Suburban Acupuncture

How the participation of older people in public life in British suburbs can be better supported through suburban acupuncture.

Maria Mendoza Guerrero

With many thanks to Mary Ann Steane

0. Abstract

1. Introduction

Glossary

2. Literature Review

Research Questions

4. Research Method

5. Design Approach

Young families 5.2 Older people

Densification

Homes creation

Sociability and accesibility

Conclusion

Bibliography

Others

0. Abstract

The starting point of this research is the assumption that retrofit is an approach worth careful examination, given that regeneration is fundamental to avoid further land consumption. The existing building stock is not only a problem to be solved but a great resource.1 This study focuses on understanding how an increasingly ageing population will affect Britain, specifically those living in two-thirds of the housing stock: the suburbs. The current characteristics of UK suburbia create a poor environment for healthy ageing. By 2050, one out of four people will be over 65. We should not want to segregate older people in care homes. There is a need to adapt our suburbs to support older people to age for as long as possible independently and with a good quality of life. The design project will be sited in Galleywood, a suburban settlement in Essex. The reason for choosing this location is that one out four people in Galleywood are already over the age of 65, making it a suitable testing ground for understanding the Britain of 2050.

1. Introduction

The aim of this thesis lies in helping an under-represented group, older people, have a more significant influence over suburban British planning policy. To foster a greater sense of community and encourage more active lifestyles. Identifying the barriers preventing older people from engaging among themselves and others, particularly the lack of porosity in the suburban grain and the fear of the street amongst the elderly, this thesis examines the kind of suburban acupuncture that will seed the necessary change. This goal is to establish how Galleywood might become the ‘care 1 Marinis, C. D. 2013. ‘Density Exercises in Projects of Oriol Bohigas. Density as a Tool for Suburbs Regeneration’. Undefined. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Density-exercises-in-pro jects-of-Oriol-Bohigas.-as-Marinis/bfde3fd5938e36bf4a4d6c04faa8861bb7d684e0

Author’s own

Fig. 1: Ann pictured in her home in Galley wood, Essex, where she lives on her own.

Fig. 2: Ann’s back garden. Designed with out opportunities for social interactions.

neighbourhood’ of the future through potential interventions. These interventions can all work independently, but their combination creates a significant change across the suburb. They will each target a different problem, some in a spatial form and others through programmatic responses.

1.1 Glossary

This essay uses the terminology older people to refer to someone over 65 years old as the policy world uses this age to demarcate this stage of life. However, this thesis recognises that more senior people exist in a wide range of conditions.2

It is also essential to understand suburbs since definitions in the academic and policy worlds provide little indication of how the suburban built environment is approached as inhabited space. As Hinchcliffe stated, “for some, the suburb is a geographical space; for others, it is a cultural form; while for others, it is still a state of mind.”3 Commuting patterns suggest that suburban centres are situated in relationships with other places rather than in a bilateral relationship with the metropolitan centre. The suburbs are multi-dimensional with social spaces beyond the reductive categories so frequently applied to them, whether in socio-economic processes or exclusive cultural affiliation.4

“Density is a quantitative parameter that affects architecture and life quality. In this research, density is an extended three-fold: density of buildings, the density of encounter (whose values are randomness and closeness), and density of uses (differentiation of activities and functions).”5

We must understand density as a regeneration tool. The thickness of meetings refers to the frequency, character, and controllability of random encounters. It defines the quality of urban life, in contrast with the loneliness and dispersion often found in British suburbs.6

Encounter is an essential element of social practice.7 “Cities are full of people with whom a certain degree of contact is useful or enjoyable.” These encounters are “not trivial at all. The sum of such casual public contact is a feeling for the public identity of people, a web of public respect and trust, and a resource in time of personal or neighbourhood needs.”8 This is why “cities are civilised by treating their public domain - their sidewalks.”9

3.

Fig. 3: Ted Cruz. An artistic representation of the urbanisa tion of the surburbs of San Diego.

2 Pinsker, Joe. 2020. ‘When Does Someone Become “Old”?’ The Atlantic. 27 January 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/01/old-people-older-elderly-middle-age/605590/.

3 Hinchcliffe, Tanis. 2005. ‘Review Essay: Elusive Suburbs, Endless Variation’. Journal of Urban History 31 (6): 899–906. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144205276993.

4 Vaughan, Laura, Sam Griffiths, Mordechai (Muki) Haklay, and Catherine (Kate) Emma Jones. 2009. ‘Do the Suburbs Exist? Discovering Complexity and Specificity in Suburban Built Form’. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (4): 475–88.

5 Marinis, C. D. 2013. ‘Density Exercises in Projects of Oriol Bohigas. Density as a Tool for Suburbs Regeneration’. Undefined. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Density-exercises-in-pro jects-of-Oriol-Bohigas.-as-Marinis/bfde3fd5938e36bf4a4d6c04faa8861bb7d684e0.

6 BOHIGAS, Oriol: Reconstrucción de Barcelona. Madrid, 1986.

7 Merrifield, M, “The Politics of the Encounter,” Chap. 4, (In The Politics of the Encounter: Urban Theory and Protest Under Planetary Urbanization, 57, 2013).

8 Jacobs, J, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, (Chapt 3. The uses of Sidewalks: Con tact, 72-73 New York: Modern Library), 2011.

9 Rogers, R, “Public Spaces.” (Chap. 9, In A Place for all People, 243. Great Britain: Canongate Books), 2017.

Fig. 4: Ted Cruz. The densification of the San Diego suburbs by a range of amenities and new homes creation by Mexican inmigrants.

Fig. 5: Map of all the Chelmsford parishes. The key on the left shows the average age of each of them. The only that has an aver age of over 60 years old is Galleywood, the furthest south parish, coloured in a dark maroon.

2. Literature Review

The urban terminology ‘urban acupuncture’ describes “strategies of independent interventions applied in the urban fabric that directly impact their immediate surroundings and produce a larger-scale effect since they are coordinated.”10 The intensity of cohabitation and the expression of apparent social unity are two fundamental and indispensable qualities in any great model of urban civilisation. Therefore, suburban culture should also build on such values. Mending through urban acupuncture is a methodology based on building upon what has already been built and is set on the belief that it is better to densify environments than further expansion. Therefore, as Jesus Hérnandez argues, the question cannot be reduced to a discussion over the occupation percentages, the distribution of services, or circulation patterns.

Fig. 6: Plan of Galleywood, showing the different levels of connectivity among its roads.

Fig. 7: Digimaps Plan of Galleywood in 1760.

Fig. 8: Digimaps Plan of Galleywood in 1940.

Fig. 9: Digimaps Plan of Galleywood in 1960

Fig, 10: Digimaps Plan of Galleywood in 1990

Instead, the goal is to produce a suitable space across the entire settlement scope and maintain the necessary social tension for all the sectors sustaining suburbia.11

There is also the clinical metaphor of “acupuncture”, which acts on a point explicitly chosen for its strategic location, significance, and, overall, its suitable system of relationships and its ability to use that system to autonomously direct the cure for a more general and widespread illness. Manuel de Sòla-Morales highlighted the “strategic, systematic and interdependent” character of the terminology ‘urban acupuncture’ as “the urban skin” or the “epidermis”, understood “as a rich, complex, and enormously influential membrane” that constitutes a system in itself.12 This is linked to the concept of porosity in texts such as “Naples” by Walter Benjamin.13 Acupuncture is now a standard method used in the rising “humanisation” and reduction of the programmatic radicalism characteristic of the Modern Movement.

In his book “Barcelona: The Urban Evolution of a Compact City”, Joan Busquets describes Oriol Bohigas as the originator of this strategy. It is about making spaces work for their inhabitants by understanding their social needs.14 Furthermore, one fundamental need for all kinds of residents is the option to share space with others and socialise. To have this choice can lift the quality of homes dramatically.

10 Casanova, Helena, and Hernández, Jesus. 2014. ‘Oriol Bohigas, Urban Form Another Principal Actor: Mending and Acupunture’. In Public Space Acuputunture, Strategies and Interventions for Activating City Life, edited by Devesa, Ricardo, translated by Kay Bunning, Angela. Actar Publisher.

11 Helena Casanova and Jesús Hernández. 2014. Public Space Acupuncture, Strategies and Inter ventions for Active City Life. Actar Publishers.

12 Manuel de Sòla-Morales. 2008. A Matter of Things. Rotterdam: Nai Publishers.

13 Ingram, Susan. 2002. ‘The Writing of Asja Lacis’. New German Critique, no. 86: 159–77. https:// doi.org/10.2307/3115205.

14 Joan Busquets. 2005. Barcelona: The Urban Evolution of a Compact City. Rovereto: Nicolodi editore.

However, in the urban strategy, if any, of most suburbs, public shared space is not a priority if at all a factor to be considered. They are settlements where private parcels of property reign and inhabitants reduce their worlds to the areas they own. Martin Pawley anticipated this phenomenon in his1970s book “The Private Future”. He maintained that, in our consumer society, “the decline of public life is both a result and cause of privatisation.”

15 More recently, the sociologist Richard Sennett described dead public space as the space devoted to the circulation of vehicles and people, claiming that it has lost its character as a place to remain, arguing that “the erasure of alive public space contains an even more perverse idea: that public space is an area to move through, not to be in.”

16 Numerous group activities traditionally held in public spaces have moved into the private sphere, so parks and public squares have lost part of their function as meeting places. This is particularly true in the suburbs, where the only public space tends to be made out of roads, narrow paths running on either side, and ‘cul de sacs’. It has become so focused on transport and its effectiveness that the design of suburbs in the 50s-90s in the West was based on the concept of transportation by a self-owned car.

One of the consequences of the lack of use of public space is that it can sometimes result in a generalised perception of insecurity among citizens afraid of using public space because they consider it dangerous, which can come to pass. As it is in Galleywood, walker-empty streets but car-dominated ones. Older people are scared to walk in an empty path if they are required to be aided, but no one is around. Opposing its original purpose, this has led to lower effectiveness rates in transport in the suburbs as generations age and are not as capable of driving. Residents are caged in their homes as they become afraid of poorly kept up paths along high-speed roads. Therefore, homes are now, to an extent, public spaces. To implement suburban acupuncture, it is vital to acknowledge what areas are used in how we traditionally have understood public space.17 This can help us tackle public space’s tendency to lose its public function as the city’s socialising capability.

Public space acupuncture strategies do not have an aesthetic purpose, such as beautifying public space or a merely functional end. Still, they tend to respond to social needs or the desire to improve specific aspects of urban life. Sometimes, material interventions are combined with immaterial actions, and permanent interventions are combined with temporary ones, generating a vast catalogue of possibilities. Architects have started devising new ways of solving problems that do not necessarily need to be based on permanent physical interventions but can consist of temporary actions without any physical component due to the lack of funding from governments on this matter. This is concerning since it highlights the lack of acknowledgement on their behalf to understand how public space impacts the health of its surrounding residents, contributing to the further consumption of healthcare systems. Family dispersal has brought places like Galleywood to their current ageing state. For example, Ann, an older resident in the town, and her husband moved to Galleywood - after World War 2. Once her children were old enough to attend university, they left home and found jobs in economic centres like London or Manchester. A similar pattern is apparent across the town, which means nearly one out of three people in

15 Martin Pawley. 1974. The Private Future. London: Thames & Hudson.

16 Richard Sennett. 1977. The Fall of Public Man. New York: Knopf.

17 Elisa Silva. 2020. Puro Espacio, Transformaciones Del Espacio Público En Asentamientos Es pontáneos de Ámerica Latina. New York, Barcelona: Actar Publishers.

Fig. 11-15: Ted Cruz A sequence showing the impact of Mexi can inmigration on the homogeneity of San Diego’s suburbs.

Fig. 16: Barefoot Architects ‘Back Garden City’ in a low-density post-war suburb of Bristol.

Fig. 17: Proposed section across Ann’s home after introducing elderly homes in back gardens.

Fig. 18: Proposed isonometric drawing of the cul ‘de sac’ in Chaplin Close, Galley wood with suburban acupuncture interven tions.

Galleywood are over 65. Growing up in these suburban environments has left a cultural ideology of what is understood as the best environment to have a family in Britain. As a result, Ann’s three children have moved to other ‘newer’ suburban towns surrounding the economic centres where they work. Similarly, Ann’s grandchildren have started to leave their homes to study or work in these cities.18 Nevertheless, most importantly, Ann’s children belong to the baby-boomers generation, the largest generation that will age for the longest. This will lead to less densely inhabited suburbs with no intergenerational aspects, leaving many wondering who will care for the baby boomers when they are older and live far from their families.

There are two parallel issues: older people without enough resources to look after themselves for an extended period and families and younger adults who cannot afford to have a space to raise a family or live comfortably in inner cities. Therefore, the answer to an economic issue such as this one must be a model that attracts families to move to suburbs such as Galleywood through a range of urban acupuncture strategies raging from the temporal to the permanent. From the programmatic to the physical benefits. These would range from cheaper and more spacious housing options and the availability of low-cost children’s daycare through programs such as “rent a granny” in Germany, where older people’s health benefit from the contact with children, and families can afford their daycare through a reduced fee.19 In addition, having these families in rapidly ageing suburbs would reduce the speed at which these environments age and introduce a much higher density of encounters, new amenities and businesses, improved walkability and sociability over time, and support older adults’ intergenerational needs.

18.

Some strategies would range from producing housing adapted for older people in back gardens for a reasonable price while relinquishing homes for families, creating a higher density of inhabitation and turning back gardens into public spaces shared across generations. The goal would be for one-fourth of the houses in the town to be adapted for older residents. In addition, sections of back gardens may be used to create pedestrian paths that improve the accessibility of a settlement full of ‘cul de sacs’.

3. Research Questions

1. Can planning reform in suburbia help address loneliness by enabling older occupants to face the street more confidently? Through measured densification of suburbia, can its typically empty front gardens take on a new role?

2. Can the homogeneity of suburbs such as Galleywood be diminished by removing the barriers hiding older people from public/civic life through a set of urban acupuncture strategies?

3. What could be credible for suburban acupuncture in Galleywood within its current planning policy? What changes would be required in current planning policy to further ‘regenerate’ British suburbs?

18 Ms Ann Tillett. 2021. Understanding Galleywood through Ann’s lenses. Interview by Mendoza Guerrero Maria. In person interview at her home.

19 Oltermann, Philip. 2014. ‘Germany’s “multigeneration Houses” Could Solve Two Problems for Britain’. The Guardian, 2 May 2014, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/ germany-multigeneration-house-solve-problems-britain.

4. Research Method

The thesis will use the following qualititive research methods: · A literature review. To investigate British suburbia, urban acupuncture and older people using the resources available of academic texts and research articles through Cambridge University’s extensive library, UCL alumni facilities, and Online databases.· Visiting and undertaking formal interviews in Galleywood to understand how this place is lived.· Case study analysis by visiting suburbs to understand the formal and informal interventions in the following case studies: San Diego, Tijuana and Mexico City.· Interviewing individuals and leading experts in the fields related in the University of Cambridge.· Testing design research by presenting thesis work at workshops with its future users: residents of Galleywood.

5. Design Approach

5.1 A new scheme for young families in suburbs

Young families struggle to purchase a comfortable family home in city centres. As a result, they have had to adapt to smaller homes, making it harder to raise a family. Since the coronavirus pandemic, many jobs have become ‘online jobs’ or part-time jobs in the office and part-time working remotely. Since, we have seen a trend to move to locations where the quality of life is prioritised over the proximity to offices. If older people were to free some of their homes at a reasonable price, would places like Galleywood become an exciting offer for younger people? The cost at which the houses could be sold could support them through the remaining living time of their lives and build a low-cost, highly efficient home for themselves in their back gardens. In many cases, to avoid working from home, those who suffer from ‘cabin fever’ could rent rooms in a low, density inhabitation environment from older people like Ann. She was not willing to move out of her home, but she could rent rooms as offices during the day. The worker could accompany the older person and be there if an emergency happened. In addition, interaction moments over lunchtime could build great intergenerational relationships. The summary below provides the different benefits for younger generations when moving to Galleywood under the proposed scheme: Work from home/ in another house (cheap rental spaces). Cheap homes provision. Cheap daycare for children and young families that need it through programs where the elderly take care of children for a low price, like in Germany.20

Outdoor space (both in private and public form). More room available in the home (avoiding the overcrowding that families have been pushed toward due to the housing crisis in major cities.)A cheap location to start new ‘technology business’, and as population density grows, more jobs will be supported through amenities provision and available for all.

5.2 A new economic model work for older people

More money for care would be available for each individual in need, and they would be able to source it from a range of options.

• Improvement of their health through a more social and intergenerational community. Improvement of their mood and cognitive health by being closer to children.21

• Improvement to walkability and reach of resources from amenities to healthcare. They can access proper health care through appropriate accessibility and new popup clinics. Rather than the existing sick care treatment, it would be much more preventative and less invasive therapy for older people, improving their quality of living in their last years.22

They can age in place with a link to the location they hold a bond with or sell and move to a wished-for home.

20 Oltermann, Philip. 2014. ‘Germany’s “multigeneration Houses” Could Solve Two Problems for Britain’. The Guardian, 2 May 2014, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/ germany-multigeneration-house-solve-problems-britain.

21 Oltermann, Philip. 2014. ‘Germany’s “multigeneration Houses” Could Solve Two Problems for Britain’. The Guardian, 2 May 2014, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/ germany-multigeneration-house-solve-problems-britain.

22 Syed, Samina T., Ben S. Gerber, and Lisa K. Sharp. 2013. ‘Traveling Towards Disease: Transpor tation Barriers to Health Care Access’. Journal of Community Health 38 (5): 976–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10900-013-9681-1.

Fig. 19-20: Ann and her daughter Jacquie discuss potential different options for the future of Galleywood and her home.

21.

5.3 Design research and case studies

5.3.1 Densification of amenities and increase of mixed uses.

5.3.1.1 Vacant space between suburban semidetached and detached homes as a potential site for pop up ‘corner shops’ that may sell allotment produce, create playgrounds, small sheltered areas or rooms for neighbourhood socialising, or even bus stops for a better public transport network. Currently, the footpaths are too narrow for walkers. Therefore, they are too small for the new bus stops in the necessary locations.

Case studies:

A. “How Architecture innovations migrate across borders” by Teddy Cruz is a project that describes how Mexican immigrants have organically infilled the suburbs of San Diego to create higher densities and diversities of uses manifesting in a purposeful and illegal land economy that the current urban policy does not support.23

22.

B.“Casa do Quarteirão” by Orizzontale had its program decided by its users and was conceived as an open project: the simple building system made out of modular frames could be adapted and personalised according to several configurations and the various activities that the community wanted.24

23.

Fig. 21-22: Orizzontale Casa do Quarteirão in Madeira.

Fig. 23: Isonometric drawing of the existing cul ‘de sac’ in Chaplin Close.

Fig. 24: Isonometric drawing of the potential pop up ‘corner shops’, playgrounds, small sheltered areas or rooms for neighbourhood socialising.

Fig. 25: Isonometric drawing of the vacant rooms in elderly homes, or any underused home.

24.

5.3.1.2 Vacant rooms in elderly homes, or any underused home,25 could be used as offices to work remotely within a reasonable commute for families and younger people living in the suburbs. It would also mean that an adult would be in an older person’s house during the day, so they could be alert to the necessary help if they had an accident. Coffee breaks could be shared between the working adult and the older person, making money from renting unused rooms while establishing intergenerational connections. Older people who are unwilling to move out of their homes but would like to be part of this town’s strategic change could downsize their homes, similar to what ‘Other other’ proposes through their work. The vacant space could become a form of semi-public/semi-private room, depending on the owner’s choice at each time of the day. It could be used as gardening space, play area or any other purpose proposed by the residents.26

Case studies:

A. Otherothers’ “Offset House” Studio reveals the frames of Australian suburban homes by uncovering the houses’ exoskeletons, creating verandas and outdoor shared spaces from underutilised rooms. Fences around back gardens are removed, and the

23 Cruz, Teddy. 1391614433. How Architectural Innovations Migrate across Borders. https://www.ted.com/ talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders.

24 ‘Casa Do Quarteirão’. 2017. Orizzontale (blog). 14 May 2017. http://www.orizzontale.org/en/ portfolio_page/casa-do-quarteirao/.

25 ‘LIVING CLOSER TOGETHER | CAMBRIDGE DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO’. n.d. Accessed 19 March 2022. http://cambridge-design-research-studio.com/projects/living-closer-together/.

26 ‘Otherothers’ “Offset House” Reveals the Architecture Hidden in Suburban Homes’. 2015. ArchDaily. 12 November 2015. https://www.archdaily.com/777051/otherothers-offset-house-reveals-the-ar chitecture-hidden-in-suburban-homes.

area is transferred to gardening, recreation, and play. Good architecture can be hard to find within the vast sprawling neighbourhoods of the suburban landscape. However, as Otherothers’ Offset House shows, perhaps Architecture may have been hiding there. “The naked timber frame is a thing of elemental beauty, a lacework diagram of infinite potential; the frame is architecture.”27

B. Germany’s ‘multigeneration houses’ could solve two problems for Britain. Pensioners volunteer to read books to the children once a week and run a “rent-agranny” service to relieve exhausted parents. In return, teenagers offer to show older adults how to use computers and mobile phones.28

Fig. 26: Isonometric drawing of the existing underused spaces in various homes.

Fig. 27: Otherothers Offset House proposed section.

26. 27.

5.3.1.3 New smaller town centres could be created in underused public spaces such as junctions or green fields without a use.29 They could be a space used once a week as a GP consulting room and the remaining days as a community hub. These new suburban centres could rotate across the different locations throughout the week in Galleywood. For example, the farmer’s market in central London changes location every day to gain sales in different areas. In Galleywood or other rapidly ageing suburbs, this could have purposes such as mobile/pop-up GP clinics that aim to prevent poor health rather than cure it. The services would come to them once a week instead of older people struggling to make it to certain places and avoiding going altogether. It could allow older people to overcome many barriers that lead to a later diagnosis and a more invasive treatment.30

Case study:

“Becontree state refurbishment” by Nimtim Architects looks at redesigning 12 neglected and underused corner plots to help inform LBBD’s long-term strategy for unused land across the estate.31

27 ‘Otherothers’ “Offset House” Reveals the Architecture Hidden in Suburban Homes’. 2015. ArchDaily. 12 November 2015. https://www.archdaily.com/777051/otherothers-offset-house-reveals-the-ar chitecture-hidden-in-suburban-homes.

28. 29.

28 Oltermann, Philip. 2014. ‘Germany’s “multigeneration Houses” Could Solve Two Problems for Britain’. The Guardian, 2 May 2014, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/02/ germany-multigeneration-house-solve-problems-britain.

29 Buxton, Pamela. n.d. ‘Nimtim’s Green Corners Hope to Restore Joy in Becontree’. Accessed 19 March 2022. https://www.ribaj.com/culture/becontree-housing-estate-nimtim-architects-cor ner-plots-green-infrastucture.

30 Syed, Samina T., Ben S. Gerber, and Lisa K. Sharp. 2013. ‘Traveling Towards Disease: Transpor tation Barriers to Health Care Access. Journal of Community Health 38 (5): 976–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10900-013-9681-1.

31 Buxton, Pamela. n.d. ‘Nimtim’s Green Corners Hope to Restore Joy in Becontree’. Accessed 19 March 2022. https://www.ribaj.com/culture/becontree-housing-estate-nimtim-architects-cor ner-plots-green-infrastucture.

Fig. 28: Nimtim Architects Proposed interventions in Becontree Estate.

Fig. 29: Isonometric drawing of the proposed new satellite ‘town’ centres in underused spaces.

5.3.2 Densification of Homes and creation of different housing typologies.

2.1 Homes in back gardens, based on creating elderly homes adaptations. This could be an economic model based on the design of a home that could be prefabricated and adapted to fit the back gardens and underused spaces available in Galleywood. For example, if the cost of one of the old homes were 200,000 pounds for a house for a new family with two children, that would make it feasible to move to Galleywood. The elderly could re-develop their back garden and use the money from the sale to have their own tiny home in the back garden, designed to Passivhaus standards, securing hardly any bills and leaving them leftover money from their sale for their retirement

5.3.2.1 Blocks of homes across back gardens: with family, assisted care units.32

Case studies:

A. “Back Garden City” by Barefoot Architects proposes new homes for multigenerational living within under-used back gardens in a low-density post-war suburb of Bristol.33

B. Levittown, New York. The proposal “Sited in the Setback: Increasing Density in Levittown” explored the possibility of building accessory dwelling units on existing suburban lots. These units would be able to accommodate ageing parents and caregivers or could be rented out as an additional source of income, slowly changing the economic diversity of suburbs by introducing residents of a range of backgrounds.34

Fig. 30: Isonometric drawing of the existing cul ‘de sac’ in Chaplin Close.

Fig. 31: Isonometric drawing of the potential passivhaus homes in back gardens.

5.3.3 Sociability/ Accessibility.

5.3.3.1 Adding pedestrian routes and back gardens, creating houses with two front gardens. Through an art installation across the town, the owner of these majorly underused spaces could determine whether it is to be used at each given time for private/semi-private use or if it is open for others to socialise and use. This installation across the town could mark the will of this place to achieve a new suburban renaissance.35

Fig. 32: Isonometric drawing of the proposed blocks of assisted living across back gar dens. 30. 31. 32.

Case studies:

A. The Newham paths through back gardens in Cambridge. These are too narrow to allow public life to occur in them. Nevertheless, they have proved to be a beneficial resource for residents, so they have the potential to become public spaces.

32 Waite, Richard. 2018. ‘VPPR Wins Approval for Diagonally Split Backland Homes’. The Architects’ Journal (blog). 16 October 2018. http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/vppr-wins-approval-for-diagonal ly-split-backland-homes.

33 ‘Back Garden City’. n.d. Barefoot Architects. Accessed 7 April 2022. https://barefootarchitects. co.uk/back-garden-city.

34 ‘Bold New Suburbia: Meet The Architects Daring to Better the ’Burbs’. 2013. ArchDaily. 27 August 2013. https://www.archdaily.com/420608/bold-new-suburbia-meet-the-architects-daring-to-betterthe-burbs.

35 Vaughan, Laura, Sam Griffiths, Mordechai (Muki) Haklay, and Catherine (Kate) Emma Jones. 2009. ‘Do the Suburbs Exist? Discovering Complexity and Specificity in Suburban Built Form’. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (4): 475–88.

33. 34.

5.3.3.2 Reducing car speeds through art installations and other methodologies such as shared surfaces.

5.3.3.3 People/encounter density and public space/retail creation

Walking is not only good for physical and mental health; it allows residents to enact with the community. It is also the best way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease by keeping blood flowing through the brain. The reduced mobility that comes with car driven environments such as suburbs makes its residents twice as likely to acquire Alzheimer’s.37

37.

Fig. 33: Isonometric drawing of the existing.

Fig. 34-35: Proposed paths across back gardens and installations to uncover them.

36 ‘149 RUE DES SUISSES APARTMENT BUILDINGS - HERZOG & DE MEURON’. n.d. Accessed 7 April 2022. https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/126-150/149rue-des-suisses-apartment-buildings.html.

37 ‘2020 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures’. 2020. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 16 (3): 391–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068.

Fig. 36: Herzog & de Meuron Rue des Suisses Apartment Buildings, Paris.

Fig. 37: Back gardens paths in Newham.

B. 149, Rue des Suisses Apartment Buildings in Paris, by Herzog & de Meuron, allows residents to determine the level of privacy of their balconies, converting them into semi-public spaces at times.36

38.

Conclusion

Not one model or typology can work on its own to fix the complex and multifaceted problems British suburbs face. For example, some residents in Galleywood, like in other suburban settlements, will not want to take part in selling their properties or parts of them. However, the proposed strategies must be able to work regardless. If only one out of four people took part in the town’s transformation, it should be enough to prepare suburbs for their residents’ ageing by 2050. The goal is not just to provoke a conversation about how we need to give more room to public space through the design of suburban acupuncture but also to create change through some realistic proposals. Of course, some interventions are hypothetical and will not realise themselves, but others will have the potential. Torange Khonsari has proved through her work in her practice “public work” that this kind of work is feasible, necessary, and hoped for by many communities.38 Often, residents would like to be involved in schemes such as co-housing that support the creation and maintenance of communities. Still, the lack of money required to participate in them as we all the time needed to invest makes it impossible for many. Nevertheless, the intent remains to come together.

Works:

Ann used the shaded places in Galley wood when her children were growing up.

Next steps

Ann used the shaded places when she lived with her husband only.

Ann hardly leaves her home now, even though Galleywood is bigger than ever.

The research undertaken for the thesis and the fieldwork should continue to develop and shape the design of the different strategies that will improve the porosity of Galleywood through urban acupuncture. Once these have been fully developed in the context of Galleywood, some of them will be repeated across the town. Therefore, this project must locate what areas can be improved through each and propose an urban plan with all the new adaptations to be placed.Some of these typologies and strategies can be prototypical and adapted to other suburban towns in Britain since they tend to face many of the same issues and will, in their majority, be ageing just as fast. This way, we can make the environments where older people live not shrink in usage as they age, as suburbs currently do.

Fig. 38: Isonometric drawing of the existing cul ‘de sac’ in Chaplin Close.

Fig. 39: Proposed suburban acupuncture to create public space.

Fig. 40: Plans showing the evolution of the space used in Ann’s life as she aged and the town grew in size.

Fig. 37: Google Maps Galleywood. Marked the end of Chaplin Close, the ‘cul de sac’ shown in the previous diagrams.

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Figures

Fig. 1: Author’s own.

Fig. 2: Author’s own.

Fig. 3: Ted Cruz.

https://www.ted.com/talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders

Fig. 4: Ted Cruz.

https://www.ted.com/talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders

Fig. 5: Author’s own.

Fig. 6: Author’s own.

Fig 7: Digimaps. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

Fig 8: Digimaps. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

Fig 9: Digimaps.

https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

Fig 10: Digimaps. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

Fig. 11: Ted Cruz.

https://www.ted.com/talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders

Fig. 12: Ted Cruz.

https://www.ted.com/talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders

Fig. 13: Ted Cruz.

https://www.ted.com/talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders

Fig. 14: Ted Cruz.

https://www.ted.com/talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders

Fig. 15: Ted Cruz.

https://www.ted.com/talks/teddy_cruz_how_architectural_innovations_migrate_across_borders

Fig. 16. Barefoot architects https://barefootarchitects.co.uk

Fig. 17: Author’s own.

Fig. 18: Author’s own.

Fig. 19: Author’s own.

Fig. 20: Author’s own.

Fig. 21: Orizzontale

http://www.orizzontale.org/en/portfolio_page/casa-do-quarteirao/.

Fig. 22: Orizzontale http://www.orizzontale.org/en/portfolio_page/casa-do-quarteirao/.

Fig. 23: Author’s own.

Fig. 24: Author’s own.

Fig. 25: Author’s own.

Fig. 26: Author’s own.

Fig. 27: Otherothers https://www.archdaily.com/777051/otherothers-offset-house-reveals-the-architecture-hid den-in-suburban-homes.

Fig. 28: Nimtim architects https://www.ribaj.com/culture/becontree-housing-estate-nimtim-architects-corner-plots-green-in frastucture.

Fig. 29: Author’s own.

Fig. 30: Author’s own.

Fig. 31: Author’s own.

Fig. 32: Author’s own.

Fig. 33: Author’s own.

Fig. 34: Author’s own.

Fig. 35: Author’s own.

Fig. 36: Herzog & de Meuron https://arquitecturaviva.com/obras/viviendas-en-la-rue-des-suisses-paris

Fig. 37: Author’s own.

Fig. 38: Author’s own.

Fig. 39: Author’s own.

Fig. 40: Author’s own.

Fig. 41: Google Maps https://www.google.es/maps/?hl=es

How the participation of older people in public life in British sub urbs can be better supported through suburban acupuncture.

Pilot Thesis - Maria Mendoza Guerrero