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M„n m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi

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4

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¸iyZ¡ Abymv‡i Kv‡Ri AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e|

•

†hŠ_fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡j, A‡b¨i myweav-Amyweavi w`‡K j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e|

M„n m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi

5

•

mgq-ZvwjKvq Kv‡Ri mgq, wekªvg, Nyg I Aemi mgq ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

GKUv KwVb ev fvix Kv‡Ri ci nvjKv KvR ev wekªvg w`‡Z n‡e|

•

mgq-ZvwjKv bgbxq n‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡b i`e`j Kiv hvq|

KvR-1 mgq-ZvwjKv K‡i KvR Ki‡j Kx Kx myweav nq, Avi mgq ZvwjKv K‡i KvR bv Ki‡j Kx Amyweav nq Zvi Zzjbv Ki| kw³i cwiKíbv A_© I mg‡qi g‡Zv kw³ cwiev‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg m¤ú`| gvbexq G m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii d‡j, cwiev‡ii A‡bK j¶¨ AwR©Z nq| e¨w³we‡k‡l kw³i ZviZg¨ N‡U| kw³i mبenv‡ii w`‡K mK‡ji hZœevb nIqv DwPZ| †Kv‡bv GKwU KvR Ggbfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z †m Kv‡R Kg kw³ e¨envi nq| Zvn‡jB Avgv‡`i mxwgZ kw³ w`‡qI A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z cvie| kw³‡K B”Qvg‡Zv e¨envi Ki‡j, Zv ZvovZvwo ¶q n‡q hvq| d‡j Kv‡R Abxnv, K¬vwš— I weiw³i m„wó nq| ZvB kw³i mبenv‡ii Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖ‡qvRb| Gi d‡j kw³i AcPq †iva Kiv hvq| kw³i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †h cwiKíbv Kiv nq, †mLv‡b wKQy welq we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡eÑ • mvivw`‡bi GKUv Kg©-ZvwjKv Ki‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR¸‡jv mgq Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv _vK‡e| •

KvR m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| †Kvb Kv‡R †Kgb kw³ jv‡M, Kxfv‡e mn‡R KvRUv Kiv hvq †m w`‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e|

•

e¨w³MZ cQ›` Abyhvqx KvR fvM K‡i w`‡j AvMÖn I Avb‡›`i m‡½ KvRUv mgvß Kiv hvq|

•

eqm Abyhvqx KvR fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| me eq‡m KvR Kivi mvg_¨© GKiKg bv, †mUv we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

GKB mg‡q †Kej GKwU KvR nv‡Z wb‡Z n‡e| KvRwU †kl nevi ci †h gvbwmK Z…wß Av‡m, Zv Kv‡Ri ¯ú„nv evwo‡q †`q|

•

Kv‡Ri mgq `yB nvZB e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| ZvQvov mwVK †`nfw½ eRvq †i‡L KvR Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ Ni e‡m bv gy‡Q `uvwo‡q gyQ‡j kw³ Kg LiP nq|

•

fvix Kv‡Ri ci wekªvg ev nvjKv KvR ivL‡Z nq|

• KvR mnRKiY Ges kªgjvN‡ei wewfbœ Dcvq Aej¤^b K‡i kw³i mبenvi Kiv hvq| Ni `uvwo‡q gyQ‡j kw³ Kg LiP nq|

KvR mnRKiY I kªgjvN‡ei wewfbœ Dcvq n‡jv•

mgq cwiKíbv Kiv - cÖwZw`‡bi Kv‡Ri GKUv ZvwjKv _vK‡e, hv AbymiY K‡i Abvqv‡m KvR¸‡jv Kiv hvq|

•

evwoi mwVK bKkv Kiv - ivbœvN‡ii cv‡k LveviNi _vK‡j, nuvUvPjvq kw³ Kg LiP n‡e|

6

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb •

kªg wefvRb Kiv - cwiev‡i KvR¸‡jv eqm, `¶Zv, cQ›` Abyhvqx wewfbœ m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ fvM K‡i w`‡j, GKR‡bi Dci me Kv‡Ri Pvc c‡o bv|

•

Kv‡Ri Dchy³ ¯’v‡b miÄvgvw` mwVKfv‡e ivLv - cÖ‡Z¨KwU KvR Zvi wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b Ki‡j kw³i AcPq nq bv| GKUv Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg¸‡jv mwVK ¯’v‡b ivL‡j mn‡R, Kg kª‡g KvR Kiv hvq|

†Q‡j-†g‡qiv Zv‡`i †jLvcovi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ mwVK ¯’v‡b ¸wQ‡q ivL‡j cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mn‡RB Lyu‡R cv‡e|

•

ivbœvN‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg¸‡jv mwVK¯’v‡b ivL‡j mn‡R I Kg kª‡g KvR Kiv hvq|

wewfbœ kªgjvNe mvRmiÄv‡gi e¨envi - M„‡n Iqvwks †gwkb, †cÖmvi KzKvi, ivBm KyKvi, gvB‡µv I‡qf I‡fb, ˆe`¨ywZK Bw¯¿ BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡j mgq I kw³i mvkªq nq|

gvB‡µv I‡qf I‡fb ivBm KyKvi

Iqvwks †gwkb †cÖmvi KzKvi

KvR-1 wewfbœiKg kªgjvNe mvR-miÄv‡gi GKUv ZvwjKv Ki|

ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿

M„n m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi

7

cvV 3-A_© cwiKíbv A_© cwiev‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg I cÖavb e¯‘MZ m¤ú`| cÖwZwU cwiev‡i Kg-†ewk A_© ev UvKv-cqmv Av‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i g‡Zv A_© m¤ú`I AZ¨š— mxwgZ| GB mxwgZ A_© ØvivB cwiev‡ii me e¨qfvi †gUv‡bv nq| cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv wewfbœ Dcv‡q GB A_© DcvR©b K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡`i Pvwn`v A‡bK, wKšÍy †mB Zzjbvq A_© LyeB mxwgZ| myôz cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g A_© e¨q Ki‡Z cvi‡j Avgv‡`i Pvwn`v¸‡jv c~iY nIqv m¤¢e Ges A‡_©i AcPq nq bv| A_© cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡j cwiev‡ii †gvU Av‡qi cwigvY Ges e¨q m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cwiKíbv bv _vK‡j AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvwn`v¸‡jv c~iY bvI n‡Z cv‡i| cwiev‡ii j¶¨mg~‡ni cÖwZ `„wó †i‡L Ggbfv‡e A_© e¨q Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv Av‡M c~iY Kiv hvq| A_© cwiKíbvi cÖavb †KŠkj nj ev‡RU| cwiev‡ii j¶¨mg~n AR©b Kivi Rb¨ mxwgZ A‡_©i fwel¨r Li‡Pi cwiKíbvB n‡”Q ev‡RU| mnR K‡i ejv hvq, ev‡RU n‡”Q A_© e¨‡qi c~e© cwiKíbv| ev‡RU Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvÑ •

ev‡RU Ki‡j cwiev‡ii Avq-e¨q m¤^‡Ü mwVK aviYv nq|

•

Avq I e¨‡qi g‡a¨ mgZv i¶v Kiv hvq|

•

ev‡R‡U m‡qi LvZ _vKv‡Z, cwievi mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i|

•

ev‡R‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ cwiev‡ii ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Pvwn`v¸‡jv AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ c~iY Kiv m¤¢e|

•

ev‡RU A‡_©i AcPq †iva K‡i, m”QjZv Avb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

•

ev‡RU cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i wgZe¨qx n‡Z †kLvq|

A_© cwiKíbv

cvwievwiK ev‡RU ˆZwii wbqg cwiev‡ii Av‡qi ZviZ‡g¨i Rb¨ ev‡RU wewfbœiKg n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ ˆ`wbK ev‡RU, gvwmK ev‡RU BZ¨vw`| A_© cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡j g~j wZbwU wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶ ivL‡Z n‡eÑ cÖ_gZ : D‡Ïk¨ ev j‡¶¨i wfwˇZ Avgv‡`i Pvwn`v ˆZwi nq| ZvB A_© cwiKíbvi mgq Av‡M j¶¨ w¯’i K‡i wb‡Z nq|

8

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wØZxqZ: cwiev‡ii DcvR©bKvix e¨w³‡`i AwR©Z †gvU Avq wbiƒcY Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ Drm †_‡K cÖvß A_©¸‡jv‡K GK mv‡_ †hvM K‡i cwiev‡ii AvqK…Z A_© m¤^‡Ü cwi®‹vi aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| Z…ZxqZ: cwiev‡ii e¨‡qi wewfbœ LvZ¸‡jv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡bi AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ LvZ¸‡jv mvRv‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv, wk¶v, mÂq, wPËwe‡bv`b BZ¨vw` e¨‡qi LvZ¸‡jv wVK K‡i, †Kvb Lv‡Z K‡Zv A_© eivÏ †`Iqv n‡e, Zv w¯’i Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K Lv‡Zi wKQy DcLvZI Av‡Q| Lv‡Z eivÏK…Z A_© †mB DcLvZ¸‡jv‡ZI eivÏ w`‡Z n‡e| cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡m¨i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v we‡ePbvq G‡b A_© cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨vb¨ cwiKíbvi g‡Zv A_© cwiKíbvi mgq cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡m¨i Dcw¯’wZ I Zv‡`i gZvgZ ev cQ›` AcQ‡›`i ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g A_© e¨q Ki‡j cwiev‡i A_© msKU †`Lv †`‡e bv Ges †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ mn‡RB †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| A_© e¨‡qi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi mgq wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i evRvi`‡ii cÖwZ j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB cÖvß A‡_©i †P‡q †ewk e¨‡qi cwiKíbv Kiv hv‡e bv| `iKvi n‡j Kg cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvwn`v¸‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| ev‡RU ˆZwi n‡q †M‡j Zv ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e| ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cwiKíbv †Kv‡bv Kv‡R Avm‡e bv| ev‡R‡Ui ev¯—evq‡bi Øviv A_© e¨‡qi m`f¨vm M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| Ae‡k‡l g~j¨vqb K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e, ev‡RUwU KZUzKz djcÖm~ n‡jv| cwiKíbvwU mdj bv n‡j, Zvi KviY Luy‡R ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g cieZx©‡Z mwVK c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq| ev‡RUwU †hb mylg nq, †mw`‡K j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| Avq I e¨‡qi A_© mgvbfv‡e wg‡j †M‡j, Zv‡K mylg ev‡RU e‡j| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv cwiev‡ii Avq hw` gv‡m wek nvRvi UvKv nq Ges ev‡R‡Ui LvZ¸‡jv‡Z hw` H UvKvq msKzjvb n‡q hvq Zvn‡j †mUv mylg ev‡RU| Avi e¨q hw` Av‡qi †P‡q †ewk nq, †mUv n‡e NvUwZ ev‡RU| NvUwZ ev‡RU Avgv‡`i KL‡bvB Kvg¨ bq| GiKg ev‡R‡U cwiev‡i cÖwZgv‡m F‡Yi †evSv ev‡o| me‡P‡q fv‡jv n‡”Q DØ„Ë ev‡RU| GB ev‡R‡U cwiev‡ii me LiP †gUvevi ciI wKQy A_© DØ„Ë †_‡K hvq| GB DØ„Ë A_© w`‡q AviI Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv hvq| Avevi Zv mÂq K‡i ivL‡j fwel¨‡Z Kv‡R jv‡M| KvR-1 ev‡R‡Ui cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki| KvR-2 †Zvgv‡K hw` gv‡m `yB nvRvi UvKv nvZLiP †`Iqv nq, Zzwg Zv e¨‡qi GKwU cwiKíbv K‡i †`LvI|

M„n m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi

9

cvV 4Ñcwiev‡ii †hŠ_ m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi Avgv‡`i cÖwZwU M„‡n Ggb KZK¸‡jv wbZ¨e¨envh© wRwbmcÎ _v‡K, hv cwiev‡ii †hŠ_ m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| cwiev‡ii me m`m¨ †hŠ_fv‡e †m m¤ú`¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| †hgbÑ evwZ, ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv, Le‡ii KvMR, †Uwj‡dvb, Uq‡jU, KjZjv, Kzqvi cvwb, AvwObv BZ¨vw`| †hŠ_ m¤ú`¸‡jvi e¨env‡i we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| KviY e¨env‡i mvgvb¨ AmZK©Zv ev Ae‡njvi d‡j m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ g‡bvgvwj‡b¨i m„wó I m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ n‡Z cv‡i| cvwievwiK †hŠ_ m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨env‡ii j‡¶¨ m`m¨‡`i e¨w³MZ ¯^v_©Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ _vK‡Z n‡e| mg‡SvZv I mnbkxjZvi gva¨‡g †hŠ_ m¤ú`¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e e¨envi K‡i, cwiev‡ii mK‡ji g‡a¨ my›`i m¤úK© eRvq ivLv hvq|

evwZ- Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ Avgiv M„‡ni cÖwZwU K‡¶ Av‡jvi e¨envi K‡i _vwK| KvR Abyhvqx evwZi ZxeªZv Kg-†ewk n‡q _v‡K| GK K‡¶ `yB-wZbRb m`m¨ _vK‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wewfbœiKg KvR _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍy mevi Rb¨ c„_K Av‡jvi e¨e¯’v Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgb mvaviYZ †kvevi Ni Avgiv cov I Ny‡gi Rb¨ e¨envi Kwi| GKB N‡i GKRb hw` ZvovZvwo ï‡q c‡o, Z‡e Av‡iKRb †Uwejj¨v¤ú e¨envi K‡i co‡Z cv‡i| Zvn‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ myweavRbK cwi‡ek ˆZwi n‡e| †hme KvR GKB Av‡jv‡Z Kiv hvq, Zvi Rb¨ Avjv`v Av‡jvi e¨envi Ki‡j A‡_©i AcPq nq| KvR †k‡l evwZ wbwf‡q †djvi Af¨vm cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i _vK‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z G m¤ú‡`i AcPq bv nq|

ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv- GKwU K‡¶ GKvwaK m`m¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î K‡¶i GKwU cvLvq me m`‡m¨i cÖ‡qvRbxq evZv‡mi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki myweav-Amyweav I cÖ‡qvRb ey‡S G cvLv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| hvi †ewk evZv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb, †m cvLvi †mvRmywR wb‡P _vK‡e| Avi hvi Kg evZv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb, †m cvLv †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| Amy¯’ †Kv‡bv m`‡m¨i cvLvi †ewk evZv‡m ¶wZ n‡j, Av‡¯— cvLv Pvjv‡Z n‡e| A_©vr cwiw¯’wZ ey‡S mg‡SvZvi mv‡_ cvLvi evZvm e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Le‡ii KvMR- Le‡ii KvM‡Ri gva¨‡g †`k-we‡`‡ki Lei cvIqv hvq| Le‡ii KvMR mevB‡K covi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| evwo‡Z eoiv cÖ_‡g Le‡ii KvMR c‡o _v‡Kb| we‡kl K‡i hviv Awd‡m ev evB‡i hv‡eb, Zv‡`i Av‡M covi my‡hvM w`‡Z nq| Gici †QvUiv mg‡eZfv‡e ev ch©vqµ‡g co‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq Le‡ii KvM‡R †Kv‡bv D‡ËRbvc~Y© Lei †ei n‡q‡Q, hv Rvbvi Rb¨ mevB D`&MÖxe _v‡K| †m †¶‡Î GKRb †Rv‡i co‡j, Ab¨ivI ïb‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z mevB wgwjZfv‡e Avb›` †c‡Z cv‡i| Avevi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ c„ôv fvM I A`je`j K‡i K‡qKRb GKB mg‡q co‡Z cv‡i| cov †k‡l me c„ôv ci ci mvwR‡q fvR K‡i wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ZvwiL Abymv‡i mvwR‡q ivL‡Z nq|

†Uwj‡dvb- †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg mnR gva¨g n‡”Q †Uwj‡dvb| †Uwj‡dvb e¨env‡ii mgq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, AKvi‡Y AwZwi³ K_v e‡j †hb †mUwU AvU‡K bv ivLv nq| GKRb A‡bK¶Y K_v ej‡j, A‡b¨i Riywi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î weNœ NU‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvRbxq Le‡ii Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡q †M‡jB, wiwmfviwU mwVKfv‡e †Uwj‡dvb †m‡Ui Dci bvwg‡q ivL‡Z nq| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, †Uwj‡dvb ïaygvÎ cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

Uq‡jU/†MvmjLvbv- cÖ‡Z¨K M„‡n GK ev GKvwaK Uq‡jU _vK‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq, Uq‡j‡Ui msL¨vi Zzjbvq cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk _v‡K| ZvB Uq‡jU e¨env‡ii †¶‡ÎI Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb ey‡S, Av‡M-c‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| hvi †fv‡i Awd‡m ev ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R †h‡Z nq, Zv‡K Uq‡jU e¨env‡i AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e|

10

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ mgq †hb †KD Uq‡jU AvUwK‡q bv iv‡L, †mw`‡K we‡kl j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| wbqwgZ Uq‡j‡Ui cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZvi wel‡q mevB‡K m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| Uq‡j‡Ui †g‡S me mgq ïKbv ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z wcw”Qj bv n‡q hvq| wbqwgZ cwi®‹viK I RxevYybvkK `ªe¨ e¨envi K‡i Uq‡jU RxevYygy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|

KjZjv- GKwU Kj evwoi wewfbœ m`‡m¨i wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j mevB‡K mg‡SvZvi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ ˆZRmcÎ, Kvco, kvKmewR BZ¨vw` †avqv Ges ivbœvi Rb¨ cvwb †bIqv BZ¨vw`| K‡ji wVK wb‡P e‡m KvR bv K‡i, cÖ‡Z¨‡K cvwb wb‡q Avjv`v Avjv`v RvqMvq KvR Ki‡j Kv‡Ri myweav nq| Ah_v Kj †Q‡o bv †i‡L KvR †kl K‡i fv‡jvfv‡e Kj eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cvwbi AcPq bv nq| Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ KjZjv memgq cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|

Kzqvi cvwb- MÖvgv‡j RvqMv we‡k‡l Kzqv †`Lv hvq| Kzqv †_‡K mevB †hb cvwb wb‡Z cv‡i, †m myweav _vK‡Z n‡e| AKvi‡Y evjwZ AvU‡K †i‡L A‡b¨i weiw³i D‡`ªK Kiv wVK bq| cvwb †Zvjv †kl n‡j evjwZ wbw`©ó RvqMvq †i‡L Kzqv †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e| Kzqvi Pviw`‡K cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLvi `vwqZ¡ mK‡ji|

AvwObv- evwo‡Z AvwObv _vK‡j, A‡b‡K weKv‡j GLv‡b G‡m Mí K‡i, evMvb K‡i| AvwObv †hb cwi®‹vi _v‡K †m wel‡q evwoi mKj‡KB hZœevb n‡Z nq| Mv‡Qi SivcvZv, AvMvQv, †SvcSvo cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| M„‡ni wfZ‡ii g‡Zv Gi AvwObv cwi®‹vi ivL‡j mevi kixi I gb fv‡jv _vK‡e| KvR-1 †Zvgvi cwiev‡ii †hŠ_ m¤ú`¸‡jv kbv³ Ki| KvR-2 †Zvgvi N‡ii evwZ I ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv Zzwg Kxfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡e?

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1. †KvbwU gvbexq m¤ú`?

K. A_©

L. cvK©

M. kw³

N. Mqbv

2. kw³i AcPq †iva Kiv hvqi.

¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡j

ii. miÄvg nv‡Zi bvMv‡j ivL‡j iii. GKB ai‡bi KvR cvkvcvwk Ki‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

M„n m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi

11

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI 8g †kÖwYi QvÎx mywgZv †jLvcovi cvkvcvwk cwievi‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi nv‡Zi KvR †k‡L| wb‡Ri ˆZwi wewfbœ bKkv-mvgMÖx e¨envi K‡i Ni‡K mvRvq| 3. mywgZvi gv‡S †Kvb ai‡bi m¤ú‡`i cÖfve †`Lv hvq?

K. A_©

L. M„‡ni miÄvg

M. mwϔQv

N. cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb

4. D³ m¤ú` e¨env‡i cwiev‡ii †Kvb ai‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv m¤¢ei.

Avw_©K

ii. mvgvwRK iii. wkÿvg~jK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1. iv‡k`v I †mvwbqv `yB evÜex| `yÕRbB M„‡ni m`m¨‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y m‡PZb| iv‡k`v Avq Abyhvqx cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡ib| cwiev‡ii Avw_©K †Kv‡bv mgm¨vq iv‡k`v‡K weeªZKi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z co‡Z nq bv| Ab¨w`‡K †mvwbqv‡K m`m¨‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z wngwkg †L‡Z nq| cÖvqB gv‡mi †k‡li w`‡K Zv‡K cwiwPZ GKwU †`vKvb †_‡K evwK‡Z Pvj wKb‡Z nq| nVvr 2/3 w`b Av‡M †mvwbqvi †QvU †Q‡j Acy Amy¯’ n‡j wPwKrmvi Rb¨ iv‡k`vi KvQ †_‡K UvKv wb‡q wZwb †Q‡ji wPwKrmv K‡ib| K. †Kvb m¤ú` Qvov cwiev‡ii †Kv‡bv wm×všÍB Kvh©Ki Kiv m¤¢e bq?

L. gvbexq m¤ú` Kv‡K e‡j? eywS‡q †jL| M. DÏxc‡K †mvwbqvi GB cwiw¯’wZi KviY Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y iv‡k`v I †mvwbqvi cwiKíbvi Zzjbg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2. ïf I †bjx `yB fvB‡evb| ïf Zvi †kvevi N‡i e‡m co‡Q| Avi †bjx emvi N‡i e‡m cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q| welqwU †`‡L gv †bjx‡K ïfi covi N‡i covi e¨e¯’v K‡i †`b| eo NiwU‡Z GKwU gvÎ d¨vb _vKvq †bjx evZvm cvw”Qj bv| d‡j Aí wKQzÿ‡Yi gva¨B †bjx †N‡g D‡V| ïf welqwU †`‡L †evb †bjx‡K d¨v‡bi evZvm cvIqv hvq Ggb RvqMvq wM‡q em‡Z e‡j| K. M„n m¤ú`‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?

L. Òkw³iÓ h_vh_ e¨envi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? M. ïf I †bjx‡K GKB N‡i co‡Z †`Iqvi gva¨‡g gv Zvi cwiev‡ii †Kvb m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡jbÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. †hŠ_ m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi ïf I †bjxi g‡a¨ ¯^v_©Z¨v‡Mi gvbwmKZv M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqK Zzwg wK G wel‡q GKgZ? ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|

wØZxq Aa¨vq

M„n cwi‡e‡k wbivcËv cvV 1 - M„n cwi‡e‡k wbivcËv i¶vq KiYxq I cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv M„n cwi‡e‡k wbivcËv i¶vq KiYxq - M„‡ni mKj KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b, wbivc‡` Pjv‡div, Avivg I wekªv‡gi Rb¨ M„n cwi‡ek cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ, cwicvwU _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| M„‡n GiKg cwi‡ek eRvq ivL‡j M„n wbivc` Avkªq ¯’‡j cwiYZ nq| M„n cwi‡ek hw` wbivc` bv _v‡K Z‡e bvbv ai‡bi `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î Avgv‡`i KiYxq Ñ •

AvmevecÎ h_v¯’v‡b ivLv, hv‡Z N‡ii g‡a¨ Pjv‡divq †Kv‡bv Amyweav bv nq,

•

†Kv‡bv AvmevecÎ †f‡O †M‡j †mUv mwi‡q †djv ev hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e †givgZ Kiv,

•

M„‡n PjvP‡ji RvqMvq, wmuwo‡Z, ivbœvN‡i ch©vß Av‡jvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e,

•

wmuwo‡Z, Qv‡`i Pvicv‡k †iwjs _vK‡Z n‡e,

• ev_iyg, ivbœvNi, Kjcvo cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv, †g‡S hv‡Z wcw”Qj bv _v‡K †m Rb¨ Svoy ev eªvk w`‡q N‡l k¨vIjv ev wcw”Qj c`v_© `~i Kiv, •

†g‡S‡Z Kv‡Pi UzKiv, wcb, myP BZ¨vw` co‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv Zz‡j †dj‡Z n‡e,

•

N‡ii †g‡S‡Z cvwb co‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ gy‡Q †dj‡Z n‡e,

•

Qzwo, KuvwP, ewU, `v, †bBj KvUvi, wbovbx, †Kv`vj BZ¨vw` miÄvg KvR †k‡l h_v¯’v‡b ¸wQ‡q ivL‡Z n‡e,

•

ivbœvN‡ii gqjv-AveR©bv Wv÷web ev wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †dj‡Z n‡e,

•

ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi wQu‡o †M‡j, myBP †f‡O †M‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv †givgZ Ki‡Z n‡e,

•

ˆe`y¨wZK Zvi, myBP BZ¨vw`‡Z †QvU wkïiv hv‡Z nvZ w`‡Z bv cv‡i †mB e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e,

•

ivbœv †k‡l Pzjv wbwf‡q †dj‡Z n‡e,

•

Jla, KxUbvkK, mvi BZ¨vw` †QvU wkï‡`i bvMv‡ji evB‡i ivL‡Z n‡e,

•

b`©gv ev †Wªb, g¨vb‡nv‡j XvKbv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e |

•

cwiev‡ii mK‡ji m‡PZbZv I mwµq cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g M„n cwi‡e‡ki wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| M„n cwi‡e‡ki wbivcËv cwiev‡i ¯^v”Q›`, kvwšÍ I Kj¨vY wb‡q Av‡m |

cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv Ñ evwo‡Z, ¯‹y‡j ev †Ljvi gv‡V nVvr KviI †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv NU‡j ev †KD Amy¯’ n‡j Zv‡K Avivg †`qvi Rb¨ †Zvgiv wK †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡iv ? cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi mvnv‡h¨ GiKg Ae¯’vq AvnZ ev Amy¯’ e¨w³‡K mvgwqK Avivg †`Iqv hvq| ZvB cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i aviYv _vKv `iKvi| nVvr K‡i †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv NUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q hvIqvi Av‡M, †h Ávb I `¶Zv Øviv AvnZ e¨w³i Rxeb i¶v ev Zv‡K mvgwqK Avivg †`qvi Rb¨ †h e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq, ZvB cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv|

M„n cwi‡e‡k wbivcËv

13

D‡Ïk¨ Ñ •

AvnZ e¨w³i Rxeb i¶v Kiv, hv‡Z †ivMxi Ae¯’v Lviv‡ci w`‡K bv hvq; †hgb Ñ i³ co‡Z _vK‡j Zv e‡Üi e¨e¯’v Kiv, cÖ‡qvR‡b K…wÎg Dcv‡q k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi e¨e¯’v Kiv, bvwoi MwZ †`Lv BZ¨vw`|

•

AvnZ e¨w³i Ae¯’vi DbœwZ K‡i mvgwqK Avivg †`Iqv|

KvR - 1 †Zvgvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ GKwU dv÷ GBW e· ˆZwi Ki |

cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi miÄvgvw` Ñ M„‡n †QvU †QvU `yN©Ubv †gvKv‡ejvq,Amy¯’ †ivMxi †mevi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi wKQz miÄvgvw` ivLv LyeB Riywi| miÄvgvw`i ZvwjKv Ñ MR, Zzjv, e¨v‡ÛR, miy aviv‡jv Qzwi, KuvwP, †WUj/ m¨vfjb, cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU, Kve©wjK A¨vwmW, w¯úwiU, e¨_vbvkK Jla BZ¨vw`| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi miÄvgvw` GKwU ev‡· f‡i wbivc` RvqMvq ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq hv‡Z mn‡RB nv‡Zi Kv‡Q cvIqv hvq| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi miÄvgvw` †h ev‡· ivLv nq Zv‡K dv÷ GBW e· e‡j|

cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi miÄvgvw`

cvV 2 - wewfbœ ai‡bi `yN©Ubv `yN©Ubv †QvU I eo †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_‡g Avgiv †QvU `yN©Ubv m¤ú‡K© Rvbe | †QvU `yN©Ubv Ñ †h `yN©Ubv¸‡jv NU‡j gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY K‡i bv| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv w`‡q mn‡RB mvwi‡q †Zvjv m¤¢e nq †m¸‡jv †QvU `yN©Ubv| †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ 1| †QvU AvNvZ Ñ gvsm‡ckx‡Z Pvc jvMv, bL KvU‡Z wM‡q †`‡e hvIqv, †Pv‡L wKQz cov, nv‡Z Mig fve jvMv BZ¨vw` †QvU AvNvZ wn‡m‡e aiv nq| GB †¶‡Î hv KiYxq Ñ •

gvsm‡ckx‡Z, AvOy‡j Pvc jvM‡j †mB ¯’vb bxj n‡q hvq, ZvB Pvc jvMvi mv‡_ mv‡_ eid LÊ Kvc‡o †cuwP‡q ai‡Z n‡e ev VvÊv cvwb Xvj‡Z n‡e|

•

b‡Li †KvYv †`‡e †M‡j, RxevYybvkK wµg ev m¨vfjb w`‡q gy‡Q †dj‡Z n‡e|

•

†Pv‡L wKQz co‡j cwi®‹vi VvÊv cvwb w`‡q †PvL ay‡Z n‡e|

•

ivbœvi mgq Mig fvc jvM‡j eid, VvÊv cvwb, jeY cvwb ev bvi‡Kj †Zj, Uz_‡c÷ AvµvšÍ ¯’v‡b jvMv‡Z n‡e|

14

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

2| †K‡U hvIqv Ñ `v, Qzwi, ewU, †e¬W w`‡q KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j A‡bK mgq nvZ ev cv †K‡U hvq| †K‡U †M‡j hv KiYxq•

KvUv ¯’v‡b gqjv _vK‡j cvwb w`‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i, Kvco w`‡q Pvc w`‡q ai‡Z n‡e Ges DuPz K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z i³ cÖevn eÜ nq|

•

RxevYybvkK Jla †hgbÑ m¨vfjb, †WUj, †bfvbj wµg BZ¨vw` jvwM‡q MR ev cwi®‹vi Kvco w`‡q †eu‡a ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

¶Z †ewk n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e |

3| KxUcZ‡½i `skb Ñ †evjZv, †gŠgvwQ, wcucov, fxgiyj BZ¨vw` Kvgov‡j ev ûj dzUv‡j hv KiYxq Ñ •

muy‡Pi AvMv Av¸‡b cywo‡q m¨vfjb w`‡q gy‡Q Rxevbygy³ K‡i ûj Zz‡j Avb‡Z n‡e, †gŠgvwQ, wcucov Kvgov‡j wcuqv‡Ri im ev †jeyi im N‡m jvMv‡Z n‡e|

•

cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e|

4| KuvUv dz‡U hvIqvÑ nv‡Z-cv‡q †Kv_vI KvuUv dz‡U †M‡j A_ev KvV ev evu‡ki kvj Xz‡K †M‡j hv KiYxq Ñ • KuvUv ev kv‡ji Ask hw` †`Lv hvq Z‡e wPgUv w`‡q Zz‡j †dj‡Z n‡e| •

hw` bv †`Lv hvq Z‡e myP Av¸‡b cywo‡q RxevYy gy³ K‡i KuvUvhy³ ¯’v‡bi Pvgov myP w`‡q mwi‡q kvj ev KuvUv †ei K‡i Avb‡Z n‡e, Gici ¯’vbwU RxevYybvkK w`‡q gy‡Q †dj‡Z n‡e |

kvj ev KvUv †ei Kiv n‡”Q

5| Mjvq wKQz AvU‡K hvIqv Ñ A‡bK mgq gv‡Qi KuvUv, nv‡oi UzKiv Mjvq AvU‡K hvq d‡j †XvK wMj‡j Mjvq e¨_v jv‡M, A¯^w¯Í †eva nq GB †¶‡Î hv KiYxq Ñ •

A‡bK mgq ïKbv fvZ gyVv K‡i bv wPwe‡q wM‡j †L‡j KuvUv †b‡g hvq|

•

cuvKv Kjv †L‡jI KuvUv †b‡g hvq|

•

cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e|

6| †Pv‡L wKQz cov Ñ ayjv-evwj, †Pv‡Li cvcwo †Pv‡Li wfZ‡i Xz‡K †M‡j †Kv‡bvµ‡gB †Pv‡L nvZ †`qv DwPZ bq| Nlv jvM‡j †PvL R¡vjv Ki‡e| †Pv‡Li A‡bK ÿwZ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB hv Ki‡Z n‡eÑ •

†Pv‡L VvÊv cvwbi SvcUv w`‡Z n‡e, G‡Z Avivg †eva n‡e|

•

cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z |

M„n cwi‡e‡k wbivcËv

15

7| Kv‡b wKQz Xy‡K hvIqv Ñ Kv‡b wcucov ev †cvKv Xz‡K †M‡j LyeB Am¦w¯Í jv‡M| GB †¶‡Î hv KiYxq Ñ •

wKQ~ mgq k¦vm eÜ K‡i ivL‡j wcucov ev †cvKv †ewi‡q Avm‡e|

•

cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|

cvV 3Ñ eo `yN©Ubv (AÁvb nIqv, Av¸‡b †cvov, mv‡c KvUv) eo `yN©Ubvq gvbyl gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ nq, g„Zy¨SuzwK _v‡K| GBme `yN©Ubvq cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K AvnZ e¨w³‡K i¶v K‡i mvgwqK Avivg w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB eo `yN©Ubv m¤ú‡K© mK‡ji aviYv _vKv `iKvi| eo `yN©Ubv¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ AÁvb nIqv, Av¸‡b †cvov, mv‡c KvUv, nvo dvUv I †f‡O hvIqv, cvwb‡Z †Wvev, ZwoZvnZ| eo `yN©Ubv¸‡jv‡Z KiYxq Ñ 1| AÁvb nIqv Ñ AZ¨vwaK Mig, ¶zav, fq, `ye©jZv, `ytmsev` BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gw¯Í‡®‹ i‡³i mieivn K‡g hvq d‡j AÁvb n‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| †KD AÁvb nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡”Q Ñ •

AÁvb nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wPr K‡i ïB‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges gw¯Í‡®‹ AwaKZi i³ mieiv‡ni Rb¨ cv DuPz K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm I bvwoi ¯ú›`b j¶ Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

gvby‡li wfo Kwg‡q gy³ evZv‡mi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

AÁvb e¨w³i cwiPh©v

•

kix‡ii Kvco wXjv K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

•

†ivMxi `uv‡Z`uvZ hv‡Z †j‡M bv hvq, †m Rb¨ iygvj fvR K‡i `yB cvwU `uv‡Zi gv‡S w`‡Z n‡e|

•

†Pv‡L, gy‡L cvwbi SvcUv w`‡Z n‡e|

•

nvZ I cv‡qi Zvjy g¨v‡mR Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

Ávb wdi‡j Mig `ya ev kieZ LvIqv‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|

2| Av¸‡b †cvov Ñ A‡bK mgq cwi‡aq e‡¯¿ Av¸b a‡i hvq| Mig cvwb, †Zj, Mig `ya BZ¨vw` kix‡i c‡o kixi Sj‡m hvq| GB †¶‡Î hv KiYxq Zv n‡”Q Ñ •

cwi‡aq e‡¯¿ Av¸b jvM‡j Zv Ly‡j †dj‡Z n‡e|

•

Kvco Lyj‡Z bv cvi‡j gvwU‡Z MovMwo w`‡q Av¸b †bfv‡Z n‡e|

•

fvix Kuv_v, †gvUv PU ev P‡Ui e¯Ív w`‡q Rwo‡q ai‡j Av¸b wb‡f hvq|

•

¶Z ¯’v‡b VvÊv cvwb ev eid w`‡j †dvmKv co‡e bv| †cvov RvqMvq Kgc‡¶ 10-15 wgwbU cvwb

16

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb Xvj‡Z n‡e| †dvmKv c‡o †M‡j †Kv‡bvµ‡gB †mUv Mjv‡bv hv‡e bv| •

cÖPzi cvwb †L‡Z n‡e Ges wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e|

KvR - 1 †Zvgvi †Kv‡bv mncvVx K¬v‡m AÁvb n‡q †M‡j Zzwg Kx Ki‡e ej | 3| mv‡c KvUv Ñ Avgv‡`i †`‡k MÖvg A‡j †hLv‡b †Svc-R½j _v‡K, †mLv‡b mvc _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GQvov el©vKv‡j mv‡ci Dc`ªe e„w× cvq| †m mgq mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ| Z‡e iv¯Ív Nv‡U ev nuvUv-Pjvi c‡_ mvc AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i| mv‡c KvU‡j cÖ_‡g j¶ Ki‡Z n‡e mvcwU welai wKbv| mvc Kvgov‡j hw` `ywU `uv‡Zi wPý - ÔtÕ _v‡K Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e mvcwU welai| Avi hw` PviwU `uv‡Zi wPý ÔttÕ _v‡K Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e mvcwU welai bq| welai mvc Kvgov‡j hv KiYxqÑ • mv‡c KvUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wel i³ cÖev‡ni gva¨‡g kix‡i Qwo‡q c‡o ZvB AvµvšÍ ¯’v‡bi Dc‡i ci ci `yBwU evuab w`‡Z n‡e| •

aviv‡jv †eøW ev Qzwi Av¸‡b cywo‡q, †WUj ev m¨vfjb w`‡q gy‡Q RxevYygy³ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

•

`swkZ ¯’vb nvd Bw ev GK †mw›UwgUvi Mfxi K‡i †K‡U Pvc w`‡q i³ †ei K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e|

•

Z‡e euvab †Kv‡bvµ‡gB 30 wgwb‡Ui †ewk ivLv hv‡e bv KviY G‡Z i³ PjvPj eÜ n‡q evua‡bi wb‡Pi As‡k cPb ai‡Z cv‡i|

mv‡c KvUvq euvab †`qv

•

`swkZ e¨w³‡K RvwM‡q ivLvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv‡K Mig `ya, Pv LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

•

`ªyZ wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| mvcwU hw` welai bv nq Z‡e AvµvšÍ ¯’vbwU RxevYybvkK w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

cvV 4 - nvo dvUv I †f‡O hvIqv, cvwb‡Z †Wvev, ZwoZvnZ 1| nvo dvUv I †f‡O hvIqv Ñ c‡o wM‡q ev †Kv‡bv `yN©Ubvq kix‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv As‡ki nvo †d‡U ev †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z AvnZ e¨w³ hš¿Yvq QUdU K‡i| GB †¶‡Î KiYxq n‡”Q Ñ •

†h ¯’v‡bi nvo †d‡U‡Q ev †f‡O †M‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡”Q †mB ¯’vbwU Lye mveav‡b euv‡ki PUv ev Kv‡Vi Z³v ev †ev‡W©i Dci †i‡L nvévfv‡e Kvco w`‡q Rwo‡q wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| nvo †f‡O hvIqvq KiYxq

M„n cwi‡e‡k wbivcËv •

†Kv‡bvµ‡gB nvo †mvRv Kivi †Póv Kiv hv‡e bv|

•

wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx Pj‡Z n‡e |

17

2| cvwb‡Z †Wvev Ñ †QvU wkï, muvZvi bv Rvbv e¨w³ b`x, cyKzi ev †Wvevq c‡o †M‡j Wz‡e hvq| †KD cvwb‡Z Wz‡e †M‡j Zv‡K cvwb †_‡K †Zvjvi Rb¨ wb‡R KL‡bv cvwb‡Z bvg‡e bv| hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡”Q Ñ •

wPrKvi K‡i eo‡`i mvnvh¨ PvB‡Z n‡e|

•

†f‡m _vKv hvq Ggb wKQz, †hgbÑevuk, Mv‡Qi Wvjcvjv, Lvwj nvwo, Kjm, Z³v BZ¨vw` Qz‡o gvi‡Z n‡e|

•

eo‡`i mvnvh¨ wb‡q eo evuk, Mv‡Qi Wvj w`‡q Zv‡K Kv‡Q †U‡b Avbvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e cvwb †_‡K Zz‡j G‡b k¦vmwµqv I bvwoi ¯ú›`b j¶ Ki‡Z n‡e| cvwb‡Z Wz‡e †M‡j bvK-gyL w`‡q cvwb Xz‡K k¦vmbvjx I dzmdz‡m P‡j hvq d‡j k¦vmwµqv eÜ n‡q hvq|

•

hw` †`Lv hvq wbtk¦vm co‡Q bv, gv_v wbPz I KvZ K‡i ïB‡q w`‡Z n‡e, gy‡Li †Pvqvj `yB cvk †_‡K k³ K‡i a‡i gyL nuv K‡i k¦vmbvjx Ly‡j †`evi Rb¨ `ywU AvOy‡j cwi®‹vi Kvco †cuwP‡q gy‡Li wfZ‡i XzwK‡q †cU I ey‡K Pvc w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z wfZ‡ii cvwb Mjv w`‡q †ei n‡q Avm‡e, wP‡Îi g‡Zv K…wÎg Dcv‡q k¦vm cÖk¦vm Pvjyi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

`ªyZ wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e| K…wÎgfv‡e k¦vmwµqv Pvjv‡bv n‡”Q

3| ZwoZvnZ Ñ Avgiv A‡bK mgq AmveavbZv ev AÁZvi Kvi‡Y ZwoZvnZ ev we`y¨r ¯ú„„ó nB| ZwoZvnZ ev we`y¨r ¯ú„ó n‡j †Kv‡bvµ‡gB Zv‡K Lvwj nv‡Z ¯úk© Ki‡e bv| ¯úk© Ki‡j ZzwgI we`y¨r ¯ú„ó n‡e| A‡bK mgq S‡o we`y¨‡Zi Zvi wQu‡o hvq| †Quov Zv‡i we`y¨r cÖevn _vK‡j †m Zv‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j we`y¨r ¯ú„ó n‡Z nq ev †KD ZwoZvnZ n‡j Zv‡K D×vi Ki‡Z wM‡q ev M„‡ni fvOv myB‡P nvZ w`‡j we`y¨r ¯ú„ó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G †¶‡Î hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡”Q Ñ •

ZwoZvnZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †gBb myBP eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

•

†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y myBP eÜ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j ïKbv KvV ev evuk w`‡q ZwoZvnZ‡K av°v w`‡Z n‡e|

•

nv‡Z ivev‡ii `¯Ívbv, cv‡q ivev‡ii m¨v‡Ûj c‡i ZwoZvnZ‡K D×vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

k¦vmwµqv Pj‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L gy‡L gyL jvwM‡q K…wÎgfv‡e k¦vmwµqv Pvjv‡Z n‡e|

ZwoZvnZ‡K i¶v

18

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb •

Kv‡Vi Dci ïB‡q w`‡q gvwjk K‡i i³ PjvP‡ji e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e, wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

KvR - 1 ZwoZvnZ n‡j Kx Ki‡Z n‡e Zv Awfbq K‡i †`LvI|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1. RxevYybvkK `ªe¨ †KvbwU? K. MR

L. w÷wKs

M. w¯úwiU

N. e¨v‡ÛR

2. cwiev‡ii D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv m`m¨‡`ii.

Pvwn`v c~iY

ii. jÿ¨ AR©b iii. wbivcËv`vb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI MÖx‡®§i mKv‡j ivbv my¯’ kix‡i LvIqv-`vIqv K‡i ¯‹z‡j Av‡m| `yB NÈv a‡i we`y¨r †bB we`¨vj‡q| e¨envwiK K¬vm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nVvr AÁvb n‡q hvq ivbv| K¬v‡mi Ab¨ QvÎiv G‡m wfo Rgvq| ivbvi eÜz iwb Qv·`i wfo Ki‡Z gvbv K‡ib| 3. ivbvi AÁvb nIqvi KviY Kx? K. ÿzav

L. Mig

M. R¡i

N. fq

4. ivbvi Rb¨ iwbi Kibxqi.

wPr K‡i ïB‡q †`qv

ii. evZv‡mi e¨e¯’v Kiv iii. †Pv‡L-gy‡L cvwbi SvcUv †`Iqv

M„n cwi‡e‡k wbivcËv

19

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1. †ivKmvbv †eM‡gi M„‡n cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ cÖvq GLv‡b-†mLv‡b Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _v‡K| MZ gv‡m †ivKmvbv †eM‡gi †QvU †Q‡j RvIqv` ev_iy‡g wcQ‡j c‡o nvZ †f‡O †d‡j| GQvov GKw`b Av‡M †g‡S‡Z c‡o _vKv †eø‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi †g‡q wgZzi cv †K‡U hvq Ges iÿÿiY nq| gv nv‡Zi Kv‡Q _vKv RxevYybvkK `ªe¨ Ges cwi®‹vi Kvco w`‡q †eu‡a i³ÿiY eÜ K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z gv wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Abymv‡i e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| K. M„‡ni †Kvb cwi‡ek K¬vwšÍ `~i K‡i?

L. ÒM„n Avgv‡`i ¯^w¯Íi ¯’jÓÑ eywS‡q †jL| M. wgZzi `yN©Ubvq gvi M„nxZ e¨e¯’vwU Kx bv‡g cwiwPZ? Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. †ivKmvbvi M„n cwi‡ek wbivc` Kx? we‡kølY Ki| 2.

ivZz‡ji eÜz ZKx‡ii cv‡q mvc Kvgo †`q| ivZzj wP‡Îi cÖ`wk©Z cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i| wKQzmgq hvIqvi ci GK cÖexY e¨w³ e‡j D‡V cv‡qi GB euvab 30 wgwb‡Ui †ewk ivLv wVK bq| G‡Z euva‡bi As‡k mgm¨vi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| welqUv eyS‡Z †c‡i ivZzj I Zvi eÜziv wgwjZ n‡q ZKx‡ii cv‡qi h_vh_ e¨e¯’v K‡i| K. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv Kx? L. Av¸‡b cy‡o †M‡j VvÊv cvwb e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? eywS‡q †jL| M. ZKxi ïk~ªlvq †h e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. wP‡Îi AvµvšÍ ¯’v‡bi Dci euvab †`Iqvi †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v Ki|

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

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wK¬wbK¨vj _v‡gv©wgUvi

•

Jla gvcvi Kvc I PvgP

•

wdwWs Kvc, Møvm, †cøU, RM

•

†eWc¨vb, BDwib¨vj

•

Mig I VvÊv cvwbi e¨vM

•

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iyg wnUvi I IqvUvi wnUvi

•

dzjmn dzj`vbx

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cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi ev·

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evjwZ, gM BZ¨vw`|

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M„‡n †ivMxi ïkÖƒlv

21

cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ cwi‡e‡k _vK‡j mn‡R †ivM wbivgq nq| Ab¨w`‡K Acwi”Qbœ cwi‡ek †ivMxi Rb¨ †gv‡UI wbivc` bq| †ivMxi Ni cÖwZw`b wdbvBj ev †WUj cvwb w`‡q fv‡jv K‡i gyQ‡Z n‡e| †ivMxi e¨eüZ †cU, M-vm, †eWc¨vb BZ¨vw` miÄvg¸‡jv cÖwZw`b mvevb, Migcvwb w`‡q ay‡q wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ¸wQ‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| K‡¶i `iRv I Rvbvjvq mv`v ev nvjKv i‡Oi c`©v e¨envi Ki‡j fv‡jv nq| c`©v e¨env‡i ayjvevwj I Kov †iv` K‡¶ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †ivMxi e¨eüZ †cvkvK-cwi”Q`¸‡jv cÖwZw`b mvevb I Mig cvwb‡Z ay‡q †iv‡` ïKv‡Z nq| GQvov weQvbvi Pv`i, evwj‡ki Kfvi, gkvwi, †Zvqv‡jv ev MvgQv, iygvj BZ¨vw` cÖwZw`b ay‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| `iRv I Rvbvjvi wMÖj †WUj cvwb w`‡q gyQ‡Z n‡e| †ivMxi e¨env‡ii †jc, †ZvlK, K¤^j, Kvu_v BZ¨vw` RxevYygy³ Kivi Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡S Kov †iv‡` w`‡Z n‡e| †ivMxi gjg~Îvw` h_vm¤¢e ZvovZvwo cwi®‹vi K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e| †ivMxi Kÿ msjMœ ev_iyg, Uq‡jU cÖwZw`b wdbvBj, wfg, we¬wPs cvDWvi w`‡q ay‡q cwi®‹vi I RxevYygy³ ivL‡Z nq| K‡¶i †g‡S KvuPv n‡j, †mLv‡b cvwb co‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ †j‡c w`‡Z n‡e| G QvovI K‡qKw`b cici cy‡iv †g‡S †j‡c ïwK‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Qv` I †`qvj wUb I †eovi ˆZwi n‡j, †fRv Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e| dzj`vbxi dzj I cvwb cÖwZw`b e`‡j w`‡Z n‡e|

†ivMxi K¶

†ivMxi K‡¶ †hb gkv-gvwQi Dc`ªe bv nq, †m welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †ivMxK‡¶i cwi‡ek fv‡jv n‡j, ZvovZvwo my¯’ n‡q DV‡Z †ivMxi Rb¨ mnvqK nq| †mRb¨B †ivMxi K¶Uv †hgb Avivg`vqK n‡Z n‡e, †Zgwb wewfbœiKg `~lY †_‡K gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|

KvR- 1 R¡‡i AvµvšÍ †ivMxi Rb¨ Kx Kx miÄv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv Ki| KvR- 2 Kxfv‡e †ivMxi K‡¶ cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLv hvq, †m m¤^‡Ü †jL|

cvV 2- †ivMxi cwiPh©v †h‡Kv‡bv †ivMxi Rb¨ Zvi cwiPh©vi welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Dchy³ cwiPh©vi Øviv †ivM †_‡K mn‡RB gyw³ cvIqv hvq| Avevi cwiPh©vi Afv‡e †ivMxi Ae¯’vi AebwZ NU‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨ cwiev‡ii †KD Amy¯’ n‡j Zvi cwiPh©vi e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb I hZœevb n‡Z n‡e| †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j gvby‡li kixi I gb `ye©j n‡q hvq| A‡bK mgq †m wb‡Ri KvRUvI wb‡R Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Gmgq cwiev‡ii Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i †ivMxi cwiPh©vi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z nq| †ivMxi cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ AvšÍwiK n‡q mnvbyf~wZi mv‡_ Zvi cwiPh©v Ki‡Z nq|

22

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

†ivMxi cwiPh©vi g‡a¨ †h welq¸‡jv c‡o Zv n‡jvÑ • kix‡ii Zvc wbY©q •

bvwoi MwZ wbY©q

•

k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZ wbY©q

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_v‡g©vwgUv‡ii cvi` 94 wWwMÖ‡Z Av‡Q wKbv|

•

mvaviYZ eM‡j ev gy‡L _v‡g©vwgUvi ¯’vcb Kiv|

•

wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b _v‡g©vwgUvi 2 wgwbU †i‡L ZvcgvÎv Rvbv|

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•

Zvc †bIqvi ci †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv ˆ`wbK Pv‡U© wj‡L ivLv|

ZvcgvÎv †iKW© ivLvi wbqgÑ cv‡ki QK Abyhvqx KvMR ˆZwi K‡i wbw`©ó mg‡q ZvcgvÎv wbY©q K‡i Zv wj‡L ivL‡Z nq| wPwKrm‡Ki wb‡`©k Abyhvqx w`‡b K‡qKevi G ZvcgvÎv gvcv nq| Gi mv‡_ GKB mg‡q bvwoi MwZ I wbtk¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi gvÎv †R‡b wj‡L ivLv nq|

bvwoi MwZ

R¡i, bvwoi MwZ I wbtk¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi gvÎv wjwce× Kivi QK

Avgv‡`i ürwc‡Êi ¯ú›`‡bi Zv‡j Zv‡j i³evnx agbx¸‡jv wbqwgZfv‡e ùxZ nq| agbxi GB ùxwZi nvi‡K bvwoi MwZ ejv nq| mvaviYZ nv‡Zi Kwâ‡Z AvOyj †i‡L, ¯úófv‡e bvwoi MwZ Abyfe Kiv hvq| bvwoi MwZ wbY©‡qi mgq GKwU †m‡K‡Ûi KuvUvhy³ Nwo _vKv Avek¨K| bvwoi MwZ †`Lvi mgq †ivMxi nvZ mnR I ¯^vfvweKfv‡e ivL‡Z nq| ey‡ov AvOz‡ji wb‡P Kwâ‡Z †hLv‡b Aweivg ¯ú›`b nq, †mB agbxi Dci nv‡Zi wZbwU AvOz‡ji cÖvšÍfvM w`‡q nvjKvfv‡e Pvc w`‡j agbxi ¯ú›`b Abyfe Kiv hvq|

M„‡n †ivMxi ïkÖƒlv

23

¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq cÖwZwgwb‡U bvwoi ¯ú›`b n‡q _v‡KÑ •

m`¨RvZ wkïi 130-140 evi

•

8-14 eQ‡ii wK‡kvi-wK‡kvixi 80-90 evi

•

1 eQi eq¯‹ wkïi 110-120 evi

•

cÖvß eq¯‹ gwnjvi 65-80 evi

•

2 eQi eq¯‹ wkïi 100-110 evi

•

cÖvß eq¯‹ cyiy‡li 60-72 evi

R¡i n‡j bvwoi MwZ †e‡o hvq| GQvov e¨vqvg, i³¶iY, mœvqweK AvNvZ wKsev ürwc‡Êi A¯^vfvweKZvq bvwoi MwZ †e‡o hvq| cÖwZwgwb‡U hZevi agbx ¯úw›`Z nq, †mB msL¨vB bvwoi MwZi nvi wb‡`©k K‡i| bvwoi MwZi nvi Lye g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q MYbv K‡i, Zvi ZvwjKv K‡i ivL‡Z nq| wPwKrm‡Ki wb‡`©k Abyhvqx w`‡b K‡qKevi bvwoi MwZi nvi †iKW© Kiv nq| k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZÑ k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡jI †m‡K‡Ûi KvuUvhy³ Nwo `iKvi| k¦vmwµqvi MwZ Rvb‡Z n‡j †ivMx‡K weQvbvq ïB‡q w`‡q eyK ev †c‡Ui DVvbvgvi RvqMvq GKwU nvZ †i‡L †ivMx‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e k¦vm wb‡Z ej‡Z n‡e| eyK ev †cU cÖwZ GK wgwb‡U K‡Zvevi DVvbvgv Ki‡Q Zv MYbv K‡i k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZ wbY©q Kiv nq| wPwKrm‡Ki wb‡`©kg‡Zv mwVK mg‡q k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZ wbY©q K‡i, Zvi †iKW© ivLv nq| ZvcgvÎv, bvwoi MwZ Ges k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi MwZi †iKW© ev ZvwjKv †_‡K wPwKrmK mwVKfv‡e †ivMxi †iv‡Mi Ae¯_v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j Dchy³ wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g ZvovZvwo †iv‡Mi Dckg n‡Z cv‡i| KvR - 1 _v‡g©vwgUvi w`‡q †Zvgvi wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii mevi kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbiƒcY Ki| KvR - 2 mwVK wbq‡g †Zvgvi cuvP Rb eÜzi bvwoi MwZ wbY©q Ki|

cvV 3- †ivMxi kvixwiK I gvbwmK hZœ †ivMxi my¯’Zvi Rb¨ cwiPh©vi cvkvcvwk Zvi kvixwiK I gvbwmK h‡Zœi welqwU‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iy‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| KviY GKRb my¯’e¨w³ Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR¸‡jv, †hgbÑ †Mvmj Kiv, †cvkvK civ, LvIqv-`vIqv BZ¨vw` wb‡RB Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍy Amy¯’ n‡j GB KvR¸‡jvi Rb¨ ïkÖƒlvKvixi mvnv‡h¨i `iKvi nq| cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mwVK c×wZ‡Z †ivMxi hZœ †bIqv `iKvi| `ªyZ Av‡ivM¨ jv‡fi Rb¨ †ivMxi kvixwiK I gvbwmK hZœ †bIqvi cÖwZ cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡m¨i mn‡hvwMZv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| kvixwiK hZœ †ivMx‡K Avivg †`qvi Rb¨ Zvi kvixwiK h‡Zœi `iKvi| Amy¯’Zvi mgq kvixwiKfv‡e `ye©j _vKvi Kvi‡Y †ivMxi h‡Zœi e¨vcv‡i we‡klfv‡e ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| kvixwiK h‡Zœi wewfbœ w`K¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ c_¨ wbe©vPb I cwi‡ekb Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq †ivMxi we‡kl Pvwn`v Abymv‡i Zv‡K †h Lv`¨ †`Iqv nq, Zv c_¨ wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| †iv‡Mi cÖK…wZ I ZxeªZv, †ivMxi eqm I iywP, cwicvK kw³ BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i †ivMxi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywómg„× mylg c‡_¨i e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| me †iv‡M GKiKg c_¨ †`Iqv hvq bv| †ivMwe‡k‡l †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we‡kl cywóDcv`vb wbqš¿Y Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| †hgbÑ †ewk R¡‡i fzM‡j K¨vjwieûj mnRcvP¨ Lvevi †ewk w`‡Z n‡e|

24

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wkïi †KvqvwkqiKi †iv‡M †cÖvwUb †ewk LvIqv‡Z nq| Avevi wKWwb †iv‡M †cÖvwU‡bi cwigvY Kgv‡Z nq| †miKgB Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡M Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU RvZxq Lv`¨ wbqš¿‡Y ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| D”P i³Pv‡c jeY I ü`‡iv‡M Pwe©eûj Lv`¨ MÖnY ¶wZKi| Wvqwiqv ev Zxeª R¡‡i Wv‡ei cvwb, m¨vjvBb, kieZ BZ¨vw` Rjxq c_¨ †ivM wbivg‡q mnvqZv K‡i| †ivMxi eqm Abyhvqx c_¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| wkï I eq¯‹ †ivMx‡`i Lvevi¸‡jv Kg gmjv w`‡q Lye big K‡i w`‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z mn‡R nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i| c_¨ wbe©vP‡b †ivMxi iywPi w`‡KI we‡kl bRi w`‡Z nq| wPwKrm‡Ki m¤§wZ wb‡q †ivMxi cQ›` Abyhvqx c_¨ w`‡j Zvi Z…wß eRvq _vK‡e| gv‡S gv‡S Lvev‡ii ai‡b cwieZ©b Avb‡jI †ivMxi Lvev‡ii cÖwZ AvMÖn ev‡o| †mRb¨ Lv‡`¨ ˆewPÎ G‡b Lvev‡ii GK‡N‡qwg `~i Kiv hvq, G‡Z †ivMxi iywPI ev‡o| †ivMxi c_¨ cwi‡ek‡bI hZœevb n‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K memgq mnRcvP¨, UvUKv Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e| c_¨ †hb AwaK Mig ev VvÊv bv nq, †mw`‡K j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| Zvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wbw`©ó mg‡q c_¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z n‡e| GKev‡i †ewk Lvevi bv w`‡q †gvU LveviUv w`‡bi wewfbœ mg‡q fvM K‡i LvIqv‡Z n‡e| †hfv‡e †L‡j †ivMx Avivg cv‡e, †mfv‡e ewm‡q ev ïB‡q Zv‡K LvIqv‡Z n‡e| †ivMx wb‡R nv‡Z †L‡Z bv cvi‡j ïkÖƒlvKvix Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| †ewk `ye©j †ivMx‡K A‡bK mgq wdwWs Kvc I Pvg‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ LvB‡q w`‡Z nq| LvIqvi ci A‡bKK‡i gyL ay‡q ev iygvj w`‡q gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| Jla †meb wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx wbw`©ó mg‡q Jla LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Jl‡ai cwigvY †hb wVK _v‡K, †m wel‡q m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| †ivMxi †cvkvK-cwi”Q` †ivMx‡K big, nvjKv i‡Oi mywZi †cvkvK civ‡bv DwPZ| †cvkvK †hb wX‡jXvjv I Avivg`vqK nq, †m wel‡q †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| †ivMxi †cvkvK cÖwZw`b e`‡j w`‡Z n‡e Ges Migcvwb, mvevb w`‡q ay‡q †iv‡` ïKv‡Z n‡e| wbqwgZ †`‡ni cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLv Amy¯’ e¨w³‡K cÖwZw`b Nyg †_‡K DVvi ci Ges LvIqvi ci `vuZ, gyL cwi®‹vi K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| †ivMx‡K cÖwZw`b †Mvmj Kiv‡bv m¤¢e bv n‡j, Mv ¯úÄ K‡i ev gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| †kvIqv Ae¯’vq gv_v †avqv‡Z n‡j evwj‡k ievi K¬_ Ggbfv‡e wewQ‡q wb‡Z n‡e †hb GKcÖvšÍ wc‡Vi Zjv ch©šÍ Av‡m| Aci cÖvšÍ Lv‡Ui cv‡k ivLv evjwZ‡Z co‡e| gM ev e`bvi mvnv‡h¨ ax‡i ax‡i gv_vq cvwb Xvj‡Z nq| Gici ïK‡bv MvgQv ev †Zvqv‡j w`‡q gv_v gy‡Q w`‡Z nq| wbqwgZ †ivMxi bL †K‡U cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e| w`‡b `yB-wZb evi Pzj AvuPov‡Z n‡e| gjg~Î Z¨vM Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b †eWc¨vb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †ivMxi e¨env‡ii cvwb nvjKv Mig n‡j Avivg †eva n‡e| †ivMxi gvbwmK hZœ kvixwiK h‡Zœi g‡Zv †ivMxi gvbwmK hZœ Zv‡K `ªyZ Av‡ivM¨ jv‡f mnvqZv K‡i| †ivMxi gb fv‡jv ivLvi Rb¨ †mev-h‡Zœi e¨vcv‡i we‡klfv‡e m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e| Zvi mv‡_ mym¤úK© eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| Zvi cÖwZ KL‡bv weiw³ cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv| ˆah© I mnvbyf~wZi mv‡_ †ivMxi me Kó †R‡b, Zvi †mev-ïkÖƒlv Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K GKv ivLv wVK bq| Zvi mv‡_ K_v ejvi Rb¨ cv‡k †KD _vK‡e| Zvi gb fv‡jv ivLvi Rb¨, Zvi kL Abyhvqx we‡bv`‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| †Lvjv Rvbvjv w`‡q cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ †`Lvi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡j Zvi gb cÖdzjø _vK‡e|

M„‡n †ivMxi ïkÖƒlv

25

Zvi N‡ii dzj`vbx‡Z wbqwgZ dzj mvwR‡q ivL‡j g‡b cÖkvwšÍ Avm‡e| ¸iyZi Amy¯’ZvqI Zv‡K mvnm †RvMv‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z Zvi g‡bvej AUzU _v‡K| †ivMxi gvbwmK h‡Zœi e¨vcv‡i cwiev‡ii mevB‡K g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| KvR-1 cwiev‡ii †Kv‡bv m`m¨ R¡‡i AvµvšÍ n‡j Kxfv‡e Zzwg Zvi kvixwiK hZœ wb‡Z cvi?

KvR-2 †ivMxi gvbwmK h‡Zœi e¨vcv‡i Zzwg Kx f~wgKv ivL‡e?

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ : 1. ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wK‡kvi-wK‡kvixi cÖwZ wgwb‡U bvwoi ¯ú›`b n‡q _v‡K? K. 60-75 evi

L. 65-80 evi

M. 80-90 evi

N. 90-100 evi

3. Amy¯’ e¨w³i ïkÖ~lvq cwi‡ek n‡Z n‡eÑ i.

†Kvjvnjc~Y©

ii. cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ iii. Av‡jv-evZvmc~Y© wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Zby ¯‹zj †_‡K †divi c‡_ ˆekvLx So-e„wó‡Z wf‡R evwo Av‡m| evwo G‡m VvÊv cvwb cvb K‡i| wKQzÿY ci Zby Kvk‡Z ïiy K‡i Ges Zvi mw`© I R¡i †`Lv †`q| gv Zbyi †QvU fvB aªye‡K Zbyi e¨eüZ iygvj ai‡Z wb‡la K‡ib| 3. aªye‡K Zbyi e¨eüZ iygvj ai‡Z gvbv Kivi KviY †ivMwUÑ i.

msµvgK

ii. eskMZ iii. evqyevwnZ

26

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

4. D³ †ivMxi Rb¨ KiYxqÑ K. wbZ¨ e¨envh© wRwbm mßv‡n GKevi †avqv

L. e¨eüZ †cvkvK Aí †iv‡` ïKv‡bv

M. `iRv-Rvbvjvq c`©vi e¨envi bv Kiv

N. e¨eüZ miÄvg RxevYygy³ ivLv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1. `yB-wZb mßvn a‡i gybœv R¡‡i fzM‡Q| R¡i KL‡bv _v‡K Avevi _v‡K bv| gv †Q‡ji gv_v ay‡q †`b I Mv ¯ú K‡ib| G‡ZI R¡i bv Kgvq gv wPwšÍZ n‡q †Q‡j‡K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q hvb| Wv³vi me ï‡b gybœvi †`‡ni ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi nvi †iKW© Ki‡Z e‡jb Ges c‡_¨i e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡Z e‡jb| gybœv †Zgb wKQz&B Lvq bv| gv †Q‡j‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vjwi eûj, mnRcvP¨ I UvUKv Lvevi ˆZwi K‡i evievi †L‡Z †`b| K. my¯’ ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Avgv‡`i †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv K‡Zv? L. R¡i gvcvi Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi _v‡g©vwgUvi cÖ‡qvRb? eywS‡q †jL| M. Wv³vi †Kb gybœvi †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi nvi †iKW© Ki‡Z e‡jbÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. gv‡qi †`qv c_¨ cwi‡ekb gybœvi my¯’Zvi Rb¨ h_v_© wKbvÑ †Zvgvi Dˇii ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|

L wefvM

wkï weKvk I e¨w³MZ wbivcËv eqtmwÜi cwieZ©b AwZ `ªyZ msMwVZ nq| A‡bK mgq c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ Ges weÁvbm¤§Z aviYvi Afv‡e G mg‡qi weKvk †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ wech©q m„wó K‡i| eqtmw܇Z wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kivi †KŠkj Rvbv AZ¨šÍ Riywi| wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv QvovI wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ †hgbÑ gv`Kvmw³, †hŠZzK, evj¨ weevn BZ¨vw`i cÖwZ‡iva Kiv eqtmwÜi †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR| wkïi mvaviY †ivMe¨vwa n‡j Zvi msµgYgy³Ki‡Y wUKv I Bb‡RKk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov Avgv‡`i Av‡kcv‡k emevmKvix wewfbœ wkï Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï Ges Zvi KviY¸‡jv Luy‡R †ei KivI Avgv‡`i `vwqZ¡|

GB wefvM †k‡l AvgivÑ •

eqtmwÜi cwieZ©b Ges GB cwieZ©‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

G eq‡m cwievi I mgv‡Ri mv‡_ Lvc-LvIqv‡bvi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

•

wkïi mvaviY †ivMe¨vwa¸‡jvi j¶Y, cÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iva eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

•

wewfbœ †iv‡Mi msµgYgy³KiY wUKv, Bb‡RKk‡bi Gi eY©bv w`‡Z cvie|

•

we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïi ˆewkó¨ I Zv‡`i cÖwZ KiYxq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

gv`Kvm³, evj¨weevn, †hŠZzK, †hŠb-wbcxob BZ¨vw` cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kivi Dcvq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

eÜz wbe©vP‡bi we‡eP¨ welq Ges cÖPvi gva¨‡gi ¶wZKi w`K eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

PZz_© Aa¨vq

eqtmwÜKvj cvV 1 - eqtmwÜKv‡ji cwieZ©b eqtmwÜKvj `ªyZ cwieZ©‡bi mgq| G mg‡qi kvixwiK cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jv IRb, D”PZv e„w× I wewfbœ †hŠb cwieZ©b| Ab¨vb¨ mKj cwieZ©‡bi g‡Zv †hŠb cwieZ©bI GK ai‡bi weKvk, Rxe‡bi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask| GB cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU wkï c~Y©eq¯‹ e¨w³‡Z cwiYZ nq| GB cwieZ©‡bi aib, †Kb GB cwieZ©b nq, G m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv bv _vK‡j A‡bK RwUj cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, gbUv memgq `ywðš—vMÖ¯— _v‡K| eqtmwܶY eqmwU‡K So-SÄvi eqm e‡j g‡b nq| eqtmwܶ‡Yi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© Avgiv †Kb Rvbe?

•

G eq‡mi kvixwiK-gvbwmK cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡j Avgv‡`i c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ _vK‡e ˆkke eqtmwÜ cÖvß eqm

•

mnRfv‡e cwieZ©b‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cvie Ges cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv `ywðšÍv _vK‡e bv

•

cwiev‡i †QvU fvB ev †evb‡K c~e©-cÖ¯‘wZ w`‡Z cvie|

•

ˆK‡kv‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K cwieZ©b wel‡q civgk© w`‡Z cvie|

•

AbvKvw•¶Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wb‡R‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

cwiev‡ii eo‡`i mv‡_ †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvie|

•

cwievi I mgv‡Ri mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv mnR n‡e|

10/11 eQi †_‡K 18/19 eQi eqm‡K Avgiv ˆK‡kviKvj ewj| ˆK‡kviKv‡jiB Ab¨ GKwU bvg eqtmwÜKvj| Z‡e ˆK‡kviKv‡ji cÖ_gw`K A_v©r 10/11 †_‡K 14/15 eQi mgqUvB eqtmwÜKvj wnmv‡e †ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| eqtmw܇Z †`‡ni AvKvi-AvK…wZi cwieZ©b nq| †Q‡j‡g‡qiv D”PZv I IR‡b `ªyZ evo‡Z _v‡K| wewfbœ A½-cªZ¨‡½i e„wׇZ Zviv c~Y©eq‡¯‹i iƒc aviY K‡i| G mg‡q †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi †hŠb cwieZ©b ïiy nq| †hŠb cwieZ©‡b †h ai‡bi ˆewkó¨ _v‡K †m¸‡jv `ywU fv‡M wef³| 1| cÖv_wgK ev gyL¨ †hŠb ˆewkó¨ (Primary sex characteristics) 2| gva¨wgK ev †MŠY †hŠb ˆewkó¨ (Secondary sex characteristics) 1| cÖv_wgK †hŠb ˆewkó¨ - mš—vb Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ G ˆewk󨸇jv mivmwi m¤úwK©Z| mš—vb Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †hŠb A½-cÖZ¨½ †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i Avjv`v| †hgbÑ †Q‡j‡`i AÊvkq (Testise), AÊvkq _wj

eqtmwÜKvj

29

(Scrotum), wj½ (Penis), Ges †g‡q‡`i wW¤^vkq (Overies), Rivqy (Uterus), Rbbv½ (Vagina)| eqtmwÜKv‡j Gme A½-cÖZ¨‡½i AvKvi-AvK…wZi cwieZ©b N‡U I Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× cvq| d‡j †g‡q‡`i FZzmªve I †Q‡j‡`i ïµvYy wbt¯^iY nq| 2| gva¨wgK †hŠb ˆewkó¨ - GB cwieZ©‡bi R‡b¨ †Q‡j Ges †g‡q‡`i evwn¨Kfv‡e †Pbv hvq| mšÍvb Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ GB ˆewk󨸇jvi mivmwi m¤úK© _v‡K bv| †hgbÑ †Q‡j‡`i gy‡L `vwo, †Muvd DVv, Mjvi ¯^‡ii cwieZ©b, †g‡q‡`i eyK ùxZ nIqv BZ¨vw`| G mg‡q †Q‡j-†g‡q Df‡qiB kix‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †jvg MRv‡bv †MŠY †hŠb ˆewk‡ó¨i AšÍf©y³| mvaviYZ GB cwieZ©b¸‡jv ïiy n‡q †kl n‡Z cÖvq Pvi eQ‡ii g‡Zv mgq †bq| GB mgqKvj KviI KviI †¶‡Î Kg ev †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi cwieZ©bI KviI †¶‡Î wKQzUv Av‡M, KviI †¶‡Î wKQyUv c‡i ïiy n‡Z cv‡i| †h me †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i wbw`©ó eq‡mi A‡bK Av‡M †hŠb cwieZ©b ïiy nq, Zv‡`i AKvj cwic° (Early Maturer) ejv hvq| Avi hv‡`i wbw`©ó mg‡qi †ek wKQy c‡i G cwieZ©b ïiy nq, Zv‡`i wejw¤^Z cwic° (Late Maturer) †Q‡j ev †g‡q ejv nq| ZvovZvwo cwieZ©b ev †`wi‡Z cwieZ©b- †Kv‡bvwUB `ywðš—vi †Kv‡bv welq bq| eskMZ KviY, AvenvIqv, Lv`¨vfvm BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y GB cwieZ©‡bi mgqKvj G‡KK R‡bi G‡KKiKg nq| †hgbÑ gv‡qi ZvovZvwo cwieZ©b n‡j †g‡qiI ZvovZvwo cwieZ©b ïiy n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi, Acywói Kvi‡Y cwieZ©b †`wi‡Z Avm‡Z cv‡i| KvR-1 eqtmwÜi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© †R‡b Zzwg Kxfv‡e DcK„Z n‡e Zv †jL| KvR-2 eqtmwܶY `ªyZ cwieZ©‡bi mgqÑ G m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ †jL|

cvV 2 - eqtmwÜi cwieZ©‡bi KviY †Zvgv‡`i g‡b wbðqB cÖkœ †R‡M‡Q eqtmwÜi cwieZ©‡bi KviY Kx? †KbBev nVvr K‡i 10/11 eQi eq‡m GB cwieZ©b ïiy nq? n¨uv, GLb Avgiv eqtmwÜi cwieZ©‡bi KviY m¤ú‡K© Rvbe| eqtmwÜi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `vqx Avgv‡`i †`‡n Drcbœ wKQy ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv ni‡gvb bv‡g cwiwPZ|

ni‡gvb Kx? gvby‡li †`‡n KZK¸‡jv we‡kl MÖwš’ _v‡K| MÖwš’ n‡jv GK¸”Q †Kvl hv we‡kl wKQy ivmvqwbK c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i| GB me ivmvqwbK c`v_© ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g ˆZwi nq Ges mivmwi i‡³ wg‡k hvq| GB ni‡gvb i‡³i gva¨‡g evwnZ n‡q †`‡ni wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o, †`‡ni A‡bK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b NUvq Ges †`‡ni wewfbœ KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i| Gme D”P ¶gZv m¤úbœ ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_©B n‡jv ni‡gvb| ni‡gvb wbtmiY Kg ev †ewk n‡j weKv‡ki aviv wewNœZ nq| gvby‡li ˆ`wnK e„w× wbqš¿Y K‡i †h ni‡gvb, Zvi bvg †Mªv_ ni‡gvb| G ni‡gvb hZw`b wbtmwiZ nq, ZZw`b gvbyl j¤^v nq, wewfbœ Aw¯’ myMwVZ nq| wKšÍy GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi c‡i †Mªv_ ni‡gv‡bi wbtmiY eÜ n‡q hvq e‡j gvby‡li e„w×I eÜ n‡q hvq| Avgv‡`i mK‡ji gw¯Í‡®‹i Zj‡`‡k wcUzBUvwi bvgK MÖwš’ Aew¯’Z| eqtmwÜi cwieZ©‡b †Q‡j Ges †g‡q Df‡qiB wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ †_‡K †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq| G ni‡gvb †Q‡j‡`i ïµvk‡qi e„w× NUvq|

30

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

ZLb ïµvkq †_‡K ¶wiZ nq †U‡÷v‡÷ib ni‡gvb| GB †U‡÷v‡÷ib ni‡gvb †Q‡j‡`i wewfbœ cwieZ©‡b `vqx cÖavb ni‡gvb hv Øviv †Q‡j‡`i ïµvYy ˆZwi nq Ges wewfbœ †hŠb ˆewkó¨ †hgbÑ †Muvd, `vwo I kix‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †jvg MRvq|

wcUzBUvwi

_vBi‡qW

†g‡q‡`i †`‡n †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK ni‡gv‡bi ¶iY wW¤^vkq‡K c~Y©Zv †`q| d‡j wW¤^vkq †_‡K ¶wiZ nq B‡÷ªv‡Rb| GB ni‡gv‡bi Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡`i †`‡ni cwieZ©b, FZymªvemn wewfbœ †hŠb cwieZ©b nq|

A¨v‡Wªbvj wW¤^vkq (¯¿x †jvK) ïµvkq (cyiyl)

wewfbœ AšÍt¶iv MÖwš’

†Mvbv‡WvUªwcK wcUzBUvwi ni‡gvb

Rbb MÖwš’i e„w× cwic°Zv, ¶iY I KvR wbqš¿Y|

ïµvkq MÖwš’

†U‡÷v‡÷ib nigb

†Q‡j‡`i †hŠbv‡½i e„w× †MŠY †hŠb ˆewkó¨ cÖKv‡k mnvqZv, ïµvYy Drcv`b|

wW¤^vkq MÖwš’

B‡÷ªv‡Rb

eqtmwÜKv‡j †g‡q‡`i †hŠb j¶Y cÖKv‡ki mnvqZv, FZzmªve wbqš¿Y Kiv|

†`‡ni AvK…wZ hZw`b AcwiYZ _v‡K A_v©r wkïi g‡Zv _v‡K ZZw`b †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvK©lY Abyfe K‡i bv| wKšÍy gva¨wgK ev †MŠY †hŠb ˆewkó¨ AR©b ïiyi ci wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvK©lY Abyfe K‡i| †Zvgiv GLb eqtmwÜKv‡ji †Q‡j ev †g‡q| G eq‡mi cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© †Zvgv‡`i g‡b bvbv cÖkœ Rv‡M| G eq‡mi †hme †Q‡j-†g‡q Zv‡`i `ywðšÍv, DrKÉv, cÖkœ BZ¨vw` wbf©i‡hvM¨ KviI Kv‡Q cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡`i AvPiY Kg wewNœZ nq| KvR - 1 eqtmwÜKv‡ji cwieZ©‡b †Kvb ni‡gvb Kx KvR K‡i, Zv Q‡K †jL| KvR - 2 QK Abyhvqx ni‡gv‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv eY©bv Ki|

cvV 3 - eqtmwÜKv‡j cwiev‡ii mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv eqtmwÜKv‡j cwiev‡i we‡kl K‡i evev-gvi mv‡_ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i m¤ú‡K©i cwieZ©b Av‡m| cÖvq‡¶‡ÎB GB m¤úK© AebwZi w`‡K hvq| G R‡b¨ evev-gv Ges mš—vb Dfqc¶‡KB `vqx Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Kxfv‡e cwiev‡ii mv‡_ my›`ifv‡e Lvc LvIqv‡Z n‡e G †KŠkj †kLvi Av‡M †R‡b wbB- †Kb G ai‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡q _v‡K|

eqtmwÜKvj

31

•

g‡bvfv‡ei cv_©K¨ : gv-evev I eqtmwܶ‡Yi mš—vb‡`i g‡bvfv‡e A‡bK cv_©K¨ _v‡K| †hgbÑ gv-evev †h wUwf Abyôvb cQ›` K‡ib, mš—vb‡`i Zv fv‡jv jv‡M bv| eq‡mi cv_©K¨, mvgvwRK wewfbœ cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ g‡bvfv‡ei cv_©K¨ nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î mš—vbiv gv-evev‡K eZ©gvb hy‡Mi Aby‡cvhy³ g‡b K‡i| G Kvi‡Y gvevevi wb‡`©k‡K cÖvqB Zviv Agvb¨ K‡i|

•

cvwievwiK wewawb‡la : eqtmwܶ‡Y †Q‡j‡g‡qiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pj‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv Kv‡R eo‡`i n¯—‡¶c Zviv cQ›` K‡i bv| cwiev‡ii Av‡ivwcZ wewawb‡l‡ai Zviv we‡ivwaZv K‡i| A‡bK mgq g‡b Kiv nq †h Zv‡`i cÖwZ Ab¨vq, AwePvi Kiv n‡”Q| GRb¨ Zviv ¶zä nq|

•

wj½ Abyhvqx AvPiY : ˆkk‡e AvPi‡Y †g‡q ev †Q‡ji cv_©K¨ Kiv nq bv| A_P eo nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †g‡q‡`i‡K †g‡q‡`i g‡Zv AvPiY Kivi R‡b¨ Pvc †`qv nq| G Ae¯’v †g‡b wb‡Z †g‡q‡`i Kó nq| wbw`©ó mg‡q N‡i bv †div, GKv †Kv_vI †h‡Z bv †`qv, wecixZ wj‡½i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvq AvcwË BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv gZwe‡iva NUvq|

•

`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b Awbnv : kvixwiK cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ eqtmwܶ‡Y K¨vjwi ev kw³ ¶q †ewk nq| Kv‡R Awbnv, †h‡Kv‡bv Kv‡R weiw³, cov‡kvbvq GK‡N‡qwg I K¬vwš— Avm‡Z cv‡i| G mg‡q gv-evev †jLvcovq AviI †ewk mgq e¨q I g‡bv‡hvMx nIqvi Dci †Rvi †`b I memgq mZ©K K‡ib| G wb‡q mš—vb‡`i g‡a¨ Am‡š—vl m„wó nq Ges gv-evevi mv‡_ mš—vb‡`i `~iZ¡ ev‡o|

•

A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v : eqtmw܇Z †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i eÜz‡`i g‡Zv †eov‡bv, †cvkvK, wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Pvwn`v _v‡K| Am”QjZv ev †h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y cwievi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j ev bv PvB‡j †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ Am‡š—vl †`Lv †`q|

•

evev gvi m¤úK© : evev-gv‡qi g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva, mym¤úK© bv _vK‡j mš—v‡bi g‡a¨I Akvwš— weivR K‡i|

mKj gv-evevi g‡a¨ mš—vb‡`i Rb¨ †mœn-fv‡jvevmvi †Kv‡bv NvUwZ _v‡K bv| wb‡Riv gv-evev bv nIqv ch©š— GB mZ¨ Abyfe Kiv hvq bv| mš—vb‡`i gwjb gyL, Kó, `ywðš—v Zv‡`i‡KI Kó †`q| †mœn-ggZv cÖKv‡ki fw½ G‡KK evev-gv‡qi G‡KKiKg nq| memgqB g‡b ivLv `iKvi †h, evev-gv‡qi meiKg wewa-wb‡l‡ai D‡Ïk¨B _v‡K mš—vb‡`i‡K DrK…ófv‡e M‡o †Zvjv| A‡bK mgq gv-evev mš—v‡bi Pvwn`v †Ui cvb bv| †m‡¶‡Î gv-evevi Kv‡Q †Lvjv‡gjv Pvwn`vi K_v cÖKvk Kiv `iKvi| wk¶v msµvš— Pvwn`v †hgb eBcÎ, Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v miÄvg Kx Kv‡R jvM‡e, Kxfv‡e Zv mdjZvq mnvqZv Ki‡e, Gme wel‡q evev-gv‡qi mv‡_ †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq ev Zv‡`i‡K eywS‡q ejv hvq| cvwievwiK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b †Kv‡bv Amyweav _vK‡j ev kvixwiK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v gv-evev‡K †Lvjv‡gjv ej‡j cwiw¯’wZi RwUjZv A‡bK Kg nq| †Zvgiv nq‡Zv fve‡ZB cvi bv †h, evev-gv‡qi gZwe‡iva `~i Ki‡Z †Zvgiv we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi| Kx Ki‡j gv-evev Lywk n‡eb, Kx‡m Zv‡`i m¤úK© fv‡jv n‡e GwUi †Kv‡bv evavaiv wbqg †bB| †Zvgv‡KB †Zvgvi eyw×we‡ePbv w`‡q †Zvgvi f~wgKv Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

32

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

gvby‡li me‡P‡q eo m¤ú` n‡jv Zvi wb‡Ri Ávb, eyw×, KvR Kivi `¶Zv| †h‡Kv‡bv cwi‡e‡k Lvc-LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ Gme m¤ú` AvRxeb mvnvh¨ K‡i| eqtmwܶY eqmUvB cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zv AR©‡bi Dchy³ mgq| fwel¨‡Z wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡Z n‡e- GUv g‡b †i‡L G mg‡q †Zvgv‡`i hv hv Ki‡Z n‡eÑ •

gv-evev I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i h_v‡hvM¨ m¤§vb I fv‡jvevmv w`‡Z n‡e|

•

¯‹z‡ji cov‡kvbvq AviI †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|

•

gv-evev †h `vwqZ¡ †`b, Zv g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

AcÖ‡qvR‡b e¨q Kgv‡bvi wm×vš— †Zvgv‡`i wb‡R‡`iB wb‡Z n‡e|

•

†h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨vq evev-gv, fvB-†ev‡bi mv‡_ †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

Gfv‡eB †Zvgv‡`i mv‡_ cwiev‡ii `›Ø, gZwe‡iva `~i n‡e, cwiev‡ii mK‡ji mv‡_ mym¤úK© eRvq _vK‡e, cvwievwiK cwi‡ekUv‡K †Zvgvi Kv‡Q g‡b n‡e- A‡bK Avb‡›`i, A‡bK my‡Li| KvR-1 †Zvgvi g‡Z eqtmw܇Z cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ mgm¨vi KviY¸‡jv D‡j-L Ki| KvR-2 Kxfv‡e cwiev‡ii mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv hvq, Zvi †KŠkj¸‡jv †jL|

cvV 4 - eqtmwÜKv‡j mgv‡Ri mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv cwiev‡ii evB‡i Avgiv me‡P‡q †ewk mgq KvUvB ¯‹z‡j I mgeqmx `‡j| ¯‹z‡ji mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv - †Zvgiv wK KL‡bv Gfv‡e †f‡e †`‡LQ †h, ¯‹z‡j †Zvgiv K‡ZvUv mgq e¨q Ki! †R‡b ivL, GKwU †kªwY‡Z eQ‡i GK nvRv‡iiI †ewk NÈv †Zvgiv ¯‹z‡j KvUvI| ¯‹z‡ji cwi‡e‡k hw` fv‡jvfv‡e Lvc LvIqv‡bv hvq, Z‡e cieZ©x Rxe‡b fv‡jvfv‡e Lvc LvIqv‡bv mnR nq| Avevi, ¯‹zj Rxe‡bi mdjZvi Dci cieZx© Rxe‡bi mdjZv A‡bKLvwb wbf©i K‡i| 12 eQi eq‡mi gvwnqvZ| evevi e`wji Kvi‡Y AvR cÖ_g w`b bZzb ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q| c‡_i g‡a¨, †m fve‡Z _v‡K, K¬v‡mi eÜziv †Kgb n‡e? mK‡j wK Avgv‡K cQ›` Ki‡e? Avwg wK ¯‹z‡ji wk¶‡Ki me cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cvie? gvwnqv‡Zi fvebv †_‡K wbðqB Dcjwä Kiv hvq †h, ¯‹z‡j Avgv‡`i A‡bK wKQzi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z nq| †hgbÑ cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡qi cov, wk¶K, mncvVxi AvPiY, K¬vm iywUb BZ¨vw` A‡bK wKQz| cÖvqB †`Lv hvq, cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji †P‡q gva¨wgK ¯‹z‡ji cov‡kvbv ZZ fv‡jv jv‡M bv| GB fv‡jv bv jvMvi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv- cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q ¯úó _v‡K bv| welqe¯‘ bv ey‡S gyL¯— Kiv, gyL¯— K‡i cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv AZ¨š— K‡ói g‡b nq| cv‡Vi welqwU ¯úófv‡e eyS‡j †mUv g‡b ivLv mnR nq, †mB wk¶v ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| †Zvgiv GKUz ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡jB eyS‡Z cvi‡e †h, wk¶Kiv me QvÎ-QvÎxi m‡½ GKiKg AvPiY K‡ib bv| hviv f`ª, webqx, K¬v‡m g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q wk¶‡Ki K_v †kv‡b, †mme QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i wk¶Kiv †ewk cÖksmv I Drmvn

eqtmwÜKvj

33

cÖ`vb K‡ib| Avi hviv ¯‹z‡ji wbqg f½ K‡i, covïbvq Ag‡bv‡hvMx, Zv‡`i‡K wk¶Kiv cQ›` K‡ib bv| wk¶‡Ki cÖksmv I Drmvn cvIqv ¯‹z‡ji cÖwZ QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AvMÖn evovq, †jLvcovq mdjZv †`q| G j‡¶¨ †Zvgv‡`i hv hv KiYxq•

K¬v‡m g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb †kvbv|

•

†h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi A¯úóZv _vK‡j wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q ey‡S †bIqv|

•

wk¶‡Ki cÖ‡kœi ¯^Zù‚Z© DËi †`qv|

•

h_vmg‡q †kªwYi KvR, evwoi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv|

•

`jxq Kv‡R wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡ ey‡S †bqv I h_vh_fv‡e Zv cvjb Kiv|

•

¯‹z‡ji wbqg †g‡b Pjv|

•

Amy¯’Zvi mgq Qvov wbqwgZ ¯‹z‡j Dcw¯’Z _vKv|

g‡b ivL‡e, wk¶‡Ki mnvqZv I †Zvgv‡`i ¯^Zù~Z© AskMÖnY G `ywU wg‡j †Zvgv‡`i †kLvi KvRwU A‡bK †ewk mnR I Avb›``vqK n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| KvR-1 ¯‹z‡ji mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z †Zvgv‡K Kx Kx Ki‡Z n‡e - Zv †jL|

mncvVx, mgeqmx `‡ji mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv- ej‡Z cvi- mncvVx ev mgeqmx `‡ji g‡a¨ †Kb GKRb mevi wcÖq nq, Avevi †KbBev GKRb‡K mevB cQ›` K‡i bv, `~‡i †V‡j †`q? GB KviY¸‡jv Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi| mgeqmx‡`i Kv‡Q RbwcÖq n‡Z n‡j K‡qKwU AvPi‡Yi cÖwZ we‡klfv‡e j¶ ivL‡Z nq|

RbwcÖq †Q‡j‡g‡q

wbqwgZ †jLvcov K‡i

`‡ji mv‡_ eÜzig‡Zv †g‡k, KvD‡K wnsmv K‡i bv

mKj‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i

†h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v MVbg~jKfv‡e mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i

hviv hLb ZLb KvD‡K AvNvZ K‡i, SMov gvivgvwi K‡i, †Kv‡bv ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv K‡i bv, mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i, †Ljvayjvi mgq wbqg gv‡b bv, wg_¨v e‡j Zv‡`i‡K mevB cÖZ¨vLvb K‡i| ¯‹z‡j cvV¨µg ewnf©~Z †hme Kvh©µg P‡j, †m¸‡jv‡Z AskMÖnY Kiv RbwcÖq nIqvi Ab¨Zg Dcvq| †hgbÑ †Ljvayjvq Ask †bIqv, wewfbœ Abyôv‡b Ave„wË, Mvb, Awfbq Kiv, weZK©, KzBR cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kiv, weÁvb †gjv, cÖ`©kbx‡Z `‡ji mwµq m`m¨ nIqv BZ¨vw`| ¯‹zj, mncvVx I mgeqmx `‡ji mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv QvovI AvZœxq-¯^Rb, cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i mv‡_ mym¤úK© eRvq ivLv eqtmwܶ‡Yi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡| AvZœxq¯^R‡bi mv‡_ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv, eq¯‹ AvZ¥xq‡`i

34

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

kvixwiK Ae¯’vi †LvuRLei †bIqv, cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv n‡j Kzkj wewbgq Kiv, mK‡ji wec‡`i g~n~‡Z© GwM‡q Avmv BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q mK‡ji mv‡_ mym¯úK© eRvq ivLv hvq| KvR-1 †Zvgv‡`i K¬v‡mi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq mncvVxi g‡a¨ Zzwg Kx ˆewkó¨ †`L‡Z cvI, Zv †jL|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1. Avgv‡`i mK‡ji gw¯Í‡®‹i Zj‡`‡k †Kvb MÖwš’ Aew¯’Z? K. _vBi‡qW MÖwš’

L. wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’

M. A¨v‡Wªbvj MÖwš’

N. ïµvkq MÖwš’

2. eqtmwÜÿ‡Y †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ kw³ †ewk ÿq nq?

K. ˆ`wnK e„w×

L. g‡bvfv‡ei ZviZg¨

M. eÜz‡Z¡i AvwaK¨

N. K‡Vvi kvmb

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI 15 eQ‡ii KYv cÖvqB eÜz‡`i m‡½ evB‡i hvq| mܨvi ci AvR G eÜzi Rb¥w`b, Kvj I eÜzi Rb¥w`b †j‡MB Av‡Q| Zuvi ¯^vaxb Pjv‡div evev-gv †g‡b †bb bv| cÖvqB Zv‡K G wel‡q eKvSKv K‡ib Ges KYvi Dci ÿzä nb| 3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ KYvi GB AvPi‡Yi KviYÑ K. evev gvi AwaK †Lqvj

L. ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡div

M. eÜz‡`i m‡½ AwZwi³ †gjv‡gkv

N. mywbw`©ó eq‡m gvbwmK cwieZ©b

4. Dc‡iv³ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KYviÑ i.

cwiev‡ii mv‡_ gZwe‡iva †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i

ii. gvbwmK weKvk evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i iii. kvixwiK `ÿZv nªvm †c‡Z cv‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

eqtmwÜKvj

35

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1.

Rqv I wiwg 14 eQ‡ii hgR `yB †evb| Zviv memgqB wUwf †`Lv, Ny‡i †eov‡bv, mvR‡MvR BZ¨vw` wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡K| ¯‹z‡ji wkÿKiv Zv‡`i †jLvcov wKsev fvlvwkÿv †Kv‡bv w`‡KB g‡bv‡hvM †bB e‡j gv‡K Rvbvb| †g‡q‡`i GB cwieZ©b gv wKQz‡ZB †g‡b †bb bv| Avevi wZwb †g‡q‡`i mv‡_ mKj K_v †LvjvLywjfv‡e cÖKvkI K‡ib bv| K. †Kvb eqm‡K Avgiv ˆK‡kvi Kvj e‡j _vwK? L. ni‡gvb wbtmiY h_vh_fv‡e bv n‡j Kx nq?

M. Rqv I wiwgi mgm¨vi KviY D‡jøL K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Rqv I wiwgi gv‡qi f~wgKv Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv AR©‡b mnvqK n‡e wK? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|

2.

10g †kÖwYi Rv‡f‡`i 2 eQ‡ii †QvU †evb KYv| †QvU †_‡K `yB fvB-†evb GK m‡½ eo n‡”Q, †Lj‡Q, †eov‡”Q| wKQzw`b a‡i evev-gv Rv‡f‡`i wKQz cwieZ©b †Lqvj K‡ib| †m wb‡R‡K Avovj K‡i Pzwc Pzwc †mjy‡b hvq| jywK‡q Avqbvq `uvwo‡q wb‡Ri †Pnviv †`‡L| KYvI ¯‹vU©, Uc Gme ci‡Z Pvq| †mI Av‡Mi g‡Zv †bB| KYv wPÎ RM‡Zi eB, eo‡`i eB Gme †_‡K eo‡`i bvbv wKQz Rvb‡Z †Póv K‡i| gv welqwU †Lqvj K‡ib| Zv‡`i G cwieZ©b¸‡jv evev-gv mnR K‡i eywS‡q †`b| gv KYvi eq‡mi Dc‡hvMx eB Dcnvi †`b| K. ˆK‡kvi Kv‡ji Ab¨ GKwU bvg Kx? L. eqtmwÜÿY eqm‡K So-SÄvi eqm ejv nq †Kb? M. Rv‡f‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi ˆewkó¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| N. Rv‡f` I KYvi m‡½ evev-gvi mnR m¤úK© I‡`i ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki mnvqK- K_vwU we‡kølY Ki|

cÂg Aa¨vq

†ivM m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k bvbv ai‡bi ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª RxevYy Ny‡i †eovq, hv Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv| Gi g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv RxevYy ÿwZKi | GB ÿwZKi RxevYy Lv`¨, k¦vm-MÖnY, I Pvgov BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i kix‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †ivM m„wó K‡i| Z‡e RxevYy kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡jB Avgiv mevB Amy¯’ n‡q cwo bv| KviY RxevYy‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i kix‡i bvbviKg cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v Av‡Q | GB cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v hw` kw³kvjx bv nq Z‡e RxevYy Rqx nq, Avgiv Amy¯’ n‡q cwo| Avgiv R¡i, mw`©-Kvwk, Wvqwiqv BZ¨vw` bvbv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nB| GB Aa¨v‡q wewfbœ †ivM m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv Ges msµgYgy³KiY wUKv I Bb‡RKkb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q |

cvV 1 - wkïi mvaviY †ivMe¨vwa mwVK h‡Zœi Afv‡e AwZ ˆkk‡e wkïiv bvbv msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| †h mKj Kvi‡Y wkïiv mn‡RB msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ •

R‡b¥i mgq IRb ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq Kg|

•

wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e© Rb¥|

•

wkï gvZ…M‡f© _vKvi mgq gv‡qi Amy¯’Zv ev ch©vß cywóKi Lvev‡ii Afve|

†ivM m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv

37

•

R‡b¥i ciB wkï‡K gv‡qi `ya bv LvIqv‡j| gv‡qi cÖ_g `ya‡K kvj`ya e‡j| GB `y‡a K‡jv÷ªvg bvgK c`v_© _v‡K hv wkïi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv m„wó K‡i|

•

Qq gvm ci †_‡K gv‡qi `y‡ai cvkvcvwk evowZ Lvevi ev cwic~iK Lvevi bv †`qv|

•

mgqg‡Zv †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK wUKv ev Bb‡RKkb bv w`‡j|

D³ Kvi‡Y wkïiv kvixwiKfv‡e `ye©j _v‡K d‡j mn‡RB †ivMvµvšÍ nq| wkïiv †h mKj msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ R¡i Ñ R¡i m¤ú‡K© mK‡jiB wbðqB aviYv Av‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q 98.4° dv‡ibnvBU| Z‡e †QvU wkï‡`i †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv _v‡K 99° dv‡ibnvBU| ZvcgvÎv hw` Gi †P‡q e„w× cvq Z‡eB R¡i e‡j aiv nq| R¡i bvbv Kvi‡Y n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ Bb‡dKkb, A¨vjvwR© BZ¨vw`| Aí R¡i n‡j hv KiYxq •

cvZjv mywZi Rvgv cwiavb Kiv|

•

Av‡jv evZvmc~Y© N‡i _vKv|

•

gv_v ayB‡q kixi wfRv Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q †djv|

•

m¨vjvBb, d‡ji im, kieZ, my¨c, cvZjv `ya BZ¨vw` Zij Lvevi †ewk K‡i LvIqv‡bv|

•

wPwKrm‡Ki civgk©g‡Zv Pjv |

KvR - 1 †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv nVvr A‡bK †e‡o †M‡j †Zvgvi KiYxq eY©bv Ki | D”P R¦i n‡j KiYxq Ñ 1-5 eQ‡ii wkïi g‡a¨ D”P R¡‡ii cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| G‡Z †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv 105° dv. ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i, hv wkkyi gw¯Í®‹ I ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i Rb¨ ¶wZKi| D”P R¡‡i wkïi †h j¶Y¸‡jv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡”Q• wLuPzwb, †Pnvivq A¯^vfvweKZv • k¦vmwµqv I bvwoi MwZ e„w× • wkï AÁvb n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i • NbNb ewg I cvZjv gjZ¨vM| GB †¶‡Î hv Ki‡Z n‡e Ñ • R¡i bv Kgv ch©šÍ gv_vq cvwb Xvj‡Z n‡e Ges VvÊv cvwb w`‡q mg¯Í kixi evievi fv‡jv K‡i gywQ‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv K‡g Avm‡j ïKbv Kvco w`‡q kixi gy‡Q Rvgv civ‡Z n‡e|

38

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb •

R¡i hw` 104°Ñ105° dv. nq Z‡e Rvgv Ly‡j †Mvmj Kiv‡Z n‡e| G‡Z ZvcgvÎv 2/3 wWwMÖ K‡g Avm‡e|

• N‡i gy³ Av‡jv evZvm PjvP‡ji e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e, wkï‡K nvév mywZi Rvgv civ‡Z n‡e| •

`ªyZ wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

R¡‡i Lv`¨ e¨e¯’v •

R¡i n‡j wecvK wµqv e„w× cvq| †KvlKjv ÿq nq, d‡j †`‡ni †cÖvwUb I Ab¨vb¨ Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v e„w× cvq|

•

gvQ, †QvU gyiwM, `ya-iywU, cvZjv K‡i `ya-mywR, my¨c, big fvZ, cvZjv Wvj, big wLPzwo BZ¨vw` mnR cvP¨ Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e|

•

R¡‡i Nv‡gi mv‡_ kixi †_‡K cÖPzi cvwb, †mvwWqvg I cUvwkqvg jeY †ei n‡q hvq Ges †ivM cÖwZ‡iva R¡‡i cvwb, ZvcgvÎv Kgv‡ZI†Mvmj ÿgZv K‡g hvq | ZvB d‡ji im, mewRi my¨c, kieZ, Wv‡ei m¨vjvBb Ab¨vb¨Kiv‡bv cywóKi Lvevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e |

cvV 2 - Wvqwiqv Wvqwiqv cÖavbZ cvwbevwnZ †ivM| mvaviYZ Acwi®‹vi I RxevYyhy³ Lv`¨ †_‡K Wvqwiqv †ivM nq| Wvqwiqv n‡j Lv`¨`ªe¨ †ewkÿY A‡š¿ bv _vKvq G¸‡jvi cwicvK I we‡kvlY m¤ú~Y© nq bv d‡j Lv`¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv `ªyZ cvqLvbvi mv‡_ †ei n‡q hvq| cÖPzi A‡kvwlZ cvwb †ei n‡q hvIqvi d‡j gj Zij nq| Gi d‡j wkïi g‡a¨ †h j¶Y¸‡jv †`Lv hvq Ñ •

NbNb cvZjv gjZ¨vM nq

•

ewg ewg fve ev ewg

•

gv_vi Zvjy ga¨fvM †`‡e hvq

•

†PvL †KvUivMZ nq

•

wkïi †gRvR wLUwL‡U nq

•

wRf I †VvuU ïwK‡q hvq

•

wkïi IRb nªvm cvq

•

Ae¯’v †ewk Lvivc n‡j wkï A‡PZb n‡q c‡o-|

wkï‡K m¨vjvBb LvIqv‡bv

†ivM m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv

39

KiYxq - Wvqwiqv nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï‡K Lvevi m¨vjvBb w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z gvivZ¥K cvwbk~b¨Zv †_‡K wkï i¶v cv‡e| hZevi gjZ¨vM Ki‡e ZZevi †ewk cwigv‡Y Lvevi m¨vjvBb wkï‡K w`‡Z n‡e| •

¯^vfvweK Lvev‡ii cvkvcvwk wkï‡K gv‡qi `ya w`‡Z n‡e|

•

Zij Lvevi, †hgb Ñ d‡ji im, †jeyi kieZ BZ¨vw` †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|

•

cvZjv gjZ¨vM †ewk n‡j Ges wkï gy‡L m¨vjvBb †L‡Z bv cvi‡j `ªyZ nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e|

LvIqvi m¨vjvBb Ñ Nb Nb cvZjv gjZ¨v‡Mi d‡j kixi †_‡K cÖPzi Rjxq Ask †ei n‡q hvq| hvi mv‡_ cUvwkqvg evB-Kve©‡bU I †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW Ges Møy‡KvR bvgK Dcv`vb †ei n‡q hvq| m¨vjvBb LvIqvi d‡jB †m Afve c~iY nq| m¨vjvB‡b †h mKj Dcv`vb _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW, †mvwWqvg mvB‡UªU, cUvwkqvg †K¬vivBW, M¬y‡KvR, weï× cvwb| N‡i mn‡RB Lvevi m¨vjvBb ˆZwi K‡i wkï‡K LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| N‡i m¨vjvBb ˆZwii c×wZ-

DcKiY ¸o / wPwb jeY weky× VvÊv cvwb

cwigvY GK gyV wZb AvOy‡ji GK wPgwU Ava wjUvi

GKwU cv‡Î Ava wjUvi weï× Lvevi cvwb, ¸o/wPwb I jeY wb‡q GKwU PvgP w`‡q fv‡jvfv‡e †b‡o m¨vjvBb ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| ˆZwi m¨vjvBb 12 N›Uvi g‡a¨ †L‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| Wvqwiqvi †ivMx‡K m¨vjvBb LvIqv‡bvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q cvwb¯^íZv ev wWnvB‡Wªkb †iva Kiv| m¨vjvBb LvIqv‡bvi wbqg Ñ •

gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡bv eÜ Kiv hv‡e bv|

•

cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|

•

hZevi cvZjv gjZ¨vM Ki‡e ZZevi m¨vjvBb LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

•

wkï ewg Ki‡jI GKUz A‡cÿv K‡i Avevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

•

m¨vjvB‡bi cvkvcvwk my¨c, d‡ji im, RvDfvZ LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

•

cvZjv cvqLvbv I ewg eÜ bv nIqv ch©šÍ m¨vjvBb Pj‡e|

•

cÖ‡qvR‡b ivBm m¨vjvBb LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq Ñ •

memgq dzUv‡bv weï× cvwb ev wUDe‡q‡ji cvwb cvb Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

`ya fv‡jvg‡Zv dzwU‡q cvb Ki‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨`ªe¨ †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e, gvwQ ev †cvKv-gvKo em‡Z bv cv‡i| Lvevi Mig K‡i †L‡Z n‡e| evwm-cuPv Lvevi eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

40

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb •

cwi®‹vi _vjv-evmb weï× cvwb w`‡q ay‡q Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e|

•

gjgyÎ Z¨v‡Mi ci nvZ mvevb ev QvB w`‡q ay‡Z n‡e|

•

evRvi †_‡K Avbv djg~j fv‡jv K‡i weï× cvwb w`‡q ay‡q †L‡Z n‡e|

KvR - 1 Wvqwiqv †_‡K i¶v cvevi Rb¨ Zzwg †Zvgvi cwievi‡K Kxfv‡e mZK© Ki‡e|

cvV 3 - mw`©-Kvwk, Bbd¬z‡qÄv I K…wg mw`©-Kvwk - mw`© I Kvwki mv‡_ mevB Kg‡ewk cwiwPZ| mw`©, Kvwk A¨vjvwR© wKsev wewfbœ Bb‡dKkbRwbZ Kvi‡Y n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ nVvr K‡i VvÊv †j‡M mw`©, Kvwk nq Ges †mB mv‡_ A‡bK mgq mvgvb¨ R¡iI _v‡K| mvaviYZ FZz cwieZ©‡bi mgq, MÖx®§Kv‡j AwaK Nvg I ayjv-evwj †_‡K GB †ivMwU nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| KiYxq •

iygvj ev wUmy e¨envi Kiv| Mig cvwb I jeY w`‡q MoMov Kiv|

•

cÖPzi cvwb ev cvwb RvZxq Lvevi †hgbÑm¨vjvBb, d‡ji im †L‡Z n‡e|

•

cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e|

Bbd¬z‡qÄv- Bbd¬z‡qÄv fvBivmRwbZ, evqyevwnZ, msµvgK e¨vwa| fvBivmwU kix‡i cÖ‡ek Kivi 18 †_‡K 72 NÈvi g‡a¨ †ivMwU cÖKvk cvq| wkky‡`i †ÿ‡Î 5 †_‡K 7 w`b Ges eq¯‹‡`i †¶‡Î 3 †_‡K 5 w`b †ivMwU ¯’vqx nq| GB †iv‡M AwaK R¡i, †mB mv‡_ mw`©-Kvwk, gv_ve¨_v, gvsm‡ckx‡Z e¨_v I Mjve¨_v _vK‡Z cv‡i| MÖx®§Kv‡j GB †ivMwUi cÖ‡Kvc †ewk _v‡K Ges †hLv‡b A‡bK †jv‡Ki evm †mLv‡b †ivMwU `ªyZ Qovq| KiYxq Ñ •

nvwP-Kvwki mgq iygvj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b Kd, _yZy †djv hv‡e bv|

•

AvµvšÍ wkïwU‡K Ab¨vb¨ wkï †_‡K c„_K ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j fv‡jv K‡i gv_v ay‡q kixi gy‡Q †dj‡Z n‡e|

•

Zij I big Lvevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e I cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ _vK‡Z n‡e|

•

wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx Jla †L‡Z n‡e|

mw`©-Kvwk I Bbd¬z‡qÄv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq Ñ •

FZz cwieZ©‡bi mgq Dchy³ †cvkvK ci‡Z n‡e| MÖx‡®§i mgq AwaK Nvg n‡j Rvgv Ly‡j kixi gy‡Q †dj‡Z n‡e|

• weï× cvwb ev kieZ cvb Kiv| e¨vqvg I wekÖvg †bIqv, mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY, †ivMwU hLb msµvgK AvKv‡i Qovq ZLb we‡kl m‡PZbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb Ñ †jvKR‡bi wfo Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e| gv¯‹ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

†ivM m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv

41

K…wg- K…wg gvby‡li A‡š¿ ciRxwe iƒ‡c _v‡K| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkïivB Gi Øviv †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| K…wg wkïi GKwU gvivZœK ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v| wkïiv wZb ai‡Yi K…wg Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| h_vÑ 1. †Mvj K…wg 2. myZv K…wg Ges 3. eµ K…wg 1| †MvjK…wg- GB K…wg †MvjvKvi, AvKv‡i eo, †`L‡Z †Ku‡Pvi g‡Zv| ZvB A‡b‡K †Ku‡PvK…wgI e‡j| KvuPv kvK mewR I d‡ji gva¨‡g G K…wgi wWg gvby‡li kix‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges c‡i A‡š¿i g‡a¨ G K…wgi DrcwË nq| Avµg‡Yi gvÎv †ewk n‡j wb‡Pi jÿY¸‡jv cÖKvk cvq| •

wkkyi †cU eo n‡q dz‡j hvq| ewg ewg fve I ÿzavg›`v †`Lv †`q, IRb K‡g hvq|

•

e`nRg I ˆ`wnK `ye©jZv †`Lv †`q| †c‡U e¨_v nq, Acywó I i³k~Y¨Zv †`Lv †`q |

2| myZvK…wg- GB K…wg †QvU Ges myZvi g‡Zv †`Lvq| ¯¿xK…wg gjØv‡i G‡m wWg cv‡o| wkkyiv hLb gjØvi PzjKvq ZLb b‡Li g‡a¨ P‡j Av‡m, c‡i Lvevi I Kvco †Pvc‡oi gva¨‡g Zv cwiev‡ii mevi g‡a¨ Qwo‡q c‡o| Gi jÿYyM‡jv n‡”Q Ñ gjØvi Lye PzjKvq I gjØv‡i K…wgi wWg †`Lv hvq| 3| eµK…wg- †hme wkï Lvwjcv‡q gvwUi c_ w`‡q †nu‡U †eovq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GB K…wg †`Lv hvq| GB K…wgi wWg Pvgovi ga¨ w`‡q kix‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges A‡š¿ cÖ‡e‡ki d‡j eo K…wg‡Z cwiYZ nq| GB K…wgi jÿY n‡”Q - i³¯^íZv †`Lv †`q, d‡j wkï‡K d¨vKv‡k †`Lvq | cÖwZ‡iv‡ai DcvqÑ •

†hLv‡b-†mLv‡b gj-g~Î Z¨vM bv Kiv| cvKv Uq‡jU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

Lvevi LvIqvi Av‡M I gj-g~Î Z¨v‡Mi ci mvevb w`‡q nvZ ay‡Z n‡e|

•

KvuPv djg~j ay‡q †L‡Z n‡e| VvÊv I evwm Lvevi cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

nv‡Z bL †QvU I AvOyj cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

RyZv ev m¨v‡Ûj cv‡q w`‡q Pjv‡div Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx cwiev‡ii mevB‡K GKmv‡_ K…wgbvkK Jla †L‡Z n‡e|

cvV 4 - nvg, h²v, †cvwjIgvBjvBwUm, gv¤úm nvg Ñ nvg fvBivmRwbZ AZ¨šÍ msµvgK †ivM| †h‡Kv‡bv eq‡mB gvbyl GB †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e 5 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï‡`i g‡a¨ GB †ivM †ewk †`Lv hvq| fvBivmwU kix‡i cÖ‡e‡ki 14 w`‡bi g‡a¨ nvg †`Lv †`q| GB †iv‡Mi jÿY¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ •

cÖ_‡g mw`© nq, bvK I †PvL w`‡q cvwb c‡o, gv_ve¨_v nq, gyLgÊj †dvjv g‡b nq|

•

103° dv.-104° dv. ch©šÍ R¡i D‡V| 3/4 w`b ci NvgvwPi g‡Zv `vbv ev i¨vk cÖ_‡g Kv‡bi †cQ‡b †`Lv hvq, c‡i mviv kixi I gyLgʇj Qwo‡q c‡o| Mvp †Mvjvwc I jvj i‡Oi i¨v‡k mviv kixi dz‡j hvq| i¨vk †ei nIqvi 5/6 w`b ci i¨vk¸‡jvi is nvjKv n‡q hvq, R¡i K‡g Av‡m| 9/10 w`b ci `vbv ïwK‡q Pvgov DV‡Z _v‡K|

42

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb •

†Pv‡L i¨vk DV‡j †Pv‡Li cvZv I gwb dz‡j hvq, †PvL jvj n‡q hvq|

•

Mjvi wfZ‡iI i¨vk D‡V d‡j wkïi †L‡Z LyeB Kó nq I ewg nq|

•

nvg †m‡i hvevi ci A‡bK mgq wbD‡gvwbqv, Wvqwiqv, cywónxbZv BZ¨vw` †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i |

KiYxq Ñ nvg n‡q‡Q GUv †evSvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï‡K Avjv`v N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| ïkÖ~lvKvix Qvov KviI H N‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv DwPZ bq| ïkÖ~lvKvix my¯’ e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi Av‡M Kvco e`wj‡q mvevb w`‡q nvZ-gyL fv‡jv K‡i ay‡q †b‡e| †ivMxi e¨eüZ me wRwbm Avjv`v ivL‡Z n‡e | •

wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, †ivM hv‡Z RwUj bv nq †mB w`‡K j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

Zij Lv`¨ Nb Nb †L‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|

•

cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ _vK‡Z n‡e |

cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq Ñ •

†h evwo‡Z nvg †`Lv †`‡e †m evwo‡Z hvIqv e›a ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

9 gvm eq‡m wkï‡K nv‡gi wUKv w`‡Z n‡e |

KvR -1 K…wg I nvg †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Zzwg Kx Kx mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡e †jL| h²v Ñ h²v GK cÖKvi gvivZ¥K msµvgK †ivM| gvB‡µv-e¨vKwUwiqvj wUDeviKz‡jvwmm bvgK GKcÖKvi e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv GB †ivM Qovq| h²v AvµvšÍ †ivMxi ms¯úk©, AvµvšÍ e¨w³i nvuwP, Kvwk I _yZy †_‡K G †iv‡Mi RxevYy Qovq I Ab¨‡K AvµvšÍ K‡i| j¶Y Ñ •

cÖ_‡g Aí Aí R¡i I Kvwk nq|

•

ÿyav K‡g hvq, wkï µ‡gB `ye©j n‡q c‡o, IRb K‡g hvq|

•

AvµvšÍ MÖwš’ dz‡j hvq, e¨_v nq, ¶‡Zi m„wó nq|

•

µgvMZ Ges `xN©w`b Lym Lym Kvwk, Kd Ges K‡di mv‡_ i³ †ei nq|

•

iv‡Z †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv e„w×, bvwoi µgvMZ `ªyZ ¯ú›`b, †`‡n K¬vwšÍ fve Avmv|

•

GQvov wbgœ Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, `vwi`ªª¨, Acywó, AwZwi³ kÖg|

• A¯^v¯’¨Ki M„n, evqy `~lY Ges †ivM m¤ú‡K© AÁZv GB †iv‡Mi Ab¨Zg KviY|

h²vq AvµvšÍ wkï

†ivM m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv

43

KiYxq - †iv‡Mi j¶Y †`Lv †`Iqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx cix¶v K‡i †ivM m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e Ges wbqwgZ Jla †L‡Z n‡e| †ivMx‡K c„_K N‡i c~Y© wekÖvg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, Dchy³ cwigv‡Y cywóKi Lvevi MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡jv, evZvmc~Y© N‡i †ivMx‡K ivL‡Z n‡e| h²v †ivMxi Kd, _yZy †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b bv †d‡j wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †dj‡Z n‡e| h²v †ivMxi e¨envh© `ªe¨vw` I _vjv-evmb Avjv`v K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e I cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ‡iva - R‡b¥i ci GK †WvR wewmwR wUKv w`‡q wkï‡K h²v †ivM †_‡K i¶v Kiv hvq | †cvwjIgvBjvBwUm - †cvwjI AvµvšÍ wkïi g‡ji gva¨‡g cvwb I Lvevi RxevYyhy³ nq| GB RxevYy hy³ cvwb cvb Ki‡j ev RxevYyhy³ Lvevi †L‡j †cvwjI †ivM nq| 10 eQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi wkïiv GB †iv‡M †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| fvBivmwU kix‡i cÖ‡e‡ki ci 7 n‡Z 10w`b mgq jv‡M †ivMwU cÖKvk †c‡Z| j¶Y¸‡jv n‡”Q •

1-3 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wkïi mw`©-Kvwk gv_ve¨_v, mvgvb¨ R¡i nq|

•

3-5 w`b ci gv_vi hš¿Yv †_‡K Nvo k³ n‡q hvq nvZ ev cv Aek n‡q hvq| wkï `uvov‡Z Pvq bv, `uvo Kiv‡Z PvB‡j KvbœvKvwU K‡i AvµvšÍ A½ µgk `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K Ges c‡i ¯’vqxfv‡e c½y n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

• fvBivmwU k¦vm-cÖk¦vm wbqš¿YKvix gvsm‡ckx‡Z AvNvZ Ki‡j wkïi g„Zz¨I n‡Z cv‡i|

†cvwjI †iv‡M AvµvšÍ wkï

KiYxq - GB †ivMwU LyeB msµvgK, ZvB †ivMwUi jÿY cÖKvk cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï‡K c„_K N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq - Pvi †WvR †cvwjI wUKv LvIqv‡j wkï †cvwjI †_‡K i¶v cvq| gv¤úm - gv¤úm fvBivmRwbZ msµvgK †ivM| GB †ivM me eq‡mi gvby‡li nq| Z‡e 5 †_‡K 15 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i g‡a¨ GB †ivM †ewk nq| we‡klZ kxZKv‡j GB †ivM †ewk n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †ivMwU msµwgZ nIqvi 2-3 mßv‡ni g‡a¨ jÿY cÖKvk cvq| j¶Y - †iv‡Mi ïiy‡Z R¡i nq, Nv‡ii cv‡k Kv‡bi wb‡P GKcvk ev Dfq cvk dz‡j hvq, e¨_v nq, c‡i †m e¨_v gy‡L Qwo‡q c‡o| gyL Lyj‡Z Amyweav nq| ïµvkq, AMœ¨vkq, wW¤^vkq, ürwcÊ, †PvL, Kvb BZ¨vw` A½ AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i | KiYxq - wkï‡K Zij Lvevi †hgbÑ `ya, d‡ji im, my¨c BZ¨vw` w`‡Z n‡e| Mig cvwb I jeY w`‡q MvM©j Ki‡Z n‡e| wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

44

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

cvV-5 msµgYg~³KiY wUKv, Bb‡RKkbÑ †ivM cÖwZKv‡ii †P‡q †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaB DËg| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ¯^v¯’¨‡mevq m¤úªmvwiZ wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP (BwcAvB) GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©, D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I mgq Dc‡hvMx c`‡ÿc| BwcAvB GKwU wek¦e¨vcx Kg©m~wP hvi g~j j¶¨ n‡”Q msµgY †ivM †_‡K wkï‡`i AKvj g„Zz¨ I c½yZ¡ †iva Kiv| ZvB wek¦e¨vcx †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dci we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †`qv nq| GQvov †ivM nIqvi Av‡M cÖwZ‡iva Kiv A‡bK mnR Ges Kg e¨q mv‡c¶| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wUKv`vb Kg©m~wPi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q, wkï I gvZ…g„Zz¨i nvi Kgv‡bv| GK eQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi wkï‡`i †ivMvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk Ges †ewki fvM †ivM GB eq‡mB n‡q _v‡K| ZvB wkï‡K †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK me KqwU wUKv wbqgvbyhvqx hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e w`‡Z n‡e | BwcAvB Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g wUKv w`‡q †h †ivM¸‡jv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq| †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ wewmwR wUKv Ñ h²v †iv‡M wewmwR wUKv †`qv nq| GB wUKv †`Iqvi 2 mßvn ci wUKvi ¯’vb jvj n‡q dz‡j hvq| AviI 2/3 mcÍvn ci k³ `vbv, ¶Z ev Nv n‡Z cv‡i| ax‡i ax‡i GB ¶Z ev Nv ïwK‡q hvq, `vM _v‡K| R‡b¥i ciB GB wUKv †`qv nq| Iwcwf wUKv Ñ Iwcwf (Iivj †cvwjI f¨vKwmb) wUKv †cvwjI (†cvwjI gvBjvBwUm) †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| R‡b¥i ci 6 mßv‡ni g‡a¨ 1g †WvR, 28 w`b ci 2q †WvR, cieZ©x 28 w`b ci 3q †WvR Ges 9 gvm c~Y© n‡j 4_© †WvR w`‡Z nq| †c›Uvf¨v‡j›U f¨vKwmb Ñ GB wUKv 5wU wUKvi wgkÖY hv wWc‡_wiqv, ûwcsKvwk, abyósKvi, †ncvUvBwUm-we Ges wn‡gvdvBjvm Bbd¬z‡qÄv-we †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| R‡b¥i 6 mßvn ci cÖ_g †WvR, 2q I 3q †WvR 28 w`b AšÍi AšÍi w`‡Z nq| nv‡gi wUKv Ñ nv‡gi wUKv wkï‡K nvg †ivM †_‡K cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| wkïi eqm 9 gvm c~Y© n‡j GB wUKv w`‡Z nq| wUwU wUKv (wU‡Ubvm U·‡qW) - wUwU wUKv abyósKvi †ivM †_‡K i¶v K‡i| 15 †_‡K 49 eQi eq‡mi mKj gwnjv‡K Ges †h mKj wkïi wWwcwU/†c›Uvf¨v‡j›U wUKv †`Iqvi ci wLuPzwb n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i GB wUKv w`‡Z n‡e| KvR - 1 cÖwZ‡ivaK wUKvi bvg I †iv‡Mi bvg Pv‡U© †`LvI|

†ivM m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zv

45

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Avgv‡`i †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv K‡Zv? K. 97° dv‡ibnvBU

L. 98.4° dv‡ibnvBU

M. 99.4° dv‡ibnvBU

N. 100° dv‡ibnvBU

2. RjvZ¼ I †cøM †ivM nq †Kb? K. KxUcZ‡½i Kvg‡o

L. RxevYyhy³ Lv`¨`ªe¨ MÖn‡Y

M. `~wlZ cvwbi gva¨‡g

N. RxeRšÍyi Kvg‡o

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI Zgvi MZ ivZ n‡Z Nb Nb cvZjv cvqLvbv, ewg ewg fve n‡”Q, †PvLI cÖvq †KvU‡i Xz‡K †M‡Q| evwo‡Z †Kv‡bv m¨vjvBb c¨v‡KU bv _vKvq Ii gv ZvrÿwYKfv‡e wPwbi kieZ †`b| G‡Z Ae¯’vi DbœwZ bv n‡j cv‡ki evwoi Lvjv¤§v G‡m Zgv‡K †`‡L `ªyZ nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q hvb| 3. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Kvi‡Y Zgvi kix‡i NvUwZ nqÑ K. Møy‡KvR, weï×cvwb, †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW, †mvwWqvg mvB‡UªU, †K¬vwib L. Møy‡KvR, Rjxq Ask, cUvwkqvg evB Kve©‡bU, †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW M. †mvwWqvg mvB‡UªU, weï× cvwb, Møy‡KvR, †K¬vwib I Rjxqvsk N. Møy‡KvR, weï× cvwb, †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW, †mvwWqvg mvB‡UªU I cUvwkqvg †K¬vivBW 4. cv‡ki evwoi Lvjv¤§v `ªyZ Zgv‡K nvmcvZv‡j bv wb‡j Kx n‡Z cviZÑ i.

†`‡n gvivZ¥Kfv‡e cvwbi cwigvY e„w×

ii. wRf I †VuvU ïwK‡q hvIqv iii. A‡PZb n‡q hvIqv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

46

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1.

Kg©Rxwe AvwQqv mKvj 9Uv †_‡K weKvj 5Uv ch©šÍ Kg©¯’‡j _v‡K| Zuvi 5 eQ‡ii †g‡q Zzwj kvixwiKfv‡e `ye©j _vKvi Kvi‡Y mn‡RB †ivMvµvšÍ nq| 2-3 w`b a‡i †m Aí Aí R¡‡i fzM‡Q| AvR Kg©¯’j †_‡K wd‡i Zzwji wLuPzwb I †Pnvivi A¯^vfvweKZv †`L‡Z cvq| †`‡ni ZvcgvÎvI 104° dv.| GgZve¯’vq cÖwZ‡ekx Zvnwgbv Zzwji kix‡ii RvgvKvco `ªyZ Ly‡j †d‡j Ges gv_vq I Mv‡q cvwb w`‡q R¡i Kwg‡q Av‡b| K. gv‡qi cÖ_g `ya‡K Kx ejv nq?

L. Avgv‡`i †`n K‡Zvfv‡e †ivM msµvwgZ nq?

M. †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv e„w×i c~‡e© Zzwj‡K Kx cÖwµqvq my¯’ Kiv †hZÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki Zvnwgbv `ªyZ wm×všÍB Zzwji R¡i Kgv‡Z mnvqKÑ gZvgZ `vI|

2.

dvBRv 4 eQ‡ii wkï| MZ 3/4w`b a‡i Zvi †ek R¡i| mviv kixi `vbvq f‡i †M‡Q| wVKg‡Zv †L‡ZI cvi‡Q bv| dvBRvi eqm hLb 9 gvm c~Y© n‡qwQj ZLb Ii gv wkïwU‡K cÖwZ‡kaK wUKv †`b wb| wPwKrmK Ii gv‡K VvÊv jvMv‡Z eviY K‡ib| KviY G‡Z wbD‡gvwbqv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| gv‡qi mZK©Zv I †mevq dvBRv mn‡RB my¯’ n‡q D‡V| K. wkïiv Kq ai‡bi K…wg Øviv AvµvšÍ nq?

L. mw`©-Kvwk KLb †ewk nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K? M. dvBRvi †h †ivM n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. gv mZKZ©v I kykÖ~lv Øviv dvBRv‡K DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ RwUj †ivM †_‡K mn‡RB my¯’ K‡i †Zv‡jÑ we‡kølY Ki|

lô Aa¨vq

we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï Avgiv Pvicv‡k †hme wkï †`wL Zviv wbðqB mevB GKBiKg bq| wKQz wkï kvixwiK, gvbwmK I eyw×MZ w`K †_‡K mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY wkï †_‡K Avjv`v | Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl wk¶v, hZœ I cwiPh©vi `iKvi nq, ZvivB we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï| Zviv n‡”QÑ cÖwZeÜx wkï, AwUw÷K wkï I cÖwZfvevb wkï| Gi g‡a¨ cÖwZeÜx wkky m¤ú‡K© †Zvgiv mßg †kÖwY‡Z c‡oQ| GB cv‡V †Zvgiv, AwUw÷K wkï I cÖwZfvevb wkï m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡e|

cvV 1 I 2 - AwUw÷K wkï Avgiv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k †h wkï‡`i †`wL Zv‡`i mK‡ji AvPiY wK GKBiKg? KL‡bvB bv| †hgbÑ evwo‡Z †Kv‡bv AwZw_ Avm‡j †Kv‡bv wkï Zvi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq, me cÖ‡kœi ¯^Ztù~Z© DËi †`q| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU wkï AwZw_ †`L‡jB mvg‡b †_‡K m‡i c‡o, Zvi w`‡K ZvKvq bv, fq cvq| GBme †QvULvU Am½wZ LyeB ¯^vfvweK e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq| wKšÍy mgm¨v nq ZLbB hLb GBme Am½wZi GK ev GKvwaK iƒc GKB wkïi g‡a¨ cÖKUfv‡e _v‡K Ges mK‡ji Kv‡Q †m¸‡jv MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi gvÎv Qvwo‡q hvq| GBme A¶gZvi KviY mK‡ji Kv‡Q ¯úó _v‡K bv| †hgbÑ `„wókw³ ¯^vfvweK nIqv m‡Ë¡I †Pv‡L †Pv‡L Zviv ZvwK‡q K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| wKsev evKkw³ ¯^vfvweK nIqv m‡Ë¡I †Kv‡bv K_v ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ eywS‡q ej‡Z cv‡i bv| G ai‡bi wkïi A¶gZv¸‡jvi mxgv ev AvIZv wekvj| eyw×e„Ëxq I AvPiYMZ mxgve×Zvi GB me wkïB AwUw÷K wkï ev wkïwU AwUR‡gi wkKvi|

48

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

AwURg †Kv‡bv gvbwmK †ivM bq| AwURg weKvkMZ A¶gZv I wbD‡ivev‡qvjwRK¨vj wWRAW©vi| AwUR‡gi mywbw`©ó KviY GLb ch©š— ARvbv| †g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †Q‡j‡`i AwaK nv‡i AwURg Avµvš— n‡Z †`Lv hvq| AwUR‡gi †¶‡Î †g‡q I †Q‡j wkïi AbycvZ cÖvq 1t4| evsjv‡`kmn mviv we‡k¦ eZ©gv‡b AwURg Avµv‡š—i msL¨v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| RvwZmsN †NvwlZ cÖwZ eQi 2 GwcÖj wek¦ AwUw÷K m‡PZbZv w`em cvjb Kiv nq| AwUR‡gi j¶Y ev ˆewkó¨- Avgiv mvaviYZ †hme †iv‡M fy‡M _vwK, Zvi j¶Y¸‡jv mevi †¶‡Î cÖvq GKB _v‡K| †hgbÑ UvBd‡qW n‡j R¡i nq| wKšÍy AwUR‡g Avµvš— wkï‡`i mgm¨v ev j¶Y GKB n‡e Zv wbwðZfv‡e ejv hvq bv| R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB AwUR‡gi Kvi‡Y wkïi weKvk evavMÖ¯’ n‡Z _v‡K| j¶Y¸‡jv cÖKvk cvq †`o †_‡K wZb eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨| AwURg wkï weKv‡ki wZbwU †¶‡Î cÖfve †d‡j| 1.

mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqv (Social interaction)Ñ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖwZ AvMÖn bv _vKv, †K Kx Ki‡Q, Zv wb‡q †KŠZ~nj bv _vKv, A‡b¨i AvPiY eyS‡Z bv cviv|

2.

†hvMv‡hvM (Communication)Ñ K_v ej‡Z bv †kLv, †Kv‡bvg‡Z K_v ejv, K_v ej‡Z cvi‡jI A‡b¨i mv‡_ AvjvcPvwiZv Ki‡Z mg_© bv nIqv|

3. AvPiY (Pattern of Behavior)Ñ cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY A_©vr GKB KvR evievi Kiv| wbR¯^ iywUb Abyhvqx APi‡Y Af¨¯’¨Zv Ges G‡Z Abgbxq _vKv|

mvgvwRK wg_w¯Œqvq mxgve×Zv

†hvMv‡hvM mxgve×Zv GKwU AwUw÷K wkï

cybive„wËg~jK AvPiY

AwUR‡gi wÎg~Lx mxgve×Zv

1, mvgvwRK wg_w¯ŒqvÑ G †¶‡Î †h ai‡bi mxgve×Zv †`Lv hvqÑ •

evev-gv ev wbqwgZfv‡e †`Lv n‡”Q Ggb AvcbRb‡`iI †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L ZvKvq bv| †Pv‡L †PvL w`‡q †hvMv‡hvM A¶gZv AwUw÷K wkï‡`i g‡a¨ cÖKUfv‡e †`Lv hvq|

•

wkï‡K bvg a‡i WvK‡j mvov †`q bv| †m nq‡Zv bv‡gi e¨vcviUv eyS‡ZB cv‡i bv|

• †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Avb›``vqK e¯‘ ev welq †m Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ †kqvi K‡i bv| †hgbÑ bZzb †Ljbv †c‡j

we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï

49

¯^vfvweK wkïiv †hgb mevB‡K †`Lvq, AwUw÷K wkï‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †Ljbvi cÖwZ AvMÖn _vK‡jI †mUv wb‡q D”Q¡vm _v‡K bv| •

¯^vfvweK wkïiv KviI †Kv‡j Po‡Z ev Av`i †c‡Z cQ›` K‡i| wKšÍy A‡bK AwUw÷K wkï G e¨vcv‡i wb¯ú„n _v‡K| Ab¨ Kv‡iv ms¯ú‡k© hvIqvUv Zviv †Zgb cQ›` K‡i bv|

2. †hvMv‡hvMÑ G †¶‡Î mxgve×Zv¸‡jv n‡jv•

2-3 eQi eq‡m wkï †h mg¯— kã D”PviY Ki‡Z cv‡i, AwUw÷K wkïiv Zv cv‡i bv|

•

A‡bK mgq 3-5 eQi eq‡mI `yÕwZb k‡ãi †ewk w`‡q evK¨ ej‡Z cv‡i bv| wb‡Ri Pvwn`v¸‡jv _vW© cvm©‡b e‡j| wb‡Ri bvg hw` nq Avwmd Zvn‡j e‡j ÔAvwmd Lv‡eÕ|

•

†h‡Kv‡bv Qov Aí wKQz k‡ãi g‡a¨ me mgq e‡j| †hgbÑ ZvB ZvB gvgv hvB `ya LvB jvwV cvjvB| wKsev Avq Puv` wUc hv BZ¨vw`- GKB kã ev evK¨vsk evievi D”PviY Kivi cÖeYZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| evev-gv gvbv Ki‡jI †kv‡b bv, eis wei³ nq, †i‡M hvq|

3. AvPiYÑ G †¶‡Î †h ai‡bi Am½wZ _v‡K Zv n‡jvÑ • AwUw÷K wkïiv we‡kl ai‡bi AvPiY evievi Ki‡Z _v‡K| nq‡Zv kixi †`vjv‡Z _v‡K, Av½yj bvov‡Z _v‡K, †Ljbv ev‡· †XvKvq, Avevi †ei K‡i- Gfv‡e cybive„wËg~jK Kv‡R `xN© mgq KvwU‡q †`q| •

A‡bK AwUw÷K wkïB †cwÝj aivi ¯^vfvweK Kvq`vwU cv‡i bv, Zviv gy‡Vve›`x K‡i a‡i|

•

Zviv iywUb †g‡b Pj‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| †hgb- weQvbvq hvIqvi Av‡M nvZgyL †avIqvi Af¨vm _vK‡j nVvr GKw`b Zv ev` co‡j †m wPrKvi K‡i| GiKg cÖwZwµqvi Kvi‡Y AwUw÷K wkï‡`i‡K †Rw` e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| evmv †Q‡o Ab¨ †Kv_vI †M‡j †m A¯^w¯— †eva K‡i|

•

AwUw÷K wkï‡`i g‡a¨ mvavibZ cuwPk kZvs‡ki wLPzbx _vK‡Z cv‡i|

Dc‡ii j¶Y¸‡jv me AwUw÷K wkïi g‡a¨ GKmv‡_ bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi K‡qKwU j¶Y †ewk w`b a‡i _vK‡j Aek¨B wkïwU‡K wb‡q we‡klÁ wPwKrm‡Ki kiYvcbœ n‡Z n‡e| me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡cY~ © n‡jv, wkï‡K mgeqmx wkï‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi my‡hvM K‡i †`Iqv| Gi gva¨‡g GKB eqmx Ab¨ wkïi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i wkïi ªy kbv³ K‡i wk¶v Kvh©µ‡g m¤ú„³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| hZ †h‡Kv‡bv A¯^fvweKZv wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e| wkïi AwURg `Z Kg eq‡m AwURg kbv³ Kiv hvq, we‡kl wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g ZZ ZvovZvwo Zvi AvPi‡Yi Dbœqb m¤¢e| mgv‡R AwURg wb‡q A‡bK ai‡bi åvš— aviYv Av‡Q| G Kvi‡Y AwURg m¤ú‡K© ev¯—eZv¸‡jv Avgv‡`i ¯úófv‡e Rvbv `iKvi| A‡b‡K g‡b K†ib †h, AwURg wbivgq†hvM¨| wPwKrmvq Zv m¤ú~Y© fv‡jv n‡q hvq| wKšÍy ev¯—eZv GB †h, AwUw÷K wkïiv AvRxeb GB A¶gZvi mgm¨vq †fv‡M| AwUw÷K wkïi mgm¨v¸‡jv KL‡bvB cy‡ivcywi `~i Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hUv m¤¢e Zv n‡jv- wbweo cwiPh©v I h‡Zœi gva¨‡g Zvi A¶gZv Kwg‡q Avbv, h_vh_ mn‡hvwMZv, we‡kl wk¶v w`‡q cwiYZ eq‡m Zv‡K h_vm¤¢e AvZ¥wbf©i Kiv| A‡bK mgq g‡b Kiv nq †h, AwUw÷K wkï ev e¨w³ myß cÖwZfvi AwaKvix| wKšÍy ev¯—eZv n‡jv -AwUw÷K †KD nq‡Zv we‡kl †Kv‡bv Kv‡R `¶Zv †`Lv‡Z cv‡i wKšÍy GUv wbQKB e¨wZµg NUbv| 20-30% AwUw÷K wkïi

50

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

eyw×e„Ëxq A¶gZv _v‡K bv| G ai‡bi AwURg‡K A¨vmcviMvi wmb‡Wªvg ejv nq| G‡`i A‡b‡KB MwY‡Zi g‡Zv wel‡q ¯^vfvweK wkï‡`i g‡ZvB `¶Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i g~j mgm¨v n‡jv K_v¸‡jv‡K mvgvwRK †gjv‡gkvi †¶‡Î wVKfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖkœ Kiv, cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Iqv, KviI K_vq Zviv gš—e¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AwUw÷K wkï‡`i Rb¨ Av‡Q we‡kl ai‡bi ¯‹zj| Gme ¯‹z‡j AwUw÷K wkï‡`i‡K cÖ_vMZ wk¶vi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx †Kv‡bv †ckvMZ cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| wbweo hZœ I cwiPh©vi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i A¶gZv GKUz GKUz K‡i Kwg‡q Avbvi ‡Póv KivB we‡kl wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨|

AwURg ¯‹z‡ji QvÎxi wb‡Ri AuvKv Qwe

AwURg ¯‹z‡ji cvV`vb

AwURg ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ Avw`j, eqm 13 eQi| AwUw÷K wkï Avw`j m¤ú‡K© Zvi gv‡qi Dw³Ñ ÒAvw`j Kx Kx cv‡i bv, †m wnmve Avwg ivL‡Z PvB bv| Kx cv‡i †m K_v¸‡jvB ej‡Z PvB| I‡K wb‡q hLb GKv _vwK, ZLb A‡bK mgq g‡bB nq bv- Ii †Kvb mgm¨v Av‡Q| Avw`j wb‡Ri ˆ`bw›`b KvR¸‡jv †gvUvgywU fv‡jvB Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m cvuP Zjv †_‡K Pvwe wb‡q wM‡q wbPZjv †_‡K evmvq AvMZ †gngvb‡K m‡½ K‡i Avb‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †gngvb‡K we`vq w`‡q Pvwe wb‡q evmvq Avm‡Z cv‡i| Avw`j h_vmva¨ †Póv K‡i Zvi K_v Avgv‡K eywS‡qB Qv‡o| G Rb¨B †Zv ej‡Z PvB- Aw`j GLb ¯^vfvweK wkï|Ó Avw`‡ji GUzKz m¶gZvq Zvi gv Z…ß| Avw`‡ji gv‡qi GB `„p g‡bvej mKj AwUw÷K wkïi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ †cÖiYv| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki me©¯—‡ii gvby‡li g‡a¨B AwURg m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbvi Afve i‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y GB we‡kl wkï‡`i AwffveK‡`i co‡Z nq Pig weo¤^bvq| iv¯—vNv‡U PjvP‡j, AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi evwo‡Z †Kv‡bv Abyôv‡b wKsev mvgvwRK †Kv‡bv Avb›` Abyôv‡b †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AwUw÷K wkïi Aw¯’iZvq A‡b‡KB wei³ nb| AwffveK‡`i A‡bK mgqB G ai‡bi gš—e¨ ïb‡Z nq †h- cvMj ev”PvwU‡K bv Avb‡jI cvi‡Zb| Gfv‡e cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Abyôv‡b Giv _v‡K D‡cw¶Z| fv‡jvevmvnxb wewfbœ gš—‡e¨ AwffveKiv n‡q c‡ob eo Amnvq| G‡mv Avgiv mevB AwUw÷K wkï I Zvi cwiev‡ii cv‡k `uvovB| AwUw÷K wkïi mn‡hvwMZvq MYm‡PZbZv ˆZwi Kwi|

we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkï

51

`jxq KvR-1 wZbRb K‡i GK-GKwU `‡j fvM n‡q AwUR‡gi j¶Y¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| KvR-2 GKwU AwUw÷K wkïi mv‡_ †Zvgv‡`i AvPiY wKiƒc nIqv DwPZ? †jL|

cvV 3 - cÖwZfvevb wkï †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkï AwaKvsk wkïi Zyjbvq GK ev GKvwaK ¶gZvi w`K †_‡K D‡j-L‡hvM¨ cvi`wk©Zv cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| Giƒc wkïiv cÖwZfvevb wkï| cÖwZfvevb wkï GKv‡WwgK wk¶v, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjv, †bZ…Z¡, M‡elYv ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †¶‡Î DbœZ Ae¯’vb I cvi`wk©Zvi cÖgvY †`q| wkïi g‡a¨ hLb wewfbœ `¶Zv I ¸Yvewji mgš^q N‡U ZLb Zviv cÖwZfvevb wkï| GivI we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïi g‡a¨ c‡o| KviY we‡kl ai‡bi cwi‡ek ev my‡hvM †`Iqv bv n‡j Zv‡`i cÖwZfvi m‡e©v”P weKvk nq bv|

cÖwZfvevb wkïi ˆewkó¨Ñ 1| kvixwiK w`K w`‡q cÖwZfvevb wkï I mgeqmx Ab¨vb¨ wkïi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| mgv‡R †gavex wkï ej‡ZB g‡b Kiv nq- †Pv‡L Pkgv, nv‡Z eB‡qi †evSv wb‡q _vKv GKwU wkï| GiKg aviYv m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb| mgeqmx‡`i †P‡q cÖwZfvevb wkïi kvixwiK †Kv‡bv Avjv`v ˆewkó¨ _v‡K bv| mgeqmx‡`i wf‡o cÖwZfvevb wkï‡K c„_Kfv‡e †Pbv hv‡e bv| 2| eyw×gËvÑ eyw× cwigvc Kivi wKQz c×wZ Av‡Q hv Øviv wkïi kvixwiK eq‡mi Zzjbvq gvbwmK eqm cwigvc Kiv nq| eyw× cwigv‡ci GKK‡K ejv nq ey×vsK ev Intelligence quotient ms‡¶‡c IQ| mvaviYZ IQ 70 ev Zvi wb‡P n‡j eyw× cÖwZeÜx, 100 n‡j mvaviY eyw× m¤úbœ Ges IQ 130-Gi Dc‡i n‡j Zv‡K cÖwZfvevb e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq| 3| cÖwZfvevb wkï‡`i gvbwmK `¶Zv †ewk nq| Zviv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Ges cÖkœ Kivi we‡kl `¶Zv iv‡L| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg eq‡m G‡`i fvlvi weKvk nq| Zv‡`i kã fvÊvi mg„× _v‡K| mvavi‡Yi †P‡q e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Zviv †ewk Rv‡b| G ai‡bi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv ch©‡e¶Y I cix¶v-bxwi¶v K‡i A‡bK wKQz †k‡L| 4| †jLvcovi †¶‡Î D‡j-L‡hvM¨ mvdj¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i| cix¶vq fv‡jv djvdj K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM I ¯§iYkw³ AmvaviY _v‡K| GKevi co‡jB g‡b _v‡K| d‡j Zviv ZvovZvwo I mn‡RB wkL‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Ri K¬v‡mi 2/3 K¬vm Dc‡ii cov eyS‡Z cv‡i| 5| cÖwZfvevb wkïiv m„Rbkxj nq| Zviv †Kv‡bvwKQz D™¢veb Ki‡Z cv‡i, bZzbfv‡e wPš—v Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i wPš—v¸‡jv MZvbyMwZK nq bv| Zv‡Z ¯^vZš¿¨ I wbR¯^Zv †ewk _v‡K| †h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡b A‡bK¸‡jv c_ Zviv D™¢veb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

52

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

6| A‡bK mgq cÖwZfvevbiv mvgvwRK †¶‡Î we‡kl `¶Zv cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| †hgbÑ †bZ…Z¡ †`Iqvi ¶gZv, `„p AvZ¥wek¦vm BZ¨vw`|

evsjv‡`kx Pvi eQ‡ii cÖwZfvevb wkï - iƒcK_v|

†m we‡k¦i me©Kwbô Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvcÖvgvi|

hw` †Kv‡bv wkïi g‡a¨ Dwj-wLZ ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq, Z‡e Zvi e¨vcv‡i we‡kl hZœ †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl hZœ I DbœZ cwi‡ek bv †c‡j wkïi cÖwZfv wVKg‡Zv weKvk jvf K‡i bv| wkï †h DbœZ eyw×gËv wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k †mB eyw×gËvi m‡e©v”P weKvk N‡U| cÖwZfvevb wkïi Rb¨ KiYxqÑ •

cÖwZfvevb wkïiv hv‡Z wk¶vi g‡a¨ Avb›` cvq, Drmvnx n‡Z cv‡i- Zvi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

cÖwZfvevb‡`i Rb¨ mgeqmx‡`i †P‡q Dc‡ii †kÖwY‡Z cvV `v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i cvV¨ welq Z¡ivwš^ZKiY, mg„×KiY I ˆewPΨgq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

•

†h †¶‡ÎB †gavi cwiPq cvIqv hv‡e, †mB †¶‡ÎB †gav weKv‡ki my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| †KD cov‡kvbvq `¶Zvi cwiPq bv †`Lv‡jI msMxZ, mvwnZ¨, †Ljvayjv, wPÎvsKb BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î D‡j-L‡hvM¨ mvdj¨ †`Lv‡j Zv‡K †mB †¶‡Î †gav weKv‡ki my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e |

•

Zv‡`i ¶gZvi c~Y© weKv‡ki Rb¨ eûwea wel‡q Ávb AR©‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e- hv‡Z wkïi wk¶‡Yi †¶‡Î ˆewPΨ Av‡m| †hgbÑ cov‡kvbvi cvkvcvwk †Ljvayjv, wPÎvsKb, weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw`i e¨e¯’v Kiv|

KvR -1 cÖwZfvevb wkkyi ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv Ki|

we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkï

53

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| wek¦ AwUw÷K w`em †KvbwU? (K) 2 †deªyqvwi

(L) 2 GwcÖj

(M) 2 Ryb

(N) 2 RyjvB

2| cÖwZfvevb wkï ZvivÑ (K) hv‡`i eyw×gËv ¯^vfvweK nq

(L) hviv †QvU‡`i LyeB †mœn K‡i

(M) hviv hyw³c~Y© K_v e‡j

(N) hviv Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ mn‡R †g‡k bv|

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI mRj I eveyj `yB fvB| †QvU †Q‡j mRj GKv GKv †Lj‡Z cQ›` K‡i| †Pv‡L †Pv‡L ZvKvq bv| evev-gv I Ab¨ wkïi mv‡_ wVKfv‡e K_v ej‡Z mgm¨v nq| w`b w`b Zvi AvPi‡Y AbMÖmiZv †`Lv hvq| 3| mvgvwRK m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z mR‡ji mgm¨v n‡jv(K) Ab¨‡K †LqvjB K‡i bv Ggb AvPiY Kiv| (L) cwiwPZ gyL †`L‡j nv‡m wKšÍy †P‡b bv| (M) ÿzav †c‡j Zvi gv‡K cÖKvk K‡i †`Lvq| (N) †Ljbv †c‡j Ab¨‡`i m‡½ †Ljv ïiy K‡i| 4| mR‡ji evev-gvi Ae¯’vq h‡_vchy³ e¨e¯’v n‡jvÑ (i) A‡b¨i mv‡_ mR‡ji m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi †Póv Ki‡eb| (ii) Zvi cÖwZfvi mÜvb Ki‡eb| (iii) Zv‡K we‡kl ¯‹z‡j fwZ© K‡i †`‡eb| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii

(L) ii I iii

(M) i I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

54

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

m„Rbkxj 1| wg‡mm †invbvi 8 eQ‡ii †Q‡j iwb ¯‹z‡j Ab¨ †Q‡j‡`i g‡Zv cov‡kvbv cv‡i bv, wkÿK cÖkœ Ki‡j DËi †`q bv, GKB K_v evievi e‡j, †Ljvayjv‡ZI wcwQ‡q _v‡K| wkÿKiv cÖvqB Awf‡hvM K‡ib| wg‡mm †i‡nbv wb‡R †Q‡jwUi hZœ K‡ib| Zvic‡iI †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z Zvi †kLvi AvMÖn †`Lv hvq bv| wPwKrm‡Ki kiYvcbœ n‡j wZwb iwb‡K wKQz cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡ib Ges wg‡mm †invbv‡K iwbi Rb¨ we‡kl wkÿv I h‡Zœi civgk© †`b| K. AwUwóK wkïi mgm¨vi bvg Kx? L. we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? M. Kx Kvi‡Y iwY Ab¨‡`i †P‡q wcwQ‡q co‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡m¨i mn‡hvwMZvq iwbi ÿgZvi weKvk m¤¢eÑK_vwUi m‡½ Zzwg wK GKgZ? hyw³ `vI| 2| KvVwgw¯¿ ikx‡`i 6 eQ‡ii †Q‡j †iv‡gj Aí mg‡q cvV¨cy¯ÍK gyL¯’ K‡i †d‡j| †KŠZ~n‡ji e‡k †m evevi hš¿cvwZi bvg I e¨envi †R‡b †d‡j| evev hZB kvmb K‡i bv †Kb, †Q‡ji hyw³i Kv‡Q K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| evwoIqvjv ikx‡`i †Q‡jwU‡K we‡klfv‡e hZœ †bqvi Rb¨ wb‡RB †Q‡jwUi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| K. K‡Zv eQi eq‡m AwUwóK wkïi jÿY †`Lv hvq?

L. AwUwóK wkïi GKwU cÖavb ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki? M. we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïi g‡a¨ †iv‡gj †Kvb cÖK…wZiÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. ÔevwoIqvjvi mn‡hvwMZv †iv‡g‡ji cÖwZfv weKv‡ki mnvqKÕÑ e³e¨wU hyw³ mnKv‡i g~j¨vqb Ki|

mßg Aa¨vq

wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv cvV 1 Ñ gv`Kvmw³ †h‡Kv‡bv cwi‡ek ev Ae¯’v `ywU w`K †_‡K wePvi Kiv nq| †h Ae¯’v Avgv‡`i myweav †`q, fv‡jv K‡i, †Kv‡bviKg ¶wZi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv, GB Ae¯’v Avgv‡`i Kvg¨| GwU AbyK~j Ae¯’v| †hgbÑ fv‡jv eÜzi m½, wk¶K‡`i Drmvn, cÖksmv, ¯‹z‡j †jLvcov BZ¨vw`| †h Ae¯’v Avgv‡`i Rb¨ ¶wZKi, Avgv‡`i fv‡jv K‡i bv, GwM‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ mnvqK bq, †mUvB cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v| †hgbÑ Amr m½, eLv‡U `‡ji nqivwbi wkKvi, evj¨weevn BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv Avgv‡`i `ytLRbK AwfÁZv †`q hv Avgiv KL‡bvB PvB bv| eZ©gv‡b gv`Kvmw³ K_vwU GZ †ewk cÖPwjZ †h, †ZvgivI G m¤^‡Ü B‡Zvg‡a¨B A‡bK wKQz †R‡b †MQ| mviv wek¦ AvR gv`K`ªe¨ †meb msµvš— mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡kI gv`Kvmw³i fqvenZv w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Avgiv GLb gv`K`ªe¨ Kx, Kxfv‡e G‡Z Avmw³ nq, Gi ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv Kx Kx Ges Gi fqsKi cwiYwZi K_v Rvbe| gv`K`ªe¨ GK ai‡bi ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv e¨envi ev †meb Ki‡j Avgv‡`i kixi I g‡bi ¶wZ nq, GwU e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ †bkv ˆZwi K‡i, ch©vqµ‡g GwU MÖn‡Yi cwigvY evo‡Z _v‡K| µ‡g eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e H `ªe¨ hLb †me‡bi `iKvi nq ZLbKvi Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq Avmw³| wewo, wmMv‡iU, Zvgv‡Ki †avqv †meb n‡jv a~gcvb| MuvRv, Avwdg, †n‡ivBb, †dbwmwWj, Bqvev G¸‡jv meB gv`K`ªe¨| a~gcvb Ges Gme `ªe¨ hLb e¨w³i g‡a¨ Avmw³ ev †bkv ˆZwi K‡i ZLbKvi Ae¯’vB n‡jv gv`Kvmw³| ˆK‡kviKvj †KŠZ‚n‡ji eqm| wbQK †KŠZ‚n‡ji e‡mB A‡b‡K gv`K MÖn‡Yi AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq| A‡bK mgq †h‡Kv‡bv e¨_©Zv †_‡K gy³ _vKvi Rb¨ gv`K MÖn‡Yi Af¨vm ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| †ewkifvM †¶‡Î ˆK‡kv‡ii †Q‡j-†g‡qiv Lvivc `‡j †gkvi d‡j gv`K`ªe¨ †me‡b RwoZ nq| gv`Kvm³ m½xiv wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri mn‡hvMx †Luv‡R| Zviv GwU MÖn‡Y cÖ‡ivPbv †`q| Gfv‡e m½‡`v‡l gv`‡Ki e` Af¨vm M‡o D‡V| gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨MZ cwibvg ev Ab¨vb¨ ¶wZKi w`K m¤ú‡K© bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y cÖ_g w`‡K †mebKvix mgm¨vi fqvenZv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| hLb Gi wec` eyS‡Z cv‡i ZZ¶‡Y †meb †Q‡o †`qv Zvi Rb¨ KwVb n‡q c‡o| Zv‡K my¯’¨ Kivi Rb¨ Zvi wb‡Ri cÖPÊ B”Qvkw³i mv‡_ weÁvbm¤§Z wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY Ki‡j Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í my¯’¨ e¨w³ †ivMvµvšÍ e¨w³i g‡Zv n‡q hvq| GwU Zv‡K Av‡¯— Av‡¯— g„Zy¨i w`‡K wb‡q hvq| gv`Kvmw³ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K, Zvi cwievi‡K Ges Gfv‡e mgvR Rxeb‡K bvbv w`K w`‡q ¶Zwe¶Z K‡i †d‡j| e¨enviKvixi kvixwiK Amy¯’Zv †hgbÑ gw¯—®‹, ü`hš¿, dzmdz‡mi `xN©¯’vqx ¶wZ nq, ¯^vfvweK cÖRbb wµqvi RwUjZv, gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v, wk¶v MÖn‡Y A¶gZv, cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ NUvq|

56

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

evev-gv‡qi Kv‡Q A_© bv †c‡q gv`K e¨enviKvixiv bvbviK‡gi AmvgvwRK KvR K‡i| †hgbÑ Pzwi, wQbZvB, nvBR¨vK BZ¨vw`| G mKj AvPiY wewfbœiKg mvgvwRK mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i| e¨w³-Rxe‡b I mgvR Rxe‡b gv`Kvmw³i ¶wZKi w`KÑ kvixwiK ¶wZ

gvbwmK ¶wZ

k¦vmbvjx, ü`h‡š¿i ¶wZ, KvR Kivi ¶gZv nªvm, i³ `~lY, Awb`ªv, Lvev‡ii AiywP, †cU e¨_v, GBWm&, †ncvUvBwUm-we msµg‡Yi Avk¼v|

†kLvi ¶gZv nªvm, cov‡kvbvq Ag‡bv‡hvMx, ¯§iYkw³ K‡g hvIqv, D`¨‡gi Afve, AjmZv, Aemv` I welYœZv, DMª AvPiY|

gv`Kvmw³ Avw_©K ¶wZ I ˆbwZK Ae¶q

mvgvwRK mgm¨v

cwievi‡K Avw_©K msK‡U †djv, avi †bqv, Pzwi Kiv, b¨vq-Ab¨vq †eva bv _vKv, wg_¨v ejv|

KvR Kivi AvMÖn K‡g hvIqv, gvqv-ggZv I fv‡jvevmvi Afve, mn‡R Aciva RM‡Z cÖ‡ek|

gv`‡Ki ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv K‡Zv fqven n‡Z cv‡i Zv Avgiv Rvbjvg| GB ¶wZi w`K¸‡jv †Zvgv‡`i evievi g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e| †Zvgiv `„pfv‡e wmÜvš— †b‡e †Kv‡bv w`bB gv`‡Ki †Qve‡j aiv †`‡e bv| wb‡R‡`i GB cÖwZÁv Qwo‡q †`‡e cvov, gnj-vq Ges mgeqmx eÜz `‡j| gvby‡li Rxe‡b KL‡bv KL‡bv Lvivc mgq Avm‡ZB cv‡i| hvi Kvi‡Y welYœZv Av‡m, Av‡m nZvkv| GB nZvkv‡K KL‡bvB cÖkªq †`qv DwPZ bq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b `ytL-Kó KL‡bvB wPi¯’vqx bq| gv`K‡K ÔbvÕ ejvi kw³B gv`K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai me‡P‡q eo Dcvq|

KvR-1 gv`Kvmw³i wewfbœ ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jvi AvšÍt m¤úK© †jL | KvR-2 gv`Kvmw³ †iva m¤ú‡K© K‡qKwU †¯-vMvb ˆZwi Ki|

wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv

57

cvV 2 - eÜz wbe©vP‡b mZK©Zv Avgvi me‡P‡q wcÖq eÜz mvwKe| †m A‡bK fv‡jv| Avwg Zv‡K wek¦vm Ki‡Z cvwi| Avwg Zv‡K Avgvi Ggb wfZ‡ii K_v ej‡Z cvwi hv Ab¨ †KD Rvb‡e bv| †m KvD‡K e‡j †`‡e bv GUvI eyS‡Z cvwi| Avgvi A‡bK eÜz Av‡Q| wKšÍy †m Avgvi me‡P‡q Nwbô eÜz| Avgiv G‡K A‡b¨i Av‡eM Abyf‚wZ wewbgq Kwi| KL‡bv G‡K Ab¨‡K `ytL w`B bv ev AvNvZ w`‡q K_v ewj bv| wec‡` co‡jB G‡K Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ Kwi| †m hLb fyj c‡_ hvq, Avwg Zv‡K mZK© Kwi| Avevi Avgvi †¶‡Î †mI GgbwU K‡i| Avgiv me eÜz wg‡j A‡bK K_vB ewj wKšÍy Ggb wKQz K_v †hUv ïay Zv‡KB ejv hvq| eqtmwܶ‡Yi GK wK‡kvi Zvi eÜz m¤ú‡K© Gfv‡eB eY©bv K‡i| c~‡e©i cv‡V mgeqmx `‡ji K_v †Zvgiv †R‡bQ| wKšÍy eÜy Kviv ev Nwbô eÜzi ˆewkó¨ Kx GUv †Zvgiv Dc‡ii Dw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ w`‡q wbðqB eyS‡Z cviQ| eÜzi msÁv G‡KK eq‡m G‡KKiKg _v‡K| †QvU‡ejvq †Ljvi mv_xivB eÜz| ¯‹z‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K K¬v‡mi mK‡jB Zvi eÜz| wKšÍy ga¨‰kk‡e wKsev ˆK‡kv‡i eÜz ZvivB- hv‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm _v‡K, mn‡hvwMZv _v‡K, Aš—i½ m¤úK© _v‡K| Zviv G‡K Ab¨‡K eyS‡Z cv‡i| G mg‡qi eÜzZ¡ GZB Mfxi _v‡K †h Zv‡`i GKBiKg cQ›` _v‡K, GKBiKg AvMÖn _v‡K, Zviv ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ _v‡K| †h‡Kv‡bv wec‡` GKRb‡K †Q‡o Ab¨Rb m‡i c‡o bv| eÜz‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †Lvjv‡gjv, ¯úó, jy‡KvPzwi bv K‡i K_vevZ©v P‡j| GKRb Ab¨R‡bi cÖwZ Mfxi †mœn-ggZv _v‡K| †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz Zviv mn‡RB eÜz‡K ej‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z gvbwmK Pvc K‡g| GZ¶Y Avgiv Rvbjvg eÜzZ¡ Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b A‡bKLvwb ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| GB eÜz hLb fv‡jveÜz nq, ZLb Zv Avgv‡`i weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| fv‡jveÜz w`‡q BwZevPK g‡bvfve ˆZwi nq, ¯‹z‡j AskMÖnY ev‡o| wewfbœ Awbqg, Amr KvR, e` Af¨vm, eÜz‡`i ga¨ w`‡qB ˆZwi nq| Lvivc eÜz Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b aŸsm †W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i| eÜz hLb Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b GZ Mfxifv‡e cÖfve †d‡j ZLb Avgv‡`i Aek¨B eÜz wbe©vP‡b mZK© nIqv `iKvi| KvR-1 †Zvgvi mncvVxi g‡a¨ †_‡K `yRb eÜzi bvg D‡j-L Ki| Zviv †Kb †Zvgvi eÜz †jL| ˆK‡kv‡i eÜz Avgv‡`i Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i?

eÜzZ¡ †`qÑ mvnPh©, Kv‡R Drmvn I DÏxcbv| e›Üz‡Z¡i gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq, G‡K A‡b¨i `ye©j w`‡Ki cÖwZ m‡PZb nIqv hvq| Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq Avwg †Kgb- †mUv eÜzi gva¨‡g †evSv hvq| Avi Avwg wVK KvRwU KiwQ wKbv- G aviYvI eÜzi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv hvq| eÜzZ¡

58

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb fv‡jv I Lvivc eÜz †Pbvi Dcvq fv‡jveÜz

Lvivc eÜz

• fv‡jveÜz cov‡kvbvq g‡bv‡hvMx

• cov‡kvbvq Ag‡bv‡hvMx

• mwZ¨ K_v e‡j

• wg_¨v ej‡Z ms‡KvP †eva K‡i bv

• ¯‹z‡ji wbqg †g‡b P‡j

• ¯‹zj I mgv‡Ri wbqg gv‡b bv

• mK‡ji mv‡_ fv‡jv AvPiY K‡i

• SMov, gvivgvwi K‡i

• MVbg~jK KvR K‡i

• mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i

• fv‡jvKv‡R Drmvnx _v‡K

• Amr Kv‡R Drmvnx _v‡K

• †hŠb cwieZ©b wb‡q weÁvbm¤§Z K_vevZ©v e‡j

• Ak-xj Av‡jvPbv K‡i

• a~gcvb I gv`K cÖwZ‡iv‡a m‡Pó _v‡K

• a~gcvb K‡i, Ab¨‡K a~gcv‡b cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i

A‡bK mgq wecixZ wj‡½i mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ nq| G‡¶‡Î mveavb _vK‡Z n‡e- †hb m¤ú‡K©i GKwU mxgv‡iLv _v‡K| †Zvgiv c~‡e©i cv‡V †R‡bQ †h, eqtmwܶ‡Y †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ AvKl©Y ev‡o| myZivs cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ †gjv‡gkv gy»Zv Avb‡Z cv‡i, hv G eq‡mi Rb¨ ¶wZKi| KvR-2 Lvivc I fv‡jv eÜz †Pbvi Dcvq¸‡jv Kx?

cvV 3 - cÖPvigva¨g cÖPvigva¨g ej‡Z †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, Le‡ii KvMR, Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Ab jvBb cÖPvigva¨g BZ¨vw`‡K eywS| G mKj cÖPvigva¨‡gi mwVK e¨envi Avgv‡`i Ávb weKvk‡K evwo‡q †`q| Avgiv cÖPzi Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cvwi| †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q mwVK aviYv cvB, Aí mg‡q Lei cvVv‡Z cvwi, †hvMv‡hvM mnR nq| weiwZnxbfv‡e †Uwjwfkb †`Lv ¶wZKi| wUwf‡Z AwaK mgq e¨q Ki‡j †jLvcov, †Ljvayjv ev Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri mgq K‡g Av‡m| G QvovI Zviv cÖvK…wZK Av‡jv-evZvm †_‡K ewÂZ nq| Zviv Ggb A‡bK Aby‡cv‡hvMx Abyôvb †`‡L- hvi Kvi‡Y Zviv wewfbœ Acivag~jK KvR Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK¶Y wUwf †`L‡j kvixwiKfv‡eI K¬vwš— Av‡m| wUwfi Ggb A‡bK Abyôvb Av‡Q hv †`L‡j ev¯—e AwfÁZv nq| †hgbÑcïcvLx m¤úK©xq Abyôvb| G ai‡bi Abyôvb Zv‡`i Rxeb hvcb m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q| eBcÎ c‡o hv †kLv n‡q‡Q †mUviB †hb e¨envwiK Ávb nq| Avevi wUwfi wKQz P¨v‡b‡j Ggb AbyôvbI †`Lvb nq, hv Avgv‡`i ¶wZ K‡i| †hgbÑ mwnsmZv, wQbZvB, gv`K`ªe¨ †meb BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv †`Lvi d‡j Abyiƒc ¯^fve Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ msµwgZ n‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y wUwf †`Lvi Dci wKQzUv wbqš¿Y _vK‡Z n‡e| †`Lvi Rb¨ wUwfi wKQz wbw`©ó Abyôvb wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| †h Abyôvb¸‡jv wk¶vg~jK ev mvgvwRK wKsev wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i eq‡mvc‡hvMx- †mme Abyôvb Avgv‡`i eyw× I mvgvwRK `¶Zv evovq|

wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv •

mK‡j GKmv‡_ wUwfi †Kv‡bv Abyôvb †`L‡j †ewk †kLv hvq| Abyôvb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ cÖkœ Ges AvjvcAv‡jvPbvq Abyôv‡bi welqe¯‘ ¯úófv‡e †evSv hvq|

•

covi N‡i wUwf bv ivLv ev wUwfi N‡i cov‡kvbv Kiv DwPZ bq| G‡Z g‡bv‡hvM bó nq|

•

QvÎRxe‡b Lye Aí mgq wUwf †`Lvi Rb¨ e¨q Ki‡j cov‡kvbvi ¶wZ Kg nq|

59

eo‡`i mv‡_ wUwf †`L‡j wRÁvmvi gva¨‡g A‡bK †ewk Rvbv hvq

KvR-1 wUwfi ¶wZKi w`K †_‡K gy³ _vK‡Z Zzwg †Kvb †Kvb welq AbymiY Ki‡e- †jL| cÖPvi gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU gva¨g n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi| wk¶v, wPwKrmv, K…wl, AvenvIqv, cwi‡ek i¶v, cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡ÎB Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi A‡bK myweav †`q| Avgiv hw` mwVKfv‡e e¨envi bv Kwi Zvn‡j g~j¨evb I DcKvix GB hš¿wUI Avgv‡`i Rb¨ ¶wZi KviY n‡q `uvovq| Kw¤úDUv‡i I‡qe mvBU I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Avgiv cÖPzi Z_¨ cvB| hLb hv Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq Aí mg‡qB Zv msMÖn Ki‡Z cvwi| †jLvcovi Kv‡R me©‡kl Z_¨¸‡jv Avgv‡`i Rvbv‡K mg„× K‡i| GQvovI AZ¨š— Kg mg‡q I mnRfv‡e Avgiv KviI mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvwi| A‡bK mgq Kw¤úDUvi‡K Avgiv †Ljvi miÄvg wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kwi| hviv A‡bK †ewk †MBg †L‡j Zviv hLb †MBg †L‡j bv, ZLbI H †MBg wb‡q wPš—v-fvebv K‡i| Zviv eyS‡Z cv‡i †h Zviv †ewk mgq a‡i †Lj‡Q wKš‘ Zviv †bkvMÖ‡¯—i g‡Zv GUv eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gme †Q‡j-†g‡qi g‡a¨ bvbv ai‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v I Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| •

†MBg †Ljvq kix‡ii IRb AwZwi³ evo‡Z cv‡i|

•

`xN© mgq ZvwK‡q _vKvi Rb¨ †Pv‡Li mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i|

•

`xN© mgq e‡m _vKvi Rb¨ Nv‡o, wc‡V e¨_v n‡Z cv‡i|

•

ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Ávb Kg nq|

•

evB‡i †Ljvayjvi mgq I AvMÖn K‡g Av‡m|

•

mK‡ji mv‡_ †eov‡bv, †`Lv-mv¶vr Kg nq|

B›Uvi‡b‡U Ggb A‡bK mvBU Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡ek cÖvß eq‡mi Av‡M wbwl×| A‡bK mg‡q ˆK‡kv‡ii †Q‡j‡g‡qiv †KŠZ‚n‡ji Kvi‡Y Hme wbwl× mvB‡U cÖ‡ek K‡i| G‡Z Zv‡`i ˆbwZK AebwZi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

wk¶v DcKiY wnmv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi

60

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

Lye `ªyZ †h‡Kv‡bv Lei Qwo‡q †`Iqvi eo GKwU gva¨g n‡jv †dmeyK| wKšÍy NÈvi ci NÈv †dmey‡Ki gva¨‡g eÜzZ¡ ˆZwi Kiv Ges †hvMv‡hvM Kiv Avgv‡`i Rb¨ A‡bK ¶wZKi| †hme †Q‡j‡g‡qiv AbjvB‡b †hvMv‡hv‡M †ewk mgq e¨q K‡i, Zv‡`i mv‡_ gv-evevi Ø›Ø, we‡iva †ewk nq| Kw¤úDUvi‡K wk¶v mnvqK DcKiY wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡j Avgiv me‡P‡q †ewk jvfevb n‡Z cvie| KvR-2 Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii fv‡jv w`K I Lvivc w`K-ZvwjKv Ki|

cvV 4 - †hŠb wbcxob mvaviYZ †hŠb welqK K_vevZ©vi g‡a¨ GKUz †MvcbxqZv, GKUz ms‡KvP Rwo‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k †hŠb wbcxo‡bi †hme KiyY wPÎ N‡U P‡j‡Q, †m¸‡jvi cwiYwZ nq LyeB †e`bv`vqK| Gme cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv I Ab¨‡`i‡K mZK© Kiv LyeB Riywi| Kx Ki‡j †hŠb wbcxo‡bi g‡Zv AbvKvw•¶Z NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e bv, G mveavbZv¸‡jv Avgv‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e| ZvB my¯’ ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi j‡¶¨ G cvVwU‡K †Zvgiv AZ¨š— Riywi GKwU cvV g‡b Ki‡e| †hŠb wbcxob m¤ú‡K© mKj‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ G cvVwUi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| †hŠb welqK K_v, Bw½Z, Ak-xj A½fw½ w`‡q KvD‡K wei³ Kiv n‡jv †hŠb nqivwb| Avi A‡b¨i Øviv kix‡ii †Mvcb As‡k ¯úk© ev AvNvZ †hŠb wbcxo‡bi g‡a¨ c‡o| eqtmwÜKv‡j wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvKl©Y I †hŠb ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq A‡bK wec¾bK cwiw¯’wZi m„wó nq| dvBbvj cix¶v †kl| K‡qKw`‡bi Rb¨ iv‡k`v †eov‡Z G‡m‡Q AvZ¥x‡qi evwo‡Z| wK‡kvix iv‡k`vi Avb›` Avi a‡i bv| weKvj n‡Z bv n‡ZB cv‡ki evwoi cwiwPZ fvB‡qi mv‡_ Nyi‡Z †ei nq †m| b`xi cv‡oi euvav iv¯—vi cvk w`‡q Av‡Li †¶Z, b`xi †mŠ›`h©, gvwS, †bŠKv BZ¨vw` Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cÖvq mܨv n‡q hvq| †divi c‡_ wK‡kvi †Q‡jwUi gv_vq Lvivc wPš—v Av‡m| †m iv‡k`vi nvZwU a‡i Ges Kv‡Q Avm‡Z Pvq| iv‡k`v m‡Rv‡i nvZ Qvwo‡q †bq Ges `ªyZ †nu‡U wb‡R‡K i¶v K‡i| NUbvwU †m KvD‡K ej‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖvqB NUbvwU Zvi g‡b nvbv †`q| iv¯—vq †h‡Kv‡bv wK‡kvi †`L‡j f‡q Pg‡K D‡V| †Zvgiv wK KL‡bv †f‡e †`‡LQ †h, GiKg cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †ZvgivI co‡Z cvi? †h‡Kv‡bv eq‡m †hŠb nqivwb I †hŠb wbcxo‡bi g‡Zv NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ˆK‡kv‡i Gme NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebv Ab¨ me eq‡mi †P‡q †ewk _v‡K| hviv †hŠb nqivwb ev wbcxo‡bi wkKvi nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK ai‡bi cÖwZwµqv n‡Z cv‡iÑ •

me mgq H NUbv g‡b co‡Z _v‡K, gb †_‡K AvZsK ev fq `~i nq bv|

•

KvD‡K ej‡Z bv cvivq gvbwmK Pvc c‡o, d‡j cov‡kvbvq g‡bv‡hvM Av‡m bv|

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A‡bK †¶‡Î j¾v I Acgvb mn¨ Kiv wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Kó`vqK nq|

KvR-1 †hŠb nqivwb Ges †hŠb wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡j Kx Kiv DwPZ †jL|

wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv

61

Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U ˆK‡kv‡i †g‡q‡`i †hŠb nqivwb I wbcxo‡bi SuzwK †ewk _v‡K| cvovi eLv‡U `j wKsev mncvVx‡`i Øviv †hŠb nqivwbi g‡Zv NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍy †hŠb wbcxob mgeqmxiv QvovI †h‡Kv‡bv wbKU AvZ¥xq, cwiwPZ e¨w³, eq¯‹ †h‡Kv‡bv m`m¨‡`i Øviv n‡Z cv‡i| Gme cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡`i i¶v Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡`i †h †h wel‡q mZ©K _vK‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ •

evwo‡Z KL‡bvB GKv bv _vKv

•

Ab¨‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Ggb †cvkvK bv civ

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cwiwPZ wKsev AcwiwPZ e¨w³ Mv‡q nvZ w`‡j Zv‡K Gwo‡q hvIqv ev cwiZ¨vM Kiv

•

cwiwPZ, AcwiwPZ KviI mv‡_ GKv †eov‡Z bv hvIqv

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g›` ¯úk© †Ui †c‡j Aek¨B Zv m‡½ m‡½ gv-evev‡K Rvbv‡bv

•

cvovi eLv‡U `‡ji nqivwb‡Z mivmwi cÖwZwµqv bv K‡i †KŠk‡j D‡c¶v Kiv| †hgbÑ RyZv Ly‡j †`Lv‡bv, Po †`Lv‡bv, MvjvMvj BZ¨vw` bv K‡i eyw×i mv‡_ cwiw¯’wZ mvgjv‡bv|

†hŠb wbcxo‡bi Avi GK ai‡bi fqsKi wPÎ †Zvgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi| A‡bK mgq ˆkk‡ei †Q‡j-†g‡qiv cwievi I mgv‡Ri eq¯‹ m`m¨ KZ…©K †hŠb wbcxo‡bi wkKvi nq| cwiev‡ii Lye Kv‡Qi AvZ¥xq ev cwiwPZ e¨w³ wkïwU‡K †h‡Kvb mg‡q GKv †c‡q G ai‡bi Mwn©Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨w³wUi mv‡_ cwiev‡ii m¤úK© Lye Nwbó _v‡K e‡j Zvi mv‡_ mš—vb GKv evwo‡Z _vK‡j gv-evevi †Kv‡bviKg `ywðš—v nq bv| †Q‡j wkïivI cyiyl e¨w³i Øviv kix‡ii †Mvcb A‡½ AvNvZcÖvß n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi wbcxo‡b wkïiv cÖPÊ fq cvq| Acivax kvmvq e‡j Zviv welqwU KvD‡K ej‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Z Zv‡`i bvbv ai‡bi gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| `yfvM©¨RbKfv‡e Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †ewkifvM †¶‡Î †h wbcxo‡bi wkKvi nq- Zv‡KB †`vlv‡ivc Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i DwPZ Acivaxi gy‡Lvk mK‡ji Kv‡Q Ly‡j †`Iqv Ges Zvi weiy‡× HK¨e× nIqv| wkï‡`i Rb¨ wbivc` cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv-evevi Ges Avgv‡`i mK‡ji| KvR-2 †hŠb wbcxob I nqivwb cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kx Kx mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv `iKvi- Zv †jL|

cvV 5 - evj¨ weevn, †hŠZzK evj¨ weevn - RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb` 1990 G †h mKj †`k ¯^v¶i K‡i evsjv‡`k Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Avgiv Rvwb †h, GB mb‡` Rb¥ †_‡K 18 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx cÖ‡Z¨K‡KB wkï ejv n‡q‡Q| GB mb‡` D‡j-L Av‡Q 18 eQ‡ii wb‡P †g‡qiv we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| 21 eQ‡ii wb‡P †Q‡jiv we‡q Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Zvgiv wbðq eyS‡Z cviQ evj¨weevn ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †Q‡ji eqm 21 eQ‡ii wb‡P Ges †g‡qi eqm 18 eQ‡ii wb‡P †h we‡q nq ZvB evj¨weevn| ïaygvÎ †Q‡ji eqm 21-Gi Kg ev ïay †g‡qi eqm 18-Gi Kg n‡j †mB we‡q‡KI evj¨ weevn ejv nq| evj¨weev‡n ei ev K‡b †h‡Kv‡bv GKRb ev Df‡q wkï _v‡K| evj¨weev‡ni bxwZwU gvbvi †¶‡Î g~j evavwU n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †`‡k `wi`ª, Awkw¶Z cwiev‡i AwffveKivB wkïi mwVK eq‡mi wnmve iv‡Lb bv Ges me wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb Kiv nq bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡k Avw_©K I mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Rb¨ †g‡q‡`i evj¨weevn †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K|

62

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

†Q‡j‡`i †¶‡ÎI Afve AbUb‡KB `vqx Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †g‡q c¶ †_‡K A_© cvIqvi Avkvq †Q‡j‡`i eq‡mi Av‡MB we‡qi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î evj¨weevn †Kb ¶wZKi? •

18 eQ‡ii Kg eq‡m we‡q n‡j mwVK mg‡qi Av‡M ev Kg IR‡bi mš—vb Rb¥ †`Iqvi SzuwK _v‡K|

•

cÖvß eq‡mi Zzjbvq wK‡kvix‡`i mš—vb Rb¥ †`Iqv A‡bK KwVb I wec¾bK| wK‡kvixi Mf© †_‡K Rb¥ †bIqv mš—vb R‡b¥i cÖ_g eQ‡ii g‡a¨ gviv hvIqvi Avkv¼vI †ewk|

•

18 eQi bv nIqv ch©š— †Kv‡bv †g‡qi kixi mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Dchy³ nq bv| ZvB G eq‡m Mf©aviY fqven mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ mg‡qi Av‡M Rb¥v‡bv, D”P i³ Pvc, wLPzbx, i³¯^íZv, cÖm‡e RwUjZv, GgbwK gv I mš—vb Df‡qiB g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i|

†Q‡j Ges †g‡q Df‡qi †¶‡Î evj¨weev‡n †jLvcovi ¶wZ nq ev †jLvcov eÜ n‡q hvq| mš—vb n‡j Zv‡`i‡K gv-evevi `vwqZ¡ enb Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z gvbwmK Pvc ev‡o Avevi Avw_©K msK‡UiI m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs †g‡q‡`i 18 eQ‡ii Av‡M Ges †Q‡j‡`i 21 eQ‡ii Av‡M †h‡Kv‡bv we‡q‡K cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡Ri †¶‡Î GiKg cÖ¯—ve cÖZ¨vLvb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨‡`i †¶‡ÎI †h‡Kv‡bv fv‡e evav w`‡Z n‡e| evj¨weev‡ni Kzdj¸‡jv AwffveK‡`i ej‡Z n‡e| KvR-1 evj¨weev‡ni ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jvi ZvwjKv Ki|

†hŠZzK GKwU we‡q‡Z `yBwU c¶ _v‡K| eic¶ Ges K‡bc¶ G `yB c¶‡K Dcnvi †`Iqvi cÖPjb hyM hyM a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q| wKšÍy hLb †h‡Kv‡bv c¶‡K wbw`©ó cwigvY g~j¨evb m¤ú`, A_© †`Iqvi Rb¨ Avi GKc¶ Øviv eva¨ n‡Z nq ZLb †mUv †hŠZzK wnmv‡e MY¨ nq| GUv‡K Ab¨ K_vq `vwe ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡ÎB †g‡q c‡¶i Dci GB `vwe ev †hŠZz‡Ki †evSv Pvcvb nq| eZ©gv‡b GB `vwe gvivZ¥K iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| †hŠZzK Qvov `wi`ª cwiev‡i †g‡q‡`i we‡q KíbvB Kiv hvq bv| †hŠZz‡Ki †evSv Pvcvb †mB cwieviwUi Dci GK ai‡bi wbh©vZb| evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK wb‡iva AvBb, 1980 G ejv n‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv e¨w³ K‡bc¶ ev eic‡¶i Kv‡Q †hŠZzK `vwe Ki‡j 1-5 eQi ch©š— Kviv`Ê ev Rwigvbv A_ev Dfq `‡Ê `wÊZ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK MÖn‡Yi cÖavb KviY n‡jv cwieviwUi Avw_©K Afve I †eKviZ¡| Avw_©K Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y †hŠZz‡Ki A‡_© cwieviwU m”QjZv †Luv‡R| †hŠZz‡Ki ¶wZKi w`K- eic‡¶i `vwe †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ K‡bc‡¶i cwiev‡i A‡bKiKg mgm¨vi m„wó nq| A‡bK cwiev‡i Rwg wewµ Kiv nq, e¨vs‡Ki Rgv UvKv Zz‡j †dj‡Z nq, cwiev‡ii †QvU m`m¨‡`i †jLvcovi Rb¨ mwÂZ A_© †hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨ e¨q nq| myZivs †hŠZz‡Ki Kzdj m¤ú‡K© mgv‡Ri mKj‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e|

wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’v †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Kiv

63

†hŠZz‡Ki wewbg‡q we‡q

Zzwg †g‡q wK¤^v †Q‡j †hB nI bv †Kb †hŠZzK cÖ_v cÖwZ‡iv‡a †Zvgv‡`i †mv”Pvi n‡Z n‡e| wb‡R‡`i cwiev‡i ev AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, cÖwZ‡ekxi cwiev‡i †hŠZz‡Ki k‡Z© †hb †Kv‡bv m¤ú‡K©i eÜb ˆZwi bv nq Zvi weiy‡× D‡`¨vM †bIqvi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡`i mK‡ji| KvR-2 †hŠZzK cÖwZ‡iv‡a Zzwg Kx Kx c`‡¶c wb‡Z cvi, Zv †jL|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1. †KŠZ‚n‡ji eqm †KvbwU? K. GKeQi eqm

L. ˆK‡kvi Kvj

M. †hŠeb Kvj

N. e„× Kvj

2. gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn‡Y mvgvwRK †Kvb mgm¨v nq?

K. KvR Kivi ÿgZv nªvm cvq

L. †kLvi ÿgZv nªvm cvq

M.

N. mn‡R Aciva RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i

cvwievwiK Avw_©K msKU nq

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI Rv‡f` eo nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ `jMVb, eÜzcÖxwZ G¸‡jvi cÖwZ Szu‡K c‡owQj Ges N‡i †`wi K‡i wdiZ| N‡i †`wi K‡i †divi KviY wR‡Ám Ki‡j †m †gRvR KiZ| wKšÍy †kÖwYK‡ÿ a‡g©i wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q gv`Kvmw³i g›`

64

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

w`K, fv‡jveÜz, g›`eÜz, wcZv-gvZvi cÖwZ KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Q| †m AviI †R‡b‡Q G eq‡m cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ †gjv‡gkv wb‡Ri ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLb †m Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Pjv‡div K‡i| 3. Rv‡f‡`i g‡Zv wK‡kviiv gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj Kv‡`i gv‡S Qwo‡q †`‡e?

K. wbR †kÖwY I mKj †kÖwY‡Z

L. N‡i N‡i I AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡`i

M. cvovq I fvB‡evb‡`i

N. cvov, gnjøv I eÜzevÜe‡`i

4. agx©q wkÿ‡Ki wkÿv Rv‡f`‡K m‡PZb Ki‡ei.

Lvivc `‡j bv †gkvi

ii. ¯^v¯’¨MZ cwiYvg m¤ú‡K© iii. †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i eÜz‡Z¡ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1. 10g †kÖwYi Kvgvj ga¨weË cwiev‡ii GKgvÎ mšÍvb| evev-gv `yR‡bB PvKwi wb‡q Lye e¨¯Í| eÜz GRv‡Ri m‡½ cÖvB‡fU co‡Z hvq| B`vbxs †m N‡i †`wi K‡i †d‡i| †L‡Z Pvq bv, cov‡kvbvq gb Kg, kixi me mgqB Lvivc _v‡K| Kvi‡Y AKvi‡Y GRv‡Ri Kv‡Q P‡j hvq| evev-gv wKQz ej‡Z †M‡j wg_¨v ej‡Z ms‡KvP †eva K‡i bv| Kvgv‡ji GB AvPiY evev gv-†K `ywðšÍvMÖ¯Z K‡i †Zv‡j| K. cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v Kx? L. gv`Kvmw³ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? M. GRv‡Ri eÜzZ¡ Kvgv‡ji cov‡kvbv‡K Kxfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ K‡i- Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Òfv‡jv eÜz wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Kvgv‡ji eZ©gvb Ae¯’v DËiY m¤¢eÓÑ Dw³wUi mv‡_ Zzwg wK GKgZ? hyw³ `vI| 2. Ry‡jLv mßg †kÖwY‡Z MÖv‡gi ¯‹z‡j †jLvcov K‡i| Ii `v`v-`vw` Ii we‡qi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Q| †Q‡jcÿ A‡bK wKQzB `vwe Ki‡Q| wKšÍy wU.wf‡Z evj¨weev‡ni ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv Rvbvi ci Ry‡jLvi evev GLb Ry‡jLvi we‡q bv †`qvi e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ †bb| K. RvwZmsN mb‡` KZ eQi eqm‡K wkï ejv n‡q‡Q? L. Kw¤úDUv‡i Avgiv mn‡R Z_¨ cvB †Kb? M. `v`v-`vw`i D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g RvwZms‡Ni wkï AwaKvi mb‡`i †Kvb AwaKvi jswNZ n‡q‡QÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ry‡jLvi evevi wm×všÍ Ry‡jLv‡K ˆ`wnK ÿwZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i‡QÑZzwg wK GKgZ?Ñhyw³ †`LvI|

M wefvM

Lv`¨ I cywó e¨e¯nvcbv GB wefv‡M Avgiv Lv`¨ cwiKíbv, †gby cwiKíbvi bxwZ, 1000 w`‡bi cywó mn wewfbœ eq‡mi wkï‡`i †gby, IRbvwaK¨ I ¯^í IR‡bi wkïi Lv`¨ cwiKíbv, Acywó, AcywóRwbZ wewfbœ †ivM, G‡`i j¶Y, cÖwZKvi I cÖwZ‡iva, m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kie| cwiev‡ii Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vcbv Ki‡Z n‡j K‡qKwU av‡c Zv Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ ¶wZKi ivmvqwbK I †fRvjgy³ Lv`¨ µq, cywógvb eRvq †i‡L Zv KvUv †avqv Ges ivbœv| GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv G¸‡jv av‡c av‡c Av‡jvPbv Kie|

GB wefvM †k‡l AvgivÑ •

†gby cwiKíbvi bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

wewfbœ av‡c 1000 w`‡bi cywó cwiKíbvi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

•

IRbvwaK¨ I ¯^í IR‡bi wkï‡`i mwVK Lv`¨ cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

wkïi AcywóRwbZ †ivM I †iv‡Mi j¶Y †R‡b Zvi cÖwZKvi c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

†cÖvwUb, K¨vjwi, LwbR jeY I wfUvwg‡bi AfveRwbZ †iv‡Mi j¶Y eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

•

cwiev‡ii Lv`¨ wbe©vPb, µq I cÖ¯‘‡Z mZK© _vK‡Z †fRvj Lv`¨ I ¶wZKi ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

•

ivbœvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

•

ivbœvi mgq cwi”Qbœ I mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kivi Dcvqmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

Aóg Aa¨vq

Lv`¨ cwiKíbv cvV 1-Lv`¨ cwiKíbv- †gby cwiKíbvi bxwZ †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨ ev j¶¨ AR©‡b cwiKíbvi gva¨‡gB AMÖmi n‡Z nq| AvK©lYxqfv‡e mylg Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kivi Rb¨ c~e© cwiKwíZ I wjwLZ Lv`¨ ZvwjKv‡KB †gby e‡j| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i mylg Avnvi cwi‡ek‡bi Rb¨ †gby cwiKíbv K‡i †bIqv DwPZ| cwiev‡i ˆ`wbK wZb †ejvi Lv`¨ QvovI wkïi cwic~iK Lv`¨, †ivMxi c_¨, we‡q, Rb¥w`b, AwZw_ Avc¨vqb BZ¨vw` Dcj‡¶I †gby cwiKíbv K‡iB Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| wewfbœ cÖwZôvb †hgbÑ QvÎvevm, nvmcvZvj, wegvb iÜbkvjv, †nv‡Uj Ges †i÷z‡i‡›Ui e¨e¯_vcbvq Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ev †gby cwiKíbv Kiv AZ¨šÍ Riywi| †gby cQ›`g‡Zv n‡j LvIqvi AvMÖn R‡b¥| Lv‡`¨i is, AvK…wZ, fv‡jv ivbœv, my›`i cwi‡ekb Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y AvK…ó K‡i| †gby cwiKíbvi gva¨‡gB cywó m¤^wjZ AvK©lYxq Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv hvq| mycwiKwíZ †gby cywói Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i, Zv QvovI Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z I cwi‡ek‡bi KvR myôz I mnR K‡i| †gby cwiKíbvi cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv `yBwU h_vÑ (1) Lv`¨ MÖnYKvixi Pvwn`v Ges (2) ivbœvi myweav | †gby cwiKíbvi mgq- eqm, ¯Îx-cyiyl †f`, DcRxweKv, AvenvIqv, †gŠmyg, cwi‡ek‡bi aib, AvKl©Yxq my¯^v`y Lvevi, ev‡RU, AwfÁ Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘ZKviK, KvR eÈb, DØ„Ë Lv‡`¨i e¨envi, ˆZRmcÎ I miÄvg, †iwmwci e¨envi BZ¨vw` wewfbœ wel‡qi w`‡K j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| †gby cwiKíbvi ¸iyZ¡Ñ •

mylg Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

•

AvK©lYxq fv‡e Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kivi Rb¨|

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LvIqvi AvMÖn Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ †gby cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb|

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Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y GK‡Nu‡qwg `~i Kivi Rb¨|

•

Aí Li‡P †ewk cywóKi Lvev‡ii e¨e¯_v Kivi Rb¨ †gby cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

mylg Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi Rb¨ †gby cwiKíbv|

†gby cwiKíbvi bxwZÑ mylg Avnv‡ii Rb¨ †gby cwiKíbvi mgq wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡eÑ •

5wU †gŠwjK Lv`¨ †Mvôx †_‡K cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Lv`¨ cwiKíbv

67

• Kgc‡¶ wZbUv Lv`¨ †Mvôx †_‡K cÖwZ †ejvi Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| G QvovI †cÖvwUb †kªwYi Lv`¨ †_‡K hv‡Z cÖvYxR †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ Kgc‡¶ GK †ejvi Lvev‡ii ZvwjKvq AšÍf©y³ _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| •

Lv‡`¨i ¯^v`, MÜ, wewfbœ is, AvKvi, Rwgb BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

ag©xq I mvgvwRK wewa wb‡la we‡ePbv K‡i †gby cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

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e¨w³MZ I kvixwiK mgm¨v †hgbÑ e„× eq‡m k³ Lvevi wPev‡bvi mgm¨v, wkï‡`i †ewk Svj Lvevi †L‡Z bv cviv, †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Lvev‡i A¨vjvwR© BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv †gby cwiKíbvi mgq Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

ivbœvi Rb¨ KZUv mgq I kw³ LiP n‡e Zv †gby cwiKíbvi mgq †`L‡Z n‡e| Ggb Lv`¨ ZvwjKv Kiv wVK n‡e bv hv‡Z K‡i A‡bK †ewk mgq I kw³ LiP nq ev wVK mg‡q Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv m¤fe n‡e bv|

•

Lv‡`¨i evwn¨K Dc¯_vcbv Ggb n‡e hv‡Z Lvevi †`‡L LvIqvi AvMÖn bó bv n‡q hvq| †gby cwiKíbvi mgq Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi aib Kx n‡e Zv we‡ePbv K‡i †gby cwiKíbv Ki‡j Lv‡`¨i evwn¨K Dc¯_vcbv AvKl©Yxq nq|

wPÎÑ mwVK †gby cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi cvkvcvwk Lv‡`¨ ˆewPΨ Avbv hvq h_vh_ cywó cvIqv hvq I Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y GK‡Nu‡qwgI `~i nq|

•

Lv`¨ Lv‡Z Li‡Pi welqUv we‡ePbv K‡i †gby cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ Lv‡Z Li‡Pi 25% gvQ, gvsm, wWg I Wvj †Kbvi Rb¨, 20% `ya, 20% dj I mewR, 20% Pvj, AvUv I we¯‹zU Ges 15% †Zj I wPwb †Kbvi Rb¨ e¨q Ki‡j mylg Avnv‡ii †gby cwiKíbv Kiv mnR n‡e|

•

Lv`¨ hv‡Z GK‡Nu‡q bv n‡q hvq †mRb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv‡`¨i mgvnvi NUv‡Z n‡e Ges GKUv Lvev‡ii cwie‡Z© Ab¨ Avi GKUv Lvevi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq ivL‡Z n‡e| KvR- 1 †Zvgvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ †gby cwiKíbvi mgq Zzwg †Kvb †Kvb welq we‡ePbv Ki‡e ?

68

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

cvV 2 - 1000 w`‡bi cywó (gvZ…M‡f© Ae¯_vbKvj †_‡K 2 eQi) GKUv wkïi 1000 w`‡bi cywó ej‡Z gv‡qi M‡f© Ae¯’vbKv‡j cywó I R‡b¥i cieZx© `yB eQ‡ii cywó‡K †evSvq| A_©vr GB mgqKv‡ji cywó Pvwn`v‡K cÖavbZ 2wU c‡e©i mgwó i~‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvqÑ 1000 w`‡bi cywó = Rb¥ c~e©eZx© mg‡qi cywó (gvZ…M‡f© 270 w`b) + Rb¥ cieZx© 2 eQi eq‡mi cywó (730w`b)

GKUv wkïi Rxe‡bi my¯_ fwel¨‡Zi wfZ iPbvi Ab¨Zg mgq n‡”Q GB 1000 w`b| 1000 w`b Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mgq e‡j GB mg‡qi cywó Pvwn`v AZ¨š— ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| GB mg‡qi mwVK cywó wkïi h_vh_ kvixwiK ea©‡b, †gav weKv‡k Ges fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ †gavex I `¶ RvwZ MV‡bi nvwZqvi| Mf©ve¯_vq ch©vß cywói Afv‡e wkïi ea©b I weKvk e¨nZ nq| GB mKj wkï R‡b¥i ciI mn‡RB Acywó‡Z Avµvš— nq| d‡j kvixwiK ea©‡bi cvkvcvwk gvbwmK weKvkI e¨vnZ nq Ges G‡`i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv e¨vnZ nq| ZvB wkïi ¯^vfvweK I my¯_ weKv‡ki Rb¨ 1000 w`‡bi cywó AZ¨š— ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Rb¥ c~e©eZx© mg‡qi cywó - 1000 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ_g cÖvq 270 w`b GKwU wkï gv‡qi M‡f© Ae¯_vb K‡i| GB mgq wkï Zvi mvwe©K ea©‡bi Rb¨ gv‡qi cywói Dci m¤ú~Y© i~‡c wbf©ikxj _v‡K| gv‡qi kvixwiK Ae¯_v wkïi cywóMZ Ae¯_v‡K mivmwi cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| wkï gv‡qi M‡f© Ae¯_vb Kv‡j gv Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi d‡j †h cywó AR©b K‡ib †mB cywó wkïi †`‡n ¯_vbvš—wiZ nq| ZvB Mf©eZx gv‡qi h_vh_ cywó mva‡bi d‡j wkïi cywó wbwðZ nq| †h‡n‡Zz wkï gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K cywó jvf K‡i ZvB Mf©ve¯_vq gv‡qi cywó Pvwn`v e„w× cvq| GB mgq gv‡qi ewa©Z cywó Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mylg Lv`¨ MÖnYB GKgvÎ wkïi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cywó mieivn‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Mf©ve¯_vq gv‡qi kw³ Pvwn`v ev‡o †mB mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ cywó Dcv`v‡bi Pvwn`vI †e‡o hvq| GB mgq Mf©eZx gv‡K me ai‡bi Lvevi GKUz †ewk K‡i †L‡Z nq| 270 w`‡bi (Mf©ve¯_vq) ewa©Z cywó Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gv‡K-

gv‡qi M‡f© wkï gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K cywó cvq

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cÖwZw`b wZb †ejv Lvev‡ii mv‡_ wbqwgZ GK gyV K‡i †ewk Lvevi †L‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|

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wWg, gvQ, gvsm, KwjRv, kvK-mewR, Nb Wvj, njy` e‡Y©i mewR I dj Ges †Z‡jfvRv Lvevi A_ev †Zj GKUz †ewk w`‡Z n‡e|

•

3 †ejv Lvev‡ii cvkvcvwk AviI 2-3 evi cywóKi bvkZv w`‡Z n‡e|

•

Lvev‡ii mv‡_ GKUv K‡i K¨vjwmqvg, dwjK GwmW, †jŠn U¨ve‡jU MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|

Rb¥ cieZx© 2 eQi eq‡mi cywó - R‡b¥i ci cÖ_g 6 gvm wkï‡K ïaygvÎ gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| `ya Qvov †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Lvevi GgbwK cvwbI †`Iqv hv‡e bv| 6 gvm ci cywó Pvwn`v Av‡Mi †P‡q †e‡o hvIqvq ïaygvÎ gv‡qi ey‡Ki `y‡a wkïi Pvwn`v †g‡U bv ZvB 6 gvm c~Y© n‡j gv‡qi `y‡ai cvkvcvwk ax‡i ax‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi cywóKi Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| Rxe‡bi GB mgq AwZ `ªyZ †`‡ni e„w× N‡U, gw¯—‡¯‹i ea©bI GB eq‡mB m¤úbœ nq ZvB GB mgq cywói Pvwn`vi cÖwZ Aek¨B hZœevb n‡Z n‡e|

Lv`¨ cwiKíbv

mgq R‡b¥i ci cÖ_g 180 w`b (Rb¥ †_‡K 6 gvm)

69

wkïi Rb¨ 730 w`‡bi Lv‡`¨i aib wkïi R‡b¥i mv‡_ mv‡_ GK NÈvi g‡a¨ gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya w`‡Z n‡e| Kgc‡¶ w`‡b 5 evi I iv‡Z 3 evi ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡Z n‡e| gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya Qvov wkï‡K gay, wPwbi cvwb, cvwb, †Zj ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wU‡bi `ya †`Iqv hv‡e bv| 2-3 NÈv ci ci 8-12 evi gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya w`‡Z n‡e|

181 - 240 w`b (7-8 gvm)

gv‡qi ey‡Ki `y‡ai cvkvcvwk cvwievwiK Lvevi PUwK‡q big K‡i 250 wg. wj. evwUi Ava evwU K‡i w`‡b 2-3 evi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b gvQ ev wWg ev gyiwMi KwjRv ev gvsm, Nb Wvj, kvK, njy` mewR I dj, †Zj w`‡q ivbœv Kiv Lvevi Ges Miyi `ya w`‡q ˆZwi Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e|

241- 330 w`b (9-11 gvm )

gv‡qi ey‡Ki `y‡ai cvkvcvwk cvwievwiK Lvevi 250 wg. wj. evwUi Ava evwU K‡i w`‡b 3-4 evi w`‡Z n‡e Ges 1-2 evi cywóKi bvkZv w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b gvQ ev wWg ev gyiwMi KwjRv ev gvsm, Nb Wvj, kvK, njy` mewR I dj, †Zj w`‡q ivbœv Kiv Lvevi ev fvRv Lvevi, `ya w`‡q ˆZwi Lvevi I Ab¨vb¨ cywóKi Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e|

331- 730 w`b (12- 24 gvm)

gv‡qi ey‡Ki `y‡ai cvkvcvwk cÖwZw`b gvQ ev wWg ev gyiwMi KwjRv ev gvsm, Nb Wvj, kvK, njy` mewR I dj, †Zj w`‡q ivbœv Kiv Lvevi ev fvRv Lvevi, `ya w`‡q ˆZwi Lvevi I Ab¨vb¨ cywóKi Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e| gv‡qi ey‡Ki `y‡ai cvkvcvwk 250 wg. wj. evwUi GK evwU K‡i w`‡b 3 evwU Lvevi 3-4 evi w`‡Z n‡e Ges 1-2 evi cywóKi bvkZv w`‡Z n‡e| GB mgq wkï‡K wb‡R wb‡R †L‡Z Drmvn w`‡Z n‡e|

KvR - 1 GKUv †`o eQ‡ii wkïi Rb¨ Lv‡`¨i aib †Kgb n‡e †`LvI|

70

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

cvV 3- (4 †_‡K 6 eQi eq‡mi wkïi Lvevi) 4-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i cÖvK we`¨vjqMvgx wkï ejv nq| GB eq‡m kvixwiK ea©b `ªyZ n‡jI ˆkke Kv‡ji PvB‡Z wKQyUv g›_i MwZ‡Z N‡U| GB eq‡mi wkïiv ¯‹z‡j hvIqv ïiy K‡i, GB eq‡mi wkïiv †Ljvayjv K‡i ZvB Zv‡`i kix‡ii wewfbœ A‡½i mÂvjb N‡U e‡j kw³i LiP nq| cÖvK we`¨vjqMvgx wkï‡`i †ckxi MVb, `uvZ, nvo, i³ MVb BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi Pvwn`v eo‡`i Zzjbvq †ewk nq| cÖvK we`¨vjqMvgx (4-6 eQi eq‡mi) wkï‡`i cywói ¸iyZ¡ •

eqm Abyhvqx GB eqmx wkïi ¯^vfvweK ea©b eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ch©vß K¨vjwi kw³ I †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

•

4-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i kix‡ii ¯^fvweK Kg©¶gZv I †Ljvayjvi Rb¨ h‡_ó kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB Rb¨ Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU I d¨vU RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq|

•

†ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv ˆZwii Rb¨ ch©vß K¨vjwi wewfbœ ai‡bi wfUvwgb I avZe jeY mg„× Lv`¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

•

wkï‡`i `uvZ I nvo MV‡bi Rb¨ K¨vjwmqvg I wfUvwgb-wW ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

•

†jvnv I dwjK GwmW i³ MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq|

•

Z¡‡Ki I †Pv‡Li my¯_Zvi Rb¨ wfUvwgb- G, we I wm mg„× Lv`¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

AZGe Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, 4-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i ¯^vfvweK IRb, D”PZv, my¯_Zv Ges cov‡jLv I †Ljvayjvi ¶gZv I `¶Zv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b wkïi Lv‡`¨ QqwU cywó Dcv`v‡biB ch©vß K¨vjwi Dcw¯_wZ AZ¨vek¨K| ZvB cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwi QqwU cywó Dcv`vb †c‡Z n‡j Lv‡`¨i †gŠwjK Lv`¨ †Mvwôi cÖwZwU MÖyc †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ cÖwZw`bB wba©vwiZ K¨vjwi wkï‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| wkï‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwii mgq K‡qKwU welq j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ (K) 4-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i‡K cÖwZw`b Kgc‡¶ wZb †ejv cÖavb Lvevi I `yB evi cywóKi bvkZv w`‡Z n‡e| GB cywóKi bvkZv wkïi ¯‹z‡j _vKvKvjxb GKevi w`‡Z n‡e Ges GKevi evmvq _vKvKvjxb w`‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j cywói Afve †`Lv †`Iqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hv‡e| (L) cÖwZ †ejvi cÖavb Lvev‡i A_©vr mKv‡j, `ycyi I iv‡Zi †ejvq †gŠwjK †Mvwôi wewfbœ †kªwYi wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ Dw™¢¾ I cÖvwYR Dfq Drm †_‡KB †cÖvwUb MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| (M) cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wewfbœ ai‡bi iwOb kvK-mewR I UK RvZxq dj Ges †gŠmygx dj Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e| (N) cÖwZ †ejvq ch©vß K¨vjwi Zij RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| (O) AwZwi³ †Z‡j fvRv Lvevi I wgwó RvZxq Lvevi MÖn‡Y m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| hviv cwikª‡gi KvR K‡i bv ev †Ljvayjv K‡i bv Zviv GB ai‡bi Lv`¨ †ewk K¨vjwi MÖnY Aek¨B cwinvi Ki‡e| Zv bv n‡j wkïKv‡jB kix‡ii IRb †ewk †e‡o hv‡e A_©vr IRbvwa‡K¨ Avµvš— n‡e|

Lv`¨ cwiKíbv

71

4-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx Lv`¨|

wb‡P 4-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i Rb¨ GKw`‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jvÑ

wewfbœ †kªwYi Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb cwigvY km¨ I km¨ RvZxq Ava Kvc fvZ, GKwU iywU, GK UzKiv Lv`¨ cvDiywU| †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ GKwU wWg, Ava Kvc ivbœv gUiïuwU, gvSvwi GK UzK‡iv gvQ ev gvsm, GK Kvc gvSvwi Nb ivbœv Wvj, Ava Kvc ivbœv Kiv Nb Wvj, 1/3 Kvc ev`vg| kvK-mewR GK Kvc KuvPv mewR mvjv`, Ava Kvc wewfbœ ivbœv mewR, Ava Kvc ivbœv kvK, GKUv Avjy| dj GKwU gvSvwi Kjv, Kgjv, †cqviv, Avg, Ava Kvc UzKiv dj| `ya I `ya RvZxq GK Kvc `ya ev `B| Lv`¨ †Zj, wN †Zj I wN

cwi‡ekb msL¨v 3-4 2-3

3-4

3-4 3-4 30-40 Gg.Gj. (6-8 Pv PvgP)

wPwb, ¸o I wewfbœ wgwó RvZxq I jeY RvZxq Lvevi Kg MÖnY| Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e evB‡ii †Kbv Lvev‡ii PvB‡Z N‡i ˆZwi LveviB †ewk cywóKi I ¯^v¯_¨m¤§Z | KvR - 1 4-6 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx GKw`‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

72

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

cvV 4- 11 †_‡K 15 eQi eq‡mi wkïi Lvevi 11-15 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i we`¨vjqMvgx wkï ejv nq| GB eq‡m kvixwiK ea©b `ªyZ nq, †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †g‡qiv GB eq‡m `ªyZ j¤^v nq| GB eq‡m †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î cywói Pvwn`v †ewk nq| ea©‡bi MwZ e„w×i Kvi‡Y kw³i Pvwn`v ev‡o| GQvovI †cÖvwUb, wfUvwgb I avZe je‡Yi Pvwn`vI ev‡o| GB eq‡mi wkïiv †Ljvayjv K‡i ZvB Zv‡`i kix‡ii wewfbœ A‡½i mÂvjb N‡U e‡j kw³i LiP nq| we`¨vjqMvgx wkï‡`i †ckxi MVb, `uvZ, nvo, i³ MVb BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi Pvwn`v †ewk nq|

we`¨vjqMvgx (11-15 eQi eq‡mi) wkï‡`i cywói ¸iyZ¡ •

11-15 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i `ªyZ ea©b eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ch©vß K¨vjwi kw³ I †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

•

we`¨vjqMvgx wkï‡`i kix‡ii ¯^vfvweK Kg©¶gZv, cov‡jLv, wewfbœ ai‡bi †Ljvayjvq AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB kw³ wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU I d¨vU RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq|

•

wfUvwgb I avZe jeY mg„× Lv`¨ †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv ˆZwii Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

•

we`¨vjqMvgx wkï‡`i `uvZ I nvo MV‡bi Rb¨ K¨vjwmqvg I wfUvwgb-wW ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

•

†Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †g‡q‡`i †jŠn I dwjK GwmW †ewk cÖ‡qvRb nq KviY †g‡q‡`i gvwm‡Ki Rb¨ cÖwZgv‡m †h i‡³i AcPq N‡U Zv cwic~i‡Yi Rb¨ A_©vr i³ MV‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq|

•

Z¡‡Ki I †Pv‡Li my¯_Zvi Rb¨ wfUvwgb- G, we I wm mg„× Lv`¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

AZGe Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, 11-15 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i ¯^vfvweK IRb, D”PZv, my¯_Zv Ges cov‡jLv I †Ljvayjvi ¶gZv I `¶Zv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b Lv‡`¨ QqwU cywó Dcv`v‡biB ch©vß K¨vjwi Dcw¯_wZ AZ¨vek¨K| ZvB cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwi QqwU cywó Dcv`vb †c‡Z n‡j Lv‡`¨i †gŠwjK Lv`¨ †Mvwôi cÖwZwU MÖyc †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ cÖwZw`bB wba©vwiZ K¨vjwi we`¨vjqMvgx wkï‡`i MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GB eqmx wkï‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwii mgq K‡qKwU welq j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ (K) 11-15 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i‡K cÖwZw`b Kgc‡¶ wZb †ejv cÖavb Lvevi I `yB evi nvjKv bvkZv w`‡Z n‡e| GB eq‡m wkïiv †ek `xN© mgq ¯‹z‡j _v‡K, ¯‹z‡j cov‡jLvi cvkvcvwk Zviv †LjvayjvI K‡i _v‡K, d‡j cÖPzi kw³i LiP nq| ZvB ¯‹z‡j _vKvKvjxb GKevi cywóKi bvkZv w`‡Z n‡e Ges evmvq AviI GKevi bvkZv Lv‡e| Zvn‡j AcywóRwbZ wewfbœ †iv‡M Avµvš— nIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hv‡e| (L) cÖwZ †ejvi cÖavb Lvev‡i A_©vr mKvj, `ycyi I iv‡Zi †ejvq †gŠwjK †Mvwôi wewfbœ †kªwYi wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv`¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwi MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| (M) cÖwZw`bB Dw™¢¾ I cÖvwYR Dfq Drm †_‡KB †cªvwUb MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| w`‡b Aš—Z GKevi cÖvwYR †cÖvwUb MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| (N) cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wewfbœ ai‡bi †gŠmygx I iwOb †hgb- njy`, meyR, jvj, †e¸wb, mv`v BZ¨vw` e‡Y©i kvK-mewR I ZvRv UK RvZxq dj Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|

Lv`¨ cwiKíbv

73

(O) ch©vß K¨vjwi Zij RvZxq Lv`¨ cÖwZ †ejvq MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| (P) wgwó RvZxq Lvevi I AwZwi³ †Z‡j fvRv Lvevi MÖn‡Y m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| hviv cwikª‡gi KvR Kg K‡i ev G‡Kev‡iB K‡i bv ev †Ljvayjv K‡i bv Zviv GB Lv`¨¸‡jv †ewk K¨vjwi MÖnY †_‡K Aek¨B weiZ _vK‡e| Zv bv n‡j kix‡ii IRb †ewk †e‡o hv‡e A_©vr IRbvwa‡K¨ Avµvš— n‡e Ges bvbv ai‡bi RwUj †iv‡Mi m~Pbv n‡e|

11 †_‡K 15 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i Rb¨ cywóKi Lv`¨|

wb‡P 11-15 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i Rb¨ GK w`‡bi GKwU †gby †`Iqv n‡jvÑ

wewfbœ †kªwYi Lv`¨

cwi‡ekb cwigvb

†Q‡j †g‡q (cwi‡ekb) (cwi‡ekb) 8-9 6-8

km¨ I km¨ RvZxq Ava Kvc fvZ, GKwU iywU, GK UzKiv cvDiywU| Lv`¨ †cªvwUb RvZxq GKwU wWg, Ava Kvc ivbœv gUiïuwU, gvSvwi GK UzKiv 3-5 3-4 Lv`¨ gvQ ev gvsm, GK Kvc gvSvwi Nb ivbœv Wvj, Ava Kvc ivbœv Kiv Nb Wvj, 1/3 Kvc ev`vg| kvK-mewR GK Kvc KuvPv mewR mvjv`, Ava Kvc wewfbœ ivbœv 4-5 3-4 mewR, Ava Kvc ivbœv kvK, GKUv Avjy| dj GKwU gvSvwi Kjv, Kgjv, †cqviv, Avg, Ava Kvc 3-4 3-4 UzKiv dj| `ya I `ya RvZxq GK Kvc `ya ev `B| 2-4 2-4 Lv`¨ †Zj, wN Dw™¢¾ †Zj, wN, wPwb, ¸o I wewfbœ wgwó RvZxq Kg K¨vjwi Kg K¨vjwi Lvevi|

wPwb, ¸o I wewfbœ wgwó RvZxq I jeY RvZxq Lvevi GB eqm †_‡KB Kg MÖn‡Yi Af¨vm Kiv ¯^v‡¯_i Rb¨ fv‡jv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e evB‡ii †Kbv Lvev‡ii PvB‡Z N‡i ˆZwi Lvevi Ges †gŠmygx kvK-mewR I dj †ewk cywóKi Ges ¯^v¯_¨m¤§Z| ZvB we`¨vjqMvgx wkï‡`i GB Lvevi¸‡jv Mªn‡Y m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| KvR - 1 9-13 eQi eq‡mi wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx GKw`‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

74

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

cvV 5 -IRbvwaK¨ wkïi Lv`¨ cwiKíbv GKwesk kZvwã‡Z wkï‡`i IRbvwaK¨ GKUv gvivZ¥K Rb¯^v¯_¨ mgm¨v wnmv‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| GB mgm¨vwU eZ©gv‡b wbgœ I ga¨ Av‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡ZI †`Lv hv‡”Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki ga¨weË cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i g‡a¨ GB mgm¨v evo‡Q| IRbvwaK¨ Kv‡K e‡j ?

GK K_vq IRbvwaK¨ n‡”Q kix‡ii IRb ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ewk nIqv| A_©vr ejv hvq †h, KviI kix‡ii IRb hLb ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †e‡o hvq, ZLb †mB Ae¯_v‡K IRbvwaK¨ e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨K eq‡mi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK IR‡bi wbgœ mxgv I D”P mxgv Av‡Q| †`‡ni IRb hLb †mB eq‡mi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ m‡e©v”P mxgv AwZµg K‡i hvq ZLbB IRbvwaK¨ †`Lv †`q|

IRbvwa‡K¨i KviY-

cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk LvIqvi d‡j IRbvwaK¨ nq

†`‡ni IRb †e‡o hvIqvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk LvIqv| Avgiv cÖwZw`b hw` K¨vjwi eûj Lv`¨ †`‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q †ewk MÖnY Kwi Ges cwikªg Kg Kwi I Awbqwš¿Z Rxeb hvcb Kwi Zv n‡j GB AwZwi³ K¨vjwi Avgv‡`i †`‡n d¨vU AvKv‡i Rgv n‡e Ges ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ni IRb e„w× cv‡e| GB fv‡e †`‡ni IRb e„w× cvIqvi d‡j IRbvwaK¨ †`Lv †`‡e| cÖwZw`b cÖ‡qvR‡bi †`‡ni AmsµvgK Rxe‡bi Zzjbvq IRb e„w× †iv‡M AvµvšÍ SuzwK e„w× †ewk K¨vjwihy³ Lv`¨ nIqvi cÖeYZv MÖnY Ges Kg cwikªg Kiv e„w×

ïay Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡jB my¯_¨ _vKv hv‡e bv| my¯_ _vK‡Z n‡j mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY †hgb cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb wbqwgZ kvixwiK cwikªg, †Ljvayjv I wbqwš¿Z Rxeb hvcb| IRbvwa‡K¨i Kzdj kix‡ii IRb e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi AmsµvgK †iv‡M Aµvš— nIqvi cÖeYZv †e‡o hvq| †hgbD”P i³Pvc, Wvqv‡ewUm, ü`‡ivM, †÷ªvK, wcË_wji cv_i, i‡³ Pwe©i AvwaK¨, K¨vÝvi BZ¨vw`| GQvov Rxe‡bi `xN©Zvi n«vm N‡U ev Avqy K‡g Av‡m| GB Kvi‡Y kix‡ii IRb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB evo‡Z †`Iqv wVK bq| wkïKv‡j IRb e„w× cvIqv kix‡ii Rb¨ G‡Kev‡iB fv‡jv j¶Y bq KviY Gi d‡j Aí eq‡mB wewfbœ ai‡bi AmsµvgK †iv‡M Avµvš— nIqvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK ¸Y †e‡o hvq| IRbvwaK¨ wkïi Lv`¨ e¨e¯_vÑ kix‡ii IRb †ewk n‡j Aek¨B Lv`¨ msµvš— wbgœwjwLZ wbqg Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| •

km¨ I km¨ RvZxq Lv`¨ †hgbÑ fvZ, iywU, wPov, gywo BZ¨vw` wba©vwiZ K¨vjwi †L‡Z n‡e| GB Lvevi¸‡jv †ewk †L‡j IRb †e‡o hv‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e fvZ iywUi cwie‡Z© mgcwigvY †cvjvI, wLuPzwo, ciUv BZ¨vw`

Lv`¨ cwiKíbv

75

LvIqv hv‡e bv| KviY GB Lvevi¸‡jv‡Z †Zj ev wN _vKvq fvZ I iywUi †P‡q cÖvq wظY cwigvY K¨vjwi cvIqv hvq| ZvB †cvjvI, wLuPzwo. ciUv BZ¨vw` †L‡Z n‡j fvZ I iywUi A‡a©K K¨vjwi MÖnY KivB evÂbxq|

IRbvwaK¨ wkïiv Kg †Zjhy³ Lvevi †hgbÑ iywU, wm× wWg, kvK-mewR BZ¨vw` †L‡Z cvi‡e|

• cÖwZ‡ejvi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv‡Z h‡_ó K¨vjwi kvK-mewR, †gŠmygx dj I UK dj _vK‡Z n‡e| GB Lvevi¸‡jv †ewk LvIqv hv‡e| •

cÖwZw`b cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwi †cÖvwU‡bi Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ Wvj, ev`vg, gvQ, gvsm I wWg cwiwgZ K¨vjwi LvIqv hv‡e|

•

wkï‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq `ya _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB wPwb ev ¸o Qvov `ya MÖn‡Yi Af¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges `y‡ai ˆZwi wewfbœ wgwó RvZxq Lvevi ev` w`‡Z n‡e|

•

bvkZv wnmv‡e MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ me mgq Kg K¨vjwihy³ Lv`¨ †hgbÑ kvK-mewR I dj evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj Lv‡`¨ K¨vjwi †ewk _v‡K †mB Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y kix‡ii IRb `ªyZ AviI e„w× cv‡e| ZvB K¨vjwi eûj Lv`¨ †hgbÑ †Z‡j fvRv-fybv Lv`¨, wN, gvLb. wPwb I ¸o w`‡q ˆZwi wgwó RvZxq Lv`¨, †eKvwii ˆZwi Lv`¨, †KK, †cw÷ª, we¯‹zU, me ai‡bi mdU& wWªsKm&, PK‡jU, K¨vwÛ, AvBmwµg, BZ¨vw` ev` w`‡Z n‡e|

•

IRb Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ kvK-mewR, gvQ, gvsm, wWg I Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi ivbœvi mgq Aek¨B Kg †Zj w`‡q ivbœv K‡i †L‡Z n‡e| †Z‡ji e¨envi Kgv‡Z n‡e| A_©vr ivbœvi mgq Lye Kg †Zj w`‡q ivbœv Ki‡Z n‡e| Wy‡ev †Z‡j fvRv me ai‡bi Lvevi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv †_‡K ev` w`‡Z n‡e|

•

¶yav jvM‡j wewfbœ fvRv, c¨v‡KURvZ I †eKvwii Lvev‡ii cwie‡Z© †gŠmygx dj LvIqvi Af¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e|

•

mdU& wWªsKm& I †evZjRvZ †Kbv Ry‡mi cwie‡Z© Wv‡ei cvwb I imv‡jv dj LvIqvi Af¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z K‡i †hgbÑ A‡_©i mvkªq n‡e †Zgwb †ewk cywó cvIqv hv‡e Ges kix‡ii IRb Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

•

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e kix‡ii evowZ IRb Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Aek¨B wbqwgZ cÖwZw`b e¨vqvg ev cwikªg Ki‡Z n‡e| cwiwgZ Avnv‡ii cvkvcvwk wbqwgZ e¨vqvg ev cwikªg, wbqgZvwš¿K Rxeb hvcb I ch©vß Nyg Ges m‡e©vcwi mvwe©K m‡PZbZv kix‡ii IRb Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| KvR - 1 †`‡ni IRb Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †h Lvevi¸‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

76

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

cvV 6 - ¯^í IR‡bi wkïi Lv`¨ cwiKíbv wkï‡`i kix‡ii IRb †ewk _vKv †hgb mgm¨v †Zgwb IRb ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q Kg _vKvI mgm¨v| KviY Gi d‡jI bvbv kvixwiK mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| GB mgm¨vwU eZ©gv‡b wbgœ Av‡qi †`k¸‡jv‡ZI †`Lv hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k mvaviYZ wbgœweË cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i g‡a¨ GB mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| ¯^í IRb Kv‡K e‡j ?

GK K_vq ¯^í IRb n‡”Q kix‡ii IRb ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q Kg nIqv‡K †evSvq| A_©vr ejv hvq †h, KviI kix‡ii IRb hLb ¯^vfvweK IR‡bi †P‡q Kg n‡e, ZLb †mB Ae¯_v‡K ¯^í IRb ejv n‡e| wbw`©ó eq‡mi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK IR‡bi wbgœ mxgvi PvB‡Z hLb wkïi IRb Kg nq ZLb Zv‡K ¯^í IRb ejv nq| ¯^í IR‡bi KviY †`‡ni IRb K‡g hvIqvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q Kg LvIqv I cwikªg †ewk Kiv| Avgiv cÖwZw`b hw` †`‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q Kg Lv`¨ MÖnY Kwi, cwikªg †ewk Kwi Ges AwbqgZvwš¿K Rxebhvcb Kwi Zvn‡j K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi †P‡q K¨vjwi LiP †ewk n‡e| Gi d‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡n mwÂZ kw³ d¨vU †f‡O kw³i Pvwn`v c~iY n‡e| GB Ae¯_v `xN©w`b Pj‡Z _vK‡j ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ni IRb K‡g hv‡e| GB fv‡e †`‡ni IRb K‡g hvIqvi d‡j ¯^í IRb †`Lv †`‡e| `xN©w`b RwUj †Kv‡bv †ivM †fv‡Mi ciI kix‡ii IRb K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i|

• cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg K¨vjwihy³ Lv`¨ MÖnY • cwikªg †ewk Kiv • `xN©w`b RwUj †ivM †fv‡Mi Kvi‡Y

†`‡ni IRb K‡g hvIqv

wewfbœ †iv‡M AµvšÍ nIqvi cÖeYZv e„w×

Rxe‡bi Suwz K e„w×

¯^í IR‡bi Kzdj kix‡ii IRb Kg n‡j wewfbœ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ Kg©kw³ K‡g hvq, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv K‡g hvIqvq mn‡RB †iv‡M Avµvš— nIqvi cÖeYZv †e‡o hvq, i³Pvc K‡g hvIqv, †gavkw³ Kg nIqv BZ¨vw`| ¯^í IR‡bi wkïi Lv`¨ e¨e¯_vÑ kix‡ii IRb Kg n‡j Aek¨B Lv`¨ msµvš— wbgœwjwLZ wbqg Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| • km¨ I km¨ RvZxq Lv`¨ †hgbÑ fvZ, iywU, wPov, gywo BZ¨vw` ch©vß K¨vjwi †L‡Z n‡e| fvZ iywUi cwie‡Z© †cvjvI, wLuPzwo, ciUv BZ¨vw` LvIqv hv‡e| GB Lvevi¸‡jv‡Z †Zj ev wN _vKvq fvZ I iywUi †P‡q cÖvq wظY cwigvY K¨vjwi cvIqv hvq| ZvB K¨vjwi Kg LvIqvi Kvi‡Y hv‡`i kix‡ii IRb K‡g hvq, Zviv kix‡ii IRb evov‡bvi Rb¨ K¨vjwi eûj GB Lv`¨¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡j K¨vjwi Aí †L‡jI cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjwi MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| •

cÖwZ‡ejvi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv‡Z ch©vß K¨vjwi kvK-mewR I †gŠmygx dj _vK‡Z n‡e|

•

†cÖvwU‡bi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Wvj, ev`vg, gvQ, gvsm I wWg Aek¨B ch©vß K¨vjwi †L‡Z n‡e|

Lv`¨ cwiKíbv •

77

Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq `ya I `y‡ai ˆZwi wewfbœ wgwó RvZxq Lvevi Aš—f©y³ Kiv fv‡jv| wgwó RvZxq Lvevi¸‡jv †_‡K wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi cvkvcvwk h‡_ó K¨vjwiI cvIqv hv‡e| hv wkï‡`i `ªyZ IRb evov‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

• †h mKj Lv‡`¨ K¨vjwi †ewk _v‡K †mB Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y kix‡ii IRb `ªyZ e„w× cv‡e| ZvB bvkZv wnmv‡e MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ me mgq †ewk K¨vjwi hy³ Lv`¨ evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| •

Lv`¨ ZvwjKv‡Z Aek¨B kvK-mewR, UK RvZxq dj ivL‡Z n‡e|

• IRb evov‡bvi Rb¨ kvK-mewR, gvQ, gvsm, wWg I Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi ivbœvi mgq †ewk †Zj w`‡q ivbœv Ki‡Z n‡e| •

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e kix‡ii IRb evov‡bvi Rb¨ Aek¨B wbqwgZ cÖwZw`b wZb †ejv Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cvkvcvwk AviI `yBevi cywóKi bvkZv wkï‡K †L‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|

•

†Kv‡bv †ejvi Lvevi ev` †`Iqv ev cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg LvIqv hv‡e bv|

•

IRb evov‡bvi Rb¨ wbqwgZ ch©vß Avnv‡ii cvkvcvwk, ch©vß Nyg, wekªvg I wbqgZvwš¿K Rxeb hvcb Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb|

•

kvixwiK cwikªg evov‡j K¨vjwihy³ Lv`¨ MÖnYI evov‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j kix‡ii IRb K‡g hv‡e|

•

wkïi †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y IRb Kg n‡j Aek¨B †mB †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e|

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78

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nv‡oi myMVb

ii. gw¯Í‡®‹i cwic~Y© weKvk iii. †ckxi myMVb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

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L. †gby ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? M. †invbvi †Q‡jwUi mgm¨vi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Kx ai‡bi Lv`¨vf¨vm †invbvi †Q‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Ki|

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Acywó cvV 1 - †cÖvwUb K¨vjwi Acywó Lv‡`¨i KvR n‡jv cywó mvab Kiv| wKšÍy hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y `xN©w`b a‡i ch©vß K¨vjwi Lv`¨ MªnY bv Kiv nq ev †h Lv`¨ MªnY Kiv n‡”Q Zvi g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK cywó Dcv`v‡bi Afve _v‡K ev Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Kg MªnY Kiv nq Zvn‡j M„nxZ Lv`¨ kix‡ii Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z cvi‡e bv| ZLb wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B GB cywó Dcv`vb¸‡jvi AfveRwbZ wewfbœ j¶Y †`Lv †`q| cywó Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Afv‡e Avgv‡`i kix‡i †h AfveRwbZ j¶Y¸‡jv †`Lv †`q Zv‡`i‡K Lv‡`¨ AfveRwbZ †ivM ev AcywóRwbZ †ivM e‡j| AcywóRwbZ †ivM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †cÖvwUb K¨vjwi Acywó, ivZKvbv, i³ ¯^íZv, MjMÊ, wi‡KU, Iw÷Ig¨v‡jwmqv, †ewi‡ewi, Gs¸jvi ÷gvUvBwUm, †c‡jMÖv, ¯‹vwf© D‡j-L‡hvM¨| †cÖvwUb K¨vjwi Acywó - †cÖvwUb I K¨vjwii Afv‡e †h Acywó †`Lv †`q Zv‡K †cÖvwUb K¨vjwi Acywó (Protein Calorie Malnutrition) ev wcwmGg (PCM) e‡j| evsjv‡`k mn we‡k¦i AbybœZ †`k mg~‡n wkï‡`i †¶‡Î cÖavb AcywóRwbZ mgm¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wcwmGg GKwU mgm¨v| mvaviYZ 2 ai‡bi wcwmGg †`Lv †`q| (1) †KvqvwkqiKi ev Mv †dvjv †ivM mvaviYZ 1-4 eQi eq‡mi wkïivB GB †iv‡M †ewk Avµvš— nq| wkï‡`i Lv‡`¨ †cÖvwU‡bi Afv‡e †KvqvwkqiKi ev Mv †dvjv †ivM †`Lv †`q| KviY (K) gv evievi Mf©eZx n‡j †Kv‡ji wkï‡K ey‡Ki `ya †_‡K mwi‡q w`‡q Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU eûj Lv‡`¨ Af¨¯_ Ki‡j Lv‡`¨ †cÖvwU‡bi Afve nq| d‡j †KvqvwkqiKi †`Lv †`q| (L) Wvqwiqv, nvg BZ¨vw` †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡j Ges Amy¯_Zvi mgq Ges †ivM †fv‡Mi c‡i `xN©w`b cywóKi Lv`¨ n‡Z ewÂZ n‡j wkïi †`‡n †cÖvwU‡bi NvUwZi d‡j †KvqvwkqiKi nq| †KvqvwkqiK‡i AvµvšÍ wkï

80

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

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Acywó

81

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cywó Dcv`vb AfveRwYZ †ivM wfUwgb G

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wfUvwgb G mg„× Lv`¨ MªnY Ges Gi cwic~iK K¨vcmyj wbw`©ó gvÎvq MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e

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82

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wfUwgb wW I K¨vjwmqvg

†QvU‡`i wi‡KU I eo‡`i Iw÷I g¨v‡jwmqv

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Acywó

83

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Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e MqUvi

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K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e eo‡`i Aw÷Ig¨v‡jwmqv

84

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

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cywó Dcv`vb K¨vjwmqvg

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Acywó

Av‡qvwWb

85

MqUvi I †µwUwbRg (nvev‡Mvev I evgbZ¡)

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L. †c‡jMÖv

M. Mv †dvjv

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K. Kjv

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86

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

3. Rûivi †Q‡ji †Kvb †ivMwU n‡q‡Q? K. †c‡jMÖv

L. wi‡KU

M. †ewi‡ewi

N. MqUvi

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L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : 1.

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L. AcywóRwbZ †ivM ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? M. mvjgvi †Q‡ji †Kvb †ivM n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| N. mvjgvi †Q‡ji †ivM m¤ú‡K© Wv³v‡ii gšÍe¨wUi h_v_© g~j¨vqb Ki|

`kg Aa¨vq

cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb, µq I cÖ¯‘‡Z mZK©Zv cvV 1- †gŠmyg I Drme Abyhvqx Lv`¨ wbe©vPb I cwi‡ekb cvwievwiK Lv`¨ cwiKíbvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cwiev‡ii Avq Abyhvqx mylg Lv‡`¨i e¨e¯’v Kiv| G‡¶‡Î AviI K‡qKwU welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ Lv`¨vf¨vm, RxweKv, AvKl©Yxq I my¯^v`y Lvevi, we‡kl ˆ`wnK Pvwn`v I Aby‡gvw`Z cwigvY, cwi‡ek‡bi aib I mgq, †gŠmyg I AvenvIqv, Dcj¶ ev AvbyôvwbKZv, Avbylw½K miÄvgvw`i myweav, iÜbKvixi `¶Zv, mwVK †iwmwci cÖ‡qvM, DØ„Ë Lv‡`¨i e¨envi BZ¨vw`| †gŠmyg Abyhvqx Lv`¨ wbe©vPbÑ †h FZz‡Z †h kvKmewR I djgyj cvIqv hvq †mwUB ZLbKvi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq ivLv GKvš— evÂbxq| KviY FZzKvjxb kvKmewR, djgyj `v‡g m¯—v, cywó Dcv`vb eûj Ges ¯^v‡`-M‡Ü ¯^KxqZv _v‡K| †gŠmyg/AvenvIqv gvby‡li Lv`¨ MÖnY I Pvwn`vi DciI cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| †hgbÑ kxZ cÖavb A‡j gvby‡li Zvckw³ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ kw³i `iKvi nq| Aciw`‡K MÖx®§ cÖavb †`‡k Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg Lv`¨ kw³ †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ kxZ cÖavb †`‡k gvLb, †Zj, wWg, Kwd, †Kv‡Kv BZvw` Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq| GKBfv‡e †gŠmyg AbyhvqxI Lv`¨ Pvwn`v Kg-†ewk n‡q _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K †gŠmy‡gB wKQz bv wKQz we‡kl Lv`¨ Drcvw`Z nq| †hgbÑ MÖx®§Kv‡j Avg, wjPz, KuvVvj, ZigyR BZ¨vw` LvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K kxZKv‡j Pwe© RvZxq Lv`¨ †hgbÑ wN, cwbi, gvLb, gvsm BZ¨vw` Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq Aš—f©y³ Kiv hvq| Avevi el©vKv‡j †Z‡j fvRv Lvevi †hgb: wmsMvov, mgyPv, wcqvwR, PvbvPzi, gywofvRv BZ¨vw` gyL‡ivPK jv‡M| GQvov FZz‡f‡` wewfbœ ai‡bi kvKmewR, djgyj Avgv‡`i †`‡k mnRjf¨ _v‡K| ZvB Lye mn‡RB Lv`¨ ZvwjKv mylg I ˆewPΨc~Y© Kiv hvq| wewfbœ †gŠmy‡g mnRjf¨ djg~j I kvKmewRÑ MÖx®§ I el©v Kvj Avg, KuvVvj, wjPz, Rvg, †ej, ZigyR, evwO, †jey, jUKb, †cu‡c, Avbvim, †Xom, WvUv, †e¸b, wSOv, wPwP½v, cUj, wgwóKzgov, Pvj Kzgov, kkv|

kxZKvj RjcvB, eiB, KvgivOv, U‡g‡Uv, jvjkvK, cvjskvK, dyjKwc, euvavKwc, wmg, jvD BZ¨vw`|

88

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

Drme Abyhvqx Lv`¨ wbe©vPb †gby ev Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwi ev cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ cwiKíbvi †¶‡Î Dcj¶ GKwU eo f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wbZ¨w`‡bi Lv`¨ QvovI wewfbœ Dcj‡¶ wfbœ Av‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ we‡kl ai‡bi Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vi cÖPjb Av‡Q| †QvU eo †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Abyôv‡bi †¶‡Î †gby GKwU we‡kl AvKl©‡Yi welq| KviY Dcj¶ †f‡` Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb: we‡q, Mv‡q njy`, Rb¥w`b, weevnevwl©Kx, wgjv`, g„Zz¨evwl©Kx BZ¨vw` wfbœ wfbœ Dcj‡¶ wfbœ wfbœ Lvevi cvwi‡ekb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GQvov wewfbœ ag©xq Abyôvb †hgb: C`, c~Rv-cve©Y Ges †`kxq ev mvgvwRK Abyôvb †hgb: c‡njv ˆekvL BZ¨vw` Dcj‡¶I Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| N‡ivqv Drm‡ei Lv`¨ cwiKíbv Ges N‡ii evB‡i D`&hvwcZ Drm‡ei Lv`¨ cwiKíbvqI wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| GQvov Drm‡ei aib I Avgwš¿Z AwZw_‡`i eqm, iywP, `„wófw½ BZ¨vw` Abyhvqx Lv`¨ cwiKíbv wfbœ nq| cwi‡ek‡bi mgqKvj G‡¶‡Î cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i _v‡K| †hgb: ga¨vý †fvR, ˆbk †fvR wKsev ˆeKvwjK ÔPv PµÕ BZ¨vw`| Drme †f‡` Lv`¨ cwiKíbvi aib :

Rb¥w`b

1) †KK

weevn Drme

wcKwbK

1) wewiqvbx/ †cvjvI 1) †cvjvI/wewiqvwb

2) Kveve/†fwR‡Uej Pc 2) †iv÷

wgjv`

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2) gyiwMi †iRvjv/†iv÷ 2) jvÇy/m‡›`k 3) wm½vov

3) wcVv

3) Miy/Lvwmi †iRvjv 3) Miy/Lvwmi †iRvjv

4) PUcwU

4) mewR/wbivwgl

4) mvjv`

4) wbgwK

5) mvjv`

5) `B/wgwó/cvbxq

5) Kjv

5) †Kvgj cvbxq

6) †evinvwb 7) ˆ`/wgwó

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cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb, µq I cÖ¯‘‡Z mZK©Zv

89

wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k Avnv‡ii cwi‡ekb c×wZ t

cwi‡ek / ¯’vb

Avnv‡ii mgq

cwi‡ekb c×wZ

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cÖvZtivk

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wUwdb

ey‡d mvwf©m

nvmcvZvj

ga¨vý †fvR

cvm-Ab mvwf©m

Awdm

ˆeKvwjK Pv-Pµ

†Uª -mvwf©m

KwgDwbwU †m›Uvi

ˆbk‡fvR

c¨v‡KU cwi‡ekb

†nv‡Uj cybe©vmb †K›`ª

cwiPvj‡Ki gva¨‡g cwi‡ekb

wewfbœ cwi‡ekb c×wZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cwi‡ekb c×wZ¸‡jv cÖavbZ: `yÕai‡bi| h_vÑ (K) AbvbyôvwbK c×wZ - M„‡n, wcKwbK wKsev åg‡Y AbvbyôvwbK c×wZ cÖ‡hvR¨| (L) AvbyôvwbK c×wZ - wbw`©ó Abyôvb Dcj‡¶ cwiKwíZ Lv`¨ mvgMÖx AvbyôvwbK c×wZ‡Z cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| †hgb: we‡q, evrmwiK cÖxwZ‡fvR, †nv‡Uj †i‡¯—viuv, Awdwmqvj cvwU©, †mwgbvi BZ¨vw`| Z‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK `yÕc×wZi wgkªY †`Lv hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k eû cÖPwjZ c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q-

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M„nKZ©v ev M„nKΩx ev Avc¨vqbKvix ¯^qs Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb K‡ib| GB ai‡bi cwi‡ekb c×wZ Avgv‡`i †`‡k †ewk AvšÍwiKZvc~Y© Avc¨vqb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

•

cwiPvi‡Ki gva¨‡g Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡b AwZw_ I M„nevmx mevB GKm‡½ Lvevi Dc‡fvM Kivi my‡hvM cvb|

M„‡n Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb

• †Uª-cwi‡ekb Ñ wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôvb, Awdm, nvmcvZvj, Awd‡mi K¨vw›Ub, K¨v‡d‡Uwiqv‡Z †Uª cwi‡ek‡bi cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| •

c¨v‡KU cwi‡ekb Ñ wgjv`, †mwgbvi, wewfbœ mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b c¨v‡KU Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| mœ¨vKm&, jv c¨v‡KU ev ev‡· mn‡R AwaKmsL¨K †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv hvq|

•

ey‡d cwi‡ekb Ñ GB c×wZ‡Z evwoi †Lvjv RvqMvq/j‡b, eviv›`vq, WªBsiy‡g BZ¨vw` GKvwaK ¯’v‡b GKB mg‡q K‡qKwU †Uwe‡j GKB ai‡bi Lvevi Ges Lvevi MÖn‡Yi †c-U, M-vm, PvgP, Kvc I Avbylw½K `ªe¨vw` †Uwe‡j mvwR‡q ivLv nq| †Uwe‡ji `yBcv‡k GKBfv‡e A_ev †Uwe‡ji Pvicv‡k GKBfv‡e Lvevi¸‡jv

90

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

mvRv‡j †h‡Kv‡bv cvk †_‡K AwZw_iv cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi Lvevi †c-‡U wb‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e RvqMvq e‡m Avb‡›`i mv‡_ Zv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib, GB ai‡bi c×wZ‡K ¯^-cwi‡ekbI ejv nq|

ey‡d cwi‡ekb AvbyôvwbK cwi‡ekb

KvR- 1 †gŠmyg I Drme Abyhvqx Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡b we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv †jL|

cvV 3- Lv`¨µ‡q mZK©Zv cwiev‡ii mylg Lv`¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ h_vh_ Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv nq Ges †m Abyhvqx Lv`¨ mvgMÖx wbe©vPb I µq Ki‡Z nq| evRvi †_‡K Kx µq Kiv n‡e Zvi Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i Kx Lvevi ivbœv n‡e| †Kbbv A‡bK mgq cwiev‡ii Avw_©K w`K we‡ePbv K‡i hv hv µ‡qi cwiKíbv _v‡K hw` Zv bv cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j wm×vš— cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| cwiev‡ii KΩx evRv‡ii Lv`¨ mvgMÖxi ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡ib cwiev‡ii mK‡ji cQ›`, AcQ›`, iywP, Pvwn`v we‡ePbv K‡i| Avi M„nKZ©v †m ZvwjKv nv‡Z wb‡q wKQzUv wb‡Ri g‡Zv µq K‡ib| Kv‡RB cywó m¤ú‡K© hw` cwiev‡ii mevB m‡PZb _v‡Kb Ges cÖwZwU wel‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib Z‡eB cvwievwiK cywói welqwU wbwðZ Kiv mnR nq| Lv`¨ ˆZwi I cwi‡ekb h_vh_ Ges AvKl©Yxq Kivi Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb I µq D‡j-L‡hvM¨ welq| cQ›`mB m‡ZR I mim Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Kiv mnR e¨vcvi bq| Gi Rb¨ PvB AwfÁZv I Lv`¨ wbe©vPb msµvš— Ávb| Lv`¨ µ‡q mZK©Zv Aej¤^‡b K‡qKwU welq we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ| G¸‡jv n‡”QÑ •

Lv‡`¨i gvb I ¸Y hvPvB KivÑ G‡¶‡Î DbœZ Rv‡Zi ZvRv Lv`¨ mgMÖx Ges cywógv‡bi wel‡q mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ cPv-evwm gvQ, gvsm µq bv Kiv| cÖ‡qvR‡b weKí Lv`¨ mvgMÖx wK‡b cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z n‡e|

•

`vg hvPvB K‡i †KbvÑ evRv‡i Lv`¨ g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZ nIqv‡Z cÖvq cÖwZwbqZB evRvi`i DVv-bvgv K‡i| ZvB we‡µZvi Pv‡c weåvš— bv n‡q `vg hvPvB K‡i †bqvB fv‡jv|

•

Lv`¨`ªe¨ hvPvB evQvB K‡i µq KivÑ `ªe¨g~‡j¨i AvwaK¨ Ges wbw`©ó ev‡RU GB `y‡qi Uvbvc‡o‡b m¯—vq †Kbvi cwie‡Z© evRv‡i wewfbœ Lv`¨`ªe¨ hvPvB evQvB K‡i µq Kiv| m¯—vq cPv Lvevi µq †_‡K weiZ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| wb‡Ri Pvwn`vg‡Zv Lv`¨wU µ‡q wKQzUv g~j¨ †ewk †`IqvI hyw³m½Z|

cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb, µq I cÖ¯‘‡Z mZK©Zv

91

•

Av‡qi g‡a¨ µq KivÑ Av‡qi g‡a¨ µq KivB wbivc`| GRb¨ cÖvq GKB g~‡j¨ weKí Kx Kx †Kbv hvq, †KvbwUi g~j¨ †Kgb BZ¨vw` wel‡q ¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Gme wel‡q evRv‡i Avmvi c~‡e©B Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

•

gvc I IR‡bi cÖwZ mZK© _vKv Ñ Lv`¨ µ‡q gvc I IR‡bi Ávb bv _vK‡j µqK…Z Lv`¨ K¨vjwi Kg n‡q †M‡j Zv cywó Pvwn`v c~i‡YI e¨_© nq| ZvB mwVK gvc I IR‡b mZK© n‡Z n‡e|

•

FZz Abyhvqx m‡ZR I mRxe Lv`¨ wbe©vPb Ñ FZz‡f‡` kvKmewR †hgb mRxe I ZvRv _v‡K †Zgwb Lv`¨ Dcv`vbI ch©vß _v‡K|

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92

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wb‡gœ Lv‡`¨ e¨eüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi ¶wZKi ivmvqwbK c`v_© mg~n Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †`Lvb n‡jvÑ

Lv‡`¨i bvg

ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i bvg

D‡Ïk¨

gvQ I `ya

digvwjb

cPbkxjZv †iva Kiv I `xN©w`b AweK…Z ivLv

mewR

KxUbvkK I digvwjb †cvKv `gb I m‡ZR ivLv

wRjvwc, PvbvPzi

gwej

m¯Ívg~‡j¨i †eKvwi dzW,

†U·UvBj I †j`vi AvKl©Yxq Kivi Rb¨, mv`v fve Avbvi

gPg‡P Kiv I ¯^v` evov‡bvi Rb¨

AvBmwµg, my¨c, †mgvB, WvB byWj y m, wgwó BZ¨vw` nvB‡WªvR, GwmW

Rb¨ I SuvSv‡jv Kivi Rb¨

wewfbœ dj

cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ I cPb †iv‡ai Rb¨

gywo

Kve©vBW, digvwjb, B‡_v‡db nvB‡WªvR, BDwiqv

PKP‡K, mv`v I dz‡j †du‡c eo Kivi Rb¨

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cvV 5- Lv‡`¨ †fRv‡ji cÖfve I cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq Avgiv mK‡jB cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b evRvi †_‡K wKQz bv wKQz cY¨ µq KiwQ Ges wewfbœfv‡e we‡µZv Øviv cÖZvwiZ nw”Q| we‡µZv cY¨ weµ‡qi mgq nq IR‡b KviPzwc Ki‡Q A_ev A‡bK wRwb‡mi mv‡_ Lvivc wKQz wgwk‡q †µZvi Kv‡Q weµq Ki‡Q| wKQz wKQz we‡µZv Ggb A‡bK cY¨ evRv‡i weµq Ki‡Q hv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi cÖwZ ûgwK ¯^iƒc| Gi KviY n‡”QÑ wKQz Amvay e¨emvqx Amr D‡Ï‡k¨ KuvPv wKsev ivbœv Kiv Lv‡`¨ ¶wZKi ivmvqwbK c`v_© Ges Ab¨vb¨ ALv`¨ `ªe¨ e¨envi Ki‡Q| †hgbÑ KuvPv gvQ, cvKv dj m‡ZR ivLvi Rb¨ digvwjb e¨envi Kiv nq| gywo AviI mv`v Ges AvKv‡i eo Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq BDwiqv| IRb evov‡bvi Rb¨ Pvj, Wvj, gkjv I Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨ BU, evjy, Kv‡Vi ¸u‡ov cv_‡ii g‡Zv ALv`¨ Dcv`vb wgwkªZ Kiv nq| GQvovI Lv`¨ e¯‘i evwn¨K AvKl©Y

cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb, µq I cÖ¯‘‡Z mZK©Zv

93

evov‡bvi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi ¶wZKi Dcv`vb e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ •

gq`vq mv`v fve Avbvi Rb¨ K…wÎg cvDWvi e¨envi Kiv nq|

•

ivbœvq gkjvq KvV, evwj, B‡Ui ¸uov Ges welv³ ¸uov is e¨envi Kiv nq|

•

Pv cvZvq Kv‡Vi wgwn ¸uov †gkv‡bv nq|

•

fvRvi Rb¨ cvgI‡qj, cïi Pwe© wKsev Ab¨ Mjbkxj Pwe© e¨envi Kiv nq|

•

gvLb, †gq‡bR wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq Acwi‡kvwaZ m¯—v Pwe©|

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gvs‡mi Kxgviƒ‡c Miy-QvM‡ji Ae¨eüZ Dw”Qó Ask e¨envi Kiv nq|

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†fRvj cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ Avgv‡`i mKj‡K m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|

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miKv‡ii †fRvj we‡ivax AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qv‡M Avgv‡`i mevB‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e|

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†fRv‡ji weiy‡× MYm‡PZbZv evov‡Z n‡e|

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†fRvj Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ¶wZKi cÖfve m¤^‡Ü mvaviY gvbyl‡K AeMZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

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†fRvj we‡ivax cÖPviYv evov‡Z n‡e| G e¨vcv‡i mgv‡Ri mKj ¯—‡ii gvby‡li Ges wewfbœ cÖPvi gva¨‡gi mn‡hvwMZv wb‡Z n‡e|

•

m‡e©vcwi Lv`¨`ªe¨ µq I MÖn‡Yi mgq mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|

KvR- 1 †fRv‡ji cÖfve I cÖwZ‡iva m¤ú‡K© †jL|

cvV 6- cywógvb A¶zYœ †i‡L kvK-mewR, gvQ-gvsm KvUv-†avqv I cÖwµqvRvZKiY Avgiv †hme Lv`¨`ªe¨ LvB Zvi gvÎ K‡qKwU †hgbÑ AwaKvsk dj, wKQzmsL¨K mewR, ev`vg, †LRy‡ii im BZ¨vw` ev‡` evwK me¸‡jv msMÖ‡ni ci †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e LvIqvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb‡Z nq| cÖ¯‘Z cÖwµqv Øviv Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i ¯^v` I cywógvb cÖfvweZ nq| KuvPv Lv`¨`ªe¨ †_‡K †fvR¨ `ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z K‡qKwU avc AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| av‡ci msL¨v wbf©i K‡i mswk-ó Lv‡`¨i †fŠZ Ae¯’v, ivmvqwbK MVb Ges †fvR¨ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi Dci|

94

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

Lv‡`¨i KuvPvgvj †_‡K †fvR¨ `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvaviYZ †h avc¸‡jv AwZµg Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ

• Lv`¨`ªe¨ cwi®‹vi Kiv ev †avqv| • eR©bxq Ask AcmviY| • h_vh_ AvKvi I AvK…wZ‡Z UzKiv Kiv|

• Muo y v Kiv| • ivbœv Kiv|

kvKmewR I gvQ, gvsm Avgv‡`i †`‡n cywó Dcv`vb mieiv‡ni Ab¨Zg Drm| Avjy, gyjv, exU, MvRi, euvavKwc, cvjskvK, jvjkvK, KjgxkvK BZ¨vw` kvKmewR Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Avnv‡ii Acwinvh© DcKiY| kvKmewRi cvkvcvwk gvQ, gvsm BZ¨vw` †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm wnmv‡e ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| kvKmewR, gvQ, gvsm †_‡K Avgiv cÖwZw`b wewfbœ ai‡bi wfUvwgb, LwbR Dcv`vb I †cÖvwUb †c‡q _vwK| Lv`¨`ªe¨ †_‡K †fvR¨ `ªe¨ ˆZwii mgq †avqv, KvUv wKsev cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Yi ÎywUi Rb¨ Kvg¨ cywó Dcv`vb cÖvwß evavcÖvß nq| kvKmewR, gvQ, gvsm cywóm¤§Z Dcv‡q KvUv I †avqvi j¶Yxq welq¸‡jv n‡”QÑ • • • • • • • • •

meiKg kvKmewR I dj KvUvi Av‡MB cvwb w`‡q †avqv| cvZv mewR †hgbÑ jvjkvK, cvjskvK BZ¨vw`i gvwU hy³ wkK‡oi Ask †d‡j cvZv¸‡jv ay‡q wb‡q c‡i KvU‡Z nq| †Lvmvhy³ mewR¸‡jv h_vm¤¢e †Lvmvmn eo eo UzKiv K‡i KvU‡Z nq| †Kbbv †Lvmvi wVK wb‡PB _v‡K wfUvwgb wm| kvKmewR KvUvi ci wKQz‡ZB cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q ivLv DwPZ bq| G‡Z cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb we I wfUvwgb wm-Gi AcPq nq| kvKmewR †K‡U †d‡j ivL‡j evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© cywó¸Y bó nq| ZvB ivbœv Kivi wKQz¶Y Av‡MB KvUvi KvR †m‡i †bqv fv‡jv| gvQ-gvsm `ªyZ cPbkxj Lv`¨ `ªe¨| ZvB µq Kivi ciciB ALÊ Ae¯’vq cÖ_‡g ay‡q wb‡j ayjv-evwjmn A‡bK gqjv `~i nq| gvQ-gvs‡mi eR©bxq Ask ev` w`‡q mwVK wbq‡g †K‡U wb‡Z nq| gvQ-gvsm KvUvi ci cwi®‹vi K‡i cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q ivLv DwPZ bq, G‡Z cywógvb bó nq| KvUv I †avqvi ci Aímg‡qi e¨eav‡b ivbœvi KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq|

djgyj I kvKmewR KvUvi Av‡M ay‡Z nq

KvR-1 KvUv I †avqvi mgq Kxfv‡e cywóg~j¨ i¶v Kiv hvq †jL|

cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb, µq I cÖ¯‘‡Z mZK©Zv

95

cvV 7 - Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY bvbwea cÖwµqvq Lv`¨‡K RxevYygy³ Kiv, cwicvK I †kvlY‡hvM¨ Kiv, ¶wZKi Dcv`vb †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ †h weÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ Lv`¨wk‡í cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖwµqvRvZKiY e‡j| Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jvÑ 1. Lv`¨‡K e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Kiv 2. cywóg~j¨ e„w× Kiv 3. ¯^v` e„w× Kiv 4. AbyRx‡ei AvµgY †_‡K i¶v Kiv 5. GK †gŠmy‡gi Lvevi Ab¨ †gŠmy‡g e¨env‡ii Rb¨ msi¶Y Kiv 6. bZzb ai‡bi Lvevi ˆZwi Kiv cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi c×wZÑ wKQz e¨wZµg Qvov Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi wKQz cÖavb c×wZ hv eZ©gv‡b evwYwR¨Kfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ •

Heating/ZvccÖ‡qvM

•

Cooling/Freezing/Chilling/kxZjxKiY, NbZ¡ e„w× I ev®úvqb

•

Fermantation/MuvRb

•

Irradiation/†ZRw®ŒqZv

•

Microwave-Gi e¨envi

dj I mewR cÖwµqvRvZKiY c×wZÑ 1) cvÎ wbe©vPbÑ cÖ_‡g msi¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx cvÎ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| cvÎwU‡K Zvi ag© Abyhvqx wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| 2) Lv`¨ wbe©vPbÑ dj I mewR cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB cwic°, ZvRv, wbLuyZ I D”Pgv‡bi dj ev mewR msMÖn Kiv nq| Gici AvKvi, AvK…wZ, is, cwic°Zv BZ¨vw` wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶ †i‡L grading Kiv nq| 3) †avqvÑ GB av‡c cÖavbZ wbe©vwPZ Lv`¨ cvwb‡Z Wywe‡q ev ay‡q cwi®‹vi Kiv nq| Gi d‡j dj ev mewR‡Z †j‡M _vKv ayjv-evwj, gqjv, RxevYy AcmvwiZ nq| 4) †Lvmv Qvov‡bvÑ †ewkifvM dj I mewR cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi Av‡M †Lvmv Qvov‡bv nq| G D‡Ï‡k¨ Mig cvwb‡Z 1-2 wgwbU Wywe‡q ivLv nq| 5) KvUvÑ †Lvmv Qvov‡bvi ci dj ev mewR‡K cQ›`g‡Zv I myweavg‡Zv mgvb AvKv‡i †K‡U †bIqv nq| 6) fvc †`qvÑ KvUvici dj ev mewR‡K dzUš— cvwb‡Z 5-10 wgwbU dzwU‡q VvÊv Kiv nq| G cÖwµqv‡K Blanching e‡j| Gi d‡j Lvev‡i Dcw¯’Z enzyme aŸsm nq, Lvev‡ii MÜ `~i nq|

96

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

7) jeY cvwb ev wmivc XvjvÑ d‡ji mv‡_ 175-180° dv. ZvcgvÎvq DËß wPwbi wmivc Ges mewRi mv‡_ GKB ZvcgvÎvq DËß jeY `ªeY w`‡q can ev †evZj c~Y© Kiv nq| 8)

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9) XvKbv jvMv‡bvÑ evqyk~b¨Ki‡Yi ci †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ nvZ bv jvwM‡q cv‡Îi gyL m¤ú~Y© evqy wb‡ivaKfv‡e eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| 10) wbe©xRb KiYÑ eÜ wU‡bi †KŠUv‡K sterilizer Gi g‡a¨ w÷‡gi mvnv‡h¨ 30-40 wgwbU a‡i Zvc †`qv nq| dj Gi †¶‡Î 100° †m. I mewRi †¶‡Î 116° †m. ZvcgvÎvi cÖ‡qvRb| Zvc †`qv †kl n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ cvwb‡Z Wywe‡q VvÊv Kiv nq| 11) †gvQvÑ ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq G‡j ïK‡bv cwi®‹vi Kvco w`‡q fv‡jvfv‡e gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| hw` cv‡Îi Mv‡q cvwb _v‡K Z‡e gwiPv aivi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| 12) †j‡ej jvMv‡bv I ¸`vgRvZKiYÑ †j‡e‡j hveZxq cÖ‡qvRbvw` †jLv _v‡K| †hgbÑ Lv‡`¨i bvg, cwigvY, DcKiY, msi¶‡Yi ZvwiL I †gqv`Kvj BZ¨vw` †j‡ej jvMv‡bvi ci cvθ‡jv‡K Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k ¸`vgRvZ Ki‡Z nq| cvÎ wbe©vPb → Lv`¨ wbe©vPb → †avqv → †Lvmv Qvov‡bv → KvUv → fvc †`qv → jeY cvwb ev wmivc Xvjv → evqyk~b¨KiY → XvKbv jvMv‡bv → wbe©xRb KiY → †gvQv → †j‡ej jvMv‡bv → ¸gvRvZKiY dj I mewR cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi avc GQvovI M„‡n Avgiv ibœvKiv Lvevi, wbLuyZ, `vMgy³ dj, mewR 0° †m. †_‡K Ñ5° †m. ZvcgvÎvq wd«‡R msi¶Y Ki‡Z cvwi| gvQ, gvsm, mewR, dj BZ¨vw` cPbkxj Lv`¨ wWcwd«‡Ri eid †P¤^v‡i -18° †m. †_‡K -40° †m. wng VvÊvq Rwg‡q 6/7 gvm ch©š— ivLv hvq| 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ mewR I djgyj wngvMv‡i msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| AbyRxe I GbRvBg wbw®Œq Kivi Rb¨ Lv`¨‡K dzUš— cvwb‡Z (80° †m. E‡aŸ©) fv‡c 2-3 wgwbU Zvc w`‡q wb‡Z nq| Zvici Mig cvwb †_‡K mv‡_ mv‡_ wngkxZj cvwb‡Z †Wvev‡Z n‡e| Zvici mewRwU (†hgbÑ dzjKwc/U‡g‡Uv/gUiïwU) VvÊv K‡i m¤ú~Y©i~‡c cvwb Swi‡q cwjw_b e¨v‡M evZvm iy× K‡i RgvUfv‡e ei‡di †P¤^v‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e cÖvq 5/6 gvm ivLv hvq| G‡Z is, eY©, MÜ bó nq bv| M„‡n Gfv‡e msiw¶Z Lv`¨ h_vm¤¢e †QvU †QvU c¨v‡K‡U ivLvB fv‡jv| G‡Z GKevi †h c¨v‡KU †Lvjv n‡e Zv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c e¨envi n‡q hvq| Zv bv n‡j ei‡d msiw¶Z LveviwUi AwZwi³ Ask evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m `ªyZ bó n‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| KvR-1 dj I mewR cÖwµqvRvZKiY c×wZi avc¸‡jv †jL|

cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbe©vPb, µq I cÖ¯‘‡Z mZK©Zv

97

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1. gv‡Qi cPbkxjZv †iv‡a e¨eüZ ÿwZKi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb †KvbwU? K. gwej

L. Kve©vBW

M. nvB‡WªvR

N. digvwjb

2. wb‡Pi †Kvb LveviwU ivbœv bv K‡iB LvIqv hvq?

K. Avjy

L. MvRi

M. eiewU

N.

wkg

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K. ey‡d

L. c¨v‡KU

M. †Uwej

N. cvm-Ab

4. e¨eüZ cwi‡ekb c×wZwUi myweav n‡jvÑ i.

Avc¨vqbKvixi `iKvi †bB

ii. Aí RvqMvq A‡b‡K †L‡Z cv‡i iii. Aí Lvev‡iI Avc¨vqb Kiv hvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

98

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1.

Szgyi cieZx© mg‡q e¨envi Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ kx‡Zi wKQz mewR wK‡b Avbj| wKšÍy wd«‡R mewR¸‡jv Zz‡j ivLvi Av‡M dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z Aí K‡qK wgwbU wm× K‡i wbj| Lvev‡ii Rb¨ kvK ivbœvi mgq †QvU †QvU UzKiv K‡i †K‡U A‡bKÿY cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q wbj| nv‡Zi wKQz KvR †kl K‡i me †k‡l kvK¸‡jv ivbœv Kij| K. Pv cvZvq †Kvb †fRvj `ªe¨ e¨envi Kiv nq?

L. Lv‡`¨i Slowpoison ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? M. Szgyi mewR¸‡jv dzUv‡bv cvwb‡Z wm× Kij †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Szgy‡ii kvK ivbœvi c×wZwU KZUzKz ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z? we‡kølY Ki|

2. `xcv jÿ Kij B`vbxs †m evRvi †_‡K †h gvQ gvsm I mewR wK‡b Av‡b Zv msiÿY Ki‡Z †`wi n‡jI bó nq bv Ges A‡bKÿY m‡ZRI _v‡K| G‡Z `xcv †ek LywkB nq| welqwU wb‡q †m ¯^vgxi mv‡_ Avjvc Ki‡j wZwb ej‡jb G ai‡bi Lvevi Avgv‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ûgwK ¯^iƒc| welqwU `xcv‡K DwØMœ K‡i| K. wcKwb‡K †Kvb ai‡bi cwi‡ekb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq?

L. Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb myôz nIqv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? M. `xcvi wK‡b Avbv wRwbm¸‡jv m‡ZR _vKvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| N. `xcvi ¯^vgxi Giƒc gšÍe¨ KZUzKz h_v_©? we‡kølY Ki|

GKv`k Aa¨vq

Lv`¨ ivbœv Lv`¨ ivbœv Kiv Ò†fvR¨ `ªe¨Ó ˆZwii †kl Ges me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I Acwinvh©| Lv`¨ ivbœvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q Ñ Lv`¨‡K MÖnY Dc‡hvMx, my¯^v`y, myMÜgq I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjv| ivbœv Lv`¨‡K mnRcvP¨ I cwicvK Dc‡hvMx K‡i| G QvovI Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i A‡bK ¶wZKi †ivMRxevYy ivbœvi gva¨‡g aŸsm Kiv hvq|

cvV 1 - ivbœv c×wZ mvgvwRK I e¨envwiK Rxe‡bi my`xN© weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q AvR Avgiv †ewkifvM Lv`¨B ivbœv K‡i †L‡Z Af¨¯Z n‡q D‡VwQ| ivbœv g~jZ GKUv ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv| G‡¶‡Î KuvPv Lv`¨`ª‡e¨ Zvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i †fŠZ Ae¯’vi ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b NUv‡bv nq| cÖPwjZ Lvevi¸‡jv K‡qKwU wbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| ivbœvi DòZv, cvwb, ev®ú, †Zj I mg‡qi e¨env‡ii ZviZ‡g¨i Kvi‡YB wewfbœ c×wZi ivbœv wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i n‡q _v‡K| †KejgvÎ wm× ev †KejgvÎ fvRv Lvevi gvby‡li Z„wß †gUv‡Z cv‡i bv Ñ gvbyl Pvq ˆewPΨ| GKvi‡YB Avw`g hy‡M gvbyl †Kej cywo‡q Lvevi †L‡jI eZ©gvb mf¨hy‡M ivbœvi A‡bK †KŠk‡ji D™¢e n‡q‡Q| ivbœv Kiv‡K mnR I `ªyZ Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl bvbviKg cÖwµqv ev iÜb †KŠkj e¨envi Ki‡Z wk‡L‡Q|

100

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

ivbœvi cÖPwjZ c×wZ¸‡jv n‡”QÑ K) AwaK Zv‡c dzUv‡bv ev wm× Ñ GB c×wZ‡Z 100° †mw›U‡MÖW ev 212° dv. DËv‡c †ewk cvwb‡Z Lvevi wm× Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î wm× Kiv cvwb †d‡j w`‡j cywói AcPq nq| fvZ, Wvj, my¨c, gvsm BZ¨vw` G c×wZ‡Z ivbœv Kiv nq| L) g„`y Zv‡c wm× Ñ GB c×wZ‡Z Aí cvwb‡Z Aí Zv‡c ax‡i ax‡i †ewk¶Y a‡i Lvevi †X‡K ivbœv Kiv nq| d‡j Lvevi mywm× nq| gvQ, gvsm, `ya, wWg, kvK-mewR, Kv÷vW©, wdiwb BZ¨vw` G c×wZ‡Z ivbœv Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î ZvcgvÎvi cwigvY _v‡K 82° †m. †_‡K 100° †m. ch©š— n‡q _v‡K| Lvev‡ii cywógvb i¶vq G c×wZwU AwaKZi Kvh©Ki| M) fv‡c wm× Kiv Ñ GB c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨e¯‘‡K mivmwi cvwb‡Z bv w`‡q DËß cvwbi ev‡®úi mvnv‡h¨ wm× Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î eo cv‡Î cvwb dzUv‡bvi mgq cv‡Îi Dci GKUv wQ`ªhy³ SuvSwo ev ZviRvwj, euv‡ki SuvKv wKsev Kvco †i‡L Zvi Dci Lvevi †X‡K †`qv nq| G‡¶‡Î 100°-112° †m. ch©š— Zvc e¨envi Kiv n‡jI evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© bv Avmvq Lvev‡ii cywói †Kv‡bv AcPq nq bv| cywWs, fvcv wcVv, fv‡c Bwjk, †cÖmvi KzKv‡i gvsm wm× BZ¨vw` G c×wZ‡Z ivbœv Kiv nq| N) fvRv Ñ fvRv ej‡Z cÖvq 300° †m. Zv‡c †Z‡j Wywe‡q Lvevi ivbœv Kiv †evSvq| G c×wZ‡Z Kg †Z‡j ev †ewk †Z‡j Lvevi †f‡R ivbœv Kiv nq| Wy‡ev †Z‡j fvR‡j Lvevi evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© Kg Av‡m Ges `ªyZ fvRv nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Lvevi `xN©mgq Aí Zv‡c Wy‡ev †Z‡j †f‡R gPg‡P Kiv nq| †hgb: wPcm&, wm½viv, †cuqvwR, wbgwK BZ¨vw`| G‡Z Lvev‡ii K¨vjwi gvb †e‡o hvq| mewR fvwR, gvQ fvwR, wW‡gi Ig‡jU BZ¨vw` Avgiv Aí †Z‡j fvwR| G‡¶‡Î Lvevi †X‡K ax‡i ax‡i fvRv nq| G‡Z K‡i †Zj †ewk †cv‡o bv| Lvev‡ii cywó wKQy i¶v nq| XvKbv Qvov Aí †Z‡j Lvevi fvwR Ki‡j Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb †Z‡j `ªexf~Z n‡q ev®úvKv‡i D‡o hvq| G‡Z cywóg~‡ji AcPq nq| O) †cvov‡bv ev Sjmv‡bv Ñ GB c×wZ‡Z Avjy, †e¸b, wgwó Avjy, fyÆv BZ¨vw` Lvevi mivmwi Av¸‡b cywo‡q †bqv nq| wkK Kveve, †evwU Kveve, Z›`yix, gyiwMi †iv÷ BZ¨vw` LveviI GB c×wZ‡Z Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Lvevi ivbœv Ki‡j Lv‡`¨i cywóg~j evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© I DËv‡c A‡bKUv bó nq| P) †muKv ev Uvjv Ñ Lvevi mivmwi Mig cv‡Î w`‡q Rjgy³ Kiv ev ïwK‡q †bIqvi c×wZB nj †muKv ev Uvjv| GB c×wZ‡Z †Zj ev cvwb †Kv‡bv Zij c`v_©B e¨envi Kiv nq bv| Lv`¨w¯’Z cvwb ev®úxf~Z n‡q †hUzKz DòZv I mgq `iKvi nq Zv w`‡qB ivbœv m¤úbœ nq| GB c×wZ‡Z Mig evwj‡Z ˆL, gywo, ev`vg Uvjv nq| wPswo, †QvU gvQ ïK‡bv KovB‡Z †U‡j fZ©v Kiv nq| a‡b-wRiv, ïuUwK Mig †Lvjvq Uvjv nq| Mig ZvIqvq iywU †muKv nq| Q) †ewKs Ñ GB c×wZ‡Z I‡fb Ges eo Pzjvq (Z›`yi) wewfbœ Lv`¨ mvgMÖxi Dc‡i, wb‡P Ges Pviw`‡K mgvbfv‡e Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| cvDiywU, bvbiywU, †KK, we¯‹zU, gvQ, gyiwM I‡f‡b m¤ú~Y©i~‡c †eK K‡i ivbœv Kiv hvq| I‡f‡b Lv`¨ mvgMÖx Abyhvqx ZvcgvÎv I mgq wbqš¿‡Yi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q|

Lv`¨ ivbœv

101

g‡b ivLv Avek¨K †h ivbœvi wewfbœ c×wZ †KejgvÎ iÜb ˆkjxi ˆewPΨ bq eis Lv‡`¨i cywóg~j¨ eRvq ivLvi weÁvbm¤§Z †KŠkjI e‡U|

ivbœvi wewfbœ c×wZ

KvR-1 ivbœvi †h‡Kv‡bv cuvPwU c×wZ m¤ú‡K© †jL|

cvV 2 - ivbœv Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Avw`g hy‡Mi gvbyl KuvPv Ae¯’vq Lvevi MÖnY KiZ| mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbyl Av¸b R¡vjv‡Z †kLvi cvkvcvwk ivbœvi †KŠkjI Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z m¶g nq| ivbœvi cÖPjb eû hyM †_‡KB P‡j Avm‡Q| ivbœvi D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q Lv`¨ e¯‘‡K mnRcvP¨ K‡i †`‡ni Kv‡R jvMvevi Dc‡hvMx Kiv Ges †mB m‡½ my¯^v`y I RxevYygy³ Kiv| ivbœv ej‡Z Lv`¨ †e‡Q, ay‡q, †K‡U ev Ab¨ †KŠk‡j ˆZwi K‡i Pzjvq Pvcv‡bv‡K †evSvq| †fvR¨ `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘‡Z iÜb me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| KviY Gi gva¨‡gB Lv‡`¨i ¯^v`, eY©, MÜ BZ¨vw` DbœZ nq| wewfbœ c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i Lv`¨ ivbœv Kiv nq| Lvevi ivbœvi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi c~‡e© ivbœvi cª‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Avek¨K| ivbœv Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ •

AwaKvsk LveviB gvby‡li c‡¶ MÖnY Dc‡hvMx _v‡K bv| ivbœv Kiv Lvevi big nIqvi Kvi‡Y mn‡R wPev‡bv I MjaKiY Kiv hvq| G‡Z nRg `ªyZZi nq|

•

ivbœvi d‡j Lv‡`¨i †h ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b N‡U Zv c‡iv¶fv‡e cwicvK wµqvq mvnvh¨ K‡i| gvsm cÖf„wZ cÖvwYR Lv`¨ wm× Kiv n‡j Zvc I cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© gvs‡mi ms‡hvRK Kjvi †Kvjv‡Rb wR‡jwU‡b cwibZ n‡q mnRcvP¨ n‡q D‡V| g~jZ ivbœvi d‡j Lv`¨e¯‘‡Z Dcw¯’Z Dcv`bmg~n †`‡ni Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx n‡q D‡V|

102

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb •

†Zj, gkjv, †cuqvR cÖf„wZ ivbœvq e¨eüZ DcKiY Ñ Lv`¨e¯‘i eY©, MÜ, ¯^v` e„w× K‡i Lv`¨‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i| km¨`vbv I mewRi †k¦Zmvi KYv cvwb I DËv‡c †d‡U hvq Ges †W·wUªb gjU‡R cwiYZ nq Ñ hvi ¯^v` wgwó| fvRv, †muKv, K¨viv‡gj Kiv cÖf„wZ ivbœv c×wZi gva¨‡g Lv‡`¨i ¯^v` e„w× cvq|

•

†fvR¨`ª‡e¨i AvKl©Y †hme wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i Zb¥‡a¨ eybU (Texture) D‡j-L‡hvM¨| eybU Øviv ivbœv Kiv Lv‡`¨i AeqweK Ae¯’v †evSv‡bv nq; A_©vr GwU †gvjv‡qg, k³ ev LmL‡m wKbv| †hgb Ñ †KK, cywWs, wcVv BZ¨vw`| ivbœvi gva¨‡g Lv‡`¨ Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq e‡j Lv`¨w¯’Z †ivM-RxevYy aŸsm nq| Gi d‡j Lv`¨ RxevYygy³ nq Ges †`n‡K Lv‡`¨i welwµqv Ges ¶wZKi c`v_© †_‡K i¶v K‡i|

•

ivbœvi gva¨‡g cPbkxj Lv`¨`ªe¨ Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| 450-600 ZvcgvÎvq †ewkifvM Lv‡`¨i RxevYy aŸsmcÖvß nq| d‡j Lv`¨e¯‘ †i‡L LvIqv hvq A_©vr iÜb c×wZ c‡iv¶fv‡e Lv`¨ msi¶‡YI mnvqZv K‡i| we‡klfv‡e D‡j-L¨ †h, ivbœvq Lv‡`¨i ¯^vfvweK is, MÜ, msi¶Y Kiv n‡j cywóg~‡j¨iI AcPq Kg nq|

•

ivbœvi gva¨‡g GKB ai‡bi Lv`¨ DcKiY w`‡q GKvwaK †fvR¨`ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Gi d‡j †fvR¨ `ª‡e¨ ˆewPΨ m„wó Kiv hvq|

•

cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q i܇bi bvbv ai‡bi c×wZ| Lv`¨e¯‘wU Kxfv‡e LvIqv n‡e Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i ivbœvi †Kvb c×wZwU AbymiY Kiv n‡e| cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hy‡Mi gvbyl †h Kvi‡Y ivbœvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡iwQj AvRI gvbyl wewfbœ Lv`¨`ªe¨ wfbœ wfbœ Dcv‡q wVK †mB Kvi‡YB ivbœv K‡i _v‡K|

ivbœvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| Z‡e ivbœvi gva¨‡g hv‡Z †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Lv‡`¨i cywóg~‡j¨i AcPq bv nq †m wel‡q mZK© _vKv DwPZ| KvR-1 ivbœvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki|

cvV 3- ivbœv Kivi mgq mZK©Zv ivbœvN‡i M„wnbx ev iÜbKvix‡K Av¸b, KvUv evQvq aviv‡jv hš¿cvwZ, ivbœvi wewfbœ avZe mvRmiÄvg wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki ivbœvNi¸‡jv †Zgb cÖk¯’ nq bv| ivbœvN‡ii Acwimi AvqZ‡b DËß cwi‡e‡k ivbœvi e¨¯—Zvq AmZK© nIqv gvÎ †h‡Kv‡bv `yN©Ubv NUv Ae¤¢e bq| ivbœvN‡i mvaviYZ †hme `yN©Ubv N‡U †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ cy‡o hvIqv, †K‡U hvIqv, wcQ‡j hvIqv BZ¨vw`| cy‡o hvIqvmivmwi R¡jš— Pzjv †_‡K `vn¨ e¯‘‡Z Av¸b †j‡M cy‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| kvwoi AuvPj, Iobv, Pz‡ji wdZvq AmveavbZvekZ Av¸b †j‡M Zv kix‡i Qwo‡q co‡j kixi, nvZ, gyL cy‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| ivbœvi †Zj wQU‡K ninv‡gkvB cy‡o hvIqvi NUbv N‡U|

Lv`¨ ivbœv

103

Gme `yN©Ubv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ †hme mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ Ñ •

ivbœv Kivi mgq Pzj, kvwoi AuvPj, Iobv AuvUmuvU K‡i cwicvwU K‡i †bqv DwPZ|

• ivbœvi ci Pzjv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbwf‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV KL‡bv R¡jš— Ae¯’vq †djv DwPZ bq| •

ivbœvN‡ii M¨v‡mi jvBb, B‡jKwUªK jvBb gv‡S gv‡S ÎywUgy³ wKbv cix¶v K‡i †bqv cÖ‡qvRb|

•

M¨v‡mi Pzjvq Av¸b aiv‡bvi c~‡e© ivbœvN‡ii Rvbvjv Ly‡j wb‡Z nq Ñ Zv bv n‡j M¨vm wj‡K‡R Av¸b cÖR¡wjZ n‡q ivbœvN‡i Av¸b †j‡M hvIqvi fq _v‡K| Pzjv †_‡K nvwo bvgv‡bv ev bvov‡bvi Rb¨ Mig cÖwZ‡ivaK Kvc‡oi ˆZwi †gvUv c¨vW ev †jvnvi †ewo e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

•

KL‡bv †Z‡ji KovB‡q D”PZvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z bvB- G‡Z Av¸b †j‡M `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i| Av¸b jvM‡j cvwb bv †X‡j †X‡K w`‡j Av¸b wb‡f hvq| cvwb †`qv DwPZ bq|

KZ©bRwbZ `yN©Ubv Ñ KviY I mveavbZv ivbœvN‡i AviI GKwU mvaviY `yN©Ubv n‡jv †K‡U hvIqv| KvUvi KvR Kivi mgq Qzwi, ewU w`‡q nvZ †K‡U †h‡Z cv‡i| h_v¯’v‡b `v-ewU bv ivLv n‡j AmZK© g~û‡Z© †K‡U hvIqvi g‡Zv `yN©Ubv N‡U| A‡bK mgq fvOv Kv‡Pi cvÎ, Rs aiv wUb, fvOv c-vwó‡Ki XvKbv Gjywgwbqvg ev Ab¨vb¨ fvOv nuvwo-cvwZ‡ji †KvYv †j‡M nvZ †K‡U hvq| †hLv‡b jvKwoi Pzjv e¨envi nq †mLv‡b jvKwo wKsev Zvi KuvUvi †LuvPvq nvZ KvU‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î mveavbZv Aej¤^‡bi Dcvq n‡”Q Ñ •

KvUvi miÄvg¸‡jv KvR †kl Kivi ci wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ¸wQ‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| Aek¨B †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i bvMv‡ji evB‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

KvUvi miÄvg¸‡jvi avi Ggb nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z KvUvi Kv‡R †eM †c‡Z bv nq| G‡¶‡Î †QvU-eo wfbœ wfbœ avivj Qzwi-ewUi e¨e¯’v _vKv `iKvi|

•

ÎywUc~Y© fvOv, avivj nuvwo-cvwZj, KvUvi miÄvg ev` w`‡Z n‡e|

•

Kv‡Pi wRwbm †f‡O †M‡j nvZ w`‡q bq eis Svoy w`‡q gqjvi †Uª‡Z Zz‡j Wv÷we‡b †dj‡Z n‡e|

wcQ‡j cov ivbœvN‡ii †g‡S‡Z cvwb, gvo, ZiKvwii †Lvmv cÖf„wZ c‡o _vK‡j Kv‡Ri mgq AmveavbZvekZ wcQwj‡q c‡o `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| Gid‡j nvZ, cv ev †Kvg‡i †PvU cvIqv, gv_v dvUv wKsev kix‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv As‡ki nvo fvOvi g‡Zv gvivZ¥K `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î mZK©Zvg~jK welq¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ •

ivbœv I KvUv evQvi KvR †kl K‡i AcÖ‡qvRbxq, Dw”Qó Ask mwi‡q †d‡j ¯’vbwU cwi®‹vi K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e|

•

fv‡Zi gvo, †Zj, †avqvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ cvwb †g‡S‡Z covi mv‡_ mv‡_B gy‡Q †dj‡Z n‡e| ivbœvNi memgq ïK‡bv ivL‡Z n‡e|

104

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb •

ivbœvq e¨eüZ miÄvgvw` ivbœvN‡i Qwo‡q _vK‡j †nuvPU †L‡q c‡o hvIqvi fq _v‡K| ZvB KvR †k‡l G¸‡jv ¸wQ‡q †dj‡Z n‡e Ñ hv‡Z cv‡q †e‡a bv hvq|

•

ivbœNi ¸uov mvevb, Mig cvwb w`‡q N‡l wb‡j ivbœvN‡ii †g‡S wcw”Qj nq bv|

g‡b ivLv DwPZ M„wnbx ev iÜbKvixi mZK©ZvB ivbœvN‡ii `yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Ab¨Zg Dcvq| KvR 1 ivbœvN‡i `yN©Ubv NUvi KviY¸‡jv †jL|

cvV 4- ivbœvi mgq e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv I mveavbZv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Lvevi cÖ¯‘ZKiY I cwi‡ek‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q iÜbKvixi e¨w³MZ cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv| e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv ej‡Z GKvš—fv‡e Zvi wbR¯^ cwi”Qbœ _vKvi welqwU †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î bL, Pzj, `uv‡Zi cwi”QbœZv †_‡K cwi‡aq e¯¿, e¨w³MZ my¯’Zv, KvR Kivi mgq cwi”QbœZvi cÖwZ m‡PZbZv BZ¨vw` welq Aš—f©y³|

e¨w³MZ cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZvi aib

iÜbKvix ivbœvi mgq cwi”QbœZv i¶v I mveavb _vK‡Z †hme Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡eb †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒct •

ivbœvi KvR ïiyi c~‡e© mvevb w`‡q nvZ fv‡jvfv‡e ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

•

nv‡Zi bL eo n‡j Zv‡Z gqjv R‡g| ivbœvi mgq †mme gqjv Lvev‡ii gva¨‡g Lv`¨MÖnYKvixi kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB iÜbKvixi bL h_vm¤¢e †QvU ivL‡Z n‡e|

•

ivbœvN‡i bvbv ai‡bi KvR Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv gqjv wRwbm aivi ci A_ev nvZ w`‡q gv_v, kix‡ii †h †Kv‡bv¯’vb PzjKv‡bvi ci KL‡bv mvevb w`‡q nvZ bv ay‡q Lvevi ¯úk© Kiv wVK bq|

•

nv‡Z hw` Nv, Pg©‡ivM _v‡K Zvn‡j Lye mn‡RB †ivMRxevYy Lv‡`¨ msµwgZ nq| G Ae¯’vq Lvevi ivbœv ev cwi‡ekb Kiv DwPZ bq|

•

iÜbKvixi Pzj fv‡jvfv‡e †eu‡a wb‡Z nq| Zv bv n‡j Lvev‡ii Dci Zv co‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Pzj †Lvjv _vK‡j wKsev wdZv †Svjv‡bv _vK‡j Av¸b †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|

•

iÜbKvixi †cvkvK cwi”Q` cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ nIqv evÂbxq| †h †cvkvKB †nvK bv †Kb Zv †hb RxevYygy³ I cwi”Qbœ nq|

Lv`¨ ivbœv

105

•

cwi‡aq †cvkvK †hb wX‡j-Xvjv bv nq| G‡Z Iobvq wKsev AuvP‡j Av¸b †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|

•

ivbœv Kivi mgq evievi nvZ †avqv nq| GB †avqv nvZ †gvQvi Rb¨ GKUv wbw`©ó MvgQv ev †Zvqv‡j _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Zv bv n‡j cwi‡aq †cvkv‡K gyQ‡j †cvkvK †bvsiv n‡e wKsev †cvkv‡Ki gqjv Lvev‡i hv‡e|

• hZUzKz m¤¢e ivbœvN‡i wK‡Pb G‡cÖvb civi Af¨vm Kiv DwPZ| G‡Z cwi‡aq †cvkvK fv‡jv_v‡K Ges ivbœv N‡ii wbivcËv eRvq _v‡K| •

iÜbKvixi nv‡Z M-vfm e¨envi KivB fv‡jv|

KvR-1 iÜbKvixi e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLvi Dcvq¸‡jv †jL|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| AwaK Zv‡c dzwU‡q ivbœvi ZvcgvÎv KZ? (K) 100° †m

(L) 200° †m

(M) 300° †m

(N) 400° †m

2| wb‡Pi †Kvb LveviwU g„`yZv‡c wm× K‡i ivbœv Kiv nq?

(K) Wvj

(L) wcqvwR

(M) cv‡qm

(N) my¨c

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: KvšÍv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ cÖvqB we‡Kj †ejv wewfbœ ai‡bi mewR w`‡q Pc, gv‡Qi KvU‡jU BZ¨vw` ˆZwi K‡i LvIqvq| Lvevi¸‡jv gy‡Lv‡ivPK e‡j mevB Lye cQbœ K‡i| 3| KvšÍv we‡K‡ji bv¯Ív ˆZwi‡Z ivbœvi †Kvb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i?

(K) g„`yZv‡c wm×

(L) fvRv

(M) †ewKs

(N) †muKv

4| KvšÍvi ˆZwi Lvevi¸‡jv‡Z Av‡Q(i) wfUvwgb G I wW (ii) wfUvwgb B I †K (iii) wfUvwgb wm I we

106

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii

(L) ii I iii

(M) ii I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : 1| cywówe` W. Av‡bvqviv GKw`b mKv‡j Zvi †g‡q ï‡f”Qv‡K wb‡q †i÷z‡i‡›U bv¯Ív Ki‡Z †M‡jb| ï‡f”Qv jÿ Kij †`vKvbx iywU ZvIqvq bv †f‡R we‡kl ai‡bi gvwUi Pzjvi †fZ‡i XzwK‡q w`‡”Q Ges GKUz ci †dvjv‡bv iywU †ei K‡i Avb‡Q| ï‡f”Qv‡K Zvi gv ej‡jb GUv ivbœvi GKUv c×wZ| wZwb AviI ej‡jb Lv`¨‡K †`‡ni MÖnY Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨B ivbœvi cÖ‡qvRb| (K) g„`yZv‡c ivbœvi ZvcgvÎv K‡Zv? (L) ivbœvi mgq e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? (M) †i÷y‡i‡›U †h c×wZ‡Z iywU ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| (N) Lv`¨ ivbœv m¤ú‡K© W. Av‡bvqvivi gšÍe¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki| 2| wigv ivbœv N‡i Pzjvq mgyPv fvRvi mgq Zvovûov K‡i †Z‡ji KovB bvgv‡Z wM‡q Mig †Zj c‡o Zvi nvZ cy‡o hvq| gv‡qi wPrKvi ï‡b wigvi †g‡q †`Š‡o ivbœv N‡i †M‡j †g‡S‡Z ivLv ewU w`‡q Zvi cv †K‡U hvq| wigvi ¯^vgx Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †`b| (K) ivbœvi KvR ïiy Kivi c~‡e© Kx Ki‡Z n‡e?

(L) K¨vjwieûj Lv`¨ ivbœvi c×wZwU e¨vL¨v Ki| (M) †Kvb ai‡bi mZK©Zvi Afv‡e wigv `yN©Ubvi wkKvi n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| (N) ivbœvi Kv‡R wigvi AmZK©Zv fwel¨‡Z AviI `yN©Ubvi KviY n‡Z cv‡i- we‡kølY Ki|

N wefvM

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KvwW©s cÖwµqvq ZšÍy †_‡K AvjMv gqjv AcmviY

myZv ˆZwi I eybb

109

myZv ˆZwii wØZxq ch©vq n‡”Q Kw¤^s| †gvUv myZv ev Kvc‡oi †¶‡Î G c×wZi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| wKšÍy Lye wgwn I gm„Y myZv ev Kvc‡oi †¶‡Î ZšÍy †_‡K AwZwi³ Lv‡Uv ZšÍy¸‡jv ev` †`qvi Rb¨ KvwW©s Gi ci Kw¤^s Ki‡Z nq| d‡j Aewkó Dchy³ ˆ`‡N¨©i ZšÍyMy‡jv GKwU cvZjv Av¯Íi‡Y iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| GB cvZjv Av¯ÍiY‡K mvBfvi e‡j| d¬¨v· ev wj‡bb myZvi †¶‡Î Kw¤^s cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq bv| Gi cwie‡Z© Kw¤^s Gi Abyiƒc †h cÖwµqvwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j †nKwjs| Lye wgwn myZv †c‡Z n‡j wj‡b‡bi ZšÍy¸‡jv‡K j¤^v n‡Z nq Ges mvBfv‡i ZšÍyi Ae¯’vb mgvšÍivj n‡Z nq| ZvB Ggb myZvi Rb¨ wj‡b‡b A‡bK †ewk †nKwjs Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †ik‡gi †¶‡Î †ek K‡qKwU j¤^v ZšÍy‡K GKÎ K‡i †cuwP‡q ivLv nq| GB †cuPv‡bv‡K wiwjs e‡j| Gfv‡e K‡qKwU ZšÍy‡K GKÎxKiY I †gvPov‡bv‡K ejv nq †_ªvwqs| ZšÍy †_‡K myZv ˆZwii me‡kl ch©vq n‡”Q w¯úwbs| G av‡ci c~‡e© †ivwfs cÖwµqvq ZšÍyi cvZjv Av¯Íi ev mvBfvi‡K †U‡b AviI miy Kiv nq Ges cieZx©‡Z cvK ev †gvPo w`‡q myZvq cwiYZ Kiv nq| mvBfvi †gvPo †`qvi d‡j ZšÍy¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Nwbófv‡e Rwo‡q myZvi iƒc aviY K‡i| †iqb, bvBjb BZ¨vw` K…wÎg ZšÍy‡ZI cvK ev †gvPo †`qv nq| †`Lv †M‡Q †h †QvU ZšÍy‡Z eo ZšÍyi Zzjbvq †ewk cvK ev †gvPo †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| mvaviYZ †gvP‡oi cwigvY †ewk n‡j myZvwU †ewk k³ nq| Z‡e gvÎvwZwi³ †gvP‡oi d‡j myZv wQu‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| g~j ZšÍyi ˆ`N¨© I ¸Yv¸Y †f‡` myZv KvUvi mgq †gvP‡oi cwigvY wfbœ n‡q _v‡K|

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cvV 2 - eybb Avgiv GKUz †Lqvj Ki‡j †`L‡Z cvie †h Avgv‡`i gv‡qiv †h kvwo, evDR cwiavb K‡i †mB Kvc‡oi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i mv‡jvqvi, KvwgR wKsev kvU©, c¨v›U-Gi Kvc‡oi cÖK…wZ GK bq| Gi KviY Kx ej‡Z cvi‡e? wewfbœ Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY n‡”Q e¯¿ Drcv`b c×wZ| Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †R‡bwQ †h e¯¿ wewfbœ Dcv‡q Drcv`b Kiv hvq| GB wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖPwjZ c×wZwU n‡”Q eybb|

110

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

†h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ eybb cÖwµqvq e¯¿ Drcv`b Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j ZvuZ| GB ZvuZ n¯Í PvwjZ ev hš¿ PvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| Zvu‡Zi g‡a¨ GK †mU myZv j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K, hv‡K Uvbv ev Iqvc© e‡j| GB Uvbv myZvi wfZi w`‡q Av‡iv GK †mU myZv AvovAvwofv‡e Pvjy bv K‡i e¯¿ Drcv`b Kiv nq| gvKz bvgK GKwU h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ AvovAvwofv‡e PvwjZ GB myZv‡K e‡j c‡ob ev I‡qd&U| Kv‡RB Avgiv eyS‡Z cviwQ †h Zuv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Uvbv I c‡ob myZvi cvi¯úwiK mg‡KŠwYK eÜb‡KB eybb e‡j|

n¯Í PvwjZ ZvuZ

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mv`vwm‡a eybb

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myZv ˆZwi I eybb

111

M. mvwUb ev m¨vwUb eybb- †ZiQv eyb‡bi g‡Zv mvwUb ev m¨vwUb eyb‡b wki‡iLvwU ¯úó n‡q D‡V bv| mvwUb eyb‡bi mgq c‡ob myZvwU GKwU Uvbv myZvi Dci Ges PviwU ev Zvi AwaK Uvbv myZvi wbP w`‡q PjvPj K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K m¨vwUb eyb‡b c‡ob myZvwU GKwU Uvbv myZvi wbP Ges PviwU ev Zvi AwaK Uvbv myZvi mvwUb eybb Dci w`‡q PjvPj K‡i| GB `yB ai‡bi eyb‡bB UzB‡ji g‡Zv Awew”Qbœ KY© bv _vKvq Kvc‡oi DcwifvM gm„Y I D¾¡j †`Lvq| GB eyb‡bi Kvco w`‡q mvaviYZ mv‡jvqvi, KvwgR, cvÄvwe, cvqRvgv, d«K, c`v©i Kvco, weQvbvi Kfvi, m¾vg~jK †cvkvK BZ¨vw` ˆZwi nq| G Qvov †KvU, my¨U I †miIqvbxi Kvc‡oi jvBwbs-Gi Rb¨I e¨envi Kiv nq| GB eyb‡b Kvc‡oi Dcwifv‡M †ewkifvM myZv fvmgvb Ae¯’vq _v‡K, ZvB mPivPi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ G ai‡bi Kvco Dc‡hvMx bq| KvR-1 †kÖwYK‡¶ KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv w`‡q wk¶‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvq mvwUb I m¨vwUb eybb ˆZwi Ki I PvU© AvKv‡i K¬v‡m Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki| KvR-2 QK AvKv‡i c~iY K‡i †`LvI †h †Kvb ai‡bi eyb‡b Kx ai‡bi e¯¿ Drcvw`Z nq|

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(L) ewÛs

(M) w¯úwbs

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2| wb‡Pi †Kvb ZšÍy †_‡K myZv ˆZwii mgq †ewk cvK w`‡Z nq?

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(K) †ikg

(L) bvBjb

(M) ckg

(N) Zzjv

112

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

4| GB ZšÍy †_‡K cwi‡aq e‡¯¿i Rb¨ myZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z KvwW©s-Gi ci Av`bvb Kx Ki‡e?

(K) Kw¤^s

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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1.

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2bs

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beRvZ‡Ki †cvkvK

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114

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

MvQcvjv, cïcvLx ev cÖvK…wZK e¯‘i Qvc _v‡K| G‡Z K‡i ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi Av‡MB Zviv wewfbœ is I Pvicv‡ki bvbv ai‡bi e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e| cÖvKwe`¨vjq eq‡mi wkïiv †hb wb‡RivB wb‡R‡`i †cvkvK Lyj‡Z cv‡i I ci‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv AvZ¥wbf©ikxj †cvkvK-cwi”Q` (self-help garments) wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖvKwe`¨vjq eq‡mi wkï‡`i AvZ¥wbf©ikxj †cvkvK-cwi”Q`

wK‡kvi eq‡mi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wbR¯^ cQ›`-AcQ›` †eva M‡o I‡V| A‡bK mgq †cvkvK-cwi”Q` wbev©P‡bi G av‡c gv-evevi mv‡_ wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i Ø›Ø †`Lv †`q| e¨w³‡Z¡i myôz weKv‡ki Rb¨ G eq‡mi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †cvkvK wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡e, Z‡e D³ †cvkvK †hb Avgv‡`i mgvR ev K…wó ewnf©~Z bv nq †m w`‡KI Avgv‡`i mRvM `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e| Aemi Rxeb ev e„× eq‡m †cvkv‡Ki Pvwn`v K‡g hvq e‡j †cvkvK wbe©vP‡bi mgq Zv‡`i Ae‡njv Ki‡j Pj‡e bv| G mg‡qi Rb¨ IR‡b nvjKv, Avivg`vqK I mij bKkvi †cvkvK wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

†gŠmyg Abyhvqx †cvkvK wbev©Pb †cvkv‡Ki DrcwËi Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨B n‡”Q evB‡ii cÖwZK~j AvenvIqv †_‡K kixi‡K i¶v Kiv| Avgv‡`i †`k lo FZzi †`k n‡jI †cvkvK wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î Avgiv wZbwU FZz‡K cÖvavb¨ w`B| kxZKv‡j ckwg Kvc‡oi †ewk cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kbbv ckg ZšÍyi g‡a¨ †h evZvm †Xv‡K _v‡K Zv †`‡ni Ici Pvc m„wó K‡i; Gi d‡j †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv; d‡j Avivg Abyf~Z nq| MÖx®§Kv‡j Mi‡g Nvg †ewk nq ZvB G mgq mywZ, wj‡b‡bi g‡Zv Zvc mycwievnx e¯¿ †ewk wbe©vPb Kiv DwPZ| GQvov el©v FZz‡Z Kvco †avqv I ïKv‡bvi myweavi Rb¨ bvBjb, †UUªb, R‡R©U, cwj‡q÷vi RvZxq Kvco †ewk Dc‡hvMx| †`Lv †M‡Q mywZ e‡¯¿i `vg Kg n‡jI Nv‡g bó n‡q hvevi Kvi‡Y GK eQ‡ii †cvkvK Ab¨ eQi A‡bK mgq civ hvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K ckwg e¯¿ I K…wÎg Zš‘i e¯¿ GKUz †ewk `vg w`‡q wKb‡jI hZœ mnKv‡i ivL‡j K‡qK eQi GKB †cvkvK e¨envi Kiv hvq| †cvkvK wbe©vP‡b G welqwUi w`‡K `„wó †`qv DwPZ|

MÖx®§Kv‡ji †cvkvK

kxZKv‡ji †cvkvK

el©v FZzi †cvkvK

†cvkvK wbe©vP‡b we‡eP¨ welq

115

Dcj¶ Abyhvqx †cvkvK wbev©Pb mvgvwRK wewfbœ AvPvi Abyôv‡b Avgv‡`i AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi †cvkv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgbÑ Mv‡q njy`, we‡q, C`, wgjv`, Rb¥w`b, g„Zz¨evwl©Kx BZ¨vw`| Avb›`gyLi Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ mvaviYZ my›`i, Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `vwg I ˆewPΨgq †cvkvK `iKvi nq| GQvov gmwR`, wMRv©, gw›`i cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b hvIqvi mgq Avgiv mv`vwm‡a ai‡bi we‡kl †cvkvK wbe©vPb K‡i _vwK| Kv‡RB mvgvwRK cÖ_v I ag©xq g~j¨ev‡ai Kvi‡Y wewfbœ Dcj‡¶ wfbœ wfbœ cÖK…wZi †cvkvK wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|

we‡qi †cvkvK

m`m¨‡`i †ckv Abyhvqx †cvkvK wbev©Pb Avgiv mgv‡R bvbv †ckvi †jvK †`L‡Z cvB| †hgbÑ D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v, mvaviY Awdmvi, wcqb, e¨emvqx, wk¶K, kªwgK, Wv³vi, bvm©, ˆegvwbK, ˆmwbK, AwMœwbe©vcK Kg©©x BZ¨vw`| †K †Kvb ai‡bi †cvkvK wbe©vPb Ki‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i Zvi †ckvi Dci| †hme †ckvq wbw`©ó BDwbd©g i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †cvkvK wbe©vP‡b †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Z‡e hv‡`i †ckvq BDwbd©g †bB Zv‡`i †cvkvK wbe©vP‡b †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Zv AvU‡cŠ‡p ev AbvbyôvwbK †cvkvK bv nq| †Kbbv †ckv I mvgvwRK gh©v`v Abyhvqx †cvkvK ci‡j gvbyl Kv‡R ¯^”Q›`‡eva K‡i Ges m¤§vb cvq|

cywjk evwnbxi †cvkvK

bv‡m©i †cvkvK

K…wó I RvZxqZv Abyhvqx †cvkvK wbev©Pb cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RiB wbR¯^ wKQz ixwZbxwZ _v‡K| †hgbÑ cvðv‡Z¨i gwnjviv c¨v›U, kvU©, ¯‹vU©, Ucm BZ¨vw` c‡i| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki mvgvwRK ixwZ Abymv‡i gwnjviv kvwo, mv‡jvqvi, KvwgR BZ¨vw` c‡i| cyiy‡liv wbe©vPb K‡i jyw½, c¨v›U, kvU©, cvÄvwe, cvRvgv BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`‡K PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox GjvKvi PvKgv gwnjviv jyw½ I evDR c‡i|

116

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wm‡jU †Rjvi gwbcyix A‡ji gwnjviv jyw½i g‡Zv K‡i GK UzK‡iv Kvco c‡i, ¯’vbxq fvlvq hv‡K Ôd‡bKÕ e‡j| GQvov Zviv evDR Ges IobvI e¨envi K‡i| K…wó I RvZxqZv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i †cvkvK wbe©vPb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| myZivs wb‡R‡`i †cvkvK wbe©vPb Kivi mgq cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK ixwZ Abyhvqx gvbvbmB †cvkvK wbe©vPb Kiv DwPZ| †`Lv †M‡Q mgvR I m¤cÖ`vq KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z †cvkvK gvby‡li g‡b mvgvwRK wbivcËv I gvbwmK Z…wß Av‡b Ges AvZ¥wek¦vm evwo‡q †`q |

¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi †cvkvK

evOvwji †cvkvK

KvR-1 †cvkvK wbe©vP‡b we‡eP¨welq¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡i GKwU QK ˆZwi Ki|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †Kvb eq‡mi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wbR¯^ cQ›`-AcQ›` †eva M‡o D‡V? (K) ˆK‡kvi

(L) cÖvK-ˆK‡kvi

(M) †hŠeb

(N) cÖviw¤¢K ˆK‡kvi

2| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i †cvkvK wbe©vP‡b cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i(i) K…wó (ii) RvZxqZv (iii) wbivcËv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii

(L) i I iii

(M) ii I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

cwðgv‡`i †cvkvK

†cvkvK wbe©vP‡b we‡eP¨ welq

117

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI bvwQgvi Awdm evwo †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i nIqvq †cvkv‡Ki Kvco wbe©vP‡b R‡R©U‡K cÖvavb¨ †`b| wKšÍy MÖx®§ FZz‡Z wj‡bb ZšÍy †e‡Q †bq| 3| bvwQgvi cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv KvcowUÑ (i) †avqv I ïKv‡bv mnR (ii) Bw¯¿ QvovI cov hvq| (iii) Zvc mycwievnx| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii

(L) i I iii

(M) ii I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

4| bvwQgvi MÖx®§Kv‡j wbw`©ó ZšÍyi Kvco †e‡Q †bIqvi KviY? (K) `v‡g m¯Ív| (L) Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv †ewk| (M) mn‡R Zvc PjvPj K‡i| (N) `xN©w`b e¨env‡ii Abyc‡hvMx|

m„Rbkxj 1| mvjgv nK Zvi `yB †g‡q bvwn I wbgyi Rb¨ Rvgv wKb‡Z gv‡K©‡U hvb| wbgy wZb gvm eqmx nIqvq nvjKv i‡Oi wmb‡_wUKm Kvc‡oi Dci bKkv Kiv Rvgv †K‡bb| Avi Pvi eQi eqmx bvwni Rb¨ wX‡jXvjv D¾¡j e‡Y©i wewfbœ cÖvYxi Qvcv m¤^wjZ mvg‡b †evZvg †`Iqv Rvgv †K‡bb| mvjgv nK evwo G‡m wbgy‡K Rvgv civ‡j wbgy A¯^w¯’‡eva K‡i| (K) Avb›`gyLi Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ mvaviYZ †Kvb ai‡bi †cvkvK `iKvi? (L) MÖx®§Kvjxb †cvkvK wKiƒc nIqv DwPZ eywS‡q `vI| (M) wbgyi A¯^w¯Z‡eva Kivi KviY Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| (N) mvjgv n‡Ki wbe©vwPZ †cvkvK bvwni Rb¨ Dc‡hvMxÑZzwg wK GKgZ? ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|

PZz`©k Aa¨vq

†cvkvK µ‡q we‡eP¨ welq cvV 1 - w÷wPs, wdwUs, wdwbwms I g~j¨ cwiev‡ii †cvkv‡Ki Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ m`m¨‡`i msL¨v, Pvwn`vi aib, Dcj¶, AvenvIqv, Avivg I †mŠ›`h©, h‡Zœi myweav BZ¨vw` bvbv welq we‡ePbv K‡i †cvkvK µ‡qi cwiKíbv Kiv nq| evRv‡i wewfbœ mvB‡Ri, wewfbœ wWRvB‡bi I wewfbœ g~‡j¨i ˆZwi †cvkvK AvRKvj cvIqv hvq| hLb †cvkv‡Ki Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z ˆZwi †cvkvK µq Kiv nq ZLb K‡qKwU welq bv †`‡L µq Ki‡j †cvkvK cwiavbKvixi Avivg I †mŠ›`h© euvavcÖvß nq| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ •

†cvkv‡Ki w÷wPs A_©vr †mjvB

•

wdwUs A_©vr †`nvK…wZi mv‡_ gvbvbmB wKbv

•

wdwbwks A_©vr †cvkv‡Ki mvgwMÖK †mŠ›`h©

•

g~j¨ A_©vr †h `v‡g µq Kiv n‡”Q

†cvkv‡Ki w÷wPsw÷wPs ej‡Z µq Kiv †cvkvKwUi †mjvB‡qi gvb I cÖK…wZi aib †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| w÷wPs-Gi Dci †cvkv‡Ki ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©i K‡i| DbœZ w÷wPs-Gi ˆewkó¨ n‡”QÑ •

†mjvB‡qi myZv gReyZ n‡e|

•

myZvi is cvKv n‡e|

•

†cvkv‡Ki i‡Oi mv‡_ myZvi is gvbvbmB n‡e|

•

†mjvB cwi”Qbœ n‡e A_©vr RU euvav wKsev fvOv fvOv n‡e bv|

•

†cvkv‡Ki †hme ¯’v‡b Pvc c‡o †mme ¯’v‡b `yBevi †mjvB _vK‡e|

• †mjvB‡qi evB‡ii As‡k Ifvi jwKs †mjvB _vK‡e| Gi d‡j †cvkv‡Ki cÖvšÍavi †_‡K myZv DV‡Z cv‡i bv| •

Iobvi av‡i ‡ng A_ev †gwk‡b †mjvB Kiv _vK‡e|

•

†mjvB‡qi av‡i Kgc‡¶ 1.3 †m. wg. ev 0.5 †m. wg. Kvco _vK‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j cwiav‡bi ci Pv‡c †mjvB †d‡m hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

wdwUsˆZwi †cvkvK †Kbvi mgq cwiavbKvixi †`nvK…wZi mv‡_ gvbvbmB bKkv, AvKvi I Avbymw½K welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| hy‡Mi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Ges cwiavbKvixi eqm, †ckv, †`nvK…wZi aib BZ¨vw`i mgš^q mvab K‡i †cvkvK µq Kiv DwPZ| †cvkv‡Ki wdwUs Ggb nIqv evÂbxq hv‡Z DVv-emv, nuvUv-Pjv BZ¨vw` ˆbwgwËK Kv‡R

†cvkvK µ‡q we‡eP¨ welq

119

Amyweav bv nq| GRb¨ cwiavbKvixi †`‡ni cÖK…Z gv‡ci mv‡_ wKQz evowZ gvc †hvM Kiv nq| †hgbÑ ey‡Ki cÖK…Z gvc 32 ev 81.28 †m.wg. n‡j, Zvi mv‡_ †mjvB-Gi Rb¨ 1 ev 2.54 †m.wg. Ges Avivg`vqKZvi Rb¨ 2 ev 5.08 †m.wg. †hvM †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov †cvkvK µ‡qi mgq †`L‡Z n‡e †cvkv‡Ki †Kv_vI †hb †Kv‡bv KzÂb, Uvb ev wXjv bv _v‡K| wdwbwksˆZwi †cvkv‡Ki †¶‡Î wdwbwks ej‡Z †cvkvKwUi ZšÍyi cÖK…wZ, †mjvB‡qi gvb, bKkvi Dchy³Zv, wdwUs BZ¨vw`i mgwš^Z Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq| wdwbwks g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ ˆZwi †cvkv‡K ms‡hvwRZ †j‡ej A‡bKfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z nq| †j‡e‡ji gva¨‡g g~j¨, mvBR, h‡Zœi Dcvq BZ¨vw` wel‡q Z_¨ Rvbv hvq| g~j¨cwiev‡ii e¯¿ ev †cvkvK µ‡qi Rb¨ †gvU Li‡Pi wbw`©ó cwigvY wba©viY Kiv nq| Gi d‡j cvwievwiK ev‡R‡Ui wba©vwiZ As‡Ki UvKvi g‡a¨B †cvkvK µ‡qi †Póv Ki‡Z nq| wbw`©ó ev‡R‡Ui Dci wfwË K‡i †cvkvK µq Kiv n‡j Zv cwiev‡ii A_© e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j bv| eZ©gv‡b ˆZwi †cvkv‡K hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b I DrKl© mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j cQ›`mB ˆZwi †cvkvKwU †ek wPšÍfvebv K‡i µq Ki‡Z nq| †`vKv‡b hLb Kg wfo _v‡K ZLb nv‡Z mgq wb‡q A‡bK †`vKvb Ny‡i g~j¨ hvPvB K‡i †`L‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b AwfÁR‡bi mv‡_ Z_¨ hvPvB K‡i †bqv hvq| G‡Z VKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| Avgv‡`i †`‡k Fixed Price A_©vr wba©vwiZ g~‡j¨i †`vKvb Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| ZvB µ‡qi mgq `i`vg Ki‡Z nq| cwiwPZ †`vKvb Ges mybvg Av‡Q Ggb me †`vKvb †_‡K †Kbv fv‡jv| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb VKvi fq _v‡K bv, Aci w`‡K Kvco I †cvkv‡Ki gvbI fv‡jv nq| GQvov eo eo †`vKv‡b eQ‡i 2-1 evi g~j¨nªv‡m ˆZwi †cvkvK weµq Kiv nq| H mgq fv‡jvfv‡e †`‡L wKb‡Z cvi‡j g~‡j¨i mvkªq nq| KvR-1 †cvkvK µ‡qi we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †cvkv‡Ki ¯’vwqZ¡ wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?

(K) is

(L) †mŠ›`h©

(M) g~j¨

(N) w÷wPs

2| e‡¯¿i ¸Yv¸Y m¤ú‡K© mswÿß weeiY †Kv_vq _v‡K? (K) myZvq

(L) i‡O

(M) †j‡ej

(N) Rwg‡b

120

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: gyw³ †ewki fvMB †Kbv †cvkvK c‡i| Ges evieviB †Kbv †cvkv‡K bvbvwea mgm¨v aiv c‡o| G‡Z †m LyeB wei³ nq| evÜexi civg‡k© Gevi †m `wR©i ˆZwi †cvkvK c‡i| †cvkvKwU c‡i †m ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i| 3| gyw³i µqK…Z †cvkv‡K †KvbwU eRvq _v‡K bv?

(K) g~j¨

(L) AvaywbKZv

(M) †cvkv‡Ki Avivg

(N) wWRvBb

4| gyw³i `wR©i †cvkvK I µqK…Z †cvkv‡Ki cv_©K¨ n‡jv(i) w÷wPs (ii) wdwUs (iii) wdwbwks wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii

(L) ii I iii

(M) i I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

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cÂ`k Aa¨vq

†cvkvK ˆZwi mf¨ mgv‡R me cwiev‡ii Rb¨B †cvkvK GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq| †mjvB Kivi `¶Zv _vK‡j Ges chv©ß mgq nv‡Z _vK‡j N‡i †cvkvK ˆZwi KivB fv‡jv| KviY wb‡Riv N‡i †cvkvK ˆZwi Ki‡j Kg g~‡j¨ †cvkvK ˆZwi Kiv hvq; †cvkv‡Ki wdwUs, †mjvB-Gi gvb Ges mgvwßKiY fv‡jv nq| Aí mg‡q my›`i I cwicvwUfv‡e †cvkvK †mjvB Ki‡Z n‡j KZK¸‡jv avivevwnK avc ev chv©q AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|

cvV 1 - †cvkvK ˆZwii Rb¨ e¯¿ cÖ¯‘ZKiY wewfbœ ai‡bi ZšÍy †hgb Ñ Zzjv, d¬¨v·, †ikg, ckg, bvBjb, †iqb BZ¨vw` †_‡K e¯¿ Drcv`b Kiv nq| GB e¯¿ †_‡K ˆZwi nq †cvkvK| e¯¿wU nv‡Z ev †gwk‡b †evbv n‡Z cv‡i wKsev Zuv‡Zi ˆZwiI n‡Z cv‡i| †cvkv‡Ki Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ KvcowUi ˆZwii c×wZ wewfbœiKg nIqvi Rb¨ Kvc‡oi gv‡S KL‡bv KL‡bv duvK †_‡K hvq| †cvkvK ˆZwii Av‡M Kvco ay‡q wb‡j GB duvK¸‡jv wVK n‡q hvq| hw` Kvco bv ay‡q eyb‡bi duvK mg„× Kvco w`‡q †cvkvK cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Z‡e Zv w`‡q ˆZwi †cvkvK †avqvi ci msKzwPZ n‡q cwiav‡bi Abyc‡hvMx n‡q hvq| ZvB QuvUvi Av‡M Kvco¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb‡j †cvkvK †QvU nIqvi †Kv‡bv fq _v‡K bv| †cvkvK QuvUvi Av‡M mvaviYZ wZbwU c×wZ‡Z Kvco cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ 1| msKywPZ KivÑ †hme Kvco cvwb‡Z †fRv‡bv hvq †m¸‡jv cÖ_‡g K‡qK fuvR K‡i GKwU cwi®‹vi Mvgjvq †i‡L Zvi g‡a¨ Ggbfv‡e cvwb w`‡Z n‡e †hb KvcowU fv‡jvfv‡e Wy‡e _v‡K| Gfv‡e 8/9 NÈv ivL‡Z n‡e Ges gv‡S gv‡S Gcvk Icvk K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Zvici cvwb †_‡K KvcowU Zz‡j `yÕnv‡Zi Zvjyi g‡a¨ †i‡L Pvc w`‡q cvwb †ei K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î KvcowU wbsov‡bv DwPZ bq| Gici KvcowU †S‡o ïKv‡Z w`‡Z

122

Mvn©¯’¨ weÁvb

Kvco msKywPZ Kiv

n‡e| hw` Lye ZvovZvwo Kvco msKywPZ Kivi `iKvi nq Z‡e `yÕwU cvÎ wb‡q GKwU cv‡Î Mig cvwb Ges AciwU‡Z VvÊv cvwb wb‡Z n‡e| Gevi KvcowU K‡qK fuv‡R fuvR K‡i GKevi Mig cvwb‡Z I GKevi VvÊv cvwb‡Z 5-10 wgwbU K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e 5/6 evi Kivi ci KvcowU ïKv‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| 2| Kvc‡oi avi †mvRv Kiv- QuvUvi mgq Kvc‡oi avi †mvRv bv _vK‡j †cvkvK QuvU‡Z Amyweav nq| GRb¨ Kvco QuvUvi Av‡M avi¸‡jv †mvRv K‡i wb‡Z nq| Kvco cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q msKzwPZ Kivi ci Aí †fRv _vK‡ZB GKwU †Uwe‡ji Ici mgvb fv‡e wewQ‡q `yB w`K †U‡b †mvRv Ki‡Z nq| GQvov cÖ‡qvR‡b Kvc‡oi Avo w`‡Ki GKwU myZv †U‡b Zz‡j H eivei Kvco †Qu‡U avi †mvRv Kiv hvq|

Kvc‡oi avi †mvRv Kiv

3| Bw¯¿ Kiv - Kvco msKzwPZ Kivi ci A‡bK mgqB Kvc‡o fuvR c‡o| Kvc‡oi GB KzuPKv‡bv fve `~i Kivi Rb¨ Bw¯¿ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| memgq Kvc‡oi D‡ëvw`‡K j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e Bw¯¿ Ki‡Z nq Ges e‡¯¿i Zš‘i cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i Bw¯¿i ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i wb‡Z nq|

Bw¯¿ Kiv

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Qvcv ev iwOb Kvc‡oi is cvKv wKbv Zv Kvco KvUvi c~‡e©B cix¶v Kiv DwPZ| G‡ÿ‡Î Kvc‡oi wKbviv †_‡K mvgvb¨ Kvco mvevb I nvjKv Mig cvwb mn‡hv‡M ay‡q †iv‡` ïwK‡q Avevi cy‡iv Kvc‡oi ms‡M wgwj‡q †`L‡Z n‡e| hw` Kvc‡oi Qvcv D‡V hvq ev is weeY© nq Z‡e 1 MR Kvc‡o GKgy‡Vv jeY w`‡q cvwb‡Z cÖvq 1 NÈv wfwR‡q ivL‡j msKzwPZKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk iOI cvKv nq|

KvR-1 †cvkvK ˆZwii Rb¨ e¯¿ cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi avc¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e D‡jøL Ki|

cvV 2- †`‡ni gvc †bqvi c×wZ gvbvbmB wdwUs †cvkvK ˆZwii Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡jv bKkv Abyhvqx mwVKfv‡e cwiavbKvixi †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki gvc †bIqv| cwiKíbv Abymv‡i cÖ_‡g KvM‡R g~j bKkv AsKb Kiv nq| gvc Abymv‡i g~j bKkv‡K c‡i P~ovšÍ bKkv ev c¨vUv‡b© i~c `vb Kiv nq| me©‡k‡l P~ovšÍ bKkv Abyhvqx Kvco QuvUv I †mjvB K‡i †cvkvK ˆZwi Kiv nq| †cvkvK‡f‡` †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki gvc †bIqv nq| ZvB KvwgR ˆZwii mgq †`‡ni †hme As‡ki gvc †bIqv nq, c¨v›U ˆZwii mgq †mme As‡ki gvc †bqv nq bv| †h‡Kv‡bv †cvkv‡Ki cwiKíbv Kiv †nvK bv †Kb gvc †bqvi mgq †gvUvgywUfv‡e K‡qKwU wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶ ivLv DwPZ| †hgbÑ 1) GKwU `„p A_P bgbxq I mwVK gvcvi wdZv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e | 2) gvcvi mgq wdZv †mvRv K‡i aiv DwPZ | 3) KL‡bv wb‡Ri gvc wb‡R †bIqv wVK bq| G‡Z gvc wVK nq bv| 4) gvc †bIqvi mgq †mvRv n‡q `uvov‡Z n‡e| 5) †Kvg‡ii gvc †bIqvi mgq †Kvg‡ii ¯^vfvweK fvu‡R AvjMvfv‡e wdZv †i‡L gvc wb‡Z n‡e| 6) ey‡Ki gvc †bIqvi mgq c~Y© k¦vm MÖnY K‡i gvc wb‡Z n‡e| 7) wn‡ci gvc †bIqvi mgq me‡P‡q ùxZ As‡ki Dci wdZv †i‡L gvc wb‡Z n‡e| 8) †Kvgi, eyK I wn‡ci gvc †bIqvi mgq wdZvi wb‡P PviwU AvOyj wewQ‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| 9) nvZvi †Ni, Mjv, c¨v‡›Ui †gŠix cÖf„wZ gvc †bqvi mgq `yÕwU AvOyj wdZvi wb‡P ivL‡Z n‡e| 10) dzj nvZvi j¤^vi gvc wb‡Z n‡j Kwâ †_‡K 1.90 †m.wg. †ewk gvc wb‡Z n‡e| 11) †h e¨w³i gvc †bqv n‡e Zv‡K GKwU wdwUs †Wªm c‡i wb‡Z n‡e| 12) cÖwZwU gvc †bqvi mgq mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv LvZv ev †bvU ey‡K wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e | †cvkvK ˆZwi‡Z kix‡ii †hme As‡ki gvc wb‡Z nq, †mjvB-Gi cwifvlvq †m¸‡jvi we‡kl bvg i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki bvg D‡jøL K‡i gvc †bqvi c×wZ eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ 1| Szj - Szj ej‡Z †cvkv‡Ki j¤^v gvc‡K †evSvq| †hgbÑ Kvwg‡Ri †¶‡Î 2 bs wP‡Î K-L ch©šÍ †cvkv‡Ki Sz‡ji gvc| Ab¨w`‡K c¨v›U ev mv‡jvqv‡ii †¶‡Î 3 bs wP‡Î M-N ch©šÍ gvc|

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2| cyU -†giy`‡Êi me‡P‡q DuPz nvo †_‡K Kuv‡ai †kl cÖv‡šÍi DuPz nvo ch©šÍ gvc‡K cyU e‡j| 2 bs wP‡Î K-M ch©šÍ gvc| 3| Mjv -Mjvi ga¨we›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i Pviw`K †eób K‡i Mjvi gvc wb‡Z nq| 4| nvZv -Kuv‡ai †kl cÖvšÍ †_‡K B”Qvg‡Zv Kwâ eivei j¤^v gvc| 5| gyûix -evû ev Kwâi †N‡ii gvc‡K gyûix e‡j| 2 bs wP‡Î P-O evûi †N‡ii gvc| 6| eyK -ey‡Ki me‡P‡q ùxZ As‡ki †N‡ii gvc| 1 bs wP‡Î K-L eivei †eób K‡i †h gvc|

†`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki gvc

7| †Kvgi -KwU †iLvi Pviw`‡Ki †N‡ii gvc| 1 bs wP‡Î M-N eivei †eób K‡i †h gvc | 8| wnc -†Kvgi †_‡K 17.7-22.8 †m.wg. wb‡Pi me‡P‡q ùxZ As‡ki †N‡ii gvc| 1 bs wP‡Î O-P eivei †eób K‡i †h gvc| 9| †gŠix -dzjc¨v›U, cvRvgv, mv‡jvqvi cÖf„wZ †cvkv‡Ki cv‡qi †N‡ii gvc| 3 bs wP‡Î S-T we›`y eivei †eób K‡i cQ›`g‡Zv †h gvc | KvR-1 †cvkvK ˆZwi‡Z †`‡ni †hme As‡ki gvc wb‡Z nq wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †cv÷vi AvKv‡i D‡jøL Ki|

cvV 3 - e¯¿ KvUvi bxwZ Kvco QuvUvq m„RbkxjZv Avb‡Z n‡j KZK¸‡jv †KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| G †KŠkj¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv1| KvcowU †Uwe‡ji evB‡i †hb Sz‡j bv c‡o †mRb¨ mgvb K‡i †Uwe‡ji Dci wewQ‡q wb‡Z n‡e| 2| Kvc‡oi †mvRv w`K wfZ‡i †i‡L D‡ëv w`‡K me¸‡jv c¨vUvb© wewQ‡q cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †h cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvco Av‡Q wKbv| 3| Kvco QuvUvi mgq fuv‡Ri †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv `iKvi| j¤^vjw¤^ w`K Abyhvqx Kvco QuvU‡j †cvkv‡Ki †mŠ›`h© I ¯’vwqZ¡ ev‡o Ges Kvc‡oi AcPqI †iva Kiv hvq|

†cvkvK ˆZwi

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4| Kvco QuvUvi mgq Kvc‡oi Qvcvi w`‡K we‡kl bRi ivLv DwPZ| Qvcv Kvc‡oi d«K KvU‡Z n‡j WªvdU¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Kvc‡oi Dci weQv‡Z n‡e †hb †cvkv‡Ki Ic‡ii As‡ki Qvcvi mv‡_ wb‡Pi As‡ki Qvcvi GKwU my›`i wgj _v‡K| 5| cvo mn †hme Kvco cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv Qvcv Kvco cvo mn Kvco QuvUvi mgq cvo †hb †cvkv‡Ki wb‡Pi w`‡K _v‡K †mw`‡K j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| A‡bK mgq cvo¸‡jv A†Kv‡bvMv fv‡e †Qu‡U jvMv‡jI †cvkvK †`L‡Z my›`i jv‡M| 6| Kvc‡oi Dci me ai‡bi c¨vUvb© wewQ‡q Avjwcb w`‡q c¨vUvb©¸‡jv AvUwK‡q Kvco QuvU‡Z nq| 7| Kvco QuvUvi mgq gvSvix AvKv‡ii (17.78 †mw›UwgUvi- 20.32 †mw›UwgUvi) aviv‡jv KuvwP e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Kvco KL‡bv nv‡Z †i‡L QuvUv DwPZ bq| c¨vUvb© I Kvco GK nv‡Z Pvc w`‡q a‡i Ab¨ nv‡Z KuvwP Pvjv‡Z nq| Wªvd&‡Ui gva¨‡g Kvco †Qu‡U Kxfv‡e GKwU †cvkvK ˆZwi Kiv hvq †m m¤ú‡K© Avgiv GLb Rvbvi †Póv Kie| G cÖm‡½ LyeB mvaviY GKwU †cvkvK wK‡Pb G‡cÖv‡bi bvg D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ivbœvN‡i †Zj, gkjvi `vM †_‡K cwi‡aq †cvkvK i¶vi Rb¨ wK‡Pb G‡cÖvb e¨envi Kiv nq| 86.5 †m.wg./34″ j¤^v I 46 †m.wg./18″ cÖ¯‘ wewkó G‡cÖvb ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j 1bs wPÎ Abyhvqx 91.44 †m.wg./36″ j¤^v Ges 22.86″ †m.wg./9″ PIov wewkó K L M N GKwU AvqZvKvi KvMR wb‡Z n‡e| Gici 1bs wPÎvbymv‡i O †_‡K P ch©šÍ euvKvfv‡e nvZvi †mBc Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb 91.44 †m.wg./36″ j¤^v Ges 45.72 †m.wg./18″ PIov wewkó GKwU Kvco‡K j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e `yB fuvR K‡i KvM‡Ri Wªvd&U †d‡j QuvUvi ci fuvR Lyj‡j 2bs wP‡Îi g‡Zv G‡cÖv‡bi AvK…wZ n‡e| wPÎ: 1

wK‡Pb G‡cÖvb

wPÎ: 2

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Gevi G‡cÖv‡bi cÖvšÍ avi¸‡jv‡Z †ng †mjvB w`‡j Dc‡i I bx‡P cÖvq 5.08 †m.wg./2″ Gi g‡Zv K‡g G‡cÖvbwUi gvc 86.36 †m.wg./34″ †Z `vov‡e| me‡k‡l G‡cÖv‡bi †Kvg‡ii `yB w`‡K `yBwU j¤^v wdZv I Mjvi Dc‡i e‡Lqv †mjvB Gi mvnv‡h¨ wP‡Îi b¨vq wdZv ms‡hvRb Ki‡jB G‡cÖvb ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e| KvR-1 WªvdwUs Kivi ci Kvco KvUvi bxwZ AbymiY K‡i GKUv wK‡Pb G‡cÖvb ˆZwi Ki|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| cwiavbKvixi gvc Abymv‡i KvM‡R Kx ˆZwi Kiv nq?

(K) PzovšÍ bKkv

(L) g~j WªvdU

(M) †Wªwcs c×wZ

(N) c¨vUvb© WªvdwUs

2| †Kvb †mjvB‡q `ÿZvi †ewk cÖ‡qvRb? (i) mv‡jvqvi (ii) eøvDR (iii) †cwU‡KvU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii

(L) i I iii

(M) ii I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| wgZz †`vKvb †_‡K Kvco wK‡b `wR©‡K Rvgv evbv‡Z †`q| Rvgv ˆZwii ci K‡qKw`b c‡o RvgvwU ay‡j wgZz jÿ K‡i Rvgvi AvKvi †QvU n‡q †M‡Q Ges is A‡bKUv D‡V hv‡”Q| 3| wgZzi Rvgvi †ÿ‡Î †cvkvK ˆZwii c~e© cÖ¯‘wZi †Kvb welqwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq wbÑ (i) Rvgv ˆZwii c~‡e© Kvco bv †avqv (ii) avi †mvRv Kiv (iii) Kvc‡oi is cvKv wKbv hvPvB Kiv| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (K) i I ii

(L) i I iii

(M) ii I iii

(N) i, ii I iii

†cvkvK ˆZwi

127

4| wgZzi RvgvwU Kxfv‡e cwiavb Dc‡hvMx Kiv †hZ? (K) cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q| (L) mvev‡b wfwR‡q (M) Clr Mig cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q| (N) je‡Yi `ªeY/wdUwKwi `ªe‡Y wfwR‡q|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1|

wd‡ivRv †eMg wK‡Pb G‡cÖvb ˆZwii Rb¨ 1 MR jsK¬_ Kvco †K‡bb| WªvdU e¨envi bv K‡i GK MR Kvco j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e fuvR K‡i Szj -34″ Ges eyK 32″ gv‡c wK‡Pb G‡cÖvb ˆZwi K‡ib| G‡cÖvb ˆZwii ci c‡i †`Lv †Mj wd‡ivRv †eM‡gi †`‡n G‡cÖvbwU mwVKfv‡e jvM‡Q bv| (K) gvbvbmB wdwUs †cvkvK ˆZwii Ab¨Zg kZ© Kx? (L) †Kvb c×wZ‡Z `ªyZ c¨vUvb© ˆZwi Kiv hvqÑ eywS‡q ej| (M) DÏxc‡Ki gvc Abymv‡i GKwU wK‡Pb G‡cÖv‡bi WªvdU ˆZwi Ki| (N) wd‡ivRv †eM‡gi kix‡i wK‡Pb G‡cÖvbwU mwVKfv‡e jvMvi Rb¨ WªvdU mnvqKÑZzwg wK GKgZ? ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|

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