZLb †`Lvq jvj| Nb e„wó-†g‡Ni eo eo KYviv hLb AvKvk †Q‡q †d‡j, ZLb Zvi †fZi w`‡q Av‡jv †cwi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB †m †gN‡K †`Lvq Kv‡jv| Av‡MKvi w`‡b Avgv‡ì IciKvi AvKvk wb‡q weÁvbxiv cixÿv-wbixÿv Ki‡Zb k~‡b¨ †ejyb cvwV‡q ev hš¿cvwZmy× i‡KU cvwV‡q| AvR gvbyl wb‡RB gnvKvkhv‡b †P‡c mdi Ki‡Q c„w_exi Dc‡i eû `~i ch©šÍ| c„w_ex Qvwo‡q †h‡Z †c‡i‡Q Puv‡`| c„w_exi Dci †òk `yk gvBj ev Zv‡iv A‡bK †ewk Dci w`‡q Nyi‡Q AmsL¨ gnvKvkhvb| †hLvb w`‡q Nyi‡Q †mLv‡b nvIqv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| gnvKvkhvb †_‡K w`bivZ †Zvjv n‡”Q c„w_exi Qwe| Rvbv hv‡”Q †Kv_vq KLb AvenvIqv †Kgb n‡e, †Kvb †`‡k †Kgb dmj n‡”Q| gnvKvkhvb †_‡K wVK‡i †Ìqv n‡”Q †Uwj‡dvb Avi †Uwjwfk‡bi ms‡KZ| ZvB `~i‡`‡ki m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM AvR A‡bK mnR n‡q D‡V‡Q|

kãv_© I UxKv f~c„ô

--- c„w_exi Dc‡ii Ask|

mPivPi

--- mvaviYZ| †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î|

Puv‡`vqv

--- kvwgqvbv| Kvc‡oi QvDwb|

KYv

--- e¯Íyi AwZ m~² ev ÿz`ª Ask|

ninv‡gkv

--- memgq, me©`v|

evqygÊj

--- c„w_exi Dc‡i hZ`~i ch©šÍ evZvm i‡q‡Q|

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb

--- eY© I MÜ †bB Ggb GKwU †gŠwjK M¨vm, evZv‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb|

Aw·‡Rb

--- Rx‡ei cÖvY euvPv‡bv I Av¸b R¡vjv‡bvi Rb¨ `iKvwi eY©nxb, ¯^v`nxb, MÜnxb †gŠwjK M¨vm|

Kve©b WvB A·vBW

--- Kve©b cy‡o Kve©b WvB A·vBW ˆZwi nq| cÖvYxi wbk¦v‡mi m‡½ †ei nIqv eY©MÜnxb M¨vm|

wg‡kj

--- wewfbœ e¯Íyi wgjb, wgkªY|

Rjxqev®ú

--- cvwbi evqexq Ae¯’v|

wVK‡i

--- wQU‡K, Qwo‡q|

PviycvV

ûeû

--- AweKj, G‡Kev‡i GKB iKg|

¯Íi

--- G‡Ki Ici Avi GK---Ggwbfv‡e mvRv‡bv|

j¤^fv‡e

--- Lvovfv‡e|

dzu‡o

--- †f` K‡i|

†ZiQv

--- euvKv, Avo, †njv‡bv|

i‡KU

--- MÖ‡n-DcMÖ‡n †h‡Z cv‡i Ggb gnvKvkhvb|

gnvKvkhvb

--- gnvKv‡k hvZvqv‡Zi evnb|

ms‡KZ

--- Bw½Z, Bkviv|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ weÁvb‡PZbv m„wó|

cvV-cwiwPwZ GK mgq AvKvk‡K g‡b Kiv n‡Zv gvby‡li gv_vi Dc‡i wekvj GKwU XvKbv e‡j| Avm‡j AvKvk †Kv‡bv XvKbv bq| G n‡”Q evqyi wecyj ¯Íi| GLv‡b cÖvq wekwU eY©nxb M¨vm wg‡k Av‡Q| evqygÊ‡j wewfbœ M¨v‡mi AYy Qwo‡q Av‡Q e‡j AvKvk bxj †`Lvq| mKvj ev mÜ¨vq †gN I evZv‡mi ay‡jvKYvi g‡a¨ `xN© c_ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i ïay m~‡h©i jvj Av‡jv| ZvB G mgq †gN jvj †`Lvq| Nb e„wó I †g‡N †Q‡q †dj‡j AvKvk †`Lvq Kv‡jv| k~‡b¨ gnvKvkhvb cvwV‡q weÁvbxiv bvbv cixÿv-wbixÿv Pvjv‡”Qb| c„w_exi AšÍZ K‡qKk gvBj Ici w`‡q cvVv‡bv gnvKvkhvb †_‡K †cÖwiZ AmsL¨ d‡Uv ev wfwWI †_‡K gvbyl AvenvIqvi Lei cv‡”Q| GKB Kvi‡Y †Uwjwfkb, †dvb, †gvevBj †dvb BZ¨vw`‡Z ms‡KZ cvwV‡q †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v‡K wek¦e¨vcx we¯Í…Z Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ wkï‡ì Rb¨ weÁvbwelqK RbwcÖq mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| wZwb wmivRMÄ †Rjvi dzjevwo‡Z 1930 wLªóv‡ãi 1jv Rvbyqvwi Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| weÁv‡bi A‡bK RwUj inm¨gq ARvbv w`K‡K wZwb AvKl©Yxq I mvejxj fvlvq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| †QvU‡ì R‡b¨ Zuvi †jLv eB¸‡jv n‡”Q: ÔG‡mv weÁv‡bi iv‡R¨Õ, ÔAevK c„w_exÕ, ÔAvwe®‹v‡ii †bkvqÕ, Ôin‡mï †kl †bBÕ, ÔRvbv ARvbvi †`‡kÕ, ÔmvM‡ii inm¨cyixÕ, ÔAvq e„wó †Su‡cÕ, Ôdz‡ji Rb¨ fv‡jvevmvÕ BZ¨vw`| mvwnZ¨ iPbv I weÁvb mvabvi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, BD‡bm‡Kv AvšÍR©vwZK Kwj½ cyi¯‹vimn A‡bK cyi¯‹v‡i f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb| wZwb 1998 mv‡ji 30†k b‡f¤î XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

AvKvk

Kg©-Abykxjb 1. G‡mv wkÿv_©xiv Avgiv ¯‹z‡j Avmv ˆ`wbK cwÎKvwUi mvßvwnK weÁvb cvZv¸‡jv msMÖn Kwi| Zvici cvZv¸‡jvi K‡qKwU welq wb‡q Avgiv `‡j fvM n‡q cvV Kwi| Zvici cwVZ wel‡q Avgv‡`i Ávb I aviYv †kªwYK‡ÿ `jxqfv‡e †cv÷vi-†ccv‡ii gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kwi| 2. cÖ_vMZ wKQz A‡hŠw³K wek¦vm‡K wPwýZ K‡i †m¸‡jvi †hŠw³K mgvavb Dc¯’vcb Ki|

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. iv‡Zi AvKvk mPivPi Kx i‡Oi nq? K. bxj

L. mv`v

M. Kv‡jv

N. jvj

2. gnvKvkhvb †_‡K GLb Rvbv m¤¢e n‡”Q--i. AvenvIqvi Ae¯’v ii. Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ iii. wewfbœ †`‡ki dmj Drcv`‡bi Ae¯’v wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

3. †mvbvi _vjvi g‡Zv m~h© Zvi Pvicv‡k wKiY Qovq KLb? K. w`‡bi †ejvq

L. `ycyi‡ejvq

M. we‡Kj‡ejvq

N. †Mva~wjj‡Mœ

Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : dvwng g‡b K‡i AvKv‡ki i‡Oi wfbœZv †Lqvj Lywkg‡Zv n‡q _v‡K wKšÍy cwji aviYv G i‡Oi wfbœZvi †cQ‡b †Kv‡bv ˆeÁvwbK hyw³ i‡q‡Q| 4. ÔAvKvkÕ cÖeÜ g‡Z dvwn‡gi fvebvwU--i. Aev¯Íe ii. cÖvPxb iii. h_v_©

PviycvV

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

5. ÔAvKvkÕ cÖe‡Üi †Kvb evK¨wU cwji aviYv‡K mg_©b K‡i? K. mKvj-`ycyi-mÜ¨vq AvKv‡ki iO ûeû GK iKg _v‡K bv L. AvKvkUv ci‡Z ci‡Z fvM Kiv M. †Lvjv RvqMvq gv_vi Ic‡i w`bivZ Avgiv AvKvk †`L‡Z cvB N. evqygÊ‡j bvbv M¨v‡mi AYy Qwo‡q Av‡Q e‡j AvKvk bxj †`Lvq m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. iwdK mv‡ne Wv³vwi Ki‡Zb GKUv wbw`©ó gnjøvq| †ivMxi Le‡ii cvkvcvwk wZwb †ivMxi ¯^Rb‡`i †ivM†kv‡Ki LeiI wb‡Zb| nvZ w`‡q gv_v, Kcvj, †cU BZ¨vw` wU‡cB †ivM wbY©q K‡i Ilya w`‡Zb| AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z †ivMwbY©‡qi K_v ej‡jI wZwb Zuvi c×wZ‡KB Dchy³ g‡b Ki‡Zb| iwdK mv‡n‡ei †Q‡j mygb GLb eo Wv³vi| mygb mv‡n‡ei †ivMwbY©‡qi cÖwµqvB wfbœ| AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd, BwmwR, G·-†i BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †ivM wbY©q K‡i wZwb wPwKrmv K‡ib| K. ÔPuv‡`vqvÕ A_© Kx? L. c„w_ex‡Z AvKvk‡K bxj †`Lvq †Kb? M. DÏxc‡Ki iwdK mv‡n‡ei g‡a¨ ÔAvKvkÕ kxl©K cÖe‡Üi †Kvb w`KwU D‡V G‡m‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ômygb mv‡n‡ei wPwKrmv-cÖwµqv AvaywbK weÁv‡bi Ae`vb‡K aviY Ki‡Q|Õ---ÔAvKvkÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|

gv`vi †Z‡imv mb&Rx`v LvZzb

gvbyl gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevm‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| wKšÍy memgq †Zgb †`Lv hvq bv| Avevi wewfbœ hy‡M Ggb gvbylI c„w_ex‡Z Av‡mb huviv gvby‡li †mev‡ZB cÖvYgb me †X‡j †`b| fv‡jvevmv w`‡q Zuviv Rq K‡i †bb `ywbqv| gv`vi †Z‡imv wQ‡jb †Zgwb GKRb AmvaviY gvbe`iw`| gv`vi †Z‡imv R‡š§wQ‡jb A‡bK `~‡ii †`k Avj‡ewbqvi ¯‹wc‡q‡Z| 1910 wLªóv‡ãi 26†k AvM÷ Zuvi Rš§| wcZv wQ‡jb evwoNi ˆZwii Kvievwi, bvg wb‡Kvjvm †evRvwSD| gv‡qi bvg `ªvbvwdj evb©vB| cvwievwiK c`we Abymv‡i Kb¨vi bvg ivLv nq A¨vM‡bm †MvbRv †evRvwSD| wZb fvB‡ev‡bi g‡a¨ A¨vM‡bm wQ‡jb †QvU| eo n‡q mbœ¨vmeªZ MÖn‡Yi mgq Zuvi bvg n‡jv gv`vi †Z‡imv| †Z‡imv hLb Lye †QvU, ZLb BD‡ivc, Gwkqv I Avwd«Kv Ry‡o fqven hy× n‡qwQj| 1914 †_‡K 1918 mvj ch©šÍ Pjv GB hy×‡K ejv nq cÖ_g wek¦hy×| hy‡× AmsL¨ gvby‡li g„Zz¨ †Z‡imvi †Kvgj g‡b Lye AvNvZ K‡iwQj| Gw`‡K 1917 mv‡j evevi g„Zz¨ cwiev‡iI wech©q NwU‡qwQj| `ytL-`y`©kvi g‡a¨ eo nw”Q‡jb †Z‡imv| Aíeq‡m Zuvi †fZ‡i B”Qv Rv‡M gvby‡li †mev Ki‡eb, Zv‡`i Kó jvNe Ki‡eb|

PviycvV

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gv`vi †Z‡imv

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--- gvby‡li Rb¨ hvi `i` ev mg‡e`bv Av‡Q Ggb|

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KZw`‡K KZ KvwiMi

bv, wVKB Av‡Q| Avwg ïay Rvb‡Z PvBwQ, e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei Qwe K‡ib bv? e½eÜz? nu¨v| K¨vb, `¨v‡nb bvB--- H †h Dc‡i PvBqv †`‡nb--- mevi Dc‡iB Z e½eÜzi `yBWv Qwe| †n‡i Z g‡a¨ ev wb‡P ivnb hvq bv| GZÿY gy‡Vv‡Z a‡i ivLv PkgvUv Gevi †Pv‡L w`jvg| mwZ¨, e½eÜz‡K GB KvwiMi ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb mevi Ic‡i| †PvL `y‡Uv Svcmv n‡q G‡jv| kãv_© I UxKv Kz‡gvi miv kvbwK cvUvi KvR †eYx gq~icw•L †bŠKv Awek¦vm¨ fuvwU cvjgkvB †k¨b‡Pv‡L `vgov Pv›` mI`vMi iex›`ªbv_

---------------------------

jvjb dwKi

---

e½eÜz gvIjvbv fvmvbx

-----

m~² ev`-evwZj nqv hvq Rqbyj Av‡e`xb Av‡U©i Kvg

---------

AvwU©÷

--- wkíx, wPÎwkíx ev Kviywkíx|

PviycvV

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Kg©-Abykxjb 1.

†Zvgv‡`i MÖv‡g ev kn‡i wbðq wewfbœ †jvKR †gjv ev mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb AbywôZ nq| †hgb ˆekvLx ev ˆPÎ-msµvwšÍi †gjv| Zzwg †Zgwb †gjvq hvI| †gjvq wM‡q Kx Kx †`L‡j Zvi cwiPq LvZvq wjwce× Ki| Zvici Zv cÖwZ‡e`b AvKv‡i †Zvgvi evsjv-wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Rgv `vI|

2. cvjgkvB e½eÜzi Qwe mevi Dc‡i †i‡L‡Qb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| (¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`‡q Zuvi Ae`v‡bi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v w`‡Z †Póv Ki)|

KZw`‡K KZ KvwiMi

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. iex›`ªbv_ bRiyj I Rqby‡ji Qwe mvRv‡bv i‡q‡Q--K. Kz‡gvi‡`i cÖv½‡Y

L. ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai mvg‡b

M. †bŠKvi †fZ‡i

N. evRv‡ii †`vKv‡b

2. ÔAv‡i, `vgovÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? K. g~L©

L. Ag‡bv‡hvMx

M. duvwKevR

N. cï

3. †jvKwk‡íi Ask n‡”Q--i. fv¯‹h© ii. ZuvZwkí iii. iƒcK_v wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i M. i I ii

L. ii N. ii I iii

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L. ii

M. i I ii

N. ii I iii

PviycvV

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KZKvj a‡i Avwbmy¾vgvb

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PviycvV

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KZ Kvj a‡i

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--- ivRv-ev`kvi Aax‡b †QvU ivRv|

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cÙe„šÍ

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L. mvgšÍ

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L. ii

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Rb¥f‚wg

kãv_© I UxKv mv_©K

--- mdj|

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gy`e

--- eyRe, eÜ Kie|

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Kg©-Abykxjb 1. †`k‡cÖgg~jK Qov, KweZv, Mí, cÖeÜ, iPbv K‡i GKwU †`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwi Ki (†kªwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi KvR)| 2. wewfbœ Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡`i †`k‡cÖgg~jK Qov, KweZv, Mí I Mvb wbe©vPb K‡i GKwU †`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwi Ki (†kªwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi KvR)|

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Kwei gb AvKzj nq Kx‡m? K. Puv‡`i Av‡jvq M. dz‡ji M‡Ü

L. Mv‡Qi Qvqvq N. Rb¥f~wgi Av‡jvq

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L. ii N. ii I iii

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L. ii N. ii I iii

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---------------

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2. g‡bi Kó e„w× cvq--i. my‡Li Rb¨ Kuv`‡j ii. myL wb‡q fve‡j iii. wb‡R‡K wb‡q e¨¯Í _vK‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii M. ii I iii

L. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : mygb I †bvgvb ci¯úi eÜz| myg‡bi evevi g„Zz¨‡Z †bvgvb mve©ÿwYK m½ w`‡q mvš—¡bv †`q| mva¨gZ mygb‡K Avw_©Kfv‡eI mvnvh¨ K‡i| myg‡bi mgm¨v‡K †bvgvb wb‡Ri mgm¨vB g‡b K‡i| 3. Aby‡”Q`wUi m‡½ †Kvb KweZvi fveMZ wgj i‡q‡Q? K. gvbyl RvwZ M. mfv

L. myL N. dv¸b gvm

4. D³ fv‡ei Bw½Zevnx PiY n‡”Q--i. es‡k es‡k bvwn‡Kv ZdvZ ii. mK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv iii. GK‡RvU wVK Avgiv hw` `uvovB m‡e iy‡L wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i

L. ii

M. i I iii

N. ii I iii

myL

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. Avwjg I Rvwgj `yBfvB| cÖev‡m wM‡q Avwjg cÖPzi m¤ú‡ì gvwjK n‡q †`‡k wd‡i‡Qb| evwo-Mvwo meB K‡i‡Qb| wb‡Ri my‡Li mKj eë¯’vB K‡i‡Qb| Aciw`‡K Rvwgj †Kej wb‡Ri myL wb‡qB e¨¯Í bb| cwievi I cvov cÖwZ‡ekxi my‡L-`yt‡L wZwb GwM‡q hvb| A‡bï DcKvi Kivi my‡hvM †c‡j myLx nb| K. ÔAebxÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? L. msmvi‡K mgi-A½b ejv n‡q‡Q †Kb? M. DÏxc‡Ki Rvwgj myL KweZvq ewY©Z myLx nevi †Kvb cÖwµqvwU AbymiY K‡i‡Q---e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔAvwj‡gi myL cÖK…Z myL bq|Õ---myL KweZvi Av‡jv‡K gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY Ki| 2.

GmGmwm cixÿvq AK…ZKvh© n‡q Awbgv nZvk n‡q c‡o| Awbgvi evÜex kviwgb ejj, †mv‡nwj A‡b¨i N‡i KvR K‡i duv‡K duv‡K c‡o fv‡jvfv‡e we G cvm K‡i‡Q| myZivs gvby‡li Amva¨ wKQzB †bB| Awbgv, Zzwg nvj †Q‡o w`I bv| Avgvi wek¦vm, †Póv Ki‡j Zzwg fv‡jv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| K. msmvi‡K Kwe Kx e‡j‡Qb? L. ÔZvi g‡Zv myL †Kv_vI wK Av‡Q?Õ---Kwe G Pi‡Y †Kvb my‡Li K_v eywS‡q‡Qb? M. Awbgvi nZvkvi g‡a¨ ÔmyLÕ KweZvi †h w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI| N. Ôkviwg‡bi wPšÍv-fvebv Kwei ÔhvI exi‡e‡k Ki wMqv iYÕ---G Pi‡Yi fve‡KB †hb aviY K‡i‡Q|Õ--gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY Ki|

gvbyl RvwZ m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë RMr Rywoqv GK RvwZ Av‡Q †m RvwZi bvg gvbyl RvwZ; GK c„w_exi ¯Í‡b¨ jvwjZ GKB iwe kkx †gv‡`i mvw_| kxZvZc ÿzav Z…òvi R¡vjv mevB Avgiv mgvb eywS, KwP KuvPv¸wj Wuv‡Uv K‡i Zzwj euvwPevi Z‡i mgvb hywS| †`vmi LyuwR I evmi euvwa †Mv, R‡j Wzwe, euvwP cvB‡j WvOv, Kv‡jv Avi a‡jv evwn‡i †Kej wfZ‡i meviB mgvb ivOv| evwn‡ii †Qvc AuvP‡o †m †jvc wfZ‡ii is cj‡K †dv‡U, evgyb, k~`ª, e„nr, ÿz`ª K…wÎg †f` ayjvq †jv‡U| iv‡M Abyiv‡M wbw`ªZ Rv‡M Avmj gvbyl cÖKU nq, e‡Y© e‡Y© bvB‡i we‡kl wbwLj RMr eªþgq| * * * es‡k es‡k bvwn‡Kv ZdvZ e‡bw` †K Avi Mi-e‡bw`, `ywbqvi mv‡_ Muv_v eywbqv` `ywbqv mevwi Rbg-†ew`|

gvbyl RvwZ

kãv_© I UxKv GKB c„w_exi ¯Í‡b¨ jvwjZ

--- GKB gv‡qi `ya cvb K‡i †hgb mšÍvb-mšÍwZiv eo n‡q I‡V, †Zgwb c„w_exi me RvwZ-ag©-†Mv‡Îi gvbyl GKB c„w_exi Lv`¨ I cvbxq MÖnY K‡i cÖwZcvwjZ n‡”Q|

iwe kkx

--- m~h© I Puv`|

kxZvZc

--- (kxZ + AvZc) VvÊv I Mig|

ÿzav Z…òvi R¡vjv

--- ÿzav I wccvmvi Kó|

KwP KuvPv¸wj Wuv‡Uv K‡i Zzwj

--- †QvU‡`i cwicyó K‡i Zzwj|

hywS

--- hy× Kwi, jovB Kwi, msMÖvg Kwi|

Z‡i

--- Rb¨ (mvaviYZ c‡`¨ G ai‡bi kã e¨eüZ nq)|

Wuv‡Uv

--- cyó, k³, mg_©|

euvwPevi Z‡i mgvb hywS

--- cÖK…wZi cÖwZK~jZvi weiy‡× wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ me gvbyl‡KB jovB Ki‡Z nq|

†`vmi

--- mvw_, eÜz, m½x|

a‡jv

--- mv`v, dimv, ïå|

R‡j Wzwe, euvwP cvB‡j WvOv

--- RxebmsMÖv‡g KL‡bv civwRZ nB, KL‡bv msKU †cwi‡q bZzb Avkvq eyK euvwa|

WvOv

--- ¯’j, DuPzf~wg, Pi|

Rbg-†ew`

--- m~wZKvM„n, Rb¥¯’vb|

†Qvc

--- i‡Oi †cuvP|

evwn‡ii †Qvc AuvP‡o †m †jvc

--- gvby‡li evB‡ii †Pnvivi is hvB †nvK bv †Kb, AuvPo jvM‡j ev †K‡U †M‡j †h jvj is †ei nq Zv evB‡ii i‡Oi cv_©K¨‡K NywP‡q †`q|

k~`ª

--- wn›`ym¤cÖ`vq we‡kl| wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq Pvi e‡Y© wef³| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv k~`ª|

e‡bw`

--- cÖvPxb, m¤£všÍ|

eywbqv`

--- wfwË|

`ywbqv mevwi Rbg-†ew`

--- G c„w_ex me gvby‡liB Rš§‡ÿÎ|

eªþ

--- ci‡gk¦i, weavZv|

PviycvV

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gvby‡li cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZv I mggh©v`vi g‡bvfve m„wó| cvV-cwiwPwZ †`‡k †`‡k, a‡g© I e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡i gvby‡l gvby‡l †h †f`v‡f` m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q, Kwe gvbyl‡K Zvi †P‡q Dc‡i Avmb w`‡q‡Qb| Avgv‡ì GB c„w_ex RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l me gvby‡liB evmf~wg| GB aiYxi †mœn”Qvqvq Ges GKB m~h© I Puv‡ì Av‡jv‡Z jvwjZ I cÖwZcvwjZ n‡”Q me gvbyl| kxZjZv I DòZv, ÿzav I Z…òvi Abyf~wZ me gvby‡liB mgvb i‡q‡Q| evB‡ii †Pnvivq gvby‡li g‡a¨ mv`v-Kv‡jvi eëavb _vK‡jI me gvby‡li †fZ‡ii is GK I Awfbœ| meviB kix‡i cÖevwnZ GKB jvj i³| gvbyl AvR RvwZ‡f`, †MvÎ‡f`, eY©‡f` I esk‡KŠjxb¨ BZ¨vw` K…wÎg cwiP‡q wb‡R‡ì cwiPq‡K msKxY© I MwÊe× K‡i‡Q| wKšÍy †MvUv `ywbqvi m‡½ gvby‡li †h Rb¥m¤úK©, †mB wePv‡i gvby‡li Avmj cwiPq n‡”Q †m gvbyl Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †f`v‡f` _vKevi K_v bq| mviv c„w_ex‡Z RvwZ, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ-cwiP‡qi E‡aŸ© †h mgMÖ gvbemgvR, Kwe GB KweZvq gvby‡li †mB cwiPq‡KB Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| c„w_exi me gvbyl‡K wb‡qB M‡o D‡V‡Q gvbyl RvwZ| Kwe-cwiwPwZ m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë 1882 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvi KvQvKvwQ wbgZv MÖv‡g Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| 1922 wLªóv‡ãi 25†k †deªyqvwi gvÎ Pwjøk eQi eq‡m Zuvi g„Zz¨ N‡U| êwPÎ¨c~Y© Q‡›ì KweZv wj‡L m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë ÔQ‡›ì Rv`yKiÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë Kg©Rxeb ïiy K‡iwQ‡jb eëmvq A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i| wKšÍy c‡i eëmv †Q‡o mvwnZ¨mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZwb Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwRmn A‡bK¸‡jv fvlv Rvb‡Zb| we‡`wk fvlv †_‡K Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ Abyev` Ki‡jI Kwe wn‡m‡eB wZwb AwaK cwiwPZ| Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ : Ô†eYy I exYvÕ, ÔKzû I †KKvÕ, Ôwe`vq AviwZÕ BZ¨vw`| Kwei ÔAå AvexiÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K KweZvwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q| g~j KweZvwUi bvg ÔRvwZi cuvwZÕ| Kg©-Abykxjb 1.

gvby‡l gvby‡l Kx ai‡bi †f`v‡f` †Zvgvi †Pv‡L c‡o‡Q? †Zvgvi †`Lv gvbyl-R‡bi Av‡jv‡K D³ †f`v‡f‡`i wPÎ A¼b Ki Ges GB †f`v‡f` Kxfv‡e Kwg‡q Avbv hvq †m e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb Ki|

2. †Zvgvi ¯‹z‡j wewPÎ †kªwY-†ckvi cwievi †_‡K mncvVxiv G‡m‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ Zzwg wK †Kv‡bv †f`v‡f` jÿ Ki? †Zvgvi gZvg‡Zi †hŠw³KZv Dc¯’vcb Ki|

gvbyl RvwZ

bgybv cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| evsjv KweZvi †ÿ‡Î Kv‡K ÔQ‡›`i Rv`yKiÕ ejv nq? K. KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K

L. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K

M. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë‡K

N. RmxgD`&`xb‡K

2. ÔGK c„w_exi ¯Í‡b¨ jvwjZÕ---G Dw³‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? K. GKB c„w_exi †mœnQvqvq jvwjZ

L. Rxeb avi‡Yi wfbœ Dcv`vb

M. gvby‡l gvbyl †gjeÜb

N. gvbeKj¨v‡Y KvR K‡i hvIqv

DÏxcKwU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : bvgKiv kj¨-wPwKrmK Wv. myivBqv cviwfb BD‡ivc, Avwd«Kv I Av‡gwiKvi mv`v I Kv‡jv Pvgovi eû gvby‡li m‡½ wg‡k‡Qb, KvR K‡i‡Qb, eû †ivMx wZwb Acv‡ikb K‡i‡Qb| evB‡ii eY© I Mob-ˆewP‡Î¨i Avov‡j gvby‡li wfZiMZ HK¨ I mgZv †`‡L wZwb gy»| 3. Ôgvbyl RvwZÕ KweZvi †h welqwU GLv‡b cÖvmw½K Zv n‡jv--i. c„w_exi me gvbyl GK bq ii. me gvby‡li Af¨šÍixY MVb GK iii. RvwZ‡f`, eY©‡f` K…wÎg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i

L. ii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

4. DÏxcKwU Ôgvbyl RvwZÕ KweZvi †h fvewU cÖKvk K‡i Zv n‡jv--K. wek¦åvZ…Z¡

L. wek¦mgvR

M. GKZv

N. msnwZ

PviycvV

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. iwng, k¨vgj I †ivRvwiI wZb eÜz| C`, c~Rv I eow`‡b Zviv G‡K A‡bï evwo †eov‡Z hvq| Avb›`-Drm‡e, my‡L-`yt‡L G‡K Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| Giƒc AvPi‡Y Zv‡ì evev-gv Lye Lywk| iwn‡gi evev e‡jb, Ô†Zvgiv AwZ AmvaviYÕ| †Zvgv‡ì g‡Zv mevB eÜz-myjf n‡j G c„w_ex Av‡iv my›ì evm¯’vb n‡e| K. Ôgvbyl RvwZÕ †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q? L. Ô`ywbqv mevwi Rbg †ew`Õ---GK_v Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. iwng, k¨vgj I †ivRvwiIi eÜz‡Z¡ Ôgvbyl RvwZÕ KweZvi †Kvb e³e¨wU dz‡U D‡V‡Q---e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡Ki iwn‡gi evevi gšÍe¨B †hb Ôgvbyl RvwZÕ KweZvi g~j myi---Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki|

wS‡O dzj KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg wS‡O dzj ! wS‡O dzj ! meyR cvZvi †`‡k wd‡ivwRqv wd‡O-Kzj--wS‡O dzj| ¸‡j¥ c‡Y© jwZKvi K‡Y© XjXj ¯^‡Y© Sjgj †`v‡jv `yj--wS‡O dzj \ cvZvi †`‡ki cvwL euvav wnqv †euvUv‡Z, Mvb Ze ïwb muv‡S Ze dz‡U IVv‡Z| cD‡li †ejv‡kl cwi, Rvdivwb †ek giv gvPv‡bi †`k K‡i †Zv‡jv gk&¸jwS‡O dzj \ k¨vgjx gv‡qi †Kv‡j †mvbvgyL LyKz †i, Avjy_vjy Nygy hvI †iv‡` Mjv `yKz‡i| cÖRvcwZ †W‡K hvq--Ô†euvUv wQu‡o P‡j Avq!Õ Avmgv‡b Zviv Pvq--ÔP‡j Avq G AK~j!Õ wS‡O dzj \ Zzwg e‡jv---ÔAvwg nvq fv‡jvevwm gvwU-gvÕq, PvB bv I AjKvq--fv‡jv GB c_-fzj!Õ wS‡O dzj \

PviycvV

--- wS‡O mewRi dzj|

--- wd‡ivRv i‡Oi| --- †SvcSv‡o I cÎcjø‡e|

jwZKvi K‡Y©

--- jZvi Kv‡b|

wnqv

--- ü`q|

mvu‡S

--- mÜ¨vq|

cD‡li

--- †cŠl gv‡mi|

cwi

--- cwiqv, cwiavb K‡i|

Rvdivwb

--- Rvdivb i‡Oi|

gvPvb

--- gvPv, cvUvZb|

gkMyj

--- we‡fvi, gMœ, wenŸj|

AjKv

cv‡Vi-D‡Ïk¨ cwi‡ek-†PZbv AR©b I cÖK„wZi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv m„wó| cvV-cwiwPwZ KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg we‡`ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wKšÍy cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Zuvi fv‡jvevmv I ggZ¡‡eva wQj A‡bK Mfxi| ÔwS‡O dzjÕ KweZvq Kwei GB cÖK…wZ‡cÖ‡gi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Avgv‡ì AwZ cwiwPZ wS‡O dzj‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wZwb G KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb| †cŠ‡li †ejv‡k‡l meyR cvZvi G †`‡k Rvdivb is wb‡q wS‡O dzj gvPvi Dci dz‡U Av‡Q| Zv‡K †euvUv wQu‡o P‡j Avmvi Rb¨ cÖRvcwZ WvK‡Q, AvKv‡k P‡j hvIqvi Rb¨ WvK‡Q Zviv| wKšÍy †m gvwU‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m gvwU-gv‡qi Kv‡QB _vK‡e| G KweZvwU‡Z cÖK„wZi cÖwZ Kwei fv‡jvevmv GKwU wS‡O dyj‡K †K›`ª K‡i AZ¨šÍ PgrKvifv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Kwe-cwiwPwZ KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg we‡`ªv‡ni Kwe, †cÖ‡gi Kwe, gvbeZvi Kwe| Ab¨vq, †kvlY I wbh©vZ‡bi weiy‡× DÏxcbvg~jK KweZv wj‡L evsjvi Rbg‡b whwb Ôwe‡`ªvnx KweÕ wn‡m‡e bw›`Z Avmb †c‡q‡Qb| eûwewPÎ I we¯§qKi Zuvi Rxeb| †Q‡j‡ejvq †j‡Uvi `‡j Mvb K‡i‡Qb, iywUi †`vKv‡bi KvwiMi n‡q‡Qb, †mbvevwnbxi nvwej`vi n‡q hy‡× †hvM w`‡q‡Qb| weªwU‡ki weiy‡× ivóª‡`ªv‡ni Aciv‡a KviveiY K‡i‡Qb, cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| we¯§qKi Zuvi m„wó| KweZv, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, msMxZ BZ¨vw` iPbvi gva¨‡g †h RMr wZwb ˆZwi Ki‡Qb Zvi me©ÎB wZwb Awfbe| wZwb †h ïay eo‡ì Rb¨ A‡bK MÖš’ wj‡L‡Qb Zv bq, †QvU‡ì RbÏ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb A‡bK Kve¨, Mvb, bvUK I Mí| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ †jLv Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’ n‡”Q : ÔwS‡OdzjÕ, Ôwc‡j cUKvÕ, ÔNygRvMv‡bv cvwLÕ, ÔNygcvovbx gvwmwcwmÕ Ges bvUK n‡”Q ÔcyZz‡ji we‡qÕ|

wS‡O dzj

bRiy‡ji KweZv I Mvb evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× †cÖiYv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Zuvi †jLv Mvb ÔPj& Pj& Pj&Õ Avgv‡ì iYmsMxZ| wZwb Avgv‡ì RvZxq Kwe| bRiy‡ji Rb¥ 1899 wLªóv‡ãi 24†k †g fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pziywjqv MÖv‡g| 1976 wLªóv‡ãi 29†k AvM÷ wZwb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq gmwR‡ì cv‡k Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq| Kg©-Abykxjb 1. cÖ_g †kªwY †_‡K lô †kªwY ch©šÍ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖK…wZwbf©i KweZv¸‡jv Kwei bvgmn LvZvq wj‡L wkÿ‡Ki wbKU Rgv `vI| [KweZv¸‡jvi Rb¨ †QvU GKwU LvZv eënvi Ki‡e| GB LvZvq Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †jLv _vK‡e bv| ]

L. meyR N. k¨vgj

2. ÔwS‡O dzjÕ KweZvq Kwei †Kvb w`KwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? K. †`k‡cÖg L. gvwUi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv M. dz‡ji cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv N. wbm‡M©i cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv 3. wS‡O dzj‡K Kv‡Q cvIqvi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Q--i. cÖRvcwZ ii. Avmgvb iii. Zviv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii M. ii I iii

L. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

DÏxcKwU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : Avey eKi eûw`b a‡i kn‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| MÖv‡g Rb¥ n‡jI MÖv‡gi †mB PgrKvi `„k¨ Avi †m †`L‡Z cv‡”Q bv| mi‡l dz‡ji njy` e‡b cÖRvcwZi jy‡UvcywU †h KZ g‡bvig Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ evev‡K e‡j Avey eKi Gevi MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z wM‡q †ek gRv Ki‡e| 4. Avey eK‡ii MÖv‡g hvIqvi AvMÖn ÔwS‡O dzjÕ KweZvi †h PiYwU‡Z dz‡U D‡V‡Q--K. P‡j Avq G AK~j

L. †cŠ‡li †ejv‡kl

M. giv gvPv‡bi †`k

N. fv‡jvevwm gvwU-gvÕq

PviycvV

5. ÔwS‡O dzjÕ KweZvi mv‡_ Zzjbxq †h welqwU DÏxc‡K i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv : i. cÖK…wZi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv ii. †mŠ›`h©‡cÖg iii. †`‡ki cÖwZ AbyivM wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

1. Ave`yi i‡ei GKgvÎ †Q‡j dqmvj| †jLvcovq †ek fv‡jv| dqmv‡ji gvgv Zv‡K XvKvq G‡b †jLvcov Kiv‡Z Pv‡”Qb| wKšÍy dqmvj MÖv‡gi G PgrKvi cwi‡ek †Q‡o †Kvjvnjc~Y© XvKvq Avm‡Z Pv‡”Q bv| K. wnqv A_© Kx? L. ÔPvB bv I AjKvqÕ---Gi Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. dqmv‡ji gvgvi PvIqv ÔwS‡O dzjÕ KweZvi cÖRvcwZi Wv‡Ki m‡½ Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z---e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ôdqmvj Ges wS‡O dz‡ji B”Qv †hb GKB m~‡Î Muv_v|Õ---Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki|

mfv mvbvDj nK cvovi hZ KvK KeyZi NyNy kvwjK wU‡q, wgwUs emvq RUjv K‡i mìNv‡U wM‡q| wKwPiwgwPi jNy¸iy bvbvb iKg ¯î, cowk e‡j, ÔcvjvB cvjvB `yqvi eÜ KiÕ| †gviM e¨vUv Rvbjv Ly‡j evB‡i ùvwo‡q G‡m--Gevi eywS gyw³ G‡jv eû RevBi †k‡l| cvwZnuv‡mi eyw× †`L gvBwi m‡ei Lvmv †`L‡j †nu‡K †e‡ivq wKbv we‡ji Avw`g fvlv| KvKvZzqv LuvPvq e‡m cvLbv †S‡o †`‡L Qvov †c‡j QzU‡e †Kgb G‡iv‡cø‡bi †e‡M| wf‡oi g‡a¨ UzbUzwbwU XzK‡Z bvwn cv‡i DuPz Mv‡Qi WMvq e‡m Aaxi cy”Q bv‡o| †hB-bv ïiy nevi K_v cÿxmfvi KvR wf‡oi g‡a¨ G‡m nvwRi wPj kKzwb evR| m‡ei agK, ÔPzcwU K‡iv _vgvI †PuPv‡gwPÕ †KD †kv‡b bv Kv‡ivi ePb ÿzä †cuPv‡cuwP| mfvcwZ †KBev n‡eb e³v n‡eb Kviv GB-bv wb‡q cÿxmfvq †bZviv w`kvnviv ÔkKzb ey‡ov GB †h †n_vq †`L‡Z bvwn cvI?Õ iyÿfvlx ev‡Ri agK, Ô†Pv‡Li gv_v LvI|Õ mg_©‡b wk‡O evRvq my‡hvM-†LuvRv wPj--ûRywM me KuvKov †PuPvq, Ôhyw³ Abvwej|Õ Ggb mgq †PvLwU †g‡j e‡jb †cuPv, ÔDûÕ mfvq c‡o awb¨ †KvwKj Wv‡K Kzû Kzû! kKzb kvmvq Ô†kl eq‡m kig wQj evwK, gy‡Li Ici ej‡e K_v †QvU Rv‡Zi cvwL!Õ

PviycvV

dzoyr K‡i wd‡O ZLb wPj‡K K‡i Zvov evRcvwL Kq, ÔAuvP‡o †è GKUzLvwb ùvov|Õ kvwjK¸‡jv GK‡Rv‡U me †Kvgi †eu‡a e‡j, Ômfvi †_‡K Pj& †eUv‡ì cvVvB imvZ‡j|Õ my‡eva myRb NyNy wU‡q cÖvYwU wb‡q †Qv‡U, KvR wK †R‡b Kvi Kx n‡jv, wRZj Kviv †fv‡U! kKzb ey‡ov †i‡M‡g‡M ay‡jvq Svoj cvLv--†QvU‡jv‡Ki wekªx wf‡o hvq bv‡Kv Avi _vKv| bZzb K‡i mfvi ïiy, K_v cv‡ob †cuPv--iwmKZvq Po–B e‡j, ÔLv‡eb GKUz Pv|Õ gyPwK †n‡m †cuPK e‡jb, ÔdvR‡jwgUv iv‡Lv| D‡Øvabx Mv‡bi R‡b¨ †KvwKj †Kv_v Wv‡Kv|Õ Mv‡bi †k‡l e³v hZ GK GK G‡m G‡m cvwLRv‡Zi `ytL K_v e‡j Zz‡Lvo †V‡m, m‡ei †k‡l mfvi ¸iy Pkgv Ly‡j Kq, ÔûRywM‡ì R‡b¨ evcy gyw³ mnR bq|Õ Ôe¨vawkKvwii †P‡q Av‡iv wnsmª †h-me cvwL ¯^v_©ci †m wnsmy‡Uiv wjWvi n‡e bvwK?Õ wb‡Riv hviv gvsm‡fvRx b‡L hv‡ì avi e‡jv †Zvgiv Zv‡ì ûKzg gvb‡e bvwK Avi?Õ Ôbv-bv-bvÕi Zzgyj †Kvivm gÂ KvKwjgq Kv‡Ki gy‡L Pov †møvMvb, ÔcvwL RvwZi Rq|Õ cy”Q †b‡o wPgwU †K‡U †hB wd‡O e‡j, ÔKvÕ--iv‡M ZLb KvK`jx‡ì ZvB wiwi K‡i Mv| †cuPv e‡jb ÔmeyiÕ _v‡gv SMov GLb Qv‡ov we‡f`-bxwZi welg cš’v wec` evovq Av‡iv| ÔGK‡RvU wVK Avgiv hw` ùvovB m‡e iy‡L,--mva¨ wK †KD Avgv‡ì wZiwU †Quv‡o ey‡K|Õ gyûg©yû DVj aŸwb cvLvi gyLi Zvwj--mÜ¨v n‡jv, fvO‡jv mfv, gÂLvwb Lvwj|

mfv

kãv_© I UxKv wKwPiwgwPi jNy-¸iy RevB gvBwi cÿxmfv †nu‡K ePb w`kvnviv ûRywM kig imvZ‡j D‡Øvabx Mvb Zz‡Lvo e¨va †Kvivm gÂ KvKwjgq meyi welg gyûg©yû

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cv‡Vi D‡Ï‡k¨ cigZ-mwnòzZv I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡a DØy× n‡q HKë×fv‡e KvR Kivi †cÖiYv m„wó| cvV-cwiwPwZ GKwU mgv‡R A‡bK †kªwY-†ckvi gvbyl emevm K‡i| wewPÎ ag©-eY©-†Mv‡Îi gvbyl wb‡q mgvR M‡o I‡V| G‡ì g‡a¨ êwPÎ¨ Ges we‡iva _vKv ¯^vfvweK| Zvi c‡iI HK¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| Zv n‡jB mgvR mg„× nq, DbœZ nq| GB HK¨ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK kª×v I m¤§vb| G‡K hw` A‡bï gZvgZ, fv‡jv jvMv I iywPAiywP‡K m¤§vb K‡i Zvn‡j HK¨ I kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ nq| KweZvwU wkKvwi‡ì weiy‡× cvL-cvLvwj‡ì HKe× nIqvi mfv| mfvq A‡bK iKg cvwL G‡m‡Q| Zv‡ì K_vq, AvPvi-AvPi‡Y, Pvj-Pj‡b A‡bK cv_©K¨| Zv‡ì wPšÍv-fvebvq I gZvg‡ZI cv_©‡Kï †kl †bB| Zviv wKQz‡ZB GKgZ n‡Z cviwQj bv| wKšÍy †cuPv hLb HKe× nIqvi myweavi K_v e‡j ZLb Zviv eyS‡Z cv‡i †h Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z n‡j HKe× nIqv Qvov †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB| Giv GI eySj †h H‡Kï g‡a¨ kvwšÍ Av‡Q, m¤§vb Av‡Q, mg„w× Av‡Q| mvbvDj n‡Ki ÔmfvÕ KweZvwU‡Z cvL-cvLvwj‡K Avkªq K‡i GB we‡iva I †kl ch©šÍ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ HK¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

PviycvV

Kwe-cwiwPwZ mvbvDj nK 1924 wLªóv‡ãi 23†k †g eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi PvDiv MÖv‡g Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg Avj gvgyb mvbvDj nK| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q A_©bxwZ wefv‡Mi wkÿK wn‡m‡e 1946 wLªóv‡ã Zuvi Kg©Rxe‡bi ïiy| Gi ci D”Pc`¯’ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e `xN© Kg©Rxeb †kl K‡ib| cÖvq mvivRxeb kn‡i _vK‡jI gvwU I gvby‡li cÖwZ Zuvi AvKl©Y wQj Mfxi| KweZv, wkï-wK‡kvi mvwnZ¨ I ågY-Kvwnbx wgwj‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| mvbvDj n‡Ki cÖ_g KweZvi eB Ôb`x I gvby‡li KweZvÕ| wZwb wkï-wK‡kvi‡ì R‡bÏ wj‡L‡Qb †ek K‡qKwU Mí I KweZvi eB| †hgb, ÔcyZzj ˆmwbKÕ, Ô†Q‡j ey‡ovi QovÕ, ÔQov N‡i N‡iÕ Ges ÔKZ is KZ †gNÕ| ÔmfvÕ KweZvwU Zuvi Ô†Q‡j ey‡ovi QovÕ †_‡K msKwjZ| 1993 wLªóv‡ãi 4Vv †deªæqvwi XvKvq wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb 1. ÔmfvÕ kxl©K KweZvwU‡Z wewfbœ cvwLi AvPvi-AvPiY ¯^fve-Pwi‡Îi cwiPq Av‡Q| Gi m‡½ Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi m¤úK© †`wL‡q GKwU cÖeÜ iPbv Ki| 2. ÔmfvÕ KweZvi Kvwnbx †Zvgvi fvlvq M‡`¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki| 3. GKv bq, HK¨B †`‡ki g½j I Kj¨v‡Yi GKgvÎ c_---GB wel‡qi Dci weZK© Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki| [`jMZ KvR| GK `j GKv-i c‡ÿ, Ab¨ `j H‡K¨i c‡ÿ| ]

L. KvKvZzqv

M. kvwjK

N. UzbUzwb

2. bZzb K‡i cvwL‡`i mfv Kvi D‡`¨v‡M ïiy n‡qwQj? K. Po–B cvwLi

L. †cuPvi

M. †KvwK‡ji

N. wd‡Oi

3. ÔGB-bv wb‡q cÿxmfvq †bZviv w`kvnvivÕ---†bZv‡`i w`kvnviv nIqvi welq wQj--i. MvqK wbe©vPb ii. mfvcwZ wbe©vPb iii. e³v wbe©vPb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

mfv

Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : gvmyg Mwie cwiev‡ii mšÍvb| A_©evb evevi e‡L hvIqv GKgvÎ †Q‡j wccyj gvmyg‡K GB e‡j kvwm‡q †`q †h †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØ›Øx n‡j Zv‡K Rxe‡bi Z‡i †kl K‡i †`Iqv n‡e| 4. Aby‡”Q‡`i wccy‡ji AvPi‡Yi m‡½ ÔmfvÕ KweZvi †Kvb cvwLwUi AvPi‡Yi wgj cvIqv hvq? K. wP‡ji M. KvKvZzqvi

L. kKz‡bi N. cvwZnuv‡mi

5. gvmyg wccy‡ji cÖwZØ›Øx n‡j ÔmfvÕ KweZv Abyhvqx wccy‡ji n‡e--i. j¾v ii. gh©v`vnvwb iii. e¨_©Zv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. lô †kªwYi wkÿv_©xiv evsjv wel‡qi wkÿK Rbve kvqjv Av³v‡ii wb‡`©kbvq GKwU `jMZ KvR Ki‡Q| cÖwZ`‡j m`m¨ msL¨v cuvP| Kv‡Ri GK ch©v‡q wm×všÍ †bIqvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU `‡ji m`m¨iv GKgZ n‡Z cviwQj bv| `ye©j wkÿv_©x nIqvq kv‡n‡`i gZ‡K Rvwn` ¸iyZ¡B w`‡”Q bv| `‡ji Aci †gavex m`m¨ cviwfb ejj, `jMZ KvR Gfv‡e nq bv| c‡i mK‡j HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi d‡j ¯^vwZ e‡j I‡V `jMZ KvR †ek gRvi| K. L. M. N.

wPj‡K Zvov K‡iwQj †K? Ôbv-bv-bvÕi Zzgyj †Kvivm gÂ KvKwjgq---G PiY Øviv Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? ÔmfvÕ KweZvi Kv‡Ki †¯øvMvbwU Kxfv‡e cviwf‡bi gšÍ‡e¨ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI| DÏxc‡Ki †kªwY‡Z Kiv Kv‡Ri cÖwµqv ÔmfvÕ KweZvi g~j welq‡K aviY K‡i|---e³e¨wUi mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki|

2. avgZx MÖvg| mKj a‡g©i †jv‡Ki evm| †Mv‡ÎiI wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| †PŠaywi evwoi †jvKRbB mPivPi MÖv‡gi †bZ…Z¡ †`q| GKevi gywÝ evwoi gvneye gywÝ MÖvgevmxi GK êV‡K avgZx nvB ¯‹z‡ji g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi mfvcwZ n‡Z PvB‡j iwgR †PŠaywi Zuvi `jej wb‡q †ewi‡q †h‡Z Pvb| MwY‡Zi wkÿK kv‡njv †PŠaywi iwgR †PŠaywi‡K emvi Aby‡iva Rvwb‡q e‡jb, gvneye gywÝ Gevi fv‡jv KvR Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb| Avmyb, Avgiv mevB wg‡j Zuv‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kwi| G‡Z ¯‹z‡jiI fv‡jv n‡e| Zuvi K_vq iwgR †PŠaywi êV‡K Ae¯’vb K‡ib Ges gvneye gywÝ‡K mg_©b Rvbvb| K. iv‡M Kv‡ì Mv wiwi K‡i? L. Ôm‡ei †k‡l mfvi ¸iy Pkgv Ly‡j KqÕ---G PiY Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? M. iwgR †PŠaywii AvPi‡Y ÔmfvÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q eY©bv `vI| N. DÏxc‡Ki kv‡njv †PŠaywii c`‡ÿcwU †hb ÔmfvÕ KweZvi wkÿv|---gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY Ki|

gywRe †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb meyR k¨vgj ebf~wg gvV b`xZxi evjyPi meLv‡b Av‡Q e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei Ni| †mvbvi †`‡ki gv‡V gv‡V d‡j †mvbvavb ivwk ivwk dm‡ji nvwm †`‡L g‡b nq †kL gywR‡ei nvwm| wkïi gayi nvwm‡Z hLb f‡i evOvwji Ni g‡b nq †hb wkï n‡q nv‡m wPiwkï gywRei| Avgiv evOvwj hZw`b †eu‡P iBe G evsjvq ¯^vaxb evsjv WvK‡e : gywRe Avq N‡i wd‡i Avq!

gywRe

--- AiY¨ GjvKv|

evjyPi

--- evjyi cwj c‡o Drcbœ †h Pi|

†mvbvavb

wPiwkï

--- wPiKvj †h wkïi g‡Zv mnR, AK…wÎg I ggZvgq|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K fv‡jvevmvi wfZi w`‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg I gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv RvwM‡q †Zvjv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ AvR Avgiv ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| GB †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖv‡g †Rj, Ryjyg, AZ¨vPvi, duvwmi `Êv‡`k wb‡q whwb fqnxb, exi ˆmwb‡Ki g‡Zv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb wZwb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| 1947 †_‡K 1971 wLªóvã ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ívwb ˆ¯îvPvix‡ì kvmb-†kvlY, AZ¨vPvi, nZ¨v I i³cv‡Zi weiy‡× Zuvi GKK †bZ…Z¡B RvwZi g‡b RvwM‡qwQj ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ, gyw³msMÖv‡gi †cÖiYv| Zuvi AvnŸv‡b 1971 mv‡j bq gv‡mi i³¶qx hy‡× wKQz lohš¿Kvix cvwK¯Ívwb †`vmi Qvov mgMÖ RvwZ AskMÖnY K‡i I †`k ¯^vaxb nq| 1971 mv‡ji 25†k gvP© iv‡Z Zuv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| †MÖdZv‡ii c~e©-gyn‚‡Z© wZwb ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`b hv 26†k gvP© PÆMÖv‡gi AvIqvgx jxM †eZv‡i cÖPvi K‡i| ¯^vaxbZvi ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMvi †_‡K gy³ n‡q 1972 mv‡ji 10B Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz wb‡Ri wcÖq Rš§f~wg evsjv‡`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib Ges AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib Zuvi ¯^‡cœi †mvbvi evsjv Movi Kv‡R| wKQz cvwK¯Ívbcwš’ KzPµx G‡`kxq KwZcq lohš¿Kvix 1975 wLªóv‡ãi 15B AvM÷ iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i e½eÜz‡K mcwiev‡i nZ¨v K‡i| GB nZ¨vKvÊ †_‡K wkïivI ev` hvq wb| ÔgywReÕ KweZvq †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb ggZvgvLv fvlvq Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi cÖwZgyn~‡Z©i Dcw¯’wZi K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GB ¯^vaxb †`‡ki wZwb ¯’cwZ, RvwZi RbK| GB †`k‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zb e‡jB wZwb msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb I Rxeb w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi GB fv‡jvevmv I †`k‡cÖ‡gi g~j¨ Acwimxg| evsjvi gvbyl, cÖK…wZ, AvKvk-evZvm me RvqMv‡ZB wZwb weivRgvb| cÖwZwU wkïi Agwjb nvwm‡ZI Zuvi AK…wÎg Dcw¯’wZ| hZw`b evOvwj _vK‡e ZZw`b Zviv e½eÜz‡K Kv‡Q cvIqvi Rb¨ AvKzj n‡e|

Kwe-cwiwPwZ †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb 1925 mv‡ji 9B GwcÖj dwi`cyi †Rjvi cvskv Dc‡Rjvq Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Ô`v`v fvBÕ bv‡g mgwaK cwiwPZ| †ckvq wZwb GKRb mvsevw`K| 1949 mv‡j wKQzw`b †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDwÏb m¤úvw`Z Ôwkï mIMvZÕ-Gi m‡½ wZwb RwoZ wQ‡jb| Gici XvKvq Ôˆ`wbK wgjøvZÕ, ÔmvßvwnK c~e©‡`kÕ, ÔcvwK¯Ívb wdPvi wmwÛ‡KUÕ cÖf…wZ cwÎKv Ges wdPvi cÖwZôv‡b wZwb mvsevw`KZv K‡ib| 1955 mv‡ji 1jv gv‡P© wZwb ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK-Gi gd¯^j m¤úv`K I wkï wefvM ÔKwPKuvPvi AvmiÕ-Gi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| c‡i wZwb GB cwÎKvi mvwnZ¨ m¤úv`K Ges wdPvi m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 1964 †_‡K 1971-Gi †deªyqvwi ch©šÍ wZwb ÔgvwmK KwPKuvPvÕ bv‡g GKwU DbœZgv‡bi wkïcwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡ib| 1956 mv‡ji 5B A‡±vei †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb B‡Ëdv‡Ki wkï wefvM KwPKuvPvi Avm‡ii m`m¨‡`i wb‡q HwZn¨evnx RvZxq wkï-wK‡kvi msMVb ÔKwPKuvPvi †gjvÕ MVb K‡ib|

PviycvV

Zuvi cÖKvwkZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ eB : Qov---ÔnvwÆgv wUgÕ, Ô†LvKb †LvKb WvK cvwoÕ; Abyev`---ÔAvRe n‡jI ¸Re bqÕ; m¤úv`bv---Avgvi cÖ_g †jLv, ÔwSwKwgwKÕ (Mí msKjb), Ôevwl©K KwP I KuvPvÕ, Ô†QvU‡ì Ave„wËÕ BZ¨vw`| `v`vfvB 1968 mv‡j wkï-mvwn‡Z¨ Ôevsjv GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹viÕ Ges 1994 mv‡j Ôevsjv‡`k wkï GKv‡WgxÕ cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| 1998 mv‡j wZwb ivóªxq GKz‡k c`K cÖvß nb| G eQi †ivUvix B›Uvib¨vkbvj Ges †ivUvix dvD‡Ûkb Uªvw÷ Zuv‡K Ôcj n¨vwim †d‡jv m¤§v‡b f~wlZ K‡i| GKB mv‡j dwi`cyi RmxgD`&`xb dvD‡Ûkb Zuv‡K mvwn‡Z¨ ÔRmxgD`&`xb ¯^Y©c`KÕ-G f~wlZ K‡i| 1999 mv‡j 3iv wW‡m¤î †`‡ki GB cÖw_Zhkv wkï-msMVK ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| wkï-msMVb †ÿ‡Î Zuvi †MŠi‡ev¾¡j I K…wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb (`v`vfvB)-†K Ô¯^xaxbZv cyi¯‹vi 2000Õ (gi‡YvËi) cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

Kg©-Abykxjb 1. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi evj¨ I ˆkke Rxeb wb‡q cÖeÜ iPbv Ki (GKK KvR)| 2. ÔgywReÕ kxl©K KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Qwe AuvK (GKK KvR)| 3. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Kg©RMr wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki (†kªwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g)|

L. †kL gywRe‡K

M. fvlv kwn`‡`i

N. fvlv-ˆmwbK‡`i

2. ÔmeyR k¨vgj ebf~wg gvV b`xZxi evjyPiÕ--- Gi Øviv Kwe eywS‡q‡Qb--K. evsjvi cÖK…wZ

L. b`xi cvo I gvV

M. evsjv‡`‡ki ebf~wg

DÏxcKwU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : hZKvj i‡e cÙv-hgybv-†MŠix-†gNbv engvb ZZKvj i‡e KxwZ© †Zvgvi †kL gywReyi ingvb| 3. ÔgywReÕ KweZvi †Kvb Pi‡Y DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g PiYwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? K. meLv‡b Av‡Q e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei Ni L. Avgiv evOvwj hZw`b †eu‡P iBe G evsjvq M. meyR k¨vgj ebf~wg gvV b`xZxi evjyPi N. †mvbvi †`‡ki gv‡V gv‡V d‡j †mvbvavb ivwkivwk

gywRe

4. DÏxcKwUi wØZxq PiY cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q ÔgywReÕ KweZvi--i. Ae`v‡bi ii. Agi‡Z¡i iii. †kªô‡Z¡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. gaygwZ GKwU Ae‡nwjZ MÖvg| RbmsL¨v Kg bq ZeyI wkÿvi nvi Kg nIqvq G¸‡Z cvi‡Q bv MÖvgwU| iwk` mv‡ne MÖv‡gi AwaKvi-ewÂZ gvby‡li AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ MÖvgevmx‡`i wb‡q HK¨e× n‡jb| MÖvgwU‡K GKwU Av`k© MÖv‡g cwiYZ Ki‡jb| iwk` mv‡ne AvR †bB ZeyI gaygwZ MÖv‡gi cÖwZwU Ni Zuv‡K Zuvi KxwZ©i Rb¨ kª×vf‡i ¯§iY Ki‡Q| K. L. M. N.

Kvi gayi nvwm‡Z evOvwji Ni f‡i I‡V? ÔgywRe Avq N‡i wd‡i Avq|Õ---GB ev‡K¨i Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki| ewY©Z NUbvi mv‡_ ÔgywReÕ KweZvi fveMZ w`K Zz‡j ai| ÔgaygwZ MÖvgwU †hb ÔgywReÕ KweZvi ¯^vaxb evsjvÕ---K_vwUi mv_©KZv cÖgvY Ki|

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euvP‡Z `vI

cvb‡KŠwo bvB‡Z Mwnb Mv‡O

--- Nywo Dwo‡q KvUvKvwUi jovB‡q my‡Zv †K‡U hvIqv iwOb Nywo| --- mÜ¨vi AÜKv‡i †RvbvwKiv Av‡jv R¡vwj‡q †hb †Ljvq gv‡Z| --- cÖK…wZ †Kej gvby‡li emev‡mi RvqMv bq---MvQcvjv, cïcvwL mK‡jiB Av‡Q euvPvi mgvb AwaKvi| Rxe‰ewPÎ¨mn cÖK…wZ‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡I ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e| --- Kv‡jv i‡Oi nuvm RvZxq grm¨-wkKvwi cvwL| --- †Mvmj Ki‡Z, mœvb Ki‡Z| --- Mfxi, AZj, Mnb| --- b`x‡Z|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ Zz‡j aiv| cvV-cwiwPwZ cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi cÖavb Avkªq| gvbyl I cÖK…wZ cwi‡e‡ki Ask| wKšÍy gvby‡li nv‡ZB w`b w`b G¸‡jv aŸsm n‡q hv‡”Q| d‡j wecbœ n‡”Q gvbyl I cÖvYx‡ì Rxeb| Avgv‡ì Pvicvk hw` mRxe I my›ì bv nq Zvn‡j †eu‡P _vKvi Avb›`B e„_v n‡q hv‡e| Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb ÔeuvP‡Z `vIÕ KweZvq cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I cÖvwYRM‡Zi my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK weKv‡ki K_v e‡j‡Qb| GKwU wkïi weKv‡ki mv‡_ Zvi Pvicv‡ki my¯’ cwi‡e‡ki m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| hw` c„w_ex‡Z dzj bv _v‡K, cvwL bv _v‡K, meyR aŸsm n‡q hvq Zvn‡j wkïi ¯^vfvweK weKvk evavMÖ¯Í n‡e| KweZvq GBme cÖwZK~jZv‡K Rq Kivi K_vB my›ì K‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Kwe-cwiwPwZ kvgmyi ivngvb evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe| bvMwiK Rxeb, gyw³hy×, MY-Av‡›`vjb Zuvi KweZvq bvbv Abyf~wZ‡Z iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi KweZv ZvB †`k‡cÖg I mgvR m‡PZbZvq m‡ZR I `xß| kvgmyi ivngvb †ckvq mvsevw`K| wewfbœ mg‡q wZwb Ôgwb©s wbDRÕ, Ô†iwWI evsjv‡`kÕ, Ôˆ`wbK MYkw³Õ, BZ¨vw`‡Z mvsevw`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| cÖvq GK `kK a‡i wZwb wQ‡jb Ôˆ`wbK evsjvÕi m¤úv`K| KweZv Abyev‡Ì wZwb wm×n¯Í| GQvov wZwb Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ, ¯§„wZK_vI wj‡L‡Qb|

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wkï‡ì RbÏ kvgmyi ivngvb PgrKvi KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| ÔGjvwUs †ejvwUsÕ, Ôavb fvb‡j Kzu‡ov †`‡evÕ, Ô†Mvjvc †dv‡U LyKxi nv‡ZÕ BZ¨vw` Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Qov I KweZvi eB| mvwnZ¨-mvabvi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb A‡bK cyi¯‹vi I c`‡K f~wlZ n‡q‡Qb| Gme cyi¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv : evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi, GKz‡k c`K I †gvnv¤§` bvwmi DwÏb ¯^Y©c`K| kvgmyi ivngv‡bi Rš§ 1929 mv‡ji 23†k A‡±vei XvKvq| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm biwms`xi cvovZjx MÖv‡g| wZwb 2006 mv‡ji 17B AvM÷ XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kg©-Abykxjb wcÖq wkÿv_©xe„›`, P‡jv Avgiv gRv K‡i KweZvwU Ave„wË Kwi| G Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡ì Dcw¯’Z eÜz‡ì `y-MÖy‡c fvM K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| ÔKÕ MÖy‡ci eÜziv KweZvi GKwU Ask mg‡eZfv‡e Ave„wË Ki‡e, mv‡_ mv‡_ ÔLÕ MÖy‡ci eÜziv c‡ii wba©vwiZ Ask Ave„wË Ki‡e| G wbqgwU Avgiv c‡ii evi D‡ë w`‡Z cvwi| Zvn‡j P‡jv e„›Àve„wËwU Kwi| K-MÖyc

L-MÖyc

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†gj‡Z `vI

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ga¨w`‡b big Qvqvq WvK‡Q NyNy

WvK‡Z `vI

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AuvK‡Z `vI

KvRj we‡j cvb‡KŠwo bvB‡Q my‡L

bvB‡Z `vI

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evB‡Z `vI

big †iv‡` k¨vgvcvwL bvP Ry‡o‡Q

bvP‡Z `vI

wkï, cvwL, dz‡ji Kzuwo--- mevB‡K AvR

euvP‡Z `vI

Gevi P‡jv †h †Kv‡bv GKRb KweZvwUi fvev_© cvV K‡i †kvbvB| jÿ Ki KweZvwUi Ave„wË I cv‡Vi g‡a¨ Kx Kx cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Gevi wb‡Pi Q‡K cvV I Ave„wËi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv Zz‡j aivi †Póv Ki (cÖ_gwU K‡i †`qv Av‡Q)|

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ave„wËi ˆewkó¨ Ave„wË KweZv ev Qovi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨

cv‡Vi ˆewkó¨ cvV mvaviYZ M‡`¨i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨

euvP‡Z `vI

L. Nywoi

M. dz‡ji

N. †Ljvi

2. k¨vgv cvwLi bvP `„k¨gvb n‡q‡Q--i. ga¨w`‡b ii. big †iv‡` iii . evwji Ic‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i

L. ii

M. iii

N. ii I iii

3. Ô†QvU wkï ev`jv w`‡b g‡bi my‡L wfR‡Z‡QÕ---Giƒc PiY n‡j ÔeuvP‡Z `vIÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K c‡ii PiYwU Kx n‡e? K. bvB‡Z `vI

L. wfR‡Z `vI

M. †Lj‡Z `vI

N. _vwg‡q `vI

DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : †QvÆ †g‡q dvnwg`v g‡bi Avb‡›` nvjKv e„wó‡Z wf‡R‡Q| dvnwg`vi gv Gi Rb¨ dvnwg`v‡K A‡bK kvwm‡q‡Q| wKšÍy dvnwg`vi evev dvnwg`vi gv‡K e‡j‡Qb, dvnwg`vi g‡Zv eq‡m Zzwg, Avwg, mK‡jB e„wó‡Z wfR‡Z PvBZvg| GUv cÖK…wZi ¯^vfvweK wbqg| 4. DÏxc‡Ki dvnwg`vi evevi gvbwmKZvi m‡½ ÔeuvP‡Z `vIÕ KweZvi m½wZc~Y© e³e¨ n‡”Q--i. dzj‡K dzU‡Z w`‡Z n‡e ii. wPj‡K †Quv gvi‡Z w`‡Z n‡e iii. NyNy‡K WvK‡Z w`‡Z n‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii M. ii I iii

L. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

5. ÔeuvP‡Z `vIÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K dvnwg`vi ÔgvÕi AvPi‡Y cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q †KvbwU? K. †mœncivqYZv L. cÖwZK~jZv M. ¯^vfvweKZv N. mijZv

PviycvV

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. Lvj-wej b`x-bvjv Avi cyKz‡i fiv GB †`k| †QvU‡ejvq muvZvi KvUv wk‡LwQ‡jb bvwRi mv‡ne| mšÍvb‡ì wb‡q wZwb GLb kn‡i _vK‡Qb| MÖv‡gi evwo‡ZI Av‡Mi †mB Lvj-wej-cyKzi †bB| mšÍvb‡ì muvZvi KvUv †kLv‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| bvwRi mv‡ne Av‡ÿc K‡i e‡jb, Gfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NU‡j Avgv‡ì Av‡MKvi RxebhvÎv cieZ©x cÖR‡š§i Kv‡Q †Kej KvM‡R Kj‡gB _vK‡e| K. L. M. N.

cÖwZw`b †K Av‡jvi †Ljv †Lj‡Q? KvRj we‡j cvb‡KŠwo‡K bvB‡Z †`Iqvi AvnŸvb Øviv Kwe Kx eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? DÏxc‡Ki muvZvi KvUvi m‡½ ÔeuvP‡Z `vIÕ KweZvi wkïi KvRwUi mv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| DÏxc‡Ki bvwRi mv‡n‡ei Av‡ÿ‡ci g‡a¨ ÔeuvP‡Z `vIÕ KweZvi g~jmyiwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|---gšÍe¨wU cÖgvY Ki|

2. P‡j hv‡ev---Zey AvR hZÿY †`‡n Av‡Q cÖvY cÖvYc‡Y c„w_exi miv‡ev RÄvj, G wek¦‡K wkïi evm‡hvM¨ K‡i hv‡ev Avwg, beRvZ‡Ki Kv‡Q G Avgvi `„p A½xKvi| lô †kªwYi QvÎx wgZz evmv †_‡K GKUz `~‡i Ab¨‡`i †Lj‡Z †`‡L Zvi †Ljvi cÖej AvMÖn Rv‡M| wKšÍy Zvi †eiy‡Z evav| Zvi wPšÍv, Dc‡ii PiY¸‡jvi ev¯Íevqb NwU‡q †KD hw` Zvi †m evav `~i K‡i w`Z| K. L. M. N.

myRb gvwS †Kv_vq †bŠKv evB‡Q? dzU‡Z `vI, QzU‡Z `vI---G K_v¸‡jv Øviv Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? DÏxc‡Ki wgZzi m‡½ ÔeuvP‡Z `vIÕ KweZvi wkïi †h wgj i‡q‡Q Zvi eY©bv `vI| ÔKwei AvnŸvb Avi DÏxc‡Ki PiY¸‡jvi A½xKvi GKB m~‡Î Muv_v|Õ---Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki|

cvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡Q Avj gvngy` bvi‡K‡ji H j¤^v gv_vq nVvr †`wL Kvj Wv‡ei g‡Zv Puv` D‡V‡Q VvÊv I †MvjMvj| wQUwKwbUv Av‡¯Í Ly‡j †cwi‡q †Mjvg Ni wSgaiv GB g¯Í kni KuvcwQ‡jv _i_i| wgbviUv‡K †`LwQ †hb `uvwo‡q Av‡Qb †KD, cv_iNvUvi wM‡R©Uv wK jvj cv_‡ii †XD? `iMvZjv cvi n‡q †hB †gvo wd‡iwQ euvq †Kv‡Ì‡K GK DU‡Kv cvnvo WvK w`‡jv Avq Avq|

cvnvoUv‡K nvZ eywj‡q jvjw`wNi H cvo GwM‡q †`wL †RvbvwK‡`i e‡m‡Q `ievi| Avgvq †`‡L KjKwj‡q w`wNi Kv‡jv Rj ej‡jv, G‡mv, Avgiv mevB bv-Nygv‡bvi `j--c‡KU †_‡K †Lv‡jv †Zvgvi c`¨ †jLvi fuvR i³Revi †Suv‡ci Kv‡Q Kve¨ n‡e AvR| w`wNi K_vq DVj †n‡m dzj cvwLiv me Kve¨ n‡e, Kve¨ K‡e---Ryo‡jv Kjie| Kx Avi Kwi c‡KU †_‡K Ly‡j Qovi eB cvwLi Kv‡Q, dz‡ji Kv‡Q g‡bi K_v KB|

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wgbvi

--- gmwR‡`i DuPz ¯Í¤¢| M¤^yRhy³ `vjvb|

wM‡R©

--- wLªóvb‡`i Dcvmbvjq|

†PŠwK`vi

--- `v‡ivqvb, cÖnix|

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--- AcÖ‡qvRbxq I AcÖZ¨vwkZ| GLv‡b gg‡Z¡i Abyf~wZ †evSv‡Z DU‡Kv kãwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|

`ievi

KjKwj‡q

--- KjKj aŸwb K‡i|

c`¨ †jLvi fuvR

--- fuvR K‡i ivLv KweZv †jLvi KvMR|

Kjie

--- †Kvjvnj|

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Kwe-cwiwPwZ Avj gvngy` L¨vwZgvb Kwe| 1936 mv‡ji 11B RyjvB wZwb eªvþYevwoqv †Rjvi †gvovBj MÖv‡g Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| eªvþYevwoqvi RR© wm·_ ¯‹zj †_‡K wZwb cÖ‡ewkKv cvm K‡ib| mvsevw`KZv I PvKwi wQj Zuvi †ckv| wZwb ÔMYKÉÕ I ÔKY©dzjxÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb| c‡i evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z PvKwi †bb Ges cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e 1995 mv‡j AemiMÖnY K‡ib|

cvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡Q

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M. wbmM©‡cÖg

N. cÖK…wZi ¸iyZ¡

L. cig AvZ¥xq

N. Av‡qi Drm

3. Kwe c‡KU †_‡K Qovi eB †ei Ki‡jb| KviY--i. dzj-cvwLiv Qov ïb‡Z Pvq ii. Rxe I cÖK…wZi wbweo m¤úK© Rvbv‡Z Pvb iii .dzj-cvwL‡`i Avb›` w`‡Z Pvb Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : jvjwMwi cvnv‡oi P~ovq D‡V gwbi g‡b n‡jv m„wói GZ iƒc-†mŠ›`h© Rxe‡b KLbI †`Lvi †mŠfvM¨ nq wb| g‡bi ARv‡šÍ †m nvwi‡q †Mj Ab¨ GK KvíwbK RM‡Z| m„wói inm¨ Zvi gb‡K Av‡eM-AvcøyZ Kij| †m Gi g‡a¨ wg‡k †h‡Z PvBj| 4. cvnv‡oi P~ovq DVvi ci gwb we‡gvwnZ n‡q‡Q--K. cvnv‡oi D”PZv †`‡L

L. cvnvwo `„k¨ †`‡L

N. cÖK…wZi Aciƒc iƒc †`‡L

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M. cÖK…wZi wewPÎ iƒc Dc‡fv‡M

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1. cvnvoUv‡K nvZ eywj‡q jvjw`wNi H cvi GwM‡q †`wL †RvbvwK‡ì e‡m‡Q ìevi| Avgvq †`‡L KjKwj‡q w`wNi Kv‡jv Rj ej‡jv, G‡mv, Avgiv mevB bv-Nygv‡bvi `j-euvkevMv‡bi AvaLvbv Puv` _vK‡e Sz‡j GKv| †Sv‡c Sv‡o evwZi g‡Zv †RvbvK hv‡e †`Lv| K. †Zvgvi cwVZ ÔcvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡QÕ KweZvq †Kv_vq AvR Kve¨ n‡e? L. Kwe Avj gvngy‡ì `„wó‡Z cÖK…wZi mv‡_ gvby‡li m¤úK© eY©bv Ki| M. KweZvsk `ywU‡Z cwjø-cÖK…wZi †h wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv evL¨v Ki| N. ÔKweZvsk `ywU‡Z KweØ‡qi wbmM©-†cÖg dz‡U D‡V‡QÕ---Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 2. P¨v‡bj AvB ÔRxeb I cÖK…wZÕ bv‡g GKwU Abyôvb cÖPvi K‡i| AbyôvbwU‡Z cÖK…wZi wewPÎ iƒc, cvnvwo `„k¨, Sb©vi MwZgq Q›`, dzj I cÖRvwZi wgjb‡gjv, wewfbœ cÖRvwZi MvQcvjv, RxeRšÍyi e‡b Aeva wePiY, wewfbœ KxUcZ‡½i wePiY, b`b`xi Q›`gq MwZ BZ¨vw` †`Lv‡bv nq| kwg©jx Zvi evevi Kv‡Q cÖkœ Kij, ÔRxeb I cÖK…wZÕ bv‡g †h Aby&ôvbwU cÖPvi Ki‡Q Zv‡Z Avgv‡ì wkÿYxq Kx? evev ej‡jb, G‡ì mnve¯’v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖK…wZ c~Y©Zv cvq| GKK_vq ejv hvq, Giv G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK| K. Kwe Avj gvngy` KZ mv‡j Rš§MÖnY K‡ib? L. Kwe ÔcvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡QÕ KweZvq wbmM©-†cÖg ej‡Z Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z AbyôvbwU †Kvb A‡_© †Zvgvi cwVZ ÔcvwLi Kv‡Q dz‡ji Kv‡QÕ KweZvi cÖwZ”Qwe? ---e¨vL¨v Ki| N. kwg©jxi evevi me©‡kl Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv we‡kølY Ki|

dv¸b gvm ûgvqyb AvRv` dv¸bUv Lye fxlY `wm¨ gvm cv_i †V‡j gv_v Du‡Pvq Nvm| nv‡oi g‡Zv k³ Wvj †d‡o meyR cvZv Avevi I‡V †e‡o| mKj w`‡K e‡bi wekvj Mvb wSwjK w`‡q cÖZ¨n nq jvj| evsjv‡`‡ki gv‡V e‡bi Z‡j dv¸b gv‡m meyR Av¸b R¡‡j| dv¸bUv Lye fxlY `ytLx gvm nvIqvq nvIqvq Qovq `xN©k¦vm dv¸b gv‡m †Mvjvc Kuv‡` e‡b Kvbœviv me WzK‡i I‡V g‡b| dv¸b gv‡m gv‡qi †Pv‡L Rj Nv‡mi Ici Kuv‡c †h Ujgj| dv¸b gv‡m †ev‡biv I‡V †Ku‡` nviv‡bv fvB `yB evû‡Z †eu‡a| dv¸b gv‡m fvB‡qiv bv‡g c‡_ dv¸b gv‡m `my¨ Av‡m i‡_| dv¸b gv‡m ey‡Ki †µva †X‡j dv¸b Zvi Av¸b †`q †R¡‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki kni MÖv‡g P‡i dv¸b gv‡m i³ S‡i c‡o| dv¸b gv‡m `ytLx †Mvjvc †dv‡U ey‡Ki †fZi kwn` wgbvi I‡V| †mB †h K‡e K‡qKRb †LvKv dzj †dvUv‡jv--i³ †_vKv †_vKv--Mv‡Qi Wv‡j c‡_i ey‡K N‡i dv¸b gv‡m Zv‡`iB g‡b c‡o| †mB †h K‡e---wZwik eQi n‡jv--dv¸b gv‡mi `y-†PvL Q‡jvQ‡jv| ey‡Ki †fZi dv¸b †cv‡l fq--Zvi †LvKv‡`i Avevi Kx †h nq!

PviycvV

--- dvêyb| evsjv eQ‡ii GKv`k gvm|

fxlY `wm¨ gvm

--- dvêyb gvm‡K `yišÍ gvm wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cv_i †V‡j gv_v Du‡Pvq Nvm

--- G gv‡m cv_‡ii ey‡KI Nvm Rš§vq|

†d‡o

mKj w`‡K e‡bi wekvj Mvb

--- w`‡K w`‡K eb MwR‡q I‡V|

cÖZ¨n nq jvj

--- jvj dz‡ji m¤¢v‡i iwOb n‡q I‡V|

meyR Av¸b R¡‡j

--- eb-ebvbxi meyR we¯Ívi‡K Kwe meyR Av¸b e‡j Kíbv Ki‡Qb|

fxlY `ytLx gvm

WzK‡i I‡V

--- †_‡g †_‡g †Rv‡i †Rv‡i Kvbœv D_‡j I‡V|

dv¸b gv‡m gv‡qi †Pv‡L Rj

--- G gv‡m kwn` cy‡Îi K_v ¯§iY K‡i gv‡qi †Pv‡L Rj Av‡m|

dv¸b gv‡m fvB‡qiv bv‡g c‡_

dv¸b gv‡m `my¨ Av‡m i‡_

--- e½v‡ãi dvêyb gvm †deªyqvwi I gvP© gv‡m w¯’Z _v‡K| 1971 mv‡ji 25†k gvP© cvwK¯Ívwbiv Avgv‡ì G f~L‡Ê MYnZ¨v Avi¤¢ K‡i| Avi †deªyqvwi‡Z ivóªfvlv-Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì wbg©g wbh©vZb I nZ¨v Kiv nq| Kwe AvµgYKvix cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì `my¨ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|

ey‡Ki †µva †X‡j

--- cÖwZev` I we‡ÿvf cÖKvk K‡i|

dv¸b gv‡m i³ S‡i c‡o

ey‡Ki †fZi kwn` wgbvi I‡V

--- dvêyb gv‡m †`k‡cÖwgK cÖwZwU evOvwj kwn` w`e‡mi †PZbvq Av‡jvwoZ nq|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ evqvbœi fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg‡Z gvZ…fvlv I †`k‡cÖg‡ev‡a DØy× Kiv| cvV-cwiwPwZ evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m dvêyb gv‡mi m‡½ GKz‡k †deªyqvwi GKB m~‡Î Muv_v| †Kbbv G gv‡mB evsjv fvlvi gh©v`v iÿvi msMÖv‡g XvKvi ivRc_ evsjvi mvnmx mšÍvb‡ì i‡³ iwÄZ n‡qwQj| cÖwZ eQi hLb dv¸b gvm Av‡m, ZLb Avgv‡ì ¯§„wZ P‡j hvq 1952 mv‡ji 21†k †deªyqvwii i³Siv w`‡b| emšÍ FZzi cÖ_g gvm dvêyb| cÖK…wZi iƒc‰ewP‡Îï cvkvcvwk GB gvm Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ `ytL‡eva RvwM‡q †`q| Avgv‡ì c~e©cyiyl‡ì AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi †MŠi‡e AvgivI GKB m‡½ `ytLx Ges mvnmx n‡q DwV|

dv¸b gvm

Ôdv¸b gvmÕ KweZvq Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q †kvK I †e`bvi Mfxi Abyf~wZ| Avgv‡ì dvêyb Ab¨ †`‡ki dvêyb gv‡mi g‡Zv bq| evsjv‡`‡ki dvêy‡b e‡bi †fZi R¡‡j meyR Av¸b, Avgiv fvlvi Rb¨ AvZ¥`vbKvix c~e©cyiyl‡ì Rb¨ Abyfe Kwi `ytL I ggZv| Avevi Zuv‡ì AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi kw³ mvnm †RvMvq Avgv‡ì g‡b| Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †fZ‡iB †Mvjvc dz‡ji g‡Zv G‡KKUv kwn` wgbvi †R‡M I‡V| Avgiv evsjvi exi mšÍvb‡ì ¯§iY Kwi cÖwZwU dvêy‡b| Kwe-cwiwPwZ ûgvqyb AvRv` 1947 wLªóv‡ãi 28†k GwcÖj ZrKvjxb XvKv †Rjvi weµgcy‡ii (eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjv) ivwoLv‡j Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| GKRb K…Zx QvÎ wn‡m‡e wZwb Zuvi wkÿvRxeb †kl K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï GKRb M‡elK wn‡m‡e wZwb L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Qb| GKvav‡i wZwb wQ‡jb fvlvweÁvbx, Aa¨vcK, Kwe, Jcb¨vwmK, cÖvewÜK| Kzms¯‹vi I fÊvwgi weiy‡× wZwb wQ‡jb m`v-Zrci| Zuvi M‡elYvMÖš’ n‡”Q ÔevK¨ZË¡Õ Ges wK‡kvi‡ì Rb¨ Zuvi †jLv `ywU MÖš’ Ôjvj bxj `xcvewjÕ I ÔK‡Zv b`x m‡iveiÕ| Zuvi iwPZ KweZvMÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ ÔA‡jŠwKK Bw÷gviÕ I ÔR¡‡jv wPZvevNÕ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wZwb 1987 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| ûgvqyb AvRv` 2004 mv‡ji 12B AvM÷ Rvg©vwbi wgDwbL kn‡i g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Kg©-Abykxjb wcÖq wkÿv_©xe„›`, Avgiv Rvwb dv¸b gvm G‡j Avgv‡ì cÖK…wZ, ms¯‹…wZ I g‡b cwieZ©b Av‡m| Zzwg wK †m¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e? G¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡j †Zvgv‡K †h‡Z n‡e cÖK…wZi Kv‡Q, kwn` wgbv‡ii Kv‡Q Ges gvby‡li Kv‡Q| m‡e©vcwi Ôdv¸b gvmÕ KweZvwUI †Zvgvi Kv‡R Avm‡e| G mvnvh¨¸‡jv wb‡q P‡jv Avgiv wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kwi| dv¸b gv‡m Avgv‡ì cÖK…wZi cwieZ©b (c~iY Kivi c~‡e© cÖK…wZ‡K Rvb) 1| Mv‡Q Mv‡Q bZzb cvZv MRvq| 2| 3| 4| 5| dv¸b gv‡m Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Kx cwieZ©b N‡U (c~iY Kivi c~‡e© †Zvgvi GjvKvi kwn` wgbv‡i hvI)| 1| dv¸b gv‡m kwn` wgbvi dz‡j dz‡j f‡i I‡V| 2| 3| 4| 5|

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dv¸b gv‡m Avgv‡`i g‡b Kx Abyf~wZ Rv‡M? (c~iY Kivi mgq KweZvwUi mvnvh¨ bvI) 1| Kvbœvq gb WzK‡i I‡V| 2| 3| 4| 5|

L. fvlvkwn`‡`i

M. gyw³‡hv×v‡`i

N. exi‡kªô‡`i

2. Ôdv¸b gv‡m i³ S‡i c‡oÕ ej‡Z †evSvq--K. Pviw`K jvj dz‡j †kvwfZ nIqv

M. fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡b AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi K_v

N. gyw³hy‡× kwn`‡`i AvZ¥Z¨vM

3. Ôdv¸b gv‡m Zv‡ìB g‡b c‡oÕ--- GLv‡b Zv‡ìB ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q--i. fvlv‰mwbK‡ì ii. gyw³hy‡× kwn`‡ì iii. fvlv-kwn`‡ì wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i

L. i I ii

M. i I iii

N. ii I iii

Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi exR †cÖvw_Z n‡qwQj fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g| cieZ©x Kv‡j bvbv Av‡›`vjb Ges m‡e©vcwi 71 mv‡j i³ÿqx gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i gnvb ¯^vaxbZv| 4. †Kvb kw³e‡j DÏxc‡K ewY©Z ¯^vaxbZv-Av‡›`vjb mdj n‡qwQj? K. †`‡ki hyekw³i e‡j

L. AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q

M. niZvj wgwQj Øviv

N. HKe× †bZ…‡Z¡i mvnv‡h¨

dv¸b gvm

5. DÏxc‡K NUbvewji gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i gv‡S †cÖvw_Z nq--i. HK¨ ii. ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv iii. ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi AvKvOÿv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i

L. i I ii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Av‡jvKwPÎ I Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI : 1.

[m~Î : ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jv, 21†k †deªyqvwi- 2011 msL¨v]

K. †Zvgvi cwVZ Ôdv¸b gvmÕ KweZvi cÖ_g Pi‡Y dv¸b‡K Kx ejv n‡q‡Q? L. dv¸b gv‡m †Kb `ytLx †Mvjvc †dv‡U? eywS‡q †jL| M. wPÎKg©wU‡Z †Zvgvi cwVZ Ôdv¸b gvmÕ KweZvi †Kvb Abyf~wZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi †cÖiYv RvMv‡Z G ai‡bi wPÎK‡g©i Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki| 2. kvIb Zv‡ì eÜz‡ì wb‡q evMv‡b cvqPvwi KiwQj| nVvr Zviv jÿ Kij Mv‡Qi Wvjcvjvq meyR cvZv cjøweZ, gyKz‡ji M‡Ü †gŠgvwQi ¸Äb, cÎcjø‡ei Avov‡j †KvwK‡ji gvqvex KÉ| ZLb eÜziv eyS‡Z cvij cÖK…wZ‡Z †Quvqv †j‡M‡Q em‡šÍi AvMgbx evZ©vi| K. Ôdv¸b gvmÕ KweZvi iPwqZv †K? L. Ôdv¸b gv‡m meyR Av¸b R¡‡jÕ---mey‡Ri Av¸b ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb Zv eY©bv Ki| M. DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨cUwU Ôdv¸b gvmÕ KweZvi †Kvb As‡ki m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y©---e¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z dv¸b gv‡mi Avb›` avivi mv‡_ fvlv-kwn`‡ì i‡³i aviv Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

PviycvV

Kg©-Abykxjb gyL¯’wbf©i g~j¨vqb eë¯’vi cwie‡Z© wk¶v_©x‡ì m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv Ges Zv‡ì AvMÖn, †KŠZ~nj I fv‡jv jvMvi RMZ‡K weKwkZ Kivi Rb¨ avivevwnK g~j¨vqb AZxe Riywi welq| RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 I bZzb wk¶vµ‡g avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi G welqwU ¸iy‡Z¡i m‡½ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| GiB †cÖw¶‡Z cvV¨cy¯—K¸‡jv‡Z Kg©-Abykxjb As‡k avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wKQz bgybv Kg©cÎ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme Kg©c‡Îi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz Kv‡Ri D‡jL Av‡Q hvi wfZi w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì m„RbkxjZv weKv‡ki my‡hvM i‡q‡Q; we‡bv`‡bi wfZi w`‡q Zv‡ì `¶Zv cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM _vK‡Q Ges evPbKjv †_‡K ïiy K‡i gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Zv‡ì †mŠ›`h©‡eva, b¨vqcivqYZv, weÁvbgb¯‹Zv, gvbweKZv‡eva, k„•Ljv I mgqvbyewZ©Zv, Amv¤cÖ`vwqK Rxeb‡eva BZ¨vw` weKv‡ki my‡hvM m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr we`¨vjqwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi †h `¶Zv¸‡jvi m‡½ wk¶KMY I wk¶v_©xiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ cwiwPZ n‡q‡Qb †mB wPš—b `¶Zv, mgm¨v-mgvavb `¶Zv, †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv (†gŠwLK I wjwLZ), e¨w³K `¶Zv, mvgvwRK `¶Zv I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `¶Zv weKv‡ki wbðqZvi Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb KivB GB c‡e©i D‡Ïk¨| wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ Gme `¶Zvi weKvk NU‡j Zviv mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o DV‡e Ges cwiewZ©Z cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ mvd‡jï m‡½ †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

Kg©-Abykxjb As‡k †Ìqv Kg©cÎ¸‡jv bgybv gvÎ| wk¶KMY Zv‡ì we`¨vj‡qi my‡hvM-myweavwì wfwË‡Z D‡jwLZ KvR¸‡jv Kiv‡Z cv‡ib wKsev bZzb †Kv‡bv KvRI w`‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e bZzb †Kv‡bv KvR †Ìqvi †¶‡Î Aek¨B wk¶vµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : wKQz K_v

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : wKQz K_v wkÿv RvZxq Dbœq‡bi PvweKvwV| wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœqb Qvov RvZxq Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| gva¨wgK wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 1995-Õ96 mv‡j wkÿvµg cwigvR©b Kiv nq| wKš‘ G wkÿvµ‡gi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx wkÿv_©xi g~j¨vqb Z_v cixÿvc×wZi ms¯‹vi Kiv nq wb| welqwU we‡ePbv K‡i wkÿv gš¿Yvjq gva¨wgK ¯‹zj mvwU©wd‡KU (GmGmwm) cixÿvc×wZ ms¯‹vi K‡i m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Q| G D‡`¨vM‡K mdj I A_©en Kivi Rb¨ GmGmwm cixÿvc×wZ ms¯‹v‡ii Av‡jv‡K lô †_‡K Aóg †kªwYi cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ges DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wkÿv gš¿Yvjq G wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbvmn cÖÁvcb Rvwi K‡i‡Q| miKvwi wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ms‡hvR‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| weMZ eQi¸‡jvi GmGmwm cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †gvU b¤^‡ii kZKiv 80 fvM cÖkœ ¯§„wZwbf©i, hv wkÿv_©xiv gyL¯’ K‡i DËi †`q| Aewkó AwaKvsk cÖkœ Abyaveb ¯Í‡ii| cÖ‡qvM I D”PZi wPšÍb-`ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ LyeB Kg| cÖPwjZ G cixÿvc×wZ g~jZ wkÿv_©xi gyL¯’ Kivi ÿgZv‡K g~j¨vqb K‡i Avm‡Q| e¯‘Z gyL¯’, mv‡Rkb I †bvUwbf©i G cixÿvc×wZ †kªwYK‡ÿi wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| wkÿv_©xiv cvV¨cy¯ÍK ey‡S †jLvcovi cwie‡Z© gyL¯’ Kivi Ici †ewk †Rvi w`‡”Q| Avi G gyL¯’ KivI GKwU KwVb KvR Ges G‡Z wkÿv_©xi m„Rbkxj cÖwZfvweKvk evavMÖ¯Í nq| Gme Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©x‡ì †gavi h_vh_ weKvk m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| wkÿv_©x‡ì m„RbkxjZvi weKvk I †gavi h_v_© g~j¨vqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cixÿvc×wZi ms¯‹vi Acwinvh©| wkÿv_©x‡ì cvVjä Ávb I Abyaveb‡K bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ges DcvË I NUbv wePvi-we‡kølY Kivi mvg_©¨ hvPvB Kivi g‡Zv eë¯’v cÖkœc‡Î _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †mB jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi AeZviYv|

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`ÿZvwfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi (MCQ) Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b wba©vwiZ 50% b¤^‡ii cwie‡Z© 40% eivÏ _vK‡e| Z‡e c`v_©weÁvb, imvqb I RxeweÁv‡b 35%, Kw¤úDUvi wkÿvq 30% Ges K…wlwkÿv I Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ wel‡q 25% b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ ïay mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi m‡½ eûc`x mgvwßm~PK (Multiple Completion) eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ Ges Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK (Situation Set) eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ AšÍf©y³ _vK‡e| eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœ wPšÍb-`ÿZvi PviwU ¯Í‡ii Ávb ev g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ 40%, Abyaveb ev ey‡S †jLvi Rb¨ 30%, AwR©Z Ávb I Abyaveb‡K cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ 20% Ges D”PZi `ÿZvi Z_v we‡kølY, ms‡kølY ev g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ 10% cÖkœ _vK‡e| wkÿvµ‡gi mKj welqe¯‘ g~j¨vq‡b AšÍf©yw³ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©kK QK (Specification Grid) AbymiY Kiv n‡e|

PviycvV

m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖeZ©b cÖPwjZ 50% b¤^‡ii mswÿß-DËi cÖkœ I iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi cwie‡Z© 60% b¤^‡ii m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| Z‡e e¨envwiK cixÿv Av‡Q Ggb wel‡q 40% m„Rbkxj cÖkœ _vK‡e| cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ n‡e †gŠwjK A_©vr hv c~‡e© KL‡bv e¨eüZ nq wb|

m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb-cÖwµqv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ GKwU `„k¨Kí/DÏxcK, m~Pbv-e³e¨ (Stem ev Scenario) w`‡q ïiy n‡e| `„k¨Kí/DÏxcKwU †Kv‡bv NUbv, Mí, wPÎ, gvbwPÎ, MÖvd, mviwY, †ccvi KvwUs, Qwe, D×„wZ, Aby‡”Q` BZ¨vw` n‡Z cv‡i| `„k¨Kí n‡e †gŠwjK (Unique) cvV¨cy¯Í‡K mivmwi G `„k¨KíwU _vK‡e bv| Z‡e evsjv I ag© wel‡q †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î `„k¨Kí iPbvq cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K D×„Zvsk eënvi Kiv hv‡e| `„k¨KíwU wkÿvµ‡gi/cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki AšÍf©y³ welqe¯‘i Av‡jv‡K n‡Z n‡e| `„k¨KíwU AvKlY©xq I mn‡R †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e| `„k¨K‡íi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L cÖ‡kœi Ask¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡e Ges cÖwZwU Ask mnR †_‡K KvwV‡bï µgvbymv‡i n‡e| cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wPšÍb-`ÿZvi PviwU ¯Í‡ii (K-Ask : Ávb; L-Ask : Abyaveb; M-Ask : cÖ‡qvM; N-Ask: D”PZi `ÿZv) mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡e| wnmveweÁvb wel‡qi wZb ¯Í‡ii (mnR, ga¨g I KwVb) mgš^‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœ MwVZ n‡e| `„k¨Kí ev DÏxc‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi †Ìqv _vK‡e bv, Z‡e DËi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Aby‡cÖiYv _vK‡e| cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi †gvU b¤î n‡e 10|

GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ Ask I b¤^i eÈb cÖ‡kœi Ask wPšÍb-`ÿZvi ¯Íi K

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