collection
albert kahn
body 21
industrial
data
metadata space
detroit factory 700 piquette ave.
fisher body
column grid
fisher
destination
de-
fisher body fisher body 21 hastings landscape milwaukee junction piquette ave. industrial historic district reinforced concrete structural scaffold studebaker building typologies commercial destination fisher body
troit
expansive
THE NEW METROPOLITAN LIBRARY zoning map fisher body 21
21 industrial institutional metadata residential decay interior space light quality program autonomous collective deployment implicit information library metadata microscopic nano-
COLLECTION / LANDSCAPE / FACTORY
sensors smartdust technology time autonomous collective deployment disperse generation host collection data collection expansion attle public library smart
fisher body 21 growth se-
dust square feet classification systems
folksonomy non-hierarchitagging vocabularies world wide web concatena-
collaborative classification digital facebook flickr
cal organization
tion classification systems data google image search library organization physical data space concatenation library metadata program space stacks tags concatenation library metadata program proximity seattle pub-
lic library space stacks tags albert kahn concrete library fisher body 21
scaffold albert kahn concrete library fisher body 21 scaffold smartdust boundary destination fas forbidden frontier information jean-jacques annaud labyrinth library
map michel de certeau the name of the rose place preservation space spatial stories spatial trajectories tour umberto eco vault alphabet collection cyclical infinite jorge louis borges labyrinths the library of babel official censors
cabulary
truth
data
truth seekers
universe
validity
amazon archived data
controlled vo-
explicit user-created metadata google implicit user-created metadata
metadata pagerank algorithm smartdust tagging user-created world wide web cine eye dziga vertov film jump cut king minos kino-eye knossos labyrinth machine maze minotaur non-hierarchical puzzle rhizome spatial jump cut temporal jump cut temporal labyrinth temporal order time-puzzle encyclopedia the encyclopedia as labyrinth false global infinite interconnected interpretation labyrinth linear maze perspective philosophy psuedotree rhizome semiotics skein tree truth umberto eco analytico-synthetic canonical data model collaborative classification colon classification system dewey decimal classification facebook facet faceted classification systems flickr folksonomy heirarchical information information architecture information systems library library classification systems library of congress classification multiple classifilibrary
metadata
cations non-hierarchical power law shared vocabularies social bookmarking cloud tagging taxonomy universal classification world wide web
tag
collection
albert kahn
body 21
industrial
data
metadata space
detroit factory 700 piquette ave.
fisher body
column grid
fisher
destination
de-
fisher body fisher body 21 hastings landscape milwaukee junction piquette ave. industrial historic district reinforced concrete structural scaffold studebaker building typologies commercial destination fisher body
troit
expansive
zoning map
21 industrial institutional metadata residential decay interior space light quality program autonomous collective deployment implicit information library metadata microscopic nano-
fisher body 21
1. THE NEW METROPOLITAN LIBRARY
sensors smartdust technology time autonomous collective deployment disperse generation host collection data collection expansion attle public library smart
fisher body 21 growth se-
dust square feet classification systems
folksonomy non-hierarchitagging vocabularies world wide web concatena-
collaborative classification digital facebook flickr
cal organization
tion classification systems data google image search library organization physical data space concatenation library metadata program space stacks tags concatenation library metadata program proximity seattle public library space stacks tags albert kahn concrete library fisher body 21
scaffold albert kahn concrete library fisher body 21 scaffold smartdust boundary destination fas forbidden frontier information jean-jacques
map michel de certeau the name of the rose place preservation space spatial stories spatial trajectories tour umberto eco vault alphabet collection cyclical infinite jorge louis borges labyrinths the library of babel
2. COLLECTION / FACTORY / LANDSCAPE
3. CLASSIFICATION / DEPLOYMENT
annaud labyrinth library
official censors
cabulary
truth
data
truth seekers
universe
validity
amazon archived data
4. ORGANIZATION / CONCATENATION
controlled vo-
explicit user-created metadata google implicit user-created metadata
metadata pagerank algorithm smartdust tagging user-created world wide web cine eye dziga vertov film jump cut king minos kino-eye knossos labyrinth machine maze minotaur non-hierarchical puzzle rhizome spatial jump cut temporal jump cut temporal labyrinth temporal order time-puzzle encyclopedia the encyclopedia as labyrinth false global infinite interconnected interpretation labyrinth linear maze perspective philosophy psuedotree rhizome semiotics skein tree truth umberto eco analytico-synthetic canonical data model collaborative classification colon classification system dewey decimal classification facebook facet faceted classification systems flickr folksonomy heirarchical information information architecture information systems library library classification systems library of congress classification multiple classifilibrary
metadata
cations non-hierarchical power law shared vocabularies social bookmarking cloud tagging taxonomy universal classification world wide web
tag
5. TERMINOLOGY / SELECTED READINGS
collection
albert kahn
body 21
industrial
data
metadata space
detroit factory 700 piquette ave.
fisher body
column grid
fisher
destination
de-
fisher body fisher body 21 hastings landscape milwaukee junction piquette ave. industrial historic district reinforced concrete structural scaffold studebaker building typologies commercial destination fisher body
troit
expansive
zoning map
21 industrial institutional metadata residential decay interior space light quality program autonomous collective deployment implicit information library metadata microscopic nano-
fisher body 21
1. THE NEW METROPOLITAN LIBRARY
sensors smartdust technology time autonomous collective deployment disperse generation host collection data collection expansion attle public library smart
fisher body 21 growth se-
dust square feet classification systems
folksonomy non-hierarchitagging vocabularies world wide web concatena-
collaborative classification digital facebook flickr
cal organization
tion classification systems data google image search library organization physical data space concatenation library metadata program space stacks tags concatenation library metadata program proximity seattle public library space stacks tags albert kahn concrete library fisher body 21
scaffold albert kahn concrete library fisher body 21 scaffold smartdust boundary destination fas forbidden frontier information jean-jacques
map michel de certeau the name of the rose place preservation space spatial stories spatial trajectories tour umberto eco vault alphabet collection cyclical infinite jorge louis borges labyrinths the library of babel
2. COLLECTION / FACTORY / LANDSCAPE
3. CLASSIFICATION / DEPLOYMENT
annaud labyrinth library
official censors
cabulary
truth
data
truth seekers
universe
validity
amazon archived data
4. ORGANIZATION / CONCATENATION
controlled vo-
explicit user-created metadata google implicit user-created metadata
metadata pagerank algorithm smartdust tagging user-created world wide web cine eye dziga vertov film jump cut king minos kino-eye knossos labyrinth machine maze minotaur non-hierarchical puzzle rhizome spatial jump cut temporal jump cut temporal labyrinth temporal order time-puzzle encyclopedia the encyclopedia as labyrinth false global infinite interconnected interpretation labyrinth linear maze perspective philosophy psuedotree rhizome semiotics skein tree truth umberto eco analytico-synthetic canonical data model collaborative classification colon classification system dewey decimal classification facebook facet faceted classification systems flickr folksonomy heirarchical information information architecture information systems library library classification systems library of congress classification multiple classifilibrary
metadata
cations non-hierarchical power law shared vocabularies social bookmarking cloud tagging taxonomy universal classification world wide web
tag
5. TERMINOLOGY / SELECTED READINGS
1. THE NEW METROPOLITAN LIBRARY
1. THE NEW METROPOLITAN LIBRARY
THE NEW METROPOLITAN
The New Metropolitan
LIBRARY AS...
Library
...a collection, landscape, and factory of metadata that embraces the unrestrained format of a publicized world within which the distinction between physical and digital is rapidly blurring.
In its history, the library has always been seen as a fortress for the book. It is an "uncontested moral universe" -it offers upon its users truth and validity in a controlled fashion. It must be maintained, by people who protect and guard the order of the books from other mediums of information that pose a threat to its level of control. These other mediums include the rise of the rhizomatic internet as an infinite exchange of data with no over-arching control. The electronic mass of data as seen as lawless, uncontrolled, and unrestrained, incompatible with the library format. With the internet comes a redefinition of what is public and private. In the past, the library was seen as the universal free public space. However, with access to the internet becoming increasingly integral with our lives, the new free public space is virtual and incredibly expansive. Strangely enough, the more one engages with the public space of the internet, the more the difference between public and private space is blurred. Websites like Facebook or Twitter are explicitly arranged to make private space public. Implicitly, a constant virtual connection means websites can track a user's actions -where they are (computers and smartphones update the weather for your current location automatically) and what they like (itunes and Amazon suggest music/books for you based on previous purchases). It is becoming increasingly difficult to survive in today's world without an exposure of your private information. This information, categorized as "metadata", or data about data, is floating around in massive amounts at alarming rates, blurring the distinction between the physical world and the digital. Rather than resisting the incorporation of the digital media as a catalyst for crumbling the barrier between public and private, I see the New Metropolitan Library as the first true embrace of it. Through harnessing and collecting metadata about all facets of one's interaction with the library, the library itself can constantly expand and develop, in turn redistributing the new information. Starting with the collection of books, the library becomes a complex system, completely nonlinear, unpredictable, and self-organizing, redefining how the "library" is used.
THE NEW METROPOLITAN
The New Metropolitan
LIBRARY AS...
Library
...a collection, landscape, and factory of metadata that embraces the unrestrained format of a publicized world within which the distinction between physical and digital is rapidly blurring.
In its history, the library has always been seen as a fortress for the book. It is an "uncontested moral universe" -it offers upon its users truth and validity in a controlled fashion. It must be maintained, by people who protect and guard the order of the books from other mediums of information that pose a threat to its level of control. These other mediums include the rise of the rhizomatic internet as an infinite exchange of data with no over-arching control. The electronic mass of data as seen as lawless, uncontrolled, and unrestrained, incompatible with the library format. With the internet comes a redefinition of what is public and private. In the past, the library was seen as the universal free public space. However, with access to the internet becoming increasingly integral with our lives, the new free public space is virtual and incredibly expansive. Strangely enough, the more one engages with the public space of the internet, the more the difference between public and private space is blurred. Websites like Facebook or Twitter are explicitly arranged to make private space public. Implicitly, a constant virtual connection means websites can track a user's actions -where they are (computers and smartphones update the weather for your current location automatically) and what they like (itunes and Amazon suggest music/books for you based on previous purchases). It is becoming increasingly difficult to survive in today's world without an exposure of your private information. This information, categorized as "metadata", or data about data, is floating around in massive amounts at alarming rates, blurring the distinction between the physical world and the digital. Rather than resisting the incorporation of the digital media as a catalyst for crumbling the barrier between public and private, I see the New Metropolitan Library as the first true embrace of it. Through harnessing and collecting metadata about all facets of one's interaction with the library, the library itself can constantly expand and develop, in turn redistributing the new information. Starting with the collection of books, the library becomes a complex system, completely nonlinear, unpredictable, and self-organizing, redefining how the "library" is used.
albert kahn
collection
data
detroit factory
fisher body
fisher
body 21 industrial metadata space 700 piquette ave. column grid destination detroit expansive fisher body fisher body 21 hastings landscape milwaukee junction
piquette ave. industrial historic district reinforced concrete structural
scaffold
studebaker
institutional
building typologies
metadata
commercial
residential
destination
fisher body 21
industrial
zoning map decay fisher
body 21 interior space light quality program
rehsif ydob rehsif yrotcaf tiorted atad noitcelloc nhak trebla tiorted noitanitsed dirg nmuloc .eva etteuqip 007 ecaps atadatem lairtsudni 12 ydob -cnuj eekuawlim epacsdnal sgnitsah 12 ydob rehsif ydob rehsif evisnapxe larutcurts lairtsudni
etercnoc decrofnier tcirtsid cirotsih lairtsudni .eva etteuqip noit
12 ydob rehsif noitanitsed laicremmoc seigolopyt gnidliub rekabeduts dloffacs
rehsif yaced pam gninoz laitnediser atadatem lanoitutitsni margorp ytilauq thgil ecaps roiretni 12 ydob 2. COLLECTION / FACTORY / LANDSCAPE
albert kahn
collection
data
detroit factory
fisher body
fisher
body 21 industrial metadata space 700 piquette ave. column grid destination detroit expansive fisher body fisher body 21 hastings landscape milwaukee junction
piquette ave. industrial historic district reinforced concrete structural
scaffold
studebaker
institutional
building typologies
metadata
commercial
residential
destination
fisher body 21
industrial
zoning map decay fisher
body 21 interior space light quality program
rehsif ydob rehsif yrotcaf tiorted atad noitcelloc nhak trebla tiorted noitanitsed dirg nmuloc .eva etteuqip 007 ecaps atadatem lairtsudni 12 ydob -cnuj eekuawlim epacsdnal sgnitsah 12 ydob rehsif ydob rehsif evisnapxe larutcurts lairtsudni
etercnoc decrofnier tcirtsid cirotsih lairtsudni .eva etteuqip noit
12 ydob rehsif noitanitsed laicremmoc seigolopyt gnidliub rekabeduts dloffacs
rehsif yaced pam gninoz laitnediser atadatem lanoitutitsni margorp ytilauq thgil ecaps roiretni 12 ydob 2. COLLECTION / FACTORY / LANDSCAPE
The Collection The New Metropolitan Library emphasizes acquisition and storage of material, and the library demands a large physical space to store its collection. However, with space as an almost certainly rising and coveted resource in the future, and half-a-million square foot structure to house data is unreasonable, and difficult to deploy in an existing community. The library as a collection of metadata requires a site and space willing to embrace the collection. The surrounding community will be impacted by the collection and may even be built around its growth.
The Factory Detroit in 2010 offers a unique opportunity. The city has been beaten down by the collapse of the auto industry, suffering the nation's largest unemployment rates for the last several years, and still climbing to an astronomical 15.7% as of August 2010. Detroit, once the booming automobile manufacturing capital of the world, and still retaining it's industrial roots, is desperately seeking a new identity upon which it can revive its deflated economy. Detroit is still home to nearly 4,000 industrial factories, several of which have turned abandoned as companies collapse, with the city's suffering budget unable to properly do anything with the old structures. Today, these large factories offer enormous amounts of cheap space in a world that is quickly filling up. One of these spaces is the 536,000 square foot Fisher Body 21 plant, designed by Albert Kahn for the Fisher Body Corporation and constructed in 1919. At the time, the company had more than 40 buildings encompassing 3,700,000 square feet of space, and Fisher Body 21 was designed as the signature factory. Between 1919 and 1925, it produced bodies for Buick and Cadillac, and after transforming into an engineering facility in 1929, it again began producing Cadillac bodies in 1956, primarily centered around limousines. Since 1984, the factory has been shut down and sits today entirely abandoned. Fisher Body 21 is a significant project for architect Albert Kahn, who designed nearly 100 factories in the Detroit area. Fisher Body is a six-story building constructed of concrete and large glass apertures, contrasting earlier industrial plants with heavy brick wills with very few windows. Another major difference is
albert kahn
collection data
detroit
factory
fisher body
fisher body 21 industrial metadata space
The Collection The New Metropolitan Library emphasizes acquisition and storage of material, and the library demands a large physical space to store its collection. However, with space as an almost certainly rising and coveted resource in the future, and half-a-million square foot structure to house data is unreasonable, and difficult to deploy in an existing community. The library as a collection of metadata requires a site and space willing to embrace the collection. The surrounding community will be impacted by the collection and may even be built around its growth.
The Factory Detroit in 2010 offers a unique opportunity. The city has been beaten down by the collapse of the auto industry, suffering the nation's largest unemployment rates for the last several years, and still climbing to an astronomical 15.7% as of August 2010. Detroit, once the booming automobile manufacturing capital of the world, and still retaining it's industrial roots, is desperately seeking a new identity upon which it can revive its deflated economy. Detroit is still home to nearly 4,000 industrial factories, several of which have turned abandoned as companies collapse, with the city's suffering budget unable to properly do anything with the old structures. Today, these large factories offer enormous amounts of cheap space in a world that is quickly filling up. One of these spaces is the 536,000 square foot Fisher Body 21 plant, designed by Albert Kahn for the Fisher Body Corporation and constructed in 1919. At the time, the company had more than 40 buildings encompassing 3,700,000 square feet of space, and Fisher Body 21 was designed as the signature factory. Between 1919 and 1925, it produced bodies for Buick and Cadillac, and after transforming into an engineering facility in 1929, it again began producing Cadillac bodies in 1956, primarily centered around limousines. Since 1984, the factory has been shut down and sits today entirely abandoned. Fisher Body 21 is a significant project for architect Albert Kahn, who designed nearly 100 factories in the Detroit area. Fisher Body is a six-story building constructed of concrete and large glass apertures, contrasting earlier industrial plants with heavy brick wills with very few windows. Another major difference is
albert kahn
collection data
detroit
factory
fisher body
fisher body 21 industrial metadata space
the use of reinforced concrete floors capable of holding tremendous weight and many tons of pressure instead of the traditional heavy oak floors that are limited and susceptible to fires. The interior of the factory has essentially no load-bearing walls; instead it is comprised of a grid of concrete supporting columns. Without load-bearing interior walls, the factory acts as a perfect grid to insert a massive collection of information that can sprawl upward into its upper levels and across its expansive floorplan. The reinforced concrete structure ensures a stable and structural scaffold for the weight of a large population of books and people.
The Landscape
700 piquette ave.
Fisher Body 21 sits in the Milwaukee Junction area of Detroit, near an array of other automobile factories in the neighborhood, constructed here primarily because of access to rail lines. It sits at 700 Piquette Ave., on the corner of Piquette and Hastings, as part of the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District. The site lies near the junction of I-75 and I-94. Located just under 3 miles from the heart of Detroit and a quick jog from Woodward Ave., the library resides as a convenience to the city's population while still being "a destination" more than a walk-in-off-the-street setting. Its proximity to major highways and rail lines allows for access from a much larger population.
column grid
destination
detroit expansive
fisher body
fisher body 21 hastings
landscape milwaukee junction
piquette ave. industrial historic district reinforced concrete structural scaffold studebaker
Studebaker #1
#23 #22 Fisher Body #21
2000 ft
the use of reinforced concrete floors capable of holding tremendous weight and many tons of pressure instead of the traditional heavy oak floors that are limited and susceptible to fires. The interior of the factory has essentially no load-bearing walls; instead it is comprised of a grid of concrete supporting columns. Without load-bearing interior walls, the factory acts as a perfect grid to insert a massive collection of information that can sprawl upward into its upper levels and across its expansive floorplan. The reinforced concrete structure ensures a stable and structural scaffold for the weight of a large population of books and people.
The Landscape
700 piquette ave.
Fisher Body 21 sits in the Milwaukee Junction area of Detroit, near an array of other automobile factories in the neighborhood, constructed here primarily because of access to rail lines. It sits at 700 Piquette Ave., on the corner of Piquette and Hastings, as part of the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District. The site lies near the junction of I-75 and I-94. Located just under 3 miles from the heart of Detroit and a quick jog from Woodward Ave., the library resides as a convenience to the city's population while still being "a destination" more than a walk-in-off-the-street setting. Its proximity to major highways and rail lines allows for access from a much larger population.
column grid
destination
detroit expansive
fisher body
fisher body 21 hastings
landscape milwaukee junction
piquette ave. industrial historic district reinforced concrete structural scaffold studebaker
Studebaker #1
#23 #22 Fisher Body #21
2000 ft
Examining the zoning map of the surrounding area of Fisher Body 21 reveals a wide assortment of zoning types in close proximity to the site. Once considered a generally industrial area, the site itself lies within a region now marked as "Special Residential / Commercial & Light Industrial", leaving the area open to a range of building typologies. Nearby are a range of residential zones, commercial areas, and institutional zones. While the site is considered a "destination" more than a local convenience, having nearby institutional buildings, mixed with residential, commercial, and even light industrial brings in a thoroughly diverse mix of conditions. Such a range is also beneficial in immediately feeding the library's collection of metadata with variation.
1000 ft
building typologies
commercial destination
fisher body 21 industrial
institutional metadata
residential
zoning map
Examining the zoning map of the surrounding area of Fisher Body 21 reveals a wide assortment of zoning types in close proximity to the site. Once considered a generally industrial area, the site itself lies within a region now marked as "Special Residential / Commercial & Light Industrial", leaving the area open to a range of building typologies. Nearby are a range of residential zones, commercial areas, and institutional zones. While the site is considered a "destination" more than a local convenience, having nearby institutional buildings, mixed with residential, commercial, and even light industrial brings in a thoroughly diverse mix of conditions. Such a range is also beneficial in immediately feeding the library's collection of metadata with variation.
1000 ft
building typologies
commercial destination
fisher body 21 industrial
institutional metadata
residential
zoning map
decay
fisher body 21
interior space
Photographs of the interior reveal the types of spaces the factory currently contains. Now at an extreme level of dilapidation and decay, Fisher Body 21 houses the remnants of the automobile manufacturing plant it once was. The top left picture reveals the majority of the interior space; an open floorplan with structural columns arranged in a grid. The building also contains a few other spaces, including a painting facility with rails for the assembly line of automobiles on the 6th floor, which is mostly a double-height space. Vertical elevator shafts on the ends of the building were once capable of transporting multiple cars at once. On the ground floor exists the remains of locker rooms (top row, second from the right) and a cafeteria. The array of windows across the facade allows for ample light in the interior, creating a quality of space evident even in its state of decay.
light quality program
decay
fisher body 21
interior space
Photographs of the interior reveal the types of spaces the factory currently contains. Now at an extreme level of dilapidation and decay, Fisher Body 21 houses the remnants of the automobile manufacturing plant it once was. The top left picture reveals the majority of the interior space; an open floorplan with structural columns arranged in a grid. The building also contains a few other spaces, including a painting facility with rails for the assembly line of automobiles on the 6th floor, which is mostly a double-height space. Vertical elevator shafts on the ends of the building were once capable of transporting multiple cars at once. On the ground floor exists the remains of locker rooms (top row, second from the right) and a cafeteria. The array of windows across the facade allows for ample light in the interior, creating a quality of space evident even in its state of decay.
light quality program
autonomous
scopic tive
collective
deployment
implicit
information
library
metadata micro-
nano-sensors smartdust technology time autonomous collec-
deployment disperse
generation host implicit
microscopic nano-sensors
information
library
metadata
smartdust technology time collection data
expansion fisher body 21 growth seattle public library smart dust square feet classification systems collaborative classification collection
digital
facebook flickr
folksonomy non-hierarchical organization tag-
ging vocabularies world wide web
-orcim -celloc
atadatem yrarbil noitamrofni ticilpmi tnemyolped evitcelloc suomonotua
suomonotua
emit
ygolonhcet
tsudtrams srosnes-onan cipocs
atadatem yrarbil noitamrofni ticilpmi tsoh noitareneg esrepsid tnemyolped evit atad noitcelloc emit ygolonhcet
noisnapxe noitcelloc evitaroballoc smetsys noitacifissalc teef erauqs
tsud trams noitacifissalc
tsudtrams srosnes-onan cipocsorcim
yrarbil cilbup elttaes
htworg 12 ydob rehsif
-gat noitazinagro lacihcrareih-non ymonosklof rkcilf koobecaf latigid bew ediw dlrow seiralubacov gnig
3. CLASSIFICATION / DEPLOYMENT
autonomous
scopic tive
collective
deployment
implicit
information
library
metadata micro-
nano-sensors smartdust technology time autonomous collec-
deployment disperse
generation host implicit
microscopic nano-sensors
information
library
metadata
smartdust technology time collection data
expansion fisher body 21 growth seattle public library smart dust square feet classification systems collaborative classification collection
digital
facebook flickr
folksonomy non-hierarchical organization tag-
ging vocabularies world wide web
-orcim -celloc
atadatem yrarbil noitamrofni ticilpmi tnemyolped evitcelloc suomonotua
suomonotua
emit
ygolonhcet
tsudtrams srosnes-onan cipocs
atadatem yrarbil noitamrofni ticilpmi tsoh noitareneg esrepsid tnemyolped evit atad noitcelloc emit ygolonhcet
noisnapxe noitcelloc evitaroballoc smetsys noitacifissalc teef erauqs
tsud trams noitacifissalc
tsudtrams srosnes-onan cipocsorcim
yrarbil cilbup elttaes
htworg 12 ydob rehsif
-gat noitazinagro lacihcrareih-non ymonosklof rkcilf koobecaf latigid bew ediw dlrow seiralubacov gnig
3. CLASSIFICATION / DEPLOYMENT
Folksonomy In order for the New Metropolitan Library to exist in a world of digital media, the classification system cannot be restrictive and rigid. Instead, a new system must be developed that is fluid and dynamic, resisting an outdated overarching system of control and organization. Rather than being classified by call numbers and having a single, fixed location on a shelf within the library, books are organized by a collaborative classification system that is constantly being managed and annotated by users through "tagging". Books no longer have a fixed location in the library, but rather drift around to groups that share similar tags. Empirical analysis of the complex dynamics of tagging systems has shown that consensus around stable distributions and shared vocabularies does emerge in folksonomies, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary.
Tagging Tagging differs from other classification systems in that it is non-hierarchical nor professionally created (by librarians). While professionally created systems of metadata for classification purposes may be of high quality, they are costly to produce and difficult to change, making them impractical for large scale and expanding mediums (including the world wide web). Another issue with this process is a disconnection between the eventual users of the media and its classification. User-generated tag clouds are a solution. Media in the library can be constantly updated with new classifications through tagging, much like websites like Facebook and Flickr use tags to connect facets of their sites. Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of complex system dynamics, thus, even if no central controlled vocabulary constrains the users, the distribution of tags that emerge will converge over time to stable power law distributions. Once these stable distributions form, simple vocabularies can be extracted by examining the correlations that form between different tags.
classification systems collaborative classification digital
facebook flickr
folksonomy
non-hierarchical organization
tagging
vocabularies world wide web
Folksonomy In order for the New Metropolitan Library to exist in a world of digital media, the classification system cannot be restrictive and rigid. Instead, a new system must be developed that is fluid and dynamic, resisting an outdated overarching system of control and organization. Rather than being classified by call numbers and having a single, fixed location on a shelf within the library, books are organized by a collaborative classification system that is constantly being managed and annotated by users through "tagging". Books no longer have a fixed location in the library, but rather drift around to groups that share similar tags. Empirical analysis of the complex dynamics of tagging systems has shown that consensus around stable distributions and shared vocabularies does emerge in folksonomies, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary.
Tagging Tagging differs from other classification systems in that it is non-hierarchical nor professionally created (by librarians). While professionally created systems of metadata for classification purposes may be of high quality, they are costly to produce and difficult to change, making them impractical for large scale and expanding mediums (including the world wide web). Another issue with this process is a disconnection between the eventual users of the media and its classification. User-generated tag clouds are a solution. Media in the library can be constantly updated with new classifications through tagging, much like websites like Facebook and Flickr use tags to connect facets of their sites. Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of complex system dynamics, thus, even if no central controlled vocabulary constrains the users, the distribution of tags that emerge will converge over time to stable power law distributions. Once these stable distributions form, simple vocabularies can be extracted by examining the correlations that form between different tags.
classification systems collaborative classification digital
facebook flickr
folksonomy
non-hierarchical organization
tagging
vocabularies world wide web
Smartdust
GPS Locator
Temperature and moisture measurement
While implicit metadata may be collected by technology embeded directly within the books of the library, a free-range component is required to collect a much broader range of data about the books and their users as they leave the confines of the physical library. This component is a cluster of thousands of nanoscale sensors, or "smartdust" that exist as nearly microscopic autonomous data-collectors that disperse across the city as they get carried out of the library by users through air-drafting or inadvertently sticking to clothing. Once active, the sensors can collect an enormous level of information for the library's collection as they traverse the landscape. Linked to books of voluntary users that leave the library, the smartdust can be programed to collect a variety of categories of information, and work both independently and collectively with other sensors that leave the premises.
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
Light sensitivity
Key-word recognition
Collective self-organization capabilities Touch receptors
Smartdust
GPS Locator
Temperature and moisture measurement
While implicit metadata may be collected by technology embeded directly within the books of the library, a free-range component is required to collect a much broader range of data about the books and their users as they leave the confines of the physical library. This component is a cluster of thousands of nanoscale sensors, or "smartdust" that exist as nearly microscopic autonomous data-collectors that disperse across the city as they get carried out of the library by users through air-drafting or inadvertently sticking to clothing. Once active, the sensors can collect an enormous level of information for the library's collection as they traverse the landscape. Linked to books of voluntary users that leave the library, the smartdust can be programed to collect a variety of categories of information, and work both independently and collectively with other sensors that leave the premises.
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
Light sensitivity
Key-word recognition
Collective self-organization capabilities Touch receptors
SMARTDUST DEPLOYMENT
SMARTDUST DEPLOYMENT
SMARTDUST DEPLOYMENT While the sensors are generated and deployed within the confines of the library, with time they will begin to venture out of the building and be swept further from the site. The following series of diagrams represents the initial batch of smartdust as it spreads across the city and eventually beyond. The key at the bottom right reflects the relative amount of sensors still within the New Metropolitan Library (N.M.L.) to those that have moved out into the city as time passes.
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
SMARTDUST DEPLOYMENT While the sensors are generated and deployed within the confines of the library, with time they will begin to venture out of the building and be swept further from the site. The following series of diagrams represents the initial batch of smartdust as it spreads across the city and eventually beyond. The key at the bottom right reflects the relative amount of sensors still within the New Metropolitan Library (N.M.L.) to those that have moved out into the city as time passes.
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
autonomous collective
deployment implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
autonomous collective
deployment disperse generation host
implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
By 100 days, the initial batch of smartdust metadata collectors has completely spread from the site and has been randomly scattered throughout the city. Unlike midway through the dispersion process where the sensors were still scattered in close proximity to their original host, by day 100 the blanket of sensors is relatively evenly spread across much more than just the immediate urban landscape. With time, they extend their scope to other nearby municipalities or further, depending on where library users or random chance carry them.
In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, given enough time the smartdust will begin to settle into permanent crevices and spaces and become dormant, ending their affective lifespan. It is at this time this batch is deemed extinct, exhausted of their functionality. Ties with the host library are then cut and a new batch is deployed, learning from the information gathered and stored in the library by their predecessors.
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
autonomous collective
deployment disperse generation host
implicit
information library
metadata microscopic
By 100 days, the initial batch of smartdust metadata collectors has completely spread from the site and has been randomly scattered throughout the city. Unlike midway through the dispersion process where the sensors were still scattered in close proximity to their original host, by day 100 the blanket of sensors is relatively evenly spread across much more than just the immediate urban landscape. With time, they extend their scope to other nearby municipalities or further, depending on where library users or random chance carry them.
In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, given enough time the smartdust will begin to settle into permanent crevices and spaces and become dormant, ending their affective lifespan. It is at this time this batch is deemed extinct, exhausted of their functionality. Ties with the host library are then cut and a new batch is deployed, learning from the information gathered and stored in the library by their predecessors.
nano-sensors
smartdust technology time
Fisher Body 21 offers roughly 650,000 square feet of building space, with the collection of books and their associated metadata taking up a majority of that area. Based off of numbers from the Seattle Public Library's total book collection area of 118,000 square feet, this becomes the initial number for book space in the N.M.L. Assuming all 6 floors are dedicated to some level of collection space at roughly 100,000 square feet of space per floor, this means 1/6th of the total collection space, or one entire floor, is dedicated to the initial collection of books. After the initial deployment of the nano-sensors, the remaining 5 floors of open space will begin to fill with the data collected from their journeys. Assuming approximately a 15% increase in storage space necessary for incoming data per year, the building will fill with data exponentially, filling up 2 floors of space by the fifth year, 4 floors by the 7th year, and expansion beyond Fisher Body 21 into adjacent plants by year 8. This, of course, is influenced by the methods for storing physical data, as well as the number of batches of smartdust deployed and their general success rates of collecting data.
collection
data collection
expansion fisher body 21
growth
seattle public library
smart dust
square feet
Fisher Body 21 offers roughly 650,000 square feet of building space, with the collection of books and their associated metadata taking up a majority of that area. Based off of numbers from the Seattle Public Library's total book collection area of 118,000 square feet, this becomes the initial number for book space in the N.M.L. Assuming all 6 floors are dedicated to some level of collection space at roughly 100,000 square feet of space per floor, this means 1/6th of the total collection space, or one entire floor, is dedicated to the initial collection of books. After the initial deployment of the nano-sensors, the remaining 5 floors of open space will begin to fill with the data collected from their journeys. Assuming approximately a 15% increase in storage space necessary for incoming data per year, the building will fill with data exponentially, filling up 2 floors of space by the fifth year, 4 floors by the 7th year, and expansion beyond Fisher Body 21 into adjacent plants by year 8. This, of course, is influenced by the methods for storing physical data, as well as the number of batches of smartdust deployed and their general success rates of collecting data.
collection
data collection
expansion fisher body 21
growth
seattle public library
smart dust
square feet
concatenation classification systems data google image search library organization physical data space concatenation library metadata program space stacks tags concatenation library metadata program proximity
yrarbil hcraes egami elgoog
atad smetsys noitacifissalc
noitanetacnoc
seattle public library space stacks tags albert kahn concrete library fish-
margorp atadatem yrarbil noitanetacnoc ecaps atad lacisyhp noitazinagro ytimixorp margorp atadatem yrarbil noitanetacnoc sgat skcats ecaps -hsif yrarbil etercnoc nhak trebla sgat skcats ecaps yrarbil cilbup elttaes
er body 21 scaffold
12 ydob rehsif yrarbil etercnoc nhak trebla dloffacs 12 ydob re
scaffold smartdust
albert kahn concrete library fisher
body 21
tsudtrams dloffacs
4. ORGANIZATION / CONCATENATION
concatenation classification systems data google image search library organization physical data space concatenation library metadata program space stacks tags concatenation library metadata program proximity
yrarbil hcraes egami elgoog
atad smetsys noitacifissalc
noitanetacnoc
seattle public library space stacks tags albert kahn concrete library fish-
margorp atadatem yrarbil noitanetacnoc ecaps atad lacisyhp noitazinagro ytimixorp margorp atadatem yrarbil noitanetacnoc sgat skcats ecaps -hsif yrarbil etercnoc nhak trebla sgat skcats ecaps yrarbil cilbup elttaes
er body 21 scaffold
12 ydob rehsif yrarbil etercnoc nhak trebla dloffacs 12 ydob re
scaffold smartdust
albert kahn concrete library fisher
body 21
tsudtrams dloffacs
4. ORGANIZATION / CONCATENATION
Concatenation The spatial organization of the library reflects both the collection of data within it as well as the classification systems being carried out for that data. As previously explained, rather than a hierarchically-defined "typical" classification system for organizing and arranging the media within the library, the N.M.L. uses userdefined tag-clouds to categorize and arrange books within the physical stacks. No book is lost, however, because despite an apparent inability to find resources without a controlled classification system, tracking devices in every book make their location in space always clear. This method of organization allows for more than this though, because with every location in space comes a location relative to books with other shared tags. With an ability to digitally turn on or off an enormous number of concatenated webs, the media can be arranged and re-arranged digitally and spatially in an infinite number of ways. The concatenation of space within the library means overlaps of physical data that share some common relationship. The image on the left is a simple example of this type of organization. It consists of the first 10 images, overlaid on top of each other, that appear in Google image search when the word "library" is typed into the search box on November 8th, 2010 at 8:52 pm. This image is unique in this classification system, because a series of parameters define exactly how this data is arranged. Typing in any variation of the word "library", using a different search engine, or performing the search on a different day at a different time will produce a new arrangement of
data. Individual components of this arrangement will appear in new searches, but these 10 images will not appear exactly in this manner again.
concatenation
classification systems data google image search library
organization physical data space
Concatenation The spatial organization of the library reflects both the collection of data within it as well as the classification systems being carried out for that data. As previously explained, rather than a hierarchically-defined "typical" classification system for organizing and arranging the media within the library, the N.M.L. uses userdefined tag-clouds to categorize and arrange books within the physical stacks. No book is lost, however, because despite an apparent inability to find resources without a controlled classification system, tracking devices in every book make their location in space always clear. This method of organization allows for more than this though, because with every location in space comes a location relative to books with other shared tags. With an ability to digitally turn on or off an enormous number of concatenated webs, the media can be arranged and re-arranged digitally and spatially in an infinite number of ways. The concatenation of space within the library means overlaps of physical data that share some common relationship. The image on the left is a simple example of this type of organization. It consists of the first 10 images, overlaid on top of each other, that appear in Google image search when the word "library" is typed into the search box on November 8th, 2010 at 8:52 pm. This image is unique in this classification system, because a series of parameters define exactly how this data is arranged. Typing in any variation of the word "library", using a different search engine, or performing the search on a different day at a different time will produce a new arrangement of
data. Individual components of this arrangement will appear in new searches, but these 10 images will not appear exactly in this manner again.
concatenation
classification systems data google image search library
organization physical data space
concatenation library metadata
program space
tags
The same concept can be applied to the physical space definitions within the library. Linked relationships between tags and rooms may be constantly redefining how spaces are used within the library. The diagram on the following page applies this to the library's program.
stacks
The concatenation of tags is visualized in the diagram to the left. A collection of random tag words located around the library would be impossible to draw relationships between in the old library format. However, constructing a database of metadata will help locate and draw connections between tags of a related nature, regardless of where they may haphazardly be within the library's vast stacks. In this example, someone searching for 'domestic pets' may also come across related tags such as 'animals', 'carnivores', 'life expectancy', and 'golden retriever'. Those very same words may be recategorized based on a different set of relationships, as in the lower left diagram 'carnivores' now appears in a category involving 'vegitarians', 'legumes', and 'oxygen production'. This is the fundamental concept of concatenation. The more users tag and recategorize the library's data, the richer the relationships become.
concatenation library metadata
program space
tags
The same concept can be applied to the physical space definitions within the library. Linked relationships between tags and rooms may be constantly redefining how spaces are used within the library. The diagram on the following page applies this to the library's program.
stacks
The concatenation of tags is visualized in the diagram to the left. A collection of random tag words located around the library would be impossible to draw relationships between in the old library format. However, constructing a database of metadata will help locate and draw connections between tags of a related nature, regardless of where they may haphazardly be within the library's vast stacks. In this example, someone searching for 'domestic pets' may also come across related tags such as 'animals', 'carnivores', 'life expectancy', and 'golden retriever'. Those very same words may be recategorized based on a different set of relationships, as in the lower left diagram 'carnivores' now appears in a category involving 'vegitarians', 'legumes', and 'oxygen production'. This is the fundamental concept of concatenation. The more users tag and recategorize the library's data, the richer the relationships become.
Using diagrams from OMA's Seattle Public Library to determine approximate space sizes and locations, this diagram translates the previous diagram's tag relationships into program relationships. Much like the tagging classification technique, rooms that are not actually in close proximity in the building may still draw significant relationships, depending on how those relationships are defined. Rooms may shift in function based on user-generated need, so time of day, subject, project type, or media may all define how a particular space is used.
concatenation library
metadata
program
seattle public library space tags proximity
stacks
Using diagrams from OMA's Seattle Public Library to determine approximate space sizes and locations, this diagram translates the previous diagram's tag relationships into program relationships. Much like the tagging classification technique, rooms that are not actually in close proximity in the building may still draw significant relationships, depending on how those relationships are defined. Rooms may shift in function based on user-generated need, so time of day, subject, project type, or media may all define how a particular space is used.
concatenation library
metadata
program
seattle public library space tags proximity
stacks
Collection Organization Albert Kahn's Fisher Body 21 is comprised of 26 standard bays with nearly floor-to-ceiling windows along the entire facade. The concrete structure has no interior load-bearing walls. Instead, a grid of columns span across the open floor plan on a majority of each if it's six floors. Fisher Body 21's vast, expansive floors allow for an incredible amount of storage. Using the regulated facade and layout of the structure as a scaffold, the New Metropolitan Library can be inserted within and begin to grow. With much of the space initially undefined, spatial relationships manifest themselves out of the self-organizing nature of the library.
albert kahn concrete library
fisher body 21
scaffold
Collection Organization Albert Kahn's Fisher Body 21 is comprised of 26 standard bays with nearly floor-to-ceiling windows along the entire facade. The concrete structure has no interior load-bearing walls. Instead, a grid of columns span across the open floor plan on a majority of each if it's six floors. Fisher Body 21's vast, expansive floors allow for an incredible amount of storage. Using the regulated facade and layout of the structure as a scaffold, the New Metropolitan Library can be inserted within and begin to grow. With much of the space initially undefined, spatial relationships manifest themselves out of the self-organizing nature of the library.
albert kahn concrete library
fisher body 21
scaffold
The section reveals the inserted library's tendency to break from the confines of the concrete structure. Once fully operational with books and users, the first batch of smartdust is deployed within the atrium spaces. With time, the dust finds its way around the collection and attaches itself to books and users, eventually leaving the library and traversing the broader landscape.
albert kahn concrete library
fisher body 21 scaffold
smartdust
The section reveals the inserted library's tendency to break from the confines of the concrete structure. Once fully operational with books and users, the first batch of smartdust is deployed within the atrium spaces. With time, the dust finds its way around the collection and attaches itself to books and users, eventually leaving the library and traversing the broader landscape.
albert kahn concrete library
fisher body 21 scaffold
smartdust
boundary
destination
fas forbidden frontier information jean-jacques ann-
aud labyrinth library map michel de certeau the name of the rose place preservation space spatial stories spatial trajectories tour umberto eco vault alphabet collection cyclical infinite
jorge louis borges
official censors
cabulary
truth
data
truth seekers
universe
labyrinths
validity
the library of babel
amazon archived data
controlled vo-
explicit user-created metadata google implicit user-created metadata
-nna seuqcaj-naej noitamrofni reitnorf
neddibrof
saf noitanitsed
yradnuob
eman eht uaetrec ed lehcim pam yrarbil htnirybal dua -aps seirots laitaps ecaps noitavreserp ecalp esor eht fo -ni lacilcyc noitcelloc tebahpla tluav oce otrebmu ruot seirotcejart lait lebab fo yrarbil eht shtnirybal segrob siuol egroj etinif -ov dellortnoc
atad devihcra nozama
ytidilav
esrevinu
srekees hturt
atadatem detaerc-resu ticilpmi elgoog atadatem detaerc-resu ticilpxe
hturt
srosnec laiciffo
atad yralubac
metadata pagerank algorithm smartdust tagging user-created metadata world wide web cine eye dziga vertov film jump cut king minos kino-eye knossos labyrinth machine maze minotaur non-hierarchical puzzle rhizome spatial jump cut temporal jump cut temporal labyrinth temporal order time-puzzle encyclopedia the encyclopedia as labyrinth false global infinite interconnected interpretation labyrinth linear maze perspective philosophy psuedotree rhizome semiotics skein tree truth umberto eco analytico-synthetic canonical data model collaborative classification colon classification system dewey decimal classification facebook facet faceted classification systems flickr folksonomy heirarchical information information architecture information systems library library classification systems library of congress classification multiple classifi-
tuc pmuj mlif votrev agizd eye enic bew ediw dlrow atadatem lacihcrareih-non ruatonim ezam enihcam htnirybal sossonk eye-onik sonim htnirybal laropmet tuc pmuj laropmet tuc pmuj laitaps emozihr elzzup sa aidepolcycne eht aidepolcycne elzzup-emit redro laropmet raenil htnirybal noitaterpretni detcennocretni etinifni labolg eslaf htnirybal -mu hturt eert nieks scitoimes emozihr eertodeusp yhposolihp evitcepsrep ezam noloc noitacifissalc evitaroballoc ledom atad lacinonac citehtnys-ocitylana oce otreb -salc detecaf tecaf koobecaf noitacifissalc lamiced yewed metsys noitacifissalc noitamrofni lacihcrarieh ymonosklof rkcilf smetsys noitacifis yrarbil yrarbil smetsys noitamrofni erutcetihcra noitamrofni -ifissalc elpitlum noitacifissalc ssergnoc fo yrarbil smetsys noitacifissalc
tag
gat gnikramkoob laicos seiralubacov derahs wal rewop lacihcrareih-non snoitac
library
cations non-hierarchical
power law shared vocabularies
social bookmarking
cloud tagging taxonomy universal classification world wide web
detaerc-resu gniggat
tsudtrams mhtirogla knaregap atadatem yrarbil
gnik
bew ediw dlrow noitacifissalc lasrevinu
ymonoxat gniggat
duolc
5. TERMINOLOGY / SELECTED READINGS
boundary
destination
fas forbidden frontier information jean-jacques ann-
aud labyrinth library map michel de certeau the name of the rose place preservation space spatial stories spatial trajectories tour umberto eco vault alphabet collection cyclical infinite
jorge louis borges
official censors
cabulary
truth
data
truth seekers
universe
labyrinths
validity
the library of babel
amazon archived data
controlled vo-
explicit user-created metadata google implicit user-created metadata
-nna seuqcaj-naej noitamrofni reitnorf
neddibrof
saf noitanitsed
yradnuob
eman eht uaetrec ed lehcim pam yrarbil htnirybal dua -aps seirots laitaps ecaps noitavreserp ecalp esor eht fo -ni lacilcyc noitcelloc tebahpla tluav oce otrebmu ruot seirotcejart lait lebab fo yrarbil eht shtnirybal segrob siuol egroj etinif -ov dellortnoc
atad devihcra nozama
ytidilav
esrevinu
srekees hturt
atadatem detaerc-resu ticilpmi elgoog atadatem detaerc-resu ticilpxe
hturt
srosnec laiciffo
atad yralubac
metadata pagerank algorithm smartdust tagging user-created metadata world wide web cine eye dziga vertov film jump cut king minos kino-eye knossos labyrinth machine maze minotaur non-hierarchical puzzle rhizome spatial jump cut temporal jump cut temporal labyrinth temporal order time-puzzle encyclopedia the encyclopedia as labyrinth false global infinite interconnected interpretation labyrinth linear maze perspective philosophy psuedotree rhizome semiotics skein tree truth umberto eco analytico-synthetic canonical data model collaborative classification colon classification system dewey decimal classification facebook facet faceted classification systems flickr folksonomy heirarchical information information architecture information systems library library classification systems library of congress classification multiple classifi-
tuc pmuj mlif votrev agizd eye enic bew ediw dlrow atadatem lacihcrareih-non ruatonim ezam enihcam htnirybal sossonk eye-onik sonim htnirybal laropmet tuc pmuj laropmet tuc pmuj laitaps emozihr elzzup sa aidepolcycne eht aidepolcycne elzzup-emit redro laropmet raenil htnirybal noitaterpretni detcennocretni etinifni labolg eslaf htnirybal -mu hturt eert nieks scitoimes emozihr eertodeusp yhposolihp evitcepsrep ezam noloc noitacifissalc evitaroballoc ledom atad lacinonac citehtnys-ocitylana oce otreb -salc detecaf tecaf koobecaf noitacifissalc lamiced yewed metsys noitacifissalc noitamrofni lacihcrarieh ymonosklof rkcilf smetsys noitacifis yrarbil yrarbil smetsys noitamrofni erutcetihcra noitamrofni -ifissalc elpitlum noitacifissalc ssergnoc fo yrarbil smetsys noitacifissalc
tag
gat gnikramkoob laicos seiralubacov derahs wal rewop lacihcrareih-non snoitac
library
cations non-hierarchical
power law shared vocabularies
social bookmarking
cloud tagging taxonomy universal classification world wide web
detaerc-resu gniggat
tsudtrams mhtirogla knaregap atadatem yrarbil
gnik
bew ediw dlrow noitacifissalc lasrevinu
ymonoxat gniggat
duolc
5. TERMINOLOGY / SELECTED READINGS
The Name of the Rose Directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud Based on the Novel by Umberto Eco
"Stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus" "Yesterday's rose endures in its name, we hold empty names"
"Laughter kills fear, and without fear there can be no faith, because without fear of the Devil there is no more need of God."
The Name of the Rose, based upon the book by same name, follows the story of a Franciscan friar and his apprentice as they are called upon to solve a mysterious death in a Medieval Benedictine abbey, 1327 Italy. The Franciscan friar, known as William of Baskerville, known for his deductive and analytic mind, attempts to solve the deaths that begin to happen through reason, while the monks tend to blame demonic possession and turn to God. While attempting to uncover a book that could prove useful in uncovering the truth of the deaths, William and his apprentice Adso gain access to and explore a labyrinthine medieval library constructed on multiple levels within the abbey's forbidden tower. Before getting lost briefly in the library, they discover that it is "one of the finest libraries in all of Christendom", containing numerous books by classical masters and philosophers, such as Aristotle. William believes the library is kept hidden because the information contained within the works contradicts their Christianity beliefs. Ultimately in their search the library catches fire and burns, destroying the countless works within it, an event from which the title may get its meaning. The main aspect of this film relevant to our work is the concept of the labyrinthine library. Its format is similar to that of 'the library of Babel' in that it is comprised of hexagonal-shaped rooms interconnected through hallways and stairs in a circular fashion. The labyrinth can be categorized as Eco's third model, the 'rhizome' or 'web'. There is not one singular path more a tree of paths, but rather a countless number of ways one could move through the spaces. Sheer size plus an inability to see the entire layout of the spaces makes it difficult for one to navigate through, as was the case in the film. At one point, Adso unraveled part of his clothing and tied the string to a column in the room he left, in order to trace his way back to his original position.
An image of the library tower, iconic and prominent.
the name of the rose forbidden information
jean-jacques annaud
labyrinth library
preservation
umberto eco vault The interior of the library, consisting of a multitude of intricate spaces.
The library here is not an infinite array of sheer data but rather an incredibly valuable assortment of coveted and priceless works. In this sense it opposes the Library of Babel, because the knowledge contained within its walls is extremely valuable and accessible. Losing any of it would be detrimental. The library here is seen as a heavily guarded space of delicate and valuable information, where protection and preservation of the material is essential.
Jean-Jacques Annaud on the set of the complex library.
The Name of the Rose Directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud Based on the Novel by Umberto Eco
"Stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus" "Yesterday's rose endures in its name, we hold empty names"
"Laughter kills fear, and without fear there can be no faith, because without fear of the Devil there is no more need of God."
The Name of the Rose, based upon the book by same name, follows the story of a Franciscan friar and his apprentice as they are called upon to solve a mysterious death in a Medieval Benedictine abbey, 1327 Italy. The Franciscan friar, known as William of Baskerville, known for his deductive and analytic mind, attempts to solve the deaths that begin to happen through reason, while the monks tend to blame demonic possession and turn to God. While attempting to uncover a book that could prove useful in uncovering the truth of the deaths, William and his apprentice Adso gain access to and explore a labyrinthine medieval library constructed on multiple levels within the abbey's forbidden tower. Before getting lost briefly in the library, they discover that it is "one of the finest libraries in all of Christendom", containing numerous books by classical masters and philosophers, such as Aristotle. William believes the library is kept hidden because the information contained within the works contradicts their Christianity beliefs. Ultimately in their search the library catches fire and burns, destroying the countless works within it, an event from which the title may get its meaning. The main aspect of this film relevant to our work is the concept of the labyrinthine library. Its format is similar to that of 'the library of Babel' in that it is comprised of hexagonal-shaped rooms interconnected through hallways and stairs in a circular fashion. The labyrinth can be categorized as Eco's third model, the 'rhizome' or 'web'. There is not one singular path more a tree of paths, but rather a countless number of ways one could move through the spaces. Sheer size plus an inability to see the entire layout of the spaces makes it difficult for one to navigate through, as was the case in the film. At one point, Adso unraveled part of his clothing and tied the string to a column in the room he left, in order to trace his way back to his original position.
An image of the library tower, iconic and prominent.
the name of the rose forbidden information
jean-jacques annaud
labyrinth library
preservation
umberto eco vault The interior of the library, consisting of a multitude of intricate spaces.
The library here is not an infinite array of sheer data but rather an incredibly valuable assortment of coveted and priceless works. In this sense it opposes the Library of Babel, because the knowledge contained within its walls is extremely valuable and accessible. Losing any of it would be detrimental. The library here is seen as a heavily guarded space of delicate and valuable information, where protection and preservation of the material is essential.
Jean-Jacques Annaud on the set of the complex library.
Labyrinths, Selected Stories, and Other Writings The Library of Babel Jorge Louis Borges
"There are five shelves for each of the hexagon's walls; each shelf contains thirty-five books of uniform format; each book is of four hundred and ten pages; each page, of forty lines, each line, of some eighty letters which are black in color."
"All the books, no matter how diverse they might be, are made up of the same elements: the space, the period, the comma, the twenty-two letters of the alphabet. In the vast Library there are no two identical books. From these two incontrovertible premises it can be deduced that the Library is total and that its shelves register all the possible combinations of the twenty-odd orthographical symbols (a number which, though extremely vast, is not infinite): in other words, all that it is given to express, in all languages."
"On some shelf in some hexagon (men reasoned) there must exist a book which is the formula and perfect compendium of all the rest: some librarian has gone through it and he is analogous to a god."
alphabet
collection cyclical
infinite
jorge louis borges labyrinths
the library of babel official censors
truth truth seekers
universe
validity
Labyrinths, Selected Stories, and Other Writings The Library of Babel Jorge Louis Borges
"There are five shelves for each of the hexagon's walls; each shelf contains thirty-five books of uniform format; each book is of four hundred and ten pages; each page, of forty lines, each line, of some eighty letters which are black in color."
"All the books, no matter how diverse they might be, are made up of the same elements: the space, the period, the comma, the twenty-two letters of the alphabet. In the vast Library there are no two identical books. From these two incontrovertible premises it can be deduced that the Library is total and that its shelves register all the possible combinations of the twenty-odd orthographical symbols (a number which, though extremely vast, is not infinite): in other words, all that it is given to express, in all languages."
"On some shelf in some hexagon (men reasoned) there must exist a book which is the formula and perfect compendium of all the rest: some librarian has gone through it and he is analogous to a god."
alphabet
collection cyclical
infinite
jorge louis borges labyrinths
the library of babel official censors
truth truth seekers
universe
validity
Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language The Encyclopedia as Labyrinth Umberto Eco
"...the form of the encyclopedic tree will depend on the perspective we impose on it to examine the cultural universe. One can therefore imagine as many different systems of human knowledge as there are cartographical projections."
"This notion of encyclopedia does not deny the existence of structured knowledge; it only suggests that such knowledge cannot be recognized and organized as a global system: it provides only 'local' and transitory systems of knowledge, which can be contradicted by alternative and equally 'local' cultural organizations; every attempt to recognize these local organizations as unique and 'global' - ignoring their partiality -produces an ideological bias"
Eco's passage defines 3 types of labyrinth, each of increasing complexity. The first is linear, it is a skein. There are no choices to make, there is only one path that leads to the center. When unwound, it is in fact simpler than a tree, it is a line. The second is a 'maze'. It is essentially a tree in which certain choices are privileged in respect to others. In a maze one can make mistakes, and must backtrack. The third type is a net, or 'rhizome'. In this type, all paths are interconnected with all others, in a node and line configuration. This model can represent an encyclopedia as a regulative, semiotic hypothesis. In this form there is no center. The encyclopedia is a 'pseudotree' which assumes the aspect of a local map in order to represent what is in fact not representable because it is a rhizome - an inconceivable globality. It is noteworthy that this network is virtually infinite because it takes into account multiple interpretations realized by different cultures. I.e. a given expression can be interpreted as many times, and in as many ways, as it has been actually interpreted in a given cultural framework. Much like the Library of Babel, Eco's proposed Encyclopedia as a rhizome does not register only 'truths' but rather what has been said about the truth or "what has been believed to be true as well as what has been believed to be false or imaginary or legendary". This interconnected network is difficult to navigate not in that it is formally challenging to move forward (like the Library of Babel), but because the endless supply of information makes discerning truths from pure data very difficult.
encyclopedia
the encyclopedia as labyrinth false
global infinite interconnected
interpretation
labyrinth linear maze
perspective philosophy
psuedotree
rhizome semiotics skein tree
truth
umberto eco
Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language The Encyclopedia as Labyrinth Umberto Eco
"...the form of the encyclopedic tree will depend on the perspective we impose on it to examine the cultural universe. One can therefore imagine as many different systems of human knowledge as there are cartographical projections."
"This notion of encyclopedia does not deny the existence of structured knowledge; it only suggests that such knowledge cannot be recognized and organized as a global system: it provides only 'local' and transitory systems of knowledge, which can be contradicted by alternative and equally 'local' cultural organizations; every attempt to recognize these local organizations as unique and 'global' - ignoring their partiality -produces an ideological bias"
Eco's passage defines 3 types of labyrinth, each of increasing complexity. The first is linear, it is a skein. There are no choices to make, there is only one path that leads to the center. When unwound, it is in fact simpler than a tree, it is a line. The second is a 'maze'. It is essentially a tree in which certain choices are privileged in respect to others. In a maze one can make mistakes, and must backtrack. The third type is a net, or 'rhizome'. In this type, all paths are interconnected with all others, in a node and line configuration. This model can represent an encyclopedia as a regulative, semiotic hypothesis. In this form there is no center. The encyclopedia is a 'pseudotree' which assumes the aspect of a local map in order to represent what is in fact not representable because it is a rhizome - an inconceivable globality. It is noteworthy that this network is virtually infinite because it takes into account multiple interpretations realized by different cultures. I.e. a given expression can be interpreted as many times, and in as many ways, as it has been actually interpreted in a given cultural framework. Much like the Library of Babel, Eco's proposed Encyclopedia as a rhizome does not register only 'truths' but rather what has been said about the truth or "what has been believed to be true as well as what has been believed to be false or imaginary or legendary". This interconnected network is difficult to navigate not in that it is formally challenging to move forward (like the Library of Babel), but because the endless supply of information makes discerning truths from pure data very difficult.
encyclopedia
the encyclopedia as labyrinth false
global infinite interconnected
interpretation
labyrinth linear maze
perspective philosophy
psuedotree
rhizome semiotics skein tree
truth
umberto eco
The Practice of Everyday Life Chapter IX: Spatial Stories Michel de Certeau
Stories are spatial trajectories, serving as a means of mass transportation. They are capable of creating spaces and jumping between them, with the descriptions or actions of actors specifying the kind of passage leading from one to another. A few narrative actions and terms embedded within this space emerge and are necessary to define:
"Stories... traverse and organize places; they select
Place: an instantaneous configuration of positions. It implies an indication of stability.
and link them together; they make sentences and itineraries out of them. They are spatial trajectories."
"Stories carry out a labor that constantly transforms places into spaces or spaces into places."
"One time there was a picket fence with space to gaze from hence to thence. An architect who saw this sight approached it suddenly one night, removed the spaces from the fence and built of them a residence."
Space: a place that takes into consideration vectors of direction, velocities, and time. A space is a practiced place. E.g. A street geometrically defined by urban planning is transformed into a space by walkers. Tour: descriptions that are in terms of operations, showing 'how'. Ex. "You turn right and come into the living room". It is a speech act in the form of a path with a series of units in the form of vectors that are either 'static' or 'mobile'. Map: direction by descriptive geometry. It is the opposite of 'tour'. Ex. "The girls' room is next to the kitchen". It is the map that ultimately wins out historically, gradually colonizing space and eliminating pictural figurations of the practices that produce it. Boundary: established pieces, edges or objects that locate and define space and give it context. Ex. A tree, heap, fence. Fas: a foundation. It provides space for the actions that will be undertaken. It creates a field which serves as the theatre. Frontier: an in-between space, a space between two destinations.
The notion of stories as spatial trajectories is heavily related to a library, which houses stories, and the definition of its space. Can a library be defined by the stories within it? Can its space change depending on the story being told? Michel de Certeau brings up the strange 'jump' that happens between places within stories, a concept Ryan and I directly examined in the first two projects. de Certeau expands on this by trying to examine what that 'space between' could be, as described in the poem. Can this space be accessed, spatialized, and defined by an architect? Can this be a library?
boundary destination
fas
frontier map
michel de certeau place
space
spatial stories
spatial trajectories tour
The Practice of Everyday Life Chapter IX: Spatial Stories Michel de Certeau
Stories are spatial trajectories, serving as a means of mass transportation. They are capable of creating spaces and jumping between them, with the descriptions or actions of actors specifying the kind of passage leading from one to another. A few narrative actions and terms embedded within this space emerge and are necessary to define:
"Stories... traverse and organize places; they select
Place: an instantaneous configuration of positions. It implies an indication of stability.
and link them together; they make sentences and itineraries out of them. They are spatial trajectories."
"Stories carry out a labor that constantly transforms places into spaces or spaces into places."
"One time there was a picket fence with space to gaze from hence to thence. An architect who saw this sight approached it suddenly one night, removed the spaces from the fence and built of them a residence."
Space: a place that takes into consideration vectors of direction, velocities, and time. A space is a practiced place. E.g. A street geometrically defined by urban planning is transformed into a space by walkers. Tour: descriptions that are in terms of operations, showing 'how'. Ex. "You turn right and come into the living room". It is a speech act in the form of a path with a series of units in the form of vectors that are either 'static' or 'mobile'. Map: direction by descriptive geometry. It is the opposite of 'tour'. Ex. "The girls' room is next to the kitchen". It is the map that ultimately wins out historically, gradually colonizing space and eliminating pictural figurations of the practices that produce it. Boundary: established pieces, edges or objects that locate and define space and give it context. Ex. A tree, heap, fence. Fas: a foundation. It provides space for the actions that will be undertaken. It creates a field which serves as the theatre. Frontier: an in-between space, a space between two destinations.
The notion of stories as spatial trajectories is heavily related to a library, which houses stories, and the definition of its space. Can a library be defined by the stories within it? Can its space change depending on the story being told? Michel de Certeau brings up the strange 'jump' that happens between places within stories, a concept Ryan and I directly examined in the first two projects. de Certeau expands on this by trying to examine what that 'space between' could be, as described in the poem. Can this space be accessed, spatialized, and defined by an architect? Can this be a library?
boundary destination
fas
frontier map
michel de certeau place
space
spatial stories
spatial trajectories tour
TERMINOLOGY Jump Cut
A cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly. This type of edit causes the subject of the shots to appear to 'jump' position in a discontinuous way. Jump cuts draw attention to the constructed nature of the film. Although jump cuts can be created through the editing together of two shots filmed non-continuously (Spatial Jump Cuts), they can also be created by removing a middle section of one continuously-filmed shot (Temporal Jump Cuts).
Example of a Jump Cut from the movie 'Breathless' (1960), considered to be one of the first uses in cinema
Kino-Eye (Kino-Glaz or Cine Eye)
Temporal Labyrinth
The conquest of space, the visual linkage of people throughout the entire world based on the continous exchange of visible fact. Kino-Eye is the possibility of seeing life processes in any temporal order or at any speed. It uses every possible means in montage, comparing and linking all points of the universe in any temporal order, breaking, when necessary, all the laws and conventions of film construction. The concept of Kino-Eye was primarily coined and promoted by Dziga Vertov, a Russian film director who believed the concept would help contemporary man evolve from a flawed creature into a higher, more precise form. He often compared man unfavorably to machines, and he felt film was too 'romantic' and 'theatricalised' and pushed the concept of KinoEye as a model of filmmaking based on the rhythm of machines, bringing men closer to machines. "I am an eye. I am a mechanical eye. I, a machine, I am showing you a world, the likes of which only I can see" -Dziga Vertov
A cinematographic technique that doesn't reveal events a sequential or chronological order, but rather in a complex arrangement that require the viewer to traverse mentally in order to understand the narrative reconstructed in this way. A non-chronologically arranged series of ostensibly haphazard scene sequences. A time-puzzle.
Labyrinth (n.)
Rhizome (n.)
An intricate structure of interconnecting passages through which it is difficult to find one's way. Something highly intricate or convoluted in character, composition, or construction.
cine eye
In colloquial English labyrinth is generally synonymous with maze, but many contemporary scholars observe a distinction between the two: a maze refers to a complex branching puzzle with choices of path and direction; while a single-path labyrinth has only a single, non-branching path which leads to the center, and is not designed to be difficult to navigate.
dziga vertov
In Greek Mythology, it was a structure designed and built by Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos, with the function of holding the Minotaur (a creature that was half man and half bull.
knossos
A philosophical concept called an "image of thought", based on a botanical rhizome, that apprehends multiplicities. The theory allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. A rhizome works with horizontal and trans-species connections, while an arborescent model works with vertical and linear connections.
film
jump cut king minos
kino-eye labyrinth machine
maze minotaur
non-hierarchical puzzle
rhizome spatial jump cut temporal jump cut
temporal labyrinth temporal order time-puzzle
TERMINOLOGY Jump Cut
A cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly. This type of edit causes the subject of the shots to appear to 'jump' position in a discontinuous way. Jump cuts draw attention to the constructed nature of the film. Although jump cuts can be created through the editing together of two shots filmed non-continuously (Spatial Jump Cuts), they can also be created by removing a middle section of one continuously-filmed shot (Temporal Jump Cuts).
Example of a Jump Cut from the movie 'Breathless' (1960), considered to be one of the first uses in cinema
Kino-Eye (Kino-Glaz or Cine Eye)
Temporal Labyrinth
The conquest of space, the visual linkage of people throughout the entire world based on the continous exchange of visible fact. Kino-Eye is the possibility of seeing life processes in any temporal order or at any speed. It uses every possible means in montage, comparing and linking all points of the universe in any temporal order, breaking, when necessary, all the laws and conventions of film construction. The concept of Kino-Eye was primarily coined and promoted by Dziga Vertov, a Russian film director who believed the concept would help contemporary man evolve from a flawed creature into a higher, more precise form. He often compared man unfavorably to machines, and he felt film was too 'romantic' and 'theatricalised' and pushed the concept of KinoEye as a model of filmmaking based on the rhythm of machines, bringing men closer to machines. "I am an eye. I am a mechanical eye. I, a machine, I am showing you a world, the likes of which only I can see" -Dziga Vertov
A cinematographic technique that doesn't reveal events a sequential or chronological order, but rather in a complex arrangement that require the viewer to traverse mentally in order to understand the narrative reconstructed in this way. A non-chronologically arranged series of ostensibly haphazard scene sequences. A time-puzzle.
Labyrinth (n.)
Rhizome (n.)
An intricate structure of interconnecting passages through which it is difficult to find one's way. Something highly intricate or convoluted in character, composition, or construction.
cine eye
In colloquial English labyrinth is generally synonymous with maze, but many contemporary scholars observe a distinction between the two: a maze refers to a complex branching puzzle with choices of path and direction; while a single-path labyrinth has only a single, non-branching path which leads to the center, and is not designed to be difficult to navigate.
dziga vertov
In Greek Mythology, it was a structure designed and built by Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos, with the function of holding the Minotaur (a creature that was half man and half bull.
knossos
A philosophical concept called an "image of thought", based on a botanical rhizome, that apprehends multiplicities. The theory allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. A rhizome works with horizontal and trans-species connections, while an arborescent model works with vertical and linear connections.
film
jump cut king minos
kino-eye labyrinth machine
maze minotaur
non-hierarchical puzzle
rhizome spatial jump cut temporal jump cut
temporal labyrinth temporal order time-puzzle
Information Architecture (n.)
In the context of information systems design, information architecture refers to the analysis and design of the data stored by information systems, concentrating on entities, their attributes, and their interrelationships. It refers to the modeling of data for an individual database and to the corporate data models an enterprise uses to coordinate the definition of data in several (perhaps scores or hundreds) of distinct databases. The "canonical data model" is applied to integration technologies as a definition for specific data passed between the systems of an enterprise. At a higher level of abstraction it may also refer to the definition of data stores. Library Classification Systems
The Colon Classification System is an example of a faceted (or analytico-synthetic) classification. The system uses colons to separate facets in class analytico-synthetic numbers. Ex: L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5 represents canonical data model "Medicine, Lungs; Tuberculosis: Treatment; X-ray: Research.India"1950. This system uses 42 main collaborative classification classes that are combined with other letters, numcolon classification system bers, and marks. dewey decimal classification Folksonomy (n.)
Each work can only be placed in one class, so multiple terms cannot be applied to the same work. Dewey Decimal Classification, Universal Decimal Classification, and Library of Congress Classification are all universal schemes covering all subjects.
A faceted classification system allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways, rather than a single, pre-determined, taxonomic order. A facet comprises clearly defined, mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties or characteristics of a class or specific subject. Ex: books might be classified using an author facet, subject facet, date facet, etc.
A system of classification derived from the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content. Folksonomies became popular in the last 5 years as part of social software applications on the web such as social bookmarking and photograph annotation. Tagging allows users to collectively classify and find information. Tag clouds are a way to visualize tags in folksonomy.
facet
faceted classification systems
A system of coding and organizing materials based on specified parameters, grouping entities together that are similar. For libraries, materials (books, serials, audio/visual materials, files, maps, manuscripts) may be organized by subject, allocating a call number to that specific information resource, arranged in a hierarchical tree structure. In library classification systems, each work can only be placed in one class due to shelving purposes: a book can only have one physical place. Classification systems in libraries play two roles: firstly, they facilitate subject access by allowing the user to find out what works or documents the library has on a certain subject. Secondly, they provide a known location for the information source to be located.
Faceted Classification Systems (Analytico-synthetic)
A faceted classification system contrasts a fixed, single, hierarchically organized system where each input produces one output.
The art of expressing a model or concept of information used in activities that require explicit details of complex systems. Information architecture is the categorization of information into a coherent structure, preferably one that most people can understand quickly, if not inherently. It may be hierarchical, concentric, or even chaotic.
Empirical analysis of the complex dynamics of tagging systems has shown that consensus around stable distributions and shared vocabularies does emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary.
flickr
folksonomy heirarchical
information
information architecture
information systems library
Tagging (v.)
library classification systems
A non-hierarchical keyword or tem assigned to a piece of information. This helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Despite the apparent lack of control, research library of congress classification has shown that a simple form of shared vocabularmultiple classifications ies emerges in social bookmarking systems. Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of complex systems dynamics (or self organizing dynamics). Thus, even power law if no central controlled vocabulary constrains the acshared vocabularies tions of individual users, the distribution of tags that describe different resources (e.g., websites) convergsocial bookmarking es over time to stable power law distributions. Once such stable distributions form, simple vocabularies can be extracted by examining the correlations that form between different tags. taxonomy
non-hierarchical
tag cloud
tagging
(social websites like Flickr and Facebook) - Users upload photographs, etc. and may tag their own digital images by applying titles, captions, and linking people in the photograph. Additionally, the system allows the user to allow others to tag the user's digital images as well. Users can even enter images others created into the system, from other websites, for example. Facebook expands on the concept of tagging and
universal classification world wide web
Information Architecture (n.)
In the context of information systems design, information architecture refers to the analysis and design of the data stored by information systems, concentrating on entities, their attributes, and their interrelationships. It refers to the modeling of data for an individual database and to the corporate data models an enterprise uses to coordinate the definition of data in several (perhaps scores or hundreds) of distinct databases. The "canonical data model" is applied to integration technologies as a definition for specific data passed between the systems of an enterprise. At a higher level of abstraction it may also refer to the definition of data stores. Library Classification Systems
The Colon Classification System is an example of a faceted (or analytico-synthetic) classification. The system uses colons to separate facets in class analytico-synthetic numbers. Ex: L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5 represents canonical data model "Medicine, Lungs; Tuberculosis: Treatment; X-ray: Research.India"1950. This system uses 42 main collaborative classification classes that are combined with other letters, numcolon classification system bers, and marks. dewey decimal classification Folksonomy (n.)
Each work can only be placed in one class, so multiple terms cannot be applied to the same work. Dewey Decimal Classification, Universal Decimal Classification, and Library of Congress Classification are all universal schemes covering all subjects.
A faceted classification system allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways, rather than a single, pre-determined, taxonomic order. A facet comprises clearly defined, mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties or characteristics of a class or specific subject. Ex: books might be classified using an author facet, subject facet, date facet, etc.
A system of classification derived from the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content. Folksonomies became popular in the last 5 years as part of social software applications on the web such as social bookmarking and photograph annotation. Tagging allows users to collectively classify and find information. Tag clouds are a way to visualize tags in folksonomy.
facet
faceted classification systems
A system of coding and organizing materials based on specified parameters, grouping entities together that are similar. For libraries, materials (books, serials, audio/visual materials, files, maps, manuscripts) may be organized by subject, allocating a call number to that specific information resource, arranged in a hierarchical tree structure. In library classification systems, each work can only be placed in one class due to shelving purposes: a book can only have one physical place. Classification systems in libraries play two roles: firstly, they facilitate subject access by allowing the user to find out what works or documents the library has on a certain subject. Secondly, they provide a known location for the information source to be located.
Faceted Classification Systems (Analytico-synthetic)
A faceted classification system contrasts a fixed, single, hierarchically organized system where each input produces one output.
The art of expressing a model or concept of information used in activities that require explicit details of complex systems. Information architecture is the categorization of information into a coherent structure, preferably one that most people can understand quickly, if not inherently. It may be hierarchical, concentric, or even chaotic.
Empirical analysis of the complex dynamics of tagging systems has shown that consensus around stable distributions and shared vocabularies does emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary.
flickr
folksonomy heirarchical
information
information architecture
information systems library
Tagging (v.)
library classification systems
A non-hierarchical keyword or tem assigned to a piece of information. This helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Despite the apparent lack of control, research library of congress classification has shown that a simple form of shared vocabularmultiple classifications ies emerges in social bookmarking systems. Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of complex systems dynamics (or self organizing dynamics). Thus, even power law if no central controlled vocabulary constrains the acshared vocabularies tions of individual users, the distribution of tags that describe different resources (e.g., websites) convergsocial bookmarking es over time to stable power law distributions. Once such stable distributions form, simple vocabularies can be extracted by examining the correlations that form between different tags. taxonomy
non-hierarchical
tag cloud
tagging
(social websites like Flickr and Facebook) - Users upload photographs, etc. and may tag their own digital images by applying titles, captions, and linking people in the photograph. Additionally, the system allows the user to allow others to tag the user's digital images as well. Users can even enter images others created into the system, from other websites, for example. Facebook expands on the concept of tagging and
universal classification world wide web
Metadata (n.)
applies it to essentially every facet of its site. Users can not only 'tag' others in photographs, but can tag them in wallposts, events, and groups. Users can tag through 'liking' or commenting on other's photos, posts, or even other tags!
Implicit user created metadata - PageRank algorithm, which uses the link structure, which became the theoretical basis for the Google search engine. Other forms of implicit metadata are recommendation systems and those that employ collaborative filtering.
Advantages of the tagging system include findability of related items. While a controlled system may hamper findability, browsing the system and its interlinked related tag sets makes finding a wide variety of sites and authors much easier. Folksonomies are also advantageous in that they reveal 'desire lines'. Since input is dictated by users, their vocabulary reveals their intentions. It reflects their choices in diction, terminology, and precision. Once you have a preliminary system in place, you can use the most common tags to develop a controlled vocabulary that truly speaks the users' language.
Explicit user created metadata - Customer reviews on web sites such as Amazon.com leverage consumer created metadata to create sites that are far more informative than comparable commercial sites.
Data about data. Metadata is a concept that applies mainly to electronically archived or presented data and is used to describe the definition, structure, and administration of data files with all contents in context to ease the use of the captured and archived data for further use. Metadata has been used in various forms as a means of cataloging archived information. It allows systems to collocate related information, and helps users find relevant information. In libraries and other organizations, creating metadata, primarily in the form of catalog records, has been the domain of dedicated professionals working with complex, detailed rule sets and vocabularies. The primary problem with this approach is scalability and its impracticality for the vast amounts of content being produced and used, especially on the World Wide Web. Authorcreated metadata has its own issues, often due to inadequate/inaccurate descriptions or even outright deception. There is a third approach: user-created metadata, where users of the documents and media create metadata for their own individual use that is also shared throughout a community. While professionally created metadata is typically of high quality, it is costly to produce, proving impractical for large scale mediums like the World Wide Web. Author-created metadata shares the same issue of scalability, and both are problematic in that the eventual users of the information are disconnected from the process.
Smartdust (n.)
Tiny, nano-scale sensors that can detect specific properties about their environment while being networked wirelessly. They may be distributed or scattered over some area to perform tasks.
amazon
archived data
controlled vocabulary
data
explicit user-created metadata google
implicit user-created metadata library
metadata
pagerank algorithm
smartdust tagging
user-created metadata world wide web
Metadata (n.)
applies it to essentially every facet of its site. Users can not only 'tag' others in photographs, but can tag them in wallposts, events, and groups. Users can tag through 'liking' or commenting on other's photos, posts, or even other tags!
Implicit user created metadata - PageRank algorithm, which uses the link structure, which became the theoretical basis for the Google search engine. Other forms of implicit metadata are recommendation systems and those that employ collaborative filtering.
Advantages of the tagging system include findability of related items. While a controlled system may hamper findability, browsing the system and its interlinked related tag sets makes finding a wide variety of sites and authors much easier. Folksonomies are also advantageous in that they reveal 'desire lines'. Since input is dictated by users, their vocabulary reveals their intentions. It reflects their choices in diction, terminology, and precision. Once you have a preliminary system in place, you can use the most common tags to develop a controlled vocabulary that truly speaks the users' language.
Explicit user created metadata - Customer reviews on web sites such as Amazon.com leverage consumer created metadata to create sites that are far more informative than comparable commercial sites.
Data about data. Metadata is a concept that applies mainly to electronically archived or presented data and is used to describe the definition, structure, and administration of data files with all contents in context to ease the use of the captured and archived data for further use. Metadata has been used in various forms as a means of cataloging archived information. It allows systems to collocate related information, and helps users find relevant information. In libraries and other organizations, creating metadata, primarily in the form of catalog records, has been the domain of dedicated professionals working with complex, detailed rule sets and vocabularies. The primary problem with this approach is scalability and its impracticality for the vast amounts of content being produced and used, especially on the World Wide Web. Authorcreated metadata has its own issues, often due to inadequate/inaccurate descriptions or even outright deception. There is a third approach: user-created metadata, where users of the documents and media create metadata for their own individual use that is also shared throughout a community. While professionally created metadata is typically of high quality, it is costly to produce, proving impractical for large scale mediums like the World Wide Web. Author-created metadata shares the same issue of scalability, and both are problematic in that the eventual users of the information are disconnected from the process.
Smartdust (n.)
Tiny, nano-scale sensors that can detect specific properties about their environment while being networked wirelessly. They may be distributed or scattered over some area to perform tasks.
amazon
archived data
controlled vocabulary
data
explicit user-created metadata google
implicit user-created metadata library
metadata
pagerank algorithm
smartdust tagging
user-created metadata world wide web