PPSYCHOLOGY
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Why do we behave the way we do, and think the way we think?
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Behavioral Psychology
Psychodynamic Perspec0ve
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• Sigismund Schlomo Freud • 1856-‐1939 • Austrian • Known for: Neurology Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis
Freud’s Theory: 3 levels of Consciousness • Concious • Preconscious • Unconscious Freudian Slips Dream Analysis Psychological Problems
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Experiments
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HUMANISTIC
• Carl Rogers • American • 1902-‐1987 • Known for: -‐ Client-‐centered therapy -‐ Student-‐centered learning -‐ Rogerian argument
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Rogerian Argument • A negoSaSng strategy in which common goals are idenSfied and opposing views are described as objecSvely as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach agreement. • Whereas tradiSonal argument focuses on winning, the Rogerian model seeks a mutually saSsfactory soluSon.
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• Abraham Harold Maslow • American • 1908-‐1970 • Known for: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-‐actualizaSon • “What a man can be, he must be” • Becoming everything that one is capable of becoming • CharacterisScs of self-‐actualized people: acceptance & realism, problem-‐entering, spontaneity, autonomy & solitude, conSnued freshness of appreciaSon, peak experience.
BEHAVIORISM
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• John B. Watson John Broadus Watson • 1878-‐1958 • American • Famous experiment Liale Albert • Known for: Founding Behaviorism
History of Behaviorism • “All behavior is learned,” argued Watson • B. F. Skinner argued that all psychology should only be concerned with behavior. • It wasn’t unSl 1960 that the definiSon of psychology was the invesSgaSon of human thought, as well as behavior. • A major influence of turning American psychology to behaviorism came from the work of Ivan Pavlov.
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• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Иван Петрович Павлов • 1849-‐ 1936 • Russian • Known for: Classical CondiSoning Behavior ModificaSon
• B. F. Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner • 1904-‐1990 • American • Known for: Operant CondiSoning
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Behaviorist Approach • People learn from their environment: Classical condiSoning(learning by associaSon) and operant condiSoning(learning from the consequence of behavior). Behaviorism also believes in controlled experiments. • Only observable behavior should be studied because this can be objecSvely measured. Behaviorism rejects the idea that people have free will, and believes that the environment determines all behavior.
Behaviorist Approach
• Behaviorism is the scienSfic study of observable behavior working on the basis that behavior can be reduced to learned S-‐R (SSmulus-‐Response) units.
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• Pavlov looking into natural reflexes and neutral sOmuli managed to condiOon dogs to salivate to the ` sound of a bell through repeated associated of the sound of the bell and food. • USà UncondiSoned SSmulus • URà UncondiSoned Response • CSà CondiSoned SSmulus • CRà CondiSoned Response
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John B. Watson is famous for the controversial “Liiale Albert” experiment.
Similar Classical CondiSon Experiment
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Operant CondiOoning • B. F. Skinner invesSgated operant condiSoning( OP ) of voluntary and involuntary behavior • PosiSve reinforcement • NegaSve reinforcement • Punishment.
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Reinforcement vs Punishment Reinforcement, increases the Punishment decreases the likelihood of the behavior likelihood of the behavior • PosiOve reinforcement is • PosiOve Punishment is the the INTRODUCTION of a PRESENTATION of an DESIRABLE sOmulus in order UNDESIRABLE sOmulus to to INCREASE the likelihood DECREASE the likelihood of of a behavior recurring. the behavior recurring. • NegaOve reinforcement is • NegaOve punishment is the the REMOVAL of an REMOVAL of a DESIRABLE UNDESIRABLE sOmulus in sOmulus to DECREASE the order to INCREASE the likelihood of the behavior likelihood of a behavior recurring. recurring.
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• Why do some people have psychological disorders? A person will keep increasing the intensity of his behavior as long as it's helping him in reaching his important goals. The psychological goals people develop in their early years controls their behavior for the rest of their lives unless they do something to change them.
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Anxiety Disorders • Panic disorder feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. • Obsessive-‐compulsive disorder (OCD): constant obsessions that cause them to perform certain rouOnes. • Post-‐traumaSc stress disorder (PTSD): can develop following a traumaOc and/or terrifying event. • Social anxiety disorder: involves overwhelming worry and self-‐consciousness about everyday social situaOons. • Specific phobias: intense fear of a specific object or situaOon, such as snakes, heights, or flying. • Generalized anxiety disorder: involves excessive, unrealisOc worry and tension, even if there is licle or nothing to provoke the anxiety.
Psychology throughout History • In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt (1832-‐1920), known as "the father of psychology", founded a laboratory for the study of psychology. • During the 1890s, Freudian psychology focused on the recollecSon of childhood experiences. • John B. Watson, Edward Thorndike , and B.F. Skinner, behaviorists argued that psychology should be a science of behavior, not the mind, and rejected the idea that internal mental states such as beliefs, desires, or goals could be studied scienSfically. Having based their scienSfically behaviorist grounds on animal behavior.
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• With so many different perspecSves on why we behave the way we do, which one do you agree with?
-‐ Sigmund Freud (three level of consciousness) -‐ Carl Rogers & Abraham Harold (humanists) -‐ John B. Watson (founder of behaviorism)
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