Winter Pathways 2024-25 (Volume 14, Issue 1) REFERENCES

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Pathways Winter 2024-25

Volume 13 Issue 4

REFERENCES

A full set of references can be found at: https://www.canadalymph.ca/pathways-references/

The prevalence of lymphedema in Canada: An update

Abstract

It is vitally important to know the prevalence and impact of a condition to justify the allocation of health care resources Chronic edema/lymphedema continues to be poorly recognized and poorly treated. Even within the lymphedema community, some basic questions still need to be answered How do we define lymphedema? What diagnostic methods should be used? What volume differences? We have no accepted international guidance on this In estimating prevalence, do we only include stages 2 and 3, ignoring those in earlier stages who might only have limb swelling and/or feel heaviness at the end of the day? For the purposes of the current exercise, we have only considered those with established chronic edema/ lymphedema; however, those with early signs also need preventive advice and treatment.

How to cite: Keast D, Towers A, Letellier ME, Damji A. The prevalence of lymphedema in Canada: an update Accurate determinations of prevalence remain a challenge Pathways 2025;14(1): 5-8 DOI: https://doi org/10 70472/CDPU5571

1 Keast D, Towers A The Rising Prevalence of Lymphedema in Canada: A continuing dialogue. Pathways. 2017;6(2): 5-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70472/AQHU5357

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4 Canadian Cancer Statistics, 2023; https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/resources/publications/canadian-cancer-statistics -2023, Accessed Oct 2, 2024

5 Cormier JN, et al Lymphedema beyond breast cancer: a systematic

6. review and meta-analysis of cancer-related secondary lymphedema. Cancer. 2010;116(22):5138–49; doi: 10 1002/cncr25458

7. Shaitelman SF, et al. Recent progress in the treatment and prevention of cancer-related lymphedema CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65(1):55–81; doi: 10 3322/caac 21253

8 Letellier ME, Ibrahim M, Towers A, Chaput G Incidence of lymphedema related to various cancers. Medical Oncology 41:24; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-024-02441-2

9 Keast, D Obesity: The Canadian perspective Pathways 2020;9(3): 14-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.70472/BKLE5334

10.Shallwani S, Hodgson P, Towers A. "Examining obesity in lymphedema: a retrospective study of 178 new patients with suspected lymphedema at a Canadian hospital-based clinic" Physiotherapy Canada, Volume 72 Issue 1, Winter 2020, pp. 18-25, DOI: 10 3138/ptc-2018-0076

11 Greene AK, Sudduth CL Lower extremity lymphatic function predicted by body mass index: a lymphoscintigraphic study of obesity and lipedema. International Journal of Obesity, 2021 Feb;45(2):369-373 doi: 10 1038/s41366-020-00681-6 Epub 2020 Sep 15

12.Burian EA , Rungby J, Karlsmark T, Nørregaard S, Cestari M, Franks PJ and Moffatt CJ. The impact of obesity on chronic oedema/lymphoedema of the leg – an international multicenter cross-sectional study (LIMPRINT). International Journal of Obesity. July 2024; https://doi org/10 1038/s41366-024-01544-0

13 Obesity in Canada https://obesitycanada ca/obesity-in-canada/, accessed Oct 2, 2024

14.Brajesh KL. Venous ulcers of the lower extremity: Definition, epidemiology, and economic and social burdens Semin Vasc Surg 2015;28(1):3–5

15 Woo KY, LeBlanc K, Livingston M Management of venous stasis ulcers in the older adult. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2015;4(3):229–236.

16 Wang W, Keast DH Prevalence and characteristics of lymphoedema at a wound-care clinic Journal of Wound Care, North American Supplement 2016, 25(4):S11-15

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19 Lymphoedème Primaire Encyclopédie Orphanet du Handicap; Oct 4, 2018: 20.https://can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orpha.net%2 Fpdfs%2Fdata%2Fpatho%2FHan%2FInt%2Ffr%2FLymphoedemePrimaire FR fr HAN ORPHA77240 pdf&data=05%7C02%7Canna towers%40mcgill ca%7Cd32e5424ccc74 1dfd75c08dce278d2b0%7Ccd31967152e74a68afa9fcf8f89f09ea%7C0%7C0%7C63863 4255757560424%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV 2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=I98jlGxgbTp CQfoJPRdAfbWyXaW%2B8NmZY0MQKb7jfnU%3D&reserved=0, accessed Oct 2, 2024

21 The incidence and prevalence of lymphedema Lymphedema Education and Research Network (LE&RN); https://lymphaticnetwork org/living-with-lymphedema/the-incidence-of-lymphedema/ Accessed October 2, 2024

A

new collection of research papers and consensus statements Forward Momentum; Future Steps in Lymphedema Management

Providing insights and perspectives related to the incidence, diagnosis, surgical and conservative management, and risk factors of cancer-related lymphedema.

You can click on the following link to access the bodies of work in their entirety from the collections landing page (https://link springercom/collections/haihadhicc)

References

Readers can also view the recorded Summit sessions and workshop summaries on the LANA website: wwwclt-lana org

Healthy flow, healthy ind Understanding the brain lymphatic system

Abstract

The brain lymphatic system is composed of two distinct but synchronized components: the glymphatic system and the meningeal lymphatic vessels The glymphatic system, located inside the brain, clears toxic tissue wastes towards the meninges, while the lymphatic vessels in the dura mater of the meninges absorb brain lymph and transport it out of the skull. Together, the brain lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and removes toxic waste to support brain health

How to cite: Liao S. Healthy flow, healthy mind. Understanding the Brain Lymphatic System. Pathways 2025;14(1): 10-11 DOI: https://doi org/10 70472/CPDZ7912

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4. Louveau, A. et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels Nature (2015) doi:10 1038/nature14432

5 Aspelund, A et al A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. Journal of Experimental Medicine 212, 991–999 (2015).

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7 Mestre, H , Mori, Y & Nedergaard, M The Brain’s Glymphatic System: Current Controversies. Trends in Neurosciences Preprint at https://doi org/10 1016/j tins 2020 04 003 (2020)

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10 Hablitz, L M et al Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow Nat Commun (2020) doi:10 1038/s41467-020-18115-2

11. Xie, L. et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science 342, 373–377 (2013)

12 Da Mesquita, S et al Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Nature (2018) doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0368-8.

13 Bolte, A C et al Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Nature Communications Preprint at https://doi org/10 1038/s41467-020-18113-4 (2020)

14 Louveau, A et al CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature. Nat Neurosci (2018) doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0227-9.

15 Song, E et al VEGF-C-driven lymphatic drainage enables immunosurveillance of brain tumours Nature (2020) doi:10 1038/s41586-019-1912-x

16.Hu, X. et al. Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity. Cell Res (2020) doi:10 1038/s41422-020-0287-8

17 Ahn, J H et al Meningeal lymphatic vessels at the skull base drain cerebrospinal fluid Nature (2019) doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1419-5.

18 Drieu, A et al Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature 611, (2022).

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20.Hsu, M. et al. Neuroinflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis near the cribriform plate contributes to drainage of CNS-derived antigens and immune cells doi:10 1038/s41467-018-08163-0

21.Hsu, M. et al. Neuroinflammation creates an immune regulatory niche at the meningeal lymphatic vasculature near the cribriform plate Nat Immunol 23, 581–593 (2022)

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23 Jacob, L et al Conserved meningeal lymphatic drainage circuits in mice and humans J Exp Med 219, (2022).

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